Journal of Exercise Science & Physiotherapy

1-10

Authors: Jagga, M.; Lehri, A.; & Verma, S.K.

Aging is a process that is often accompanied by physiological changes. These physiological changes include slowing in muscle contractility, alteration in muscle metabolism and neuromuscular junction, and reduction in nerve conduction velocity (NCV). Age has been widely accepted to have an influence on nerve velocity. It is well established that there is a decline in muscular performance with advancing age. Nerve conduction studies (NCS) are the most sensitive and reproducible measure of peripheral nerve functions. Nerve conduction studies (NCS) are performed to diagnose the disorders of the peripheral nervous system. These enable the clinicians to differentiate the two major groups of peripheral diseases: demyelination and axonal degeneration. These also help in localizing the site of the lesions. Majority of the available literature mentioning effects of age and anthropometric factors on nerve conduction measures have been referred in the present review. Various studies referred to are based on the data on healthy subjects. The references were further supplemented by systematic search on pubmed, google and Pedro with keywords age, temperature, height and nerve conduction. Several specific studies that had been dealt on anthropometric measures and nerve conduction on normal subjects were also included in this review. A total of fifty five research studies dealing with age, anthropometric measurements and nerve conduction properties have been found in the literature reviewed up to 2011. KEY WORDS: nerve conduction velocity, anthropometric, Nervous System

19-23

Authors: Kasundra, P. M., Jethwa, Y. L.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of 28 Days Rock Climbing Training Program on physical fitness components such as strength endurance of shoulder and abdominal muscles, speed and endurance Trainees of 72-Coaching Course N 22, Male, Age Range = 16-27 yrs were selected as the subjects for the study Pull Ups, Sit Ups, 50 Yard Dash and 2 11 Mile Run Walk tests were respectively used to measure selected variables By comparing pre and post test data, at 0.05 level; significant differences were found in strength endurance of shoulder muscles „t‟ 2.19 , strength endurance of abdominal muscles „t‟ 10.25 , speed „t‟ 9.82 , and endurance „t‟ 6.83 . Here strength endurance of abdominal muscles and shoulder muscles, and endurance improved significantly while speed decreased. It is recommended that improvement in climbing performance is best explained by trainable variables such as shoulder and forearm strength and endurance; furthermore strength and conditioning programs should not be viewed as a replacement of climbing but rather as supplementary during courses. Key Words Rock Climbing Training, Strength Endurance, Shoulder & Abdominal Muscles,

29-33

Authors: Sharma, R.; and Nigam, A. K.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate and compare the motor fitness in relation to Body Mass Index of school going children involved in physical activities. One hundred school going male children of 9th and 10th grade were selected to serve as subjects for this study. The researcher divided the entire 100 sample into three groups. i.e. Low BMI (N=25), middle BMI (N=50) and High BMI (N=25) groups, which were compared with each other. All the subjects were tested on Chin ups, Vertical Jump, Shuttle Run, Sit and Reach and BMI (Body Mass Index). In order to find out the significance of differences between the three BMI groups male children, mean, standard deviation, quartile deviation (Q1 and Q3) and t-ratio were computed. The results of the study revealed non significant differences between Low BMI and High BMI groups in their vertical jump, flexibility, chin-ups components of motor fitness. Low BMI group children were however found to be better in muscular strength, speed, and agility and similar on flexibility compared to high BMI group children. Low BMI group was also better on speed and agility components of motor fitness than the middle BMI group children and was similar in other components of fitness. Whereas, middle BMI group children were superior on muscular strength, speed, and agility and similar on vertical jump and flexibility components of fitness in comparison to high BMI group children. Key words: Body Mass Index, Motor Fitness Components

42-49

Authors: Juneja, H., Verma, S.K., Khanna, G.L.

Aim: To find out the differences in Shoulder External and Internal Rotator strength and their ratios in cricketers with and without history of shoulder pain. Background: Throwing activity imposes specific demands on shoulder muscles leading to imbalances especially between the External rotators (ER) and Internal rotators (IR). This study aims to investigate the isometric strength differences of shoulder ER and IR in cricketers with and without history of pain. Materials & Methods: 52 healthy subjects between the age group of 16-18 with a mean age of 16.97 + 0.55 years were recruited for this study. The subjects were divided into two groups a) those with history of pain (PH) which restricted throwing within the past 2 years- Group 1 and b) no history of pain (NPH)-Group 2. Isometric Shoulder External Rotator (ER) and Internal rotator (IR) maximal force was measured and Isometric ER: IR ratios were calculated. Results: Significant differences were found in the isometric strength of ER and consequently ER:IR ratios between the two groups. However, no differences were found in the IR force between the two groups. PH group showed a mean ER force (in kg) of 7.38 + .71(SD) while the mean ER force in NPH Group was 9.90 + 1.32(SD). ER: IR force ratios were found to be 0.60 +.045 in the PH group while in the NPH group it was 0.82 + .049. Conclusion: The results of our study suggest that Isometric strength differences in shoulder rotators exist between sportspersons with and without history of shoulder pain. In addition to the advanced techniques of muscle force evaluation such as isokinetics, isometric measurements can also play an important role in evaluating muscle force. Key words: External Rotators, Internal Rotators, Isometric, Isokinetic, Throwing

56-63

Authors: Khurana, N.; Hanspal, S.S.; Singh, G.

Objective: To describe the evaluation, management, and rehabilitation of a multifactorial rotator cuff lesion in an elderly female. Background: The reported onset of pain was gradual. No history of fall or trauma. Pain was present on anterolateral aspect of left shoulder. Pain was sharp and deep on abduction and flexion of the left shoulder and reported a VAS of 9.5/10. Treatment: The patient was managed conservatively with steroid injections and physiotherapy. The patient underwent a 2-month rehabilitation protocol in preparation for return to normal daily activities. Uniqueness: This case involved an elderly female who sustained a multiple causative factors for rotator cuff lesions. Conclusions: By presenting this case report, we hope a better understanding of rotator cuff lesions and how to successfully manage and rehabilitate. Key Words: Rotator Cuff Lesion, Elderly, Shoulder Impingement, Calcification, Physiotherapy.

60-69

Authors: Juneja, H.; Verma, S.K.; Khanna, G.L.

Study Design: Systematic Literature Review Objective: 1) to identify the overall trends of association of isometric strength and dynamic activities 2) to summarize the findings of reported literature on the relationship of Isometric strength and dynamic performance. Background: Isometric Strength measures have been used for many years to predict dynamic performance but there are considerable controversies regarding the potential of isometric muscle assessments to predict dynamic performance. Although researches have been conducted to study the relationship, it is important that the current available literature be reviewed to summarize the findings for clinical use. Methods: A systematic review was conducted to identify the published studies that correlated the Isometric and dynamic variables. Studies were searched using electronic databases and the methodological quality of each study was assessed using the modified Downs and Black 13 point criteria. Results: Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Marked difference in the methodology and variables used for isometric and dynamic activities were observed. Most studies correlated isometric strength assessments to dynamic activities or dynamic strength measurements. Discussion & Conclusion: Although there are conflicting opinions regarding the use of isometric measurements, most studies in our review report moderate to strong correlation between Isometric strength and dynamic performances specially those which involve large amounts of force and explosive power. Keywords: Isometric, dynamic, strength, power, performance, methodological quality

78-87

Authors: Debnath, U.; Narkeesh, A.; & Raghumahanti, R.

Proprioception is the awareness of the body position, orientation, movement and sensation of force. Proprioception is necessary to establish an accurate, efficient and coordinated response of efferent system to the demands of environment. As an evaluation is important to establish the goal of intervention in any patient, so an integrated proprioceptive assessment tool is required to examine proprioception deficit qualitatively and quantitatively. There are no evidences found, regarding an integrated approach of evaluating proprioception. In this study an integrated proprioceptive assessment scale was formulated covering all possible and related proprioceptive testing methods. The mean and SD was taken for each quantitative testing procedure documented and furthermore the test-retest reliability for each new measurement procedure was tested. The sensitivity, validity and the reliability of the scale was examined. Key words: Angular error, Distance error, Proprioception score, Integrated Scale, Reliability, Sensitivity, Validity

91-93

Authors: Gothi, J. L.; Silawat, N.; And Savalia, J.

The present study has been conducted with a view to investigate the trend of academic research in Physical Education in Indian Universities, submitted by Post-Graduate students during their master's programme. In this research, it was found that though the academic research made in various Indian Universities has been centered on individual practice, yet research title have been transformed from theoretical translation to step in an intensive study on objective facts. This study was conducted on master‟s dissertations submitted by the Post-Graduate students during their master‟s programme in various Indian Universities for their academic purposes. Key words: Physiology, Psychology and Sports Training

102-105

Authors: Jadhav, K.G.; Deshmukh, P.N.; Tuppekar, R.P.; and Sinku, S.K.

The primary objectives of the study was to qualitify the injuries of varsity volleyball players and to determine the nature, location, causes, outcome of injuries and the possible risk factors involved. Information on injuries was collected through a questionnaire from members of twelve Indian varsity teams participating in all India Inter Varsity tournament held in Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad Maharashtra in December 2007. The age range of the players was 18 to 25 years. 58% of players were in the age range of 22 to 25 years. The volleyball players were asked to recall injuries over the preceding one year period. A total of 121 out of 144 volleyball players sustained injuries. One hundred seventy eight injuries were recorded of which 36% injuries were of recurrent nature. Lower limb injuries were found to be predominant; the ankle and knee being the most commonly injured anatomical location. Most injuries involved soft tissue and related to the muscle and tendon. Most common circumstances giving rise to injuries were spiking (33.70%), blocking (24.15%), diving (17.41%) and setting (11.23%). It was further observed that volleyball players directly involved in attack or defense were found to be more susceptible to injury. Muscle injuries were observed to be the most common type. Spiking is the most common cause of injuries. The results of the research provide a useful insight into the nature, incidence and sites of injuries in varsity level volleyball players. Key Words: Job Satisfaction, Government Schools, Private Schools, Public Schools

112-119

Authors: Sakshi; Multani, N.K.

Purpose- To determine the comparison of effects of breathing exercise with aerobic exercise training on lung volumes of asthmatic children. Need of the Study-Children suffering from asthma lead a less active lifestyle. Avoidance of day to day triggers such as exercise and cold air generally imposes inappropriate restriction on life. This results in weakness of primary respiratory muscles and overuse of accessory muscles in breathing. There are also abnormal changes in lung volumes. These impairments or abnormal changes are associated with decreased tolerance to exercise, frequent episodes of dyspnea, decreased walking speed and distance, and eventual inability to perform activities of daily living at home or in workplace or to remain active participant in the community. The present study was conducted to compare the role of breathing exercise with that of aerobic exercise in the patients of asthma. The study has also explored physiological capacities of lung in these patients. Method- The sample size of forty subjects was taken to perform the study. The subjects were divided in two groups of twenty each. One group was given breathing exercise intervention and other group was given aerobic exercise intervention. Before and after the intervention period, the child was investigated with spirometeric analysis to find out the changes in the lung volumes after the effect of exercises in each group. Both exercises interventions were administrated four 6 weeks period. Results- The overall improvement of lung function was significantly more in aerobic exercise interventions than breathing exercise interventions. Conclusions- The breathing exercise intervention was effective in improving the lung volumes in asthmatic children. The aerobic exercise intervention was also effective in improving the lung volumes in asthmatic children. However, the quantum of reduction in lung obstruction and therefore, the overall improvement in lung functions was found to be more significant with the aerobic exercise intervention than breathing exercise intervention. Keywords: Asthma, Aerobic exercises, Breathing exercises, Spirometry, Lung Volumes

126-129

Authors: Leena, L.

The purpose of clinical study is reimplantation technique used in the treatment of an avulsive teeth case. This case report is related to an avulsed tooth and its management in case of a 17 year old female gymnast player. A 17 year old girl reported to the dental clinic with swelling of upper lip and displacement of upper right central incisor and avulsion of left lateral incisor. She got the injury while she was doing gymnastics. She had lost her upper left central incisor at the gymnastic ground. Clinical examination showed swelling of upper lip, laceration on lower chin, displaced right upper central incisor, avulsed left lateral incisor and missing left central incisor. Tooth reimplantation was carried out by rinsing the avulsed tooth carefully with saline and all the contaminants were removed. The socket was then flushed with saline and the avulsed tooth was slowly reimplanted with digital pressure. Splinting of the avulsed tooth was done with a semi rigid splint for 4 weeks. Antibiotic coverage was given to the patient. Root canal treatment of the left lateral incisor and right central incisor was done. Splint was removed after 4 weeks. The avulsed teeth were placed back into the socket with the help of finger pressure. Patient was advised to avoid biting on the splinted teeth and continue to brush the other teeth, only soft foods were advised to be eaten and refrain from acidic beverage consumption. After 4 weeks the splint was removed. The results of the treatment were teeth remained symptomless and showed no sign of discoloration, gum abscesses, pulp death, teeth pain and root resorption. Key words: Gymnast player, Avulsed tooth, Incisor, Reimplantation, Splinting

1-6

Authors: Venugopal, R., Gupta, O. and Patel, H.

The present study was undertaken to asses selected time of day effect on different parameters like oral temperature, respiratory rate, finger counting, time estimation, random number adding speed & random adding ratio. The parameters were recorded four times a day i.e. 07.00, 11.00, 15.00 & 19.00 hours for consecutive 4-7 days. Most performance measures were observed to show a natural sway during the solar day in close correspondence with curve in body temperature. Peak in oral temperature recorded at pm hours resembled the peak of respiratory rate that was also recorded at the same time. The detection of circadian rhythimicity in oral temperature; heart as well as self rating mood and activity all with acrophase between 14.20 and 16.28 hrs. It is thought that there are two major rhythms which have relevance for exercise and sports performance. These are the rhythm in body temperature regarded as fundamental variables and sleep-wake cycle by which humans order their work-rest and sleeping schedules. Key Words: Circadian Rhythm, Oral Temperature, Respiratory Rate, Pulse Rate, Skin Temperature

22-27

Authors: Mridha, S.; & Banerjee, A. K.

Number of elderly people is increasing very fast than any other segment of our population. They face many problems due to various reasons. Their sufferings are intensified by fixed and reduced income, dispersal of children and fellow friends, and loss of social support. The purpose of this study was to observe the effect of one-year exercise programme on psychological state of elderly people. Twenty male subjects in each of the three groups (Group-A:60-69 years, Group-B:50-59 years and Group-C:40-49 years) were the subjects of this study. Each group sub-divided into one experimental group (N=10) and one control group (N=10). All experimental groups (AE, BE & CE) underwent into individual specific exercise programme (50-70 min/session, 5 sessions/week for one year). Exercise programme consisted of suppling exercise, jogging/walking, stretching, and cool-down exercise. Control groups (AC, BC & CC) did not take part in any physical activity programme. Psychological state was measured by Anxiety (Spielberger‟s State-Trait anxiety Inventory, 1970) and Depression (Depression Scale – Karim & Tiwary, 1986). Pre- and post-tests were conducted before and after one- year experimental period. Intra- and inter-group comparisons (pre- and post-test data) were made by paired and independent t-test and level of significance was set at 0.05 level of confidence. It was observed after that after one-year experimental period state anxiety and depression level reduced significantly (p<0.05) in all experimental groups and trait anxiety significantly reduced in AE & CE groups. And in control groups trait anxiety and depression of three groups and state anxiety of AC & CC increased significantly after one-year duration. Therefore it may be concluded that regular moderate physical exercise can reduce and maintain psychological state of elderly people. Key Words: Elderly People, Psychological State

34-38

Authors: Singh, A., Kaur, P. Singh, T.

The present study was design to examine the joint contribution of Spiritual Intelligence, Altruism, School Environment and Academic Achievement for predicting Mental Health of senior secondary school students. Total 934 students of class +1 (mean age 16.4 Years) studying in schools affiliated to Punjab School Education Board were taken as sample. Mental Health Battery (2000) developed by Singh and Sen Gupta; Spiritual Intelligence scale (2006) developed by Singh, Altruism scale (1988) developed by Rai and Singh; School Environment inventory (2002) prepared by Misra were used to collect data. Result through multiple correlation and regression analysis revealed that Type of school, Spiritual Intelligence, Altruism, rejection (dimension of School Environment) and control(dimension of School Environment) were the significant predictor of Mental Health; and gender, location of residence, creative stimulation, cognitive encouragement, acceptance, permissiveness and Academic Achievement were not significant predictors of Mental Health. Key Words: Mental Health, Spiritual Intelligence, Altruism, School Environment and Academic Achievement

43-49

Authors: Sharma, R. K.;, Nigam, A. K.

The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the physiological variables in relation to performance of elite male and female gymnasts of inter-university level. The subjects of the study were sixty three elite male and female gymnasts (males = 32, females= 31) of inter-university level belong to different cultural background of India and who represented their respective university teams in All India Inter-university Gymnastics Championships at Amritsar. Blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) and the heart rate, winning performance scores of elite male and female gymnasts were chosen as the criterion measures for the study. The results of the study indicated that both blood pressure and heart rate of elite male and female gymnasts were raised after the performance on competitive apparatus. There was no correlation between competitive performance of both gender and selected physiological parameters. Significant differences existed between pre-test and post-test heart rate, both blood pressure of elite female gymnasts of inter-university level, but similarity was found in the pre-test and post-test of systolic blood pressure in elite male gymnasts. Elite male and female gymnasts of inter-university level had similarity in their post-test heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, but similarity was found in the pre-test of heart rate in elite female gymnasts. Keywords: Elite, Performance, Gender, parameters, Tests.

57-59

Authors: Verma, L.

Dental emergency can happen to anyone but the athletes, both children and adults-are particularly susceptible to injuries, including those on the face, mouth and teeth. From a pain stand point, and an economic stand point it becomes an aesthetic problem and a financial problem; they have to go through many procedures to get this whole thing corrected. In the present study a case of eight year old male child with fractured upper two central incisors in an angular fashion, involving incisal half of one and incisal third of other is presented. Treatment was carried out by composite build up of the fractured segment by using composite resins. The patient was recalled at three months for clinical evaluation of the restored tooth. During the recall appointment, an assessment of the stability and longevity of the restoration was performed. Color stability, surface staining, or fracture of the composite build-up material were evaluated and found to be acceptable. The patient had no complaints about the restoration. Dentists provide trauma treatment if and when unfortunate sports-related injuries affecting the mouth, teeth and other oral tissues do occur. Keywords: Incisor, Restoration, Composite Build up Material

67-75

Authors: Parvatikar, V.B.; and Mukkannavar, P.B.

This study investigated the effect of shoulder, elbow positions with respect to wrist positioned in neutral and in extension in 25 males and 25 females. A hydraulic dynamometer was used to measure the grip strength in six testing positions with respect to wrist positioned in neutral and in extension. The six grip strength tests consisted of three positions in which the elbow was maintained in full extension with varying degrees of shoulder flexion (00, 900 and 1800) and other three positions where the elbow was maintained in 900 flexion combined with varying degrees of shoulder flexion (00, 900 and 1800). Only the dominant hand was tested. The highest mean grip strength score was recorded when the shoulder was positioned in 1800 of flexion with elbow in complete extension with respect to wrist being positioned in neutral (30.20 ± 8.74) and wrist in extension (25.44 ± 7.51), while the lowest mean grip strength score was recorded when shoulder was positioned in 1800 flexion with elbow 900 flexion with respect to wrist being positioned in neutral (21.92 ± 7.45) and wrist in extension (19.40 ± 6.21). Finally grip strength differed significantly for both sexes and study showed males have greater grip strength than females with respect to wrist being positioned in neutral and in extension. In essence, our study affirms that various joint positions can affect grip strength, especially elbow and shoulder joints with respect to wrist positions (neutral and extension). Clinically useful information may be derived from these findings and are valuable in evaluation and rehabilitation training of hand injured patients Key Words: Grip Strength, Hand Strength Testing, Shoulder Position, Elbow Position, Wrist Position

80-86

Authors: Kulandaivelan, S.; Verma, S.K.,; Mukhopadhyay, S.; Singh, V.; Kumar, D;. and Kumar, U. 80

The study was conducted on 14 Haryana state level junior judo players to find out the effectiveness of Russian current stimulation as a recovery modality following exhaustive exercise on heart rate, temperature, blood lactate and blood pressure. Each subject was asked to do 20-m shuttle run test until exhaustion for three times with one week gap in between. After shuttle test, each subject underwent the following three recovery interventions, between 3-33 min, in a systematic random order. Recovery I: passive recovery where the subject was asked to sit for 33 minutes. Recovery II: active recovery where the subject was asked to walk/run at 60% maximal heart rate (MHR) between 3-33 minutes. Recovery III: electrical stimulation where the subject received Russian current (50 hz, 10 sec on: 50 sec off) for 5 min i.e. 3rd to 8th min and 18th to 23rd min of recovery with interspersed 10 min rest in between. Heart rate, temperature, blood lactate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure was recorded before the shuttle test and 3rd, 8th, 18th, 23rd and 33rd minutes of recovery period. ANOVA repeated measures (with- in subjects) was used to see the effect of electrical stimulation on physiological parameters in different timings and ANOVA (between subjects) to compare the electrical stimulation with active and passive recovery. Significant level was set at „0.05‟ (p<0.05). Results showed electrical stimulation produced increased heart rate but not significantly, when compared to passive recovery but significantly less when compared to active recovery. Russian current also significantly increased the blood lactate level when it compared to both active and passive recovery values at regular intervals. Active recovery produced significantly lesser body temperature and lactate as well as significantly higher systolic blood pressure when compared to both passive and electrical stimulation modalities. It is concluded that electrical stimulation results in increased blood lactate production without much changes in other physiological parameters. Keywords: Russian Current, Blood Lactate, Heart Rate, Blood Pressure, Shuttle Run

91-96

Authors: Mukhopadhyay, K.; and. Uppal, A.K.

The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of 12 weeks of interval training with 60-80% intensity for 5-15 repetitions of 400meters on left ventricular end diastolic diameter (LVEDD), left ventricular end diastolic volumes (LVEDV), left ventricular end systolic diameter (LVESD) and left ventricular end systolic volumes (LVESV) of adolescent males. Echocardiographic measurements in athletes should take into account the specific sport and the quantity and quality of training. Sixteen non-residential untrained male subjects (8 Experimental & 8 Control) ranging between 14-16 years were selected for the study. Before the 12 weeks training protocol two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography was performed for measuring LVEDD, LVESD, LVEDV and LVESV of adolescent boys. Changes in all the parameters were insignificant in case of control group as the initial and final test means yielded lesser values than the tabulated value. The initial and final test means of LVEDD and LVEDV of the experimental group were 44.75cm, 45.5cm and 91.75ml and 95.38ml respectively and the mean difference were insignificant (p>0.05) whereas, „t‟ value of LVESD and LVESV of the experimental group were 3.77 (p <.05) and 3.64 (p <.05) respectively. The result indicates that the 12 weeks interval training was effective for significant reduction of LVESD and LVESV values of the adolescent boys. Key wards: LVEDD, LVESD, LVEDV and LVESV.

106-110

Authors: Singh, R.; Sharma, R.K.; and Kaur, J.

In this study, an attempt was made to compare job satisfaction among Physical Education teachers working in different types of schools such as government, private and public schools in the state of Haryana. It was hypothesized that there would be significant difference among government private and public school physical education teachers as regards to their job satisfaction. In order to achieve the objective of the study, Job Satisfaction Scale (JSS) by developed by Singh and Sharma was administered on a sample of total 300 physical education teachers working in the state of Haryana. Out of these, the teachers working in government schools numbered 116 whereas from private and public school category, 92 teachers each were taken for the purpose of the study. Results of the study showed that significant differences in job satisfaction existed among the three categories of the teachers. It was found that government school physical education teachers differed significantly from their counterparts in public schools whereas this difference was not found to be significant between government and private school teachers and also between private and public school physical education teachers. Key Words: Job Satisfaction, Government Schools, Private Schools, Public Schools

115-121

Authors: Sibby, George Mathew, Narasimman, Kavitha Vishal , S.

Upper trapezius trigger point is a common cause for neck pain, decreased cervical range of motion and affects functional activities. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of Integrated Neuromuscular Inhibitory Technique (INIT) and, Laser with stretching in reducing pain, improving ROM and functional activities of subjects with neck pain due to upper trapezius trigger points. Twenty-two subjects diagnosed with upper trapezius trigger point were included in the study. Seventeen subjects completed the study, in two groups. Group A (7 females, 3 males) received INIT and Group B (6 females, 1 male) received Laser with stretching. The total number of treatment was six days alternatively, within two weeks. The outcome measures were taken before and after treatment. Outcomes were measured by Visual numeric scale, cervical range of motion and neck disability index (NDI).Within the groups the VNS, NDI and cervical lateral flexion showed significant change in the mean value. The comparison of pre and post VNS in Group A, there was a significant reduction in VNS with a p value which was significant (p = 0.005).The pre and post VNS in group B showed a significant reduction in VNS, (p = 0.018), though there was no significant difference in the VNS score between groups (p=.166). The pre and post left lateral flexion (LLF) in Group A and group B showed a significant increase (p = 0.012) and (p = 0.027) respectively. NDI exhibited reduction across both the groups with a significant difference between the groups (p=.045) .This study concluded that both INIT and Laser with stretching are equally effective in managing subjects with neck pain due to upper trapezius trigger point. Key Words: Myofascial pain, Trigger point, INIT, Trigger point pressure release, PRT, MET, LASER

126-131

Authors: Sakthivelavan, D.S.; & Sumathilatha, S.

The study was aimed at comparing the aerobic capacity in endurance trained and resistance trained athletes. Thirty male athletes who received endurance training and thirty male athletes who received resistance training for a period of more than 1 year were chosen for the study. Physical parameters were measured and exercise stress testing was done on a cycle ergometer with a portable gas analyzing system. Functional capacity (FC) as percentage of predicted V．O2max was measured to study the aerobic capacity. Highly significant (P<0.001) differences existed in values of FC for endurance trained and resistance trained athletes. The higher aerobic capacity displayed by the endurance trained when compared to resistance trained athletes could be due to variations in adaptations that happen in them due to different types of training protocols. The levels of aerobic capacity reported from athletes abroad are higher compared to our athletes and this could prove to be a potential area of improvement for their much awaited superior performance in international arena. Key words: Endurance training, Resistance training, Functional capacity, VO2max.

138-141

Authors: Kadam, G.; Autade, M.; and Kadam, K.

The main objective was to study and compare the Emotional Health of the volleyball players of India and Brazil. All the players of Indian team and the players of Brazilian team who came for men Volleyball world Championship held at Pune in August 2009, were selected for the study. They were administered the Cattell‟s 16 PF questionnaire. The result were analyzed with the help of „t‟ test which shows that there are significant differences between Indian volleyball players and Brazilian volleyball players on emotional factors of 16 PF Questionnaire. Indian players have scored high on factor „E‟, factor „F‟, factor „I‟ and Factor „O‟ whereas Brazilian players have scored high on factor „H‟ and factor „L‟. Indian players score High on Factor „E‟ means that they tend to be Dominant, assertive, aggressive, stubborn, competitive, bossy, dominant, and on Factor „F‟ means Enthusiastic, spontaneous, heedless, expressive, cheerful, surgency and Factor „I‟ means Tender-minded, sensitive, over-protected, intuitive, and Factor „O‟ means Apprehensive, self blamed, guilt-prone, insecure and worrying. The players of both the team have found comparable scores on Factor „A‟ and „C‟. Key words: Volleyball, emotional health, psychological health, game, sport,

1-13

Authors: Nande, P.; Mudafale, V.; & Vali, S.

The present study was undertaken to assess micronutrient status of female & male players engaged in different sports disciplines. For this purpose, university & / state level players aged 19 – 22 years were selected. Total 13 females & 46 males were chosen. 24 hour‟s dietary recall method was used to collect information on food habits, meal timings & dietary pattern of subjects. Biochemical parameters such as hemoglobin %, blood pressure & pulse rate were examined. The results revealed that irrespective of sex & sports, mean intakes of thiamine, riboflavin, folic acid, calcium & phosphorus were found to be less than their respective recommended dietary allowances (RDAS). In contrast, mean daily intakes of carotene & vitamin c among players were found to be significantly exceeding the rdas (p<0.01). Players met only 50 % of their requirements for iron. Poor micro nutrient intake could possibly be attributed to the skipping of meals & training & college schedule of players. Mean hemoglobin % of majority groups of players were found to be exceeding the cut off level given by world health organization (who). Systolic blood pressure & diastolic blood pressure values were recorded to be closer to the normal values. Majority of groups of players showed mean pulse rate insignificantly above the normal value of 70 beats / minute (p>0.05). Key words: Micronutrient Status, Thiamine, Riboflavin, Calcium, Phosphorus, Iron, Carotene, Vitamin C, RDA, WHO

20-23

Authors: Chaudhary, S., Narkeesh, A. Gupta, N.

This was an experimental study done on 60 female subjects between the age group of 18-25 years to determine the effect of hand dominance on cognition. The subjects were selected through convenient sampling by using inclusion and exclusion criteria and were divided in two groups viz - Group A (comprising of right handed individuals) and Group-B (comprising of left handed individuals). Both the groups were assessed for their cognitive functions i.e. attention, memory and learning using Trail Making Test, modified MMSE and VAK learning questionnaire. Data was analyzed using independent „t‟ test and descriptive statistics. The left handers were found to be better in performing memory and attention tasks as compared to the right handers. Majority of left handers were found to have auditory learning style while majority of right handers were found to have visual learning styles. Keywords: Hand Dominance, Cognitive Functions, Attention, Memory, Learning

30-33

Authors: Kulandaivelan, S.. Verma, S.K., Vignesh, N.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the test-retest reliability and day-to-day precision of a hand-held Blood Lactate Analyzer. Blood lactate levels were evaluated on 12 samples of human beings and blood was collected from both ring and middle finger for test-retest reliability. Day-to-day precision was determined by known concentration of two aqueous lactate control solutions once a day for 10 consecutive days. Results showed high test-retest reliability (r = 0.948; mean 2.41±0.86 in ring and 2.45±0.76 in middle finger) and high day-to-day reliability (r = 0.998; mean 1.1±0.08 in low control and 4.28±0.24 in high control solution). The results were similar to those previously reported. The results of this study support the use of the hand-held device in healthy human beings. Key Words: Test-Retest, Reliability, Blood Lactate, Portable Analyzer

38-41

Authors: Sandhu, K.S., Sharma, R.K. and Singh, A.

The study was conducted on 400 coaches of different sports disciplines between the age range of 30 to 55 years and having coaching experience of 5 to 25 years. The objectives of the study were to study the three dimensions of personality hardiness i.e. commitment, control and challenge among coaches in respect to their age level and to know the significant differences on three dimensions of personality hardiness among coaches of different levels of coaching experience. The coaches of the present sample were divided into three age groups i.e. coaches up to the age of 35 years (N=41); coaches between 35 to 45 years (N=199) and coaches above 45 years (N=160). The short version of Hardiness scale developed by Kobasa et al (1982) was used to assess the hardiness of the subjects. The comparison of the mean scores of three groups of coaches formed on the basis of their age level reveal that as age increases, the commitment of the coaches also go on increasing. The same trend was observed in case of control; the coaches above 45 years in age have better control (M=38.74) as compared to younger coaches up to 35 years (M=36.10) and coaches of 35 to 45 years (M=37.80). In the case of challenge, of course, the same trend is followed, however the results were not found to be significant statistically. Coaches were also compared on the three dimensions of personality hardiness on the basis of experience level of the coaches. Coaches were divided into three groups i.e. coaches having experience up to 10 years (N=36), between 10 to 20 years (N=206) and above 20 years (N=158). Comparison of means scores indicate that as experience of the coaches was increasing, their commitment level was also increasing. Keywords: Commitment, Control, Challenge, Age level, Coaching experience

45-49

Authors: Kaur, I. P.; and Kalra, R

The present investigation was undertaken to study the life style and nutritional profile of NIDDM patients. A representative group of 60 respondents belonging to different cities of punjab was selected. General information, dietary information, information about consumption of traditional food adjuncts like bittergourd, jambu and fenugreek seeds, diabetic history and activity pattern was collected. Height, weight and body mass index (BMI) were taken and food intake was recorded by 24 hour recall method. Fasting blood sugar (FBS) levels at the time of diagnosis of disease and prevailing ones at the time of survey were noted from reports of diagnostic laboratories. Observations showed that the majority of respondents were overweight and over 40 years of age with FBS levels of 200-300 mg/dl at the time of diagnosis. All respondents had general awareness regarding control of diabetes. Majority was consulting doctors, dieticians, was regular in walk and other exercises and was consuming glucose lowering food adjuncts. About 50% maintained fair to good control over diabetes. Data showed a definite decrease in their FBS levels. Mean daily intakes of energy and other essential nutrients except iron were adequate. Findings of study indicate that by modifying diet and life style one can maintain fair control over diabetes. Key Words: Fasting Blood Sugar, BMI, Obese, Traditional Food Adjuncts, Food Habits

56-61

Authors: Sindhu, J.S.

The study was conducted on 100 boxers and 100 athletes in the age range of 15-25 years to compare their anthropometric characteristics. The subjects were taken from various colleges of Punjab namely Guru Kanshi College, Nehru Memorial College, Mansa, Barjindra Co]lege, Faridkot, Rajindra College, Bhatinda. The results of the study in general reveal that boxers are bulky, taller and heavier than athletes; the significant differences however were noted in chest circumference between the two groups. Boxers in general are found to possess more deposition of subcutaneous fat in the regions of biceps, triceps and calf than the athletic group. However in statistical terms it is significant only in the triceps and calf regions. Comparison has also been made between senior and junior athletes and boxers by dividing the subjects into 15-20 and 20-25 year age groups. Key Words: Body Weight, Height, Circumferences, Skinfold Thickness