Sport Mont

3-6

Authors: Matej Majerič

The main purpose of this research was to analyse the gender differences among students at the University of Ljubljana in the importance of sport in their lives and the frequency of sport participation. The research was done in the 2013 academic year on a random sample of 3% of the students (N = 1390); a questionnaire about students’ lifestyles was used (Majerič, 2013). In this study, two variables were analysed: the importance of sport in students’ lives and the frequency of sport participation; the data were analysed with SPSS for Windows. The basic statistical parameters for both variables were calculated. To calculate the gender differences, a t-test for independent samples and the Mann-Whitney U test were run. For the variable ‘importance of sport in students’ lives’, 61.95% of male and 53.20% of female respondents reported that sport is important and very important in their lives. The gender differences were small but statistically significant (p=0.013). For the variable ‘frequency of participation in sport activity’, 79.61% of male and 77.10% of female respondents reported that they were sport active every day, 4 to 6 times a week or 2 to 3 times a week. The gender differences in this variable were also statistically significant (p=0.000). Our findings and conclusions provide useful guidance to the closer and wider professional public who organize sport programmes for students.

13-16

Authors: Izet Rađo, Haris Alić, Izet Bajramović, Eldin Jelešković, Nedim Ćović, Slavenko Likić and Amel Mekić

Study aim was to compare and reevaluate effects of additional strength training program in football players after eight week application. Program was design to increase power and strength of knee extensors and flexors using neuromuscular adaptation. In overall, 18 senior level football players completed intervention in preparation period executing program as part of warm up 2-3 times per week. Using t-test for dependent samples statistical significance of the possible change was evaluated in peak torque, total and average work changes measured using Biodex isokinetic dynamometer. All measuring procedures were done for both limbs. Results are suggesting that statistically significant change observed in both limbs for the peak power output and average work load in flexion and extension, respectively. Other research papers are suggesting that increase of power and strength of knee muscles can help in preventing of injurie occurrence. LCA injurie can be prevention when femoral biceps strength is increase. This training modality based on neuromuscular adaptation is noninvasive with good effects in performance increase. Using training loads with body weight intensity is a good way to establish prevention to possible knee injurie with simultaneous power increase, with minimum of chance to reach unwanted overtraining.

21-23

Authors: Rajko Milašinović, Stevo Popović, Radenko Matić, Jovan Gardašević and Duško Bjelica

The purpose of this study was to examine the body height in Montenegrin male adolescents from southern region as well as the relationship between arm span as an alternative to estimating the body height, which would vary from region to region in Montenegro. Our investigation analyses 87 male adolescents from the southern region in Montenegro. The anthropometric measurements were taken according to the protocol of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK). Means and standard deviations regarding the anthropometric measurements were obtained. The relationships between body height and arm span were determined using simple correlation coefficients and their 95% confidence interval. Then a linear regression analysis was performed to examine the extent to which the arm span can reliably predict body height. The results displayed that male Southern-Montenegrins are 182.53±7.53 cm tall and have an arm span of 184.55±9.03 cm. Compared to other studies, the results of this study have shown that this gender made Southern- Montenegrins the tall population, taller than most of nation around the Europe. On the other hand, expectably, the arm span reliably predicts body height in this gender. However, the estimation equations which have been obtained in Southern-Montenegrins are, different alike in general population, since arm span was closer to body heights (2.03±1.50 cm), more than in general population. Hence, this study also confirms the necessity for developing separate height models for each region in Montenegro.

31-33

Authors: Jovan Gardasevic, Dusko Bjelica, Ivan Vasiljevic and Rajko Milasinovic

The main aim of the research was to identify a level of quantitative changes of the repetitive strength with fifteen years old football players under the influence of the programmed football training of a six weeks preparation period. The training programme covered forty-four training units. The research was made on a sample of 120 cadet level football players. To estimate the repetitive strength three tests have been used: Lying-sed for 30 seconds, Push-ups and Lifting upper body while lying on stomach. In the area of comparative statistics, we used discriminant parametric procedure t-test for big paired samples. It can be concluded that there are statistically significant differences in all three variables to estimate the repetitive strength. This confirmed the hypothesis that the expected significant positive quantitative changes of basic-motor abilities influenced by the proposed model of training in preparation period with fifteen years old football players. The authors were guided by the fact that this kind of training program in preparation period is very effective in terms of raising the repetitive strength level with fifteen years old. The obtained results can be directed towards innovation plans and programs in the preparation period, and the adaptation of the same needs of the respective population

39-43

Authors: Ifet Mahmutović, Izet Rađo, Munir Talović, Rasim Lakota, Haris Alić and Eldin Jelešković

The aim of this paper is to determine the level of improvement of motor skills of female volleyball players influenced by kinesiology operators in a period of 6 months. Research was conducted on sample subject of 130 female volleyball players aged from 13±0.6 (mean±SD). Sample variables are divided in two groups: 9 variables of assessment of basic motor skills and 5 variables of assessment of situational motor skills. Analysing difference of arithmetic means between of initial and final measures of treated variables it is determined that there is statistically significant difference on the level Sig=0.001, except for variables of Jelka test which determinates speed duration of female volleyball players. Analysis of quantity changes of basic motor skills, shows that the most important projections on selected discriminative function of basic motor skills have the following variables: body lifting in 30 sec; dynamometry of a hand, hand tapping; pull-up; throwing a 1 kg ball from lying position; side defence movement; push-up on bars and situational motor skill are the variables: precision of tactic serving; consecutive bumping; wall-spikes. Comprehensive development of female volleyball players and diversity in the level of volleyball specialization of the development will depend on systematic work on treated motor skills. This program appeared to be efficient. However, it is necessary to gradually increase the demands for the female volleyball players and to put the accent on performance of acquired situational motor skills in future work.

3-6

Authors: Martin Zvonar, Martin Vavacek and Dusana Cierna

Everyone needs to walk; however, many people have problems with walking caused by non-standard condition or function of their feet, which in some cases can be easily recognized by thermography methods. The question is which internal actors can influence plantar temperature. 20 pregnant women from Czech and Slovak Republic in early stage of pregnancy, aged from 24 to 38 years old were included in the research. In this research, we followed the course of temperature-rested feet and feet after exercise for pregnant mothers in the different trimesters of pregnancy. Our task during the experimental research was to verify the functionality of special shoes. When we examined the temperatures of left and right sole in pregnant women, we noticed significant differences between right and left leg on 1 % level of statistical significance. Body weight gain is directly proportional with increased pressure on future mother’s sole. Increased body weight and pressure on the sole connected with it increases blood flow of the tissue. More blood flowing increases the friction and the temperature of the sole. Surprisingly, from second to third trimester we noticed decrease in temperature after walking.

13-16

Authors: Jovan Gardašević, Duško Bjelica and Ivan Vasiljević

The main aim of the research was to identify a level of quantitative changes of the movement speed with fifteen years old football players under the influence of the programmed football training of a six weeks preparation period. The training programme covered forty-four training units. The research was made on a sample of 120 cadet level football players. To estimate the movement speed three tests have been used: foot tapping on the wall, sprint to 20m high start and sprint to 60m high start. In the area of comparative statistics, we used discriminant parametric procedure t-test for big paired samples. Can be concluded that there are statistically significant differences in all three variables to estimate the movement speed. This confirmed the hypothesis that the expected significant positive quantitative changes of basic-motor abilities influenced by the proposed model of training in preparation period with fifteen years old football players. The authors were guided by the fact that this kind of training program in preparation period, where dominates the situational model training is very effective in terms of raising the movement speed level with fifteen years old. The obtained results can be directed towards innovation plans and programs in the preparation period, and the adaptation of the same needs of the respective population.

21-23

Authors: Danilo Bojanić, Milovan Ljubojević and Marija Bubanja

The aim of the research is to determine the level of quantitative changes of motor abilities of pupils with special needs under the influence of kinetic activity regular physical education teaching. The survey was conducted on students of the Centre for children and youth with special needs in Mostar, the city of Los Rosales in Mostar and day care facilities for children with special needs in Niksic. The sample was composed of boys of 46 subjects, who were involved in regular physical education for a period of one school year. The level of quantitative and qualitative changes in motor skills, written under the influence of kinesiology operators within regular school physical education classes, was estimated by applying appropriate tests of motor skills, selected in accordance with the degree of mental ability and biological age. Manifest variables applied in this experiment were processed using standard descriptive methods in order to determine their distribution function and basic function parameters. Comparisons of results of measures of central dispersion parameters initial and final measurement, it is evident that the applied program of physical education and sport contribute to changing the distribution of central and dispersion parameters, and that the same distribution of the final measurement closer to the normal distribution of results.

29-31

Authors: Aldijana Muratović and Danilo Bojanić

The goal of research is to establish differences in biomotoric space with young people at the age of cadets (14 ± 6 months; 15 ± 6 months) from Montenegro. The study covers a sample of 500 respondents in total, where 400 of the students are not angaged in organized training process (non-athletes) and 100 are handball players of organized trainings. Biomotoric space is treated with twenty one (21) variables that hypothetically cover the space of: segmented speed, flexibility, explosive leg power, explosive power of arm and shoulder, repetitive power, coordination and balance. The space of specific motoric abilities is tested with five (5) variables that hypotetically cover the space of: shot precision, ball handling capability, slalom running speed, speed in ball control in movement and speed of movement without ball. Data obtained from the tests is calculated on basic statistic approaches. The paper presents the rank of biomotoric and specificmotoric abilities for each group of respondents to the results obtained. The obtained results suggest the following conclusions as most significant: 1) in the space of biomotoric abilities better results achieved the handball players from the Continental region against those of Mediterranien; 2) in specific biomotoric abilities handball players from the Continental region marked better results as against those of the Mediterranien; 3) in biomotoric abilities handball players achieved better results in comparison with the non-athletes; and 4) in specific biomotoric abilities handball players achieved better results in comparison with the non-athletes

39-41

Authors: Rajko Milašinović and Stevo Popović

The objective of this study is the history of skiing, while the main goal will be the historical development of skiing in Montenegro. The study consists three goals. The first goal is the emergence of the first ski in the world and benefits that are brought. Another goal is focused on the development of skiing in the former Yugoslavia. The third and the main goal is the occurrence and development of skiing and ski sports in the territory of Montenegro. During the making of this study, the author used descriptive method with consulting of competent literature. The previous author experience in this field was also so useful. Moreover, the author used the analytic method and parallel method that is the most productive if you make some inferences about some appearance. Consequently, the main outcome of this study was showing of historical progress of ski sports in Montenegro from early beginnings to the modern Olympic skiing

7-16

Authors: Zoran Milošević, Jovan Vuković, Nebojša Maksimović, Radenko Matić

In this paper we have identified the characteristics of physical activity of inhabitants of the AP Vojvodina compared to their generation group. We used the Eurobarometer survey to test the sample comprising of 3,132 participants from major places in Vojvodina, which was divided into five generation sub-samples (aged from 15 to 24, from 25 to 39, from 40 to 54, from 55 to 69, and older than 70). The area of this study comprises four themes that are mutually linked in a meaningful way and that refer to attitudes of participants: 1) about the level and intensity of physical activity, 2) about the place of dealing with physical activity, 3) about motives for getting involved in physical activity, 4) about barriers for getting involved in physical activity. A significant difference in the four given subject topics between the five AP Vojvodina population generation subsamples has been determined based on the research results that is, the specific physical (in)activity of the local population (the APV) compared to the population of the European surrounding (the EU).

22-28

Authors: Jana Nová

Further development of research and knowledge transfer in sport management is limited by the lack of full utilization of the past research results. Considering the fact that sport is regarded as a crucial determinant of a region’s social and economic development, the transfer of the latest knowledge from sport management research to sport in practice is of the utmost importance. The availability of research results in a usable form and the active interaction between academia and sport practitioners could help to a great extent enhance not only the knowledge base but also the performance of the sports organizations, thus contributing to their professionalization. Therefore the aim of the paper is to propose a conceptual model for the institutionalization of systematic knowledge exploration and consolidation in sports management so as to enable and simplify knowledge transfer to the practice of sports organizations. The design of a conceptual model is based on the comparison of the well-known models of institutionalized systematic review from health science.

35-41

Authors: Duško Bjelica, Stevo Popović

The objective of this study represent the evolution of advertising, while the main goal will be directional to evoluation of general advertising with a specific retrospection at sport advertising. The main tasks of this study are, the first explaining the interesting evoluation of the advertising in general as well as drawing attention to the specific nature of the sport advertising as a separate field of advertising in general. Method: During the making of this study, the author used descriptive method with consulting of competent literature. The previous author’ experience in this field was also so useful. Moreover, the author used the analytic method and parallel method that is the most productive if you make some inferences about some appearance. Results: Sport advertising did not develop separately, but it represents an integral part of the overall advertising that has much deeper roots in the history of mankind. This study made general retrospection of common characteristics and differences that might be relevant for many researchers in this area. Discussion: Sport advertising is developing rapidly around the world, the dominant example of this development is most evident in the "advertising industry" in the United States (Popović, 2011). However, the sport advertising is not at the expectable level in Montenegro, mostly due to the reason the "advertising industry" in the country is not developed yet. Hence, some further knowledge collected in this study might improve the contemporary situation and help the current and potential advertisers to invest in sport industry.

50-56

Authors: Stevo Popović, Radenko Matić, Rajko Milašinović, Damjan Jakšić, Duško Bjelica

Advertising is an attractive promotional tool for marketers who can use it to strengthen communication with consumers and persuade them to purchasing certain product or service (Bjelica et al., 2014; Muratović et al., 2014). Hence, there is nececity to analyse their general attitudes among various questions, while this research was aimed at gaining relevant knowledge about the attitudes of Serbian consumers toward advertising through sport among the question how often they participate in sports activities. Methods: The sample included 127 respondents, divided into six subsample groups: consumers who do not participate in sport activities at all, then consumers who participate in sport activities less than ones a month, next 1–4 a month, 5–10 a month, 11–20 a month, as well as consumers participate in sport activities more than 20 times a months. The sample of variables contained the system of three general attitudes which were modeled by seven-point Likert scale. The results of the measuring were analyzed by multivariate analysis (MANOVA) and univariate analysis (ANOVA) and Post Hoc test. Results: Based on the statistical analyses it was found that significant differences didn’t occur at multivariate level, as well as between all three variables at a significance level of p=.05. Hence, it is interesting to highlight that it was found there are no significant differences showed up between the consumers who participate in various sports activities. Discussion: These results are so important for the marketers, mostly due to the reason they can merge all the potential consumers who participate in various sports activities into one homogenious group. This wasn’t the case in previous investigations (Popović et al., 2011) and this observation presents relevant information.

63-69

Authors: Maria Gateva

The need of implementing new tests for determining the fitness level of rhythmic gymnasts is vast. 12 high level rhythmic gymnasts were tested in preparatory period with 5 tests – two laboratory tests on a treadmill (VO2max and 2 min submaximal test) and three field tests (2 min shuttle run test, modified gymnastics routine and rhythmic gymnastics routine) to determine the fitness level of the gymnasts. VO2max was completed in order to calculate the individual 90-95% for the 2 min submaximal test. All the other tests were set to respond to the same load as the competitive program in rhythmic gymnastics – the routine. The differences between the tests, based on the HR and blood lactate give us reason to believe that the test loads should be selected more precisely. The routine still displayed higher demands upon the gymnasts’ body systems compared to the other three applied tests. The shuttle run tests gave the closest values of HR compared to the routine load. Submaximal laboratory test have to be increased by 1-2% in order to cause the same reaction to the gymnasts’ body as the routine.

75-82

Authors: Jae-Keun Yang

The purpose of the study is to examine the relationship among community spirit, community identification, and community loyalty of online sports community user. To accomplish the purpose of the study, adult users of "N" research engine are subjected to questionnaire. Based on convenience sampling, 383 questionnaires are used for final data analysis. By utilizing SPSS 21.0, frequency analysis, exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis, simple regression analysis and multiple regression analysis are implemented and the results are as follows. First, community spirit of online sports community user influences on community identification. Second, community spirit of online sports community user influences on community loyalty. Third, community identification of online sports community user influences on community loyalty.

90-93

Authors: Aldijana Muratović, Jovica Petković, Ivan Vasiljević, Danilo Bojanić

The main objective of this study was to determine the differences in the general motor and specific-motor skills of young handball players. Handball is one of the most popular sports in Montenegro. Given that Montenegro is divided into the continental and mediterranean region in this paper was carried out research relating to young handball players continental areas. Modern handball is exceptionally quick and explosive and is made up of varying physically intense movements which require high level motor skills, both basic and specific (Czerwinski, 1995). The sample makes a total of 50 handball players divided into two groups. The first group consists of 25 handball HC "Sutjeska" from Niksic, aged 14 ± 6 months, while the second group consists of 25 handball HC "Berane" Berane age 15 ± 6 months. Players compete in the Montenegrin cadet league.Motoric space is treated with 10 variables that hypothetically cover the space of: segmented speed, flexibility, explosive leg power, explosive power of arm and shoulder and coordination. The space of specific motoric abilities is tested with 3 variables that hypotetically cover the space of: the ability of manipulating the ball, speed in ball control in movement and speed of movement without ball. Data obtained from the tests is calculated on basic statistic approaches. Comparative statistics is used in the manifest space: t-test arithmetic between small independent samples. Results obtained by the conducted analyzes indicate the existence of statistically significant difference between the fourteen year old and fifteen-year-handball players continental regions. A statistically significant difference was found in 6 variables (hand tapping, long jump, high jump with seats, side steps, ability in throwing and catching balls rejected from the wall and move the triangle basic defensive attitude) out of 13 applied. In previous studies the differences were analyzed between the handball players of different ages (Vuleta, Milanovic & Nikolic, 2012), as well as the differences between the different ranks of competition (Vuleta, Milanovic & Jukic, 1999), where the results show that there are statistically significant differences in the area of motor and specific -motoric abilities. In this paper, statistically significant difference was found in six tests in favor of the fourteen year old handball, what can we explain that in the training process may prevail and other factors such as motivation, which is a very important domain of psychological preparation of athletes.

99-102

Authors: Sami Sermaxhaj, Abedin Bahtiri, Fitim Arifi

The purpose of this paper is to compare the number of of morphological characteristics and specific motor between players Junior (U-19) in two time periods in 2004 and 2014. The research was conducted on a sample of 100 young soccer players (U-19 League first Kosovo) divided into two groups: The first group comprised of 50 players U-19 to the five best clubs in 2003/04 season and the second group of 50 players U-19 also five best clubs 2013/14 season. In the two generations of players were conducted measurements of morphological characteristics and specific motor. To validate the differences between U-19 players two generations is used the method T-Test. The results obtained have shown statistically significant differences in favor of players U19 2013/14 generation to generation U-19 2003/04 in two storage areas (anthropometric and specific motor) ..These changes are in favor of players U- 19 2014 generation to generation in 2004 hypothetically can justify as a result of vocational education framework coaches and completion of program content with additional exercises fitness to young soccer players.

109-112

Authors: Sami Sermaxhaj, Fitim Arifi, Abedin Bahtiri, Imran Isufi

The primary goal of this research has been the assertion of differences in anthropometric parameters, motor and technical demonstration between players and successful and less successful ones. The research was applied to a sample of 60 players U-17 (6 clubs Pristina region that have become regular racing season 2013/14) divided into two groups: The first group comprised 20 players U-17 both teams first and second group 40 U-17 player of the four other teams. To all the soccer players were conducted anthropometric measurements, motor and technical demonstration. To prove spaces investigates differences between players of both groups used the T-Test methods. Results obtained through the method of T-Test show us that statistically significant differences in favor of the first group (successful players) to the second group (less successful players) had agility (“shuttle running sprint Test” M-R5x10m) and precision shooting (T-SHOOT)., So we can suggest that agility and precision busy busting a special place in the training process with young soccer players since been an outspoken in distinguishing the level of successful players from those less successful.

121-126

Authors: Izenedin Mehmeti

The purpose of the present study was to explore motivation in school physical education (PE), barriers and demotivation factors that influence student’s participation in PE. The participants of the study were (n = 305) kosovan students (155 boys, 150 girls), 15.5 years at grade10 and 11 of secondary high schools. Results of the study indicate that adolescents showed lack of enthusiasm for a stereotypical activities and lack of motivation. Students were more likely to report two main barriers (a) Institutional related barriers to participation in school Physical education (PE) such as ;the lack of facilities and equipment (Gym and sport requisites), lower priority given to PE by schools, traditional PE curriculum not flexible enough to meet different student’s needs and (b) PE teacher related barriers; low levels of confidence and competence in teaching PE, being unable to provide safely planned and structured lessons, lack of teacher support, PE uniforms, outdated curriculum focusing mostly on team sports rather than overall fitness by giving more importance to winning than to participation. Often or most of the times teachers use “direct instruction” to introduce a new movement or activity, which has a lack of student involvement, group work, opportunities to explore, etc

134-139

Authors: Ana Marijanac, Milena Mikalački, Nebojša Čokorilo

Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by low bone mass and density. Physical activity has a positive effect on bone tissue, and it is recommended to prevent bone loss which comes with age. Methods: In purpose of determining bone mineral density in women who are physically active we examined 35 women divided into two groups – subjects who are premenopausal (n=20, 43.52 ± 7.56 years), and subjects who are postmenopausal (n=15, 55.89 ± 5.48). The subjects exercised Pilates method twice a week for one hour. Bone mineral density measurements were done by ultrasound densitometer „Sahara“ through the calcaneus. We get the data of the estimated bone density and T-score for right and left foot separate. Results: According to results premenopausal women have normal bone density, and postmenopausal values represent osteopenia, according to the WHO. There is no subjects who established osteoporosis. Discussion: Previous investigations have confirmed that physical activity is important for the preservation of the bone quality. Increasing steps, using simple everyday tasks, can prevent decrease in BMD in postmenopausal women (Muir et al., 2013, Ashe et al, 2008). There’s difference in the density of the calcaneus between physically active and those who are not, measured by ultrasound densitometry (Vainionpää et al, 2005). We use quantitative ultrasound densitometry to describe BMI of women who exercise Pilates and support the finding that physical activity is one of the ways that may prevent the BMD loss. These research was done as a part of long-term project entitled „Impact of physical activity of the working population“ which is cofinanced by Provincial Secretariat for Science and Technological Development.

146-151

Authors: Mamaj Driton, Osmani Arben, Cami Edona

One of the most important preconditions for effective influence of physical body exercises among pupils during regular classes of physical education in schools is increased volume and quality of work and study. In order to increase volume and quality of work and study, it is necessary to carry out reform of education at elementary and lower level secondary education in Kosova in order to advance professional personnel and increase number of hours for sport and health education classes. Methods: This research is of a transversal nature, meaning that there has been a measurement of morphological and motoric indicators in the sample of 26 pupils of the age group of 15 years of the elementary and lower level school “Faik Konica” from Prishtina as an urbane center and sample of 30 pupils of elementary and lower level school „Avdulla Tahiri“ from Malisheva. 6 anthropometric and 4 motoric variables have been used (Kurelić et al., 1975). Anthropometric variables included: body height (ATV), length of foot (ADS), body mass (ATT), volume of upper arm in down position (AONL), volume of upper leg (AONK), volume of lower leg (AOPK). Motoric variables included: standing position distance jump (MFESDM), 30 meters distance running (MTR30V), bench bending (MFLPRK), and push-ups (MSKLEK). T-test analysis has been used for independent variables. Results: Obtained results from the statistical analysis demonstrate that anthropometric characteristics and motoric skills of two independent groups of pupils have normal distribution and no visible asymmetry and have tendency toward higher values (epikurtic). T-test analysis demonstrates that pupils from rural areas have lower muscular mass and lower motoric results. Discussion: Conditions for execution of physical education classes and lack of physical activities in the rural environment have strong influence on developments of morphological and motoric characteristics of pupils. Significant statistical differences obtained in these groups demonstrate that pupils in the elementary and lower level secondary education school „Avdulla Tahiri“ from Malisheva have lower muscular mass and motoric abilities at the level p<0.05, due to economic and social conditions. Results indicate that promotion of healthy life style among adolescents has even greater importance due to insight gained by Paavola and sur. (2004.), that underlines positive correlation between regular sports and recreational activities and correct nutrition habits.

158-160

Authors: Rabit Veseli, Musa Selimi, Arianit Morina, Nazim Myrtaj, Afrim Selimi

Football is one of the most famous games that man has invented. It is a complex of collective organization and individual ingenuity. No doubt, top results in sport require a serious base of scientific researches and skills. Certainly, modern top results that have been achieved can be analyzed scientifically. It is exactly the scientific approach that is to establish the characteristics of basic importance to provide success in football. It is in favor of top football game to regularly conduct researches, which, as elements of special interest, would cover the basic motoric and specific motoric abilities with football players.The subject of the research is the motoric and specific motoric abilities with young football players aged from 14 to 16. The goal of the research is to establish how the explosive power influences the dribbling skills. The sample of respondents in the research consists of 39 school children at the age of 14 to 16, who play at FC ”Gjilani” and have attended the club for at least two years. They underwent three tests for assessing the explosive power: 1. Standing long jump; 2. 20- meter running and 3. Sargent test. Along with it, two tests for assessing the specific motorics: 1. Dribbling 20 metres with start from the place and 2. Dribbling 20 metres - fly start. The data obtained from the applied five tests is worked out with basic statistic parameters. The relation between motoric and specific motoric abilities is determined through linear regressive analyzes in manifest space. The results suggest that there is a positive and significant relation between the applied motoric and specific motoric abilities. This confirms the close relation between the explosive power and specific motorics of football players expressed through dribbling. Similar results are obtained in the researches of the following authors: Christou et all., 2006, Kraemer et al., 1998, and Young et al., 2001.

165-168

Authors: Rabit Veseli, Arianit Morina, Musa Selimi, Nazim Myrtaj, Afrim Selimi

The subject of physical education (kinesiology) at primary schools in Kosovo is present in school programs with three classes weekly. In order to form a realistic idea of what students feel about their teacher in Physical Education as well as of the implementation of the educational program, we conducted a questionnaire survey. Methods: The survey examines 210 respondents (118 school boys and 92 school girls) at the age of 14. It was conducted mainly to establish and compare the attitudes of boys and girls on the base of their answers to the following six questions: 1. Is the teacher in Physical Education always dressed in sports equipment in class? 2. Is the teacher always present and active in class performances? 3. Does the teacher form realistic marks to your performance? 4. Does the school possess the necessary facilities and equipment for the realization of the class program? 5. Do you regularly wear sports equipment in your Physical Education classes? 6. Are you happy with the way your PhE classes are conducted? Results & Discussion: According to the answers to each question the groups of boys and girls are considered individually through methods of frequency and percentage of results. The differences between boys’ and girls’ attitudes are tested by non-parametric chi-square test, at the level of 0,05(5%). According to the fi nal results, the conclusion is that school boys and girls have similar attitudes (do not differ) in their answers to questions 5 and 6. To some extent, the results obtained from the survey show similarity with the research conducted by Memedi, Nika and Hajredini (2011).

176-181

Authors: Miroslav Smajić, Milica Savić, Ksenija Korać, Tiana Kuljanin, Goran Vasić

Plyometrics is a training method that uses an overload (Chu, 1983), and the main purpose of plyometric training is the development of greater reactive force (Allerheiligen & Rogers, 1995). Sports physiologists agree that plyometrics includes specific exercises that cause significant stretching of muscles located below the eccentric contraction, and followed by a strong concentric contraction, which is used for the development of a strong movement in a short period of time (LaChance, 1995). The aim of the research is to identify and analyze the transformative effects of plyometric exercise program on the manifest dimension of strength, agility and speed running experimental group of players. Methods: The sample consisted of 50 players were aged 17.5 years (± 6 months), who were divided into two groups. One group consisted of 25 tennis players TK “Gemaks” from Belgrade who represented the experimental group, while the second group included 25 tennis players TK “AS” from Belgrade who represented the control group. For evaluation of motor abilities used 4 tests. In order to determine differences between groups of respondents in the initial and final measurement was applied univariate analysis of variance. In order to determine the effect of training programs between the two tests was applied univariate analysis of covariance. Results: This research has proven that plyometric training, which was applied to a group of tennis players from Belgrade for a period of three months, youth ages contributed to improving their motor abilities, primarily explosive strength and agility. Discussion: Practice plyometric program combined with regular training for the development and improvement of techniques tennis game showed excellent results in order to improve the explosive leg strength, agility tennis players eksperimenatlne groups, and proved to be positive in working with junior tennis players ages. Research have shown that the development of explosive energy efficient stimulus muscle strain in the so-called. “Primetime” regime of strain that was applied through plyometric training tennis players experimental groups (Bacic et al, 2006).

189-193

Authors: Goran Vasić, Dragoslav Jakonić, Slavko Molnar, Branka Protić-Gava

Doping is the way in which athletes misuse of chemicals and other types of medical interventions (eg, blood replacement), try to get ahead in the results of other athletes or their performance at the expense of their own health. The aim of this work is the analysis of blood doping and the display of negative consequences that this way of increasing capabilities brings. Method: The methodological work is done descriptively. Results: Even in 1972 at the Stockholm Institute for gymnastics and sport, first Dr. Bjorn Ekblom started having blood doping. Taken from the blood, athletes through centifuge separating red blood cells from blood plasma, which is after a month of storage in the fridge, every athlete back into the bloodstream. Tests aerobic capacity thereafter showed that the concerned athletes can run longer on average for 25% of the treadmill than before. Discussion: Blood doping carries with it serious risks, excessive amount of red cells “thickens the blood,” increased hematocrit, which reduces the heart’s ability to pump blood to the periphery. All this makes it difficult for blood to flow through blood vessels, and there is a great danger that comes to a halt in the circulation, which can cause cardiac arrest, stroke, pulmonary edema, and other complications that can be fatal.

201-205

Authors: Ilir Gllareva, Besim Halilaj, Bahri Gjinovci, Besnik Morina

The aim of this study is to verify the current anthropometrical status of the pupils of the age 12, as well as to compare it with the standards of raising in accordance with the WHO standards. In the study were included 62 pupils (42 male and 20 female). The anthropometric tests were done in height, weight, biacromial and elbow breadth, subcutaneous adipose tissue at the : suprailiac skinfold; subscapular skinfold; triceps skinfold, as well as the abdominal circumference. The results showed that there was a heterogenic distribution of results, especially in the body weight, where the distribution between the minimal and maximal results is 28-70 kg, with the average 43, 14 ± 9, 78 of standard deviation with the male pupils, while with the female pupils was noticed more homogenous group and the standard deviation was significantly lower than with the female pupils in all variables. The findings show that almost in all measured variables female pupils are more developed at this age, especially the body high, body weight and subcutaneous adipose tissue, while as regards the abdominal circumference and body breadth, the male pupils are more developed. Comparison of symbolic sample of this research with the WHO data shows an approximate trend of raising and development of children which were included in this research, and the difference is as follows: Female pupils age 12, body height=151.97 cm

211-217

Authors: Besnik Morina, Shemsedin Vehapi, Bahri Gjinovci, Besim Halilaj, Ilir Gllareva, Malsor Gjonbalaj, Leon Dukaj

This paper presents the results of the research on the physical activity of students in the Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Prishtina “Hasan Prishtina” Kosovo. The purpose of this cognitive study was to diagnose certain aspects of the lifestyle of students, with a particular focus on physical activity and, the difference in sex. The practical aim, however, was an indication of such actions, arising from past experience that would aim at improving lifestyle, and could lead to the elimination or prevention of certain causes of not making movement activity by the students in our country. The research was conducted by the use of diagnostic survey in the group of 120 people aged 18-37, among whom there were 56 girls and 64 boys. The research material was collected in 2014. The research that was carried out shows that the level of wealth (not so much of the family, but of the whole country) may have an impact on the choice of activities taken by the students. Undoubtedly socio-cultural factors and the tradition of social life, which impose certain ways of spending leisure time (particularly in the case of the students) as we can see in the results obtained, where we also found that there is no statistically significant differences between girls and boys. The above observations, taking into account local conditions, should be the starting point for all those who plan introducing changes in physical education systems in my country in the future.

225-228

Authors: Malsor Gjonbalaj, Ilir Gllareva, Bahri Gjinovci, Florian Miftari

The aim of this study is to verify the current agility status of students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports of the University of Prishtina. Also, another aim was to compare results of the students with the international norms of the standard agility test. In this study were included 92 students of FPES. The agility tests were done based on the Illinois Agility Test as a standard test. The methods used to analyse the data obtained from the research, are standard methods, basic statistical parameters and comparative methods. From the basic statistical parameters, it was noticed a homogenous distribution of results. The distribution between the minimal and maximal result is from 15.15 – 20.16, with the average 16.54 and standard deviation 0.92. Based on the parameters on distribution, it is noticeable that the value of skew parameters is 1.43. Comparing to international norms of standard agility test, it is noticeable that the students if the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports have a satisfactory level and belong to the category of average results 16.54 sec, the international standard norms are 16.2 - 18.1 sec, which implies average achievement of results. Comparing to other groups of students, our sample showed almost the same results with the group of students tested by Mehmet Kutlu, Hakan Yapýcý, Oğuzhan Yoncalık, Serkan Çelik, 2012, where the results of their students are 16.54 ± 0.41, but the testing took place in synthetic carpet.

233-238

Authors: Branka Protić – Gava, Tijana Šćepanović, Maja Batez

The aim of this research was to analyze postural disorders and nutritional status in adolescents, and to compare the incidence of postural disorders with regard to category of nutritional status and gender dimorphism. The sample of subjects comprised of 305 adolescents, 11 - 14 years old, of both gender (158 girls and 147 boys), students of the primary school from Vojvodina. Postural status was assessed by Napoleon Volanski method. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated by standard procedure. In establishment of differences in postural status, with regard to the age and the gender dimorphism, we used χ2 test. In order to establish differences in cumulative evaluation of postural status, we applied rank-sum Mann-Whitney Z-test. In establishment of differences in groups of subjects formed on the basis of degree of nutritional status, we applied Kruskall-Wollis test. The survey results show a statistically significant difference acording to the gender, in subjects aged 13 to 14 years, and a significant positive correlation of these two indicators.

245-251

Authors: Senay Sahin, Engin Sagdilek, Oktay Cimen

Table tennis is among sports that are difficult to learn and perform. The athlete has to perceive the ball within a small space, in various rotations, aiming at different points on the table in various speeds, and perform the correct action. Thus, assessing and improving the athletes’ attention, perception, fast learning and adaptation skills are of significant importance in training top-tier athletes. This study evaluates fast learning, visual perception and adaptation skills of national athletes using Selective Action Array, developed recently for the study. Out of 2014 Balkan Youth Table Tennis Championship athletes, 11 male and 11 females participated in the study. For the Selective Action Array, a table tennis robot was utilized. Robot was set up to send a total of 26 balls in 3 different colors (6 whites, 10 yellows, 10 pinks) to different areas of the table, in random colors and at the rate of 90 balls per minute. The participants were asked to ignore the white balls, to touch the yellow balls and to grab the pink balls using their dominant hands. Pursuant to explaining the task to the participants, two consecutive trials were executed and recorded using a camera. Every action performed/not performed by the participants was transformed into points in the scoring system. First trial total points in the Selective Action Array were 124±15 for males and 108±13 for females, whereas on the second trial the total points were 136±15 and 119±8, respectively. The higher scores obtained in the second trial were significant. Success rates for males were higher than females in both trials based on the percentage of correct actions executed in relation with the ball. The most significant difference between males and females was observed in white ball success rates. The highest increase in the rate of success in the second trial as compared to the first was observed in yellow balls for females and in pink balls for males. Table tennis players usually react to every ball on their side of the table; hence our request to ignore the white balls in our selective action array became a handicap for all. The study aimed to evaluate the adaptation skills, learning speed, focus span and visual perceptions of athletes quantitatively via our experimental Selective Action Array. This method, which could also be applied to other sports branches, could introduce a different point of view to evaluate cognitive attributes, which are as important as condition and motor skills in sports.

256-261

Authors: Fitim Arifi, Iber Alaj, Zenel Metaj, Sami Sermaxhaj, Jeton Nebiu

Taking into account morphological and motor status of students as football players and non-football players of the same age is meant by certain basic system of anthropometric latent dimensions which are developed with the influence of endogenous and exogenous factors and the impact of physical education classes and various trainings outside education process. While in motor space the research is defined in basic motorics and in situational motorics of the game of football, where in some of them important factor is genetic factor or born. Through this study we can conclude that the work that students do in schools during the physical education classes, will change with the students as football players who had the opportunity that except physical education classes to work as well during the week 3 to 4 trainings in the football school. For this research was taken the sample of 142 entities of 13 – years of age from them 71 students and active football players and 71 students that aren’t active football players. The main purpose of this paper is verification of canonic relations, anthropometric space, and basic motor tests and situational motorics to the students as football players and non-football players and also we will verify the implementation and impact of anthropometric space parameters in basic motor tests and situational motorics.

270-276

Authors: Stevo Popović, Radenko Matić, Rajko Milašinović, Dobrislav Vujović, Zoran Milošević, Duško Bjelica

It is proposed that potential cosumers form attitudes based on advertising through sport can influence decisions to purchase a particular advertiser’s product (Pyun, 2006). From this reason, it is important to analyse their general attitudes toward advertising through sport among various questions, and this investigation was aimed at gaining relevant knowledge about the attitudes of Serbian consumers toward advertising through sport among. Methods: The sample included 127 respondents, divided into six subsample groups: cconsumers, who do not watch sports events at all, then consumers who watch sports events 1-30 minutes, next 31-60 minutes, 61-90 minutes, 91-120 minutes, as well as consumers who watch sports events more than 120 minutes during the typical day. The sample of variables contained the system of three general attitudes which were modeled by seven-point Likert scale. The results of the measuring were analyzed by multivariate analysis (MANOVA) and univariate analysis (ANOVA) and Post Hoc test. Results: Based on the statistical analyses it was found that significant differences didn’t occur at multivariate level, as well as between all three variables at a significance level of p=.05. Hence, it is interesting to highlight that it was found there are no significant differences showed up between the attitudes of consumers toward advertising through sport among the frequency of watching sports events. Discussion: These results are so important for the marketers, mostly due to the reason they can merge all the potential consumers regarding the frequency they watch the sports events. On the other hand, this wasn’t the case in previous investigations (Bjelica and Popović, 2011) and this observation presents relevant information.

283-288

Authors: Dobrislav Vujović, Marija Bubanja, Gabriela Doina Tanase, Rajko Milašinović

Anthropologists recognized the tallness of nations in the Dinaric Alps long time ago (Popovic et al, 2013). As the modern Montenegrins fall partly into the Dinaric racial classification (Bjelica et al., 2012), the purpose of this study was to examine the body height in Montenegrin male adolescents from central region as well as the relationship between arm span as an alternative to estimating the body height, which would vary from region to region in Montenegro. Method: Our investigation analyses 548 male adolescents from the central region in Montenegro. The anthropometric measurements were taken according to the protocol of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK). Means and standard deviations regarding the anthropometric measurements were obtained. A comparison of means of body heights and arm spans within this gender group were carried out using a t-test. The relationships between body height and arm span were determined using simple correlation coefficients and their 95% confidence interval. Then a linear regression analysis was performed to examine the extent to which the arm span can reliably predict body height. Results: The results displayed that male Central-Montenegrins are 183.66±6.93 cm tall and have an arm span of 184.99±8.30cm. Discussion: Compared to other studies, the results of this study have shown that this gender made Central- Macedonians the tall population, taller than general male population in Montenegro (Bjelica et al., 2012). On the other hand, expectably, the arm span reliably predicts body height in this gender. However, the estimation equations which have been obtained in Central-Montenegrins are, different alike in general population, since arm span was closer to body heights (1.33±1.37 centimetres), more than in general population (Bjelica et al., 2012). This confirms the necessity for developing separate height models for each region in Montenegro.

295-300

Authors: Miftari Florian, Hasim Rushiti, Bahri Gjinovci

In general the problematic of diagnosing basic and specific motor movement information of the basketball game in found in the works of a considerable number of world authors. In this work a youth population of an age group between 13-14 years old will be treated. The total number of participants is defined to an amount of 100 of young basketball players, members of two different basketball academies. In this experiment, the subjects will conduct tests in 5 basic motor skills variables such as: 1. Steady Jump in length, 2 steady jump in height 3.20 meters run from a steady start, 4. Medicine Ball Throw and 5. Agility Test. While from specific motor movement skills are included: 1.20 Meters run with ball, 2. Basketball shooting for 30 seconds roundtrip, 3. Anaerobic durability with and without ball (kamikaze) 4. Intensive Basketball shots-Change of direction and 5. Basketball shots from five positions. Subject to the number of subjects that will be treated in this study, their age and the amount of variables tested, the main objectives of this study, will be limited to achieving the goals. On the basis of test results, it can be concluded that there are no significant differences in the basic motor parameters between the two groups G1 and G2, mostly due to systematic practice effects rather than academy belonging itself.In the other hand, differences between the two groups in the specific basketball motor skills can be clearly identified, in typical basketball movement situations.In addition, comparing the test results of the individuals tested for the purpose if this diagnosis, a much more advanced level of motor skills compared to the normal population of the same group age that don’t engage in basketball activities can be identified. This experimental study carried out in the youth in the age group of 13(-+ 6 months) years old that continuously in a systematic manner attend basketball academies in two different basketball schools, with sustainable arguments can show the importance of systematic valuation in order to solve many arising problems such as: planning, programming, developing and controlling the effects of training work. Specifically, it is of utmost importance to continously monitor the development of motor skills in the youth.

307-312

Authors: Dragan Krivokapić

In developed countries chronological age from 65 is often mentioned as age limit when elderly age begins, and which is featured by significant changes in organic functions as well as social relations. Thanks to qualitative medical care and contemporary ways of treatment, an average lifetime has been prolonged. Therefore, according to some data in developed countries of Western Europe, each fourth inhabitant is older than 65. However, there psychophysical abilities are very weak, and health is bad, which directly influences reduction in life quality. Adapted physical activities in water adjusted to abilities and health state of elderly people give a series of advantages in comparison to exercises that can be done outside water. For that reason, in those conditions effect of gravity is reduced, so PTO-skeletal system suffers a lot less burden than at practicing on dry. Taking into account that postural system with elderly people is often damaged, great advantage at exercising in water enables horizontal position that a person takes. That beneficially influences first of all the spinal cord, which is in horizontal position disburdened from gravity influence which beneficially affects spinal disease. Results of numerous researches indicate that swimming harmonically burdens organism so that almost all musculature of upper and lower extremities, belly and pelvis area. Swimming accelerates blood circulation, heart gets more blood which directly affects increase in minute volume. Eventually it all brings to fortification of heart muscle and more permanent increase of its functional abilities. Possibility of precise dosing of burden in swimming enables excellent way of therapy with elderly people and those with damaged heart. Besides, activated musculature enables fast relaxation of organism and restore of all vital cardio respiratory functions to the level of standard work ability of a man. Key words: adapted training, psychophysical status, elderly people

320-328

Authors: Slobodan Andrašić, Darijan Ujsasi, Dejan Orlić, Milan Cvetković

In order to achieve an advantage over the opponent, all the game elements, for which it is possible, are tended to be performed by jumping (Ziv & Lidor, 2010). This is supported by the fact that research of vertical jumping ability of volleyball players of different levels, found that players at a higher level of competition also achieve better results on tests of the assessment of vertical jumping ability (Forthomme, Croisier, Ciccarone, Crielaard, & Cloes, 2005). The research subject was aimed at detecting the difference between male and female volleyball players in morphological characteristics and explosive strength of legs, as well as determining the size of the impact of morphological characteristics of the explosive power of the lower limbs between groups formed on the basis of gender dimorphism. Method: The sample in this study was derived from a population of volleyball players of OK “RFU” from Futog, N=27 and female volleyball players of ŽOK “Futog” from Futog, N=38. For the purposes of this research morphological characteristics were measured. By using MANOVA and ANOVA differences were determined between the two sub-samples of respondents formed on the basis of gender dimorphism regarding the analyzed morphological and motor variables. In order to determine effects of the system of predictor variables on the criteria variables we used Linear Regression Analysis. Results: Statistically significant differences were observed for the variables Body height, Legs length and Lower-leg circumference, as well as for all three motor variables: Spike jump, Standing triple jump and Standing vertical jump in favor of volleyball players. Linear Regression Analysis revealed the impact of the predictor system of morphological characteristics on the criterion Spike jump in both subsamples. It was found that Body height gives the highest contribution to achieving better results regarding the height reached during spike jump in both groups. Common variability for both groups ranged from 46% in male volleyball players to 59% in female volleyball players. Discussion: Based on the values of obtained results it can be concluded that at this age and in this groups of athletes there were differences in terms of explosive power of the lower limbs, and that male volleyball players have stronger leg muscles and higher lower leg circumference (larger cross-section and probably also larger mass of muscles) that provide greater force during the play, and are also under the higher influence of androgen hormones.

337-344

Authors: Slobodan Andrašić, Darijan Ujsasi, Dejan Orlić, Milan Cvetković

the efficiency of the game in terms of speed of action in terms of scoring goals. This is also the reason why the shot needs to be performed in a timely manner, usefully, and also quickly. The most commonly used kick in football is a inner-side instep kick, which is also the most accurate and the most used among the players (Cabri, De Prof, Dufour, & Clarys, 1998). Success in performing precise actions largely depends on the precision of locating targets in space, and therefore the role of our receptors is crucial for a successful precision (Szekeres, Santrač, Radosav, Toplak, Miljanić, 1994). The research problem was establishing the predictive impacts of morphological characteristics on the elevation accuracy of hitting the ball in young players. The subjects of the study were morphological characteristics and accuracy of the players. Aim of the paper was to determine the relation between morphological characteristics and precision of players aged 13-14 years from the Municipality of Loznica. Method: 50 players of the FK “Kabel” from Novi Sad, aged 13-14 years, were subjected to testing. Measurement of morphological characteristics was conducted. Specific (elevation) accuracy of hitting the ball towards the vertical and horizontal objective was also tested. By using the statistical analysis firstly the basic descriptive statistics of variables were determine. In order to determine the size of the impact of anthropometric characteristics on motor skills – precision, linear regression analysis was used. Results: Regression analysis showed that there was no statistically significant effect of the predictor system of morphological variables on the criterion variables tested: Precision of kicking the ball towards a horizontal target and Precision of kicking the ball towards a vertical target. The results pointed to the fact that some other characteristics and capabilities have greater influence on the manifestation of elevation precision of kicking the ball towards the horizontal and vertical target, in young players. Discussion: Research results indicated that there was no statistically significant effect of the predictor system composed of anthropometric characteristics on assessment of longitudinallity of skeleton and body volume regarding the test criteria.

350-354

Authors: Svetislav G. Popović

This paper presents the analytical research of spatial facilities for games and sport in Montenegro with comparative indicators of solutions for these in the area of Europe. The categories of the following activities have been included through the typology – classification: children's games, games and sport in schools, free activities of extracurricular youths and adults, top sports and activities and exercises for medical therapeutic purposes. Keywords: sport, research, grading, typology, structure

361-368

Authors: Oldřich Racek, Ondřej Pelikán

In our article we present the preparation of football referees, who are duly registered under the banner of the FACR - Football Association of the Czech Republic. We deal with referees who participate in various educational programmes and seminars led by teachers and other practitioners. The main communication represents the structure of competition in the Czech Republic, a way of organizing football referee and course preparation at individual levels of performance, which is unique within Europe. Introducing individual education programmes that the FACR used for education and training of referees. We also describe the content of curricula for football referees. An integral part of the article is also showing the claims that are arbitration subject to performance levels.

377-380

Authors: Selçuk Akpinar

The article discusses the highlights of the 12th International Scientific Conference on Transformation Processes in Sport "Sports Performance", which was held in Podgorica, Montenegro. The event comprised oral and poster sessions. Professor, Du- ško Bjelica, President of Montenegrin Sports Academy, gave one of the opening speeches.

3-9

Authors: Stevo Popović, Duško Bjelica, Ivan Vasiljević, Rašid Hadžić

Introduction: Sport and national identity have been strongly connected through entire history, mostly due to the reason that an individual sportsmen or a national sport team may represent a certain group of people united around a single goal or the same ideas (Popović & Bjelica, 2013). Hence, they, accompanied with the sports fans, represent an entire nation and foster a sense of national pride amongst members of a given nation (Bogdanov, 2011). Consequently, this research was aimed at gaining relevant knowledge about the attitudes of sports fans that constantly attend the matches of national team toward national identity, mostly due to the reason the authors of this research believed that it could vary according to the frequency of their participation in sport activities in a month. Methods: The sample included 669 respondents who participate in sport activities more than 20 times (n=165), 11-20 times (n=98), 5-10 times (n=130), 1-4 times (n=108), less than ones a month (n=71) and as well as sports fans who never participate (n=97). The sample of variables consisted of 19 items, and the subjects were evaluated it by a seven-point Likert scale. Regarding the statistical analysis, descriptive statistics and Two-sample Hotelling's T-Square test were employed. Results: Based on the results it was concluded that significant differences occurred between sport fans who participate in sport activities more than 20 times (M±SD=4.52±1.51) and those who have never participated it (M±SD=4.26±1.50), those who participated less than ones (M±SD=4.29±1.53) and those who participate 1- 4 times a month (M±SD=4.37±1.38), as well as between sport fans who participate in sport activities 11-20 times (M±SD=4.46±1.35) and those who have never participated it and those who participate it less than ones a month. Discussion: Sport is well positioned when we talk about the development of national identity, due to the reason there are many evidence from the previous literature (cited in Popović and Bjelica, 2013) that achievements of national sports teams and organization of major sports events can increase it. In addition, this study recognized stronger affiliation of the subjects who participate in sport activities more to the nation. Although sport is not only one factor that can influence national identity, the results of this study suggest that the personal involvement of sports fans in sports activities might also strengthen its self-esteem and national pride. References: Popović S, Bjelica D (2013). Sport Mont, 37-39, 61-66. Bogdanov D (2011). Influence of National Sport Team Identity on National Identity. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation. Tallahassee, FL: The Florida State University.

17-20

Authors: Besim Halilaj, Ilir Gllareva,Shemsedin Vehapi

The study involved 82 male students of the primary school “Qamil Ilazi” in Kaçanik- Kosovo.Four movement tests, which test the repetitive strength, were conducted: 1. Pull-up, 2. Sit-Up, 3. Back extension, 4. Push-up.The main goal of this study was to verify the actual motor status, respectively the component of the repetitive strength among students of age 14 of masculine gender. In addition to verifying the actual motor status, another objective was to verify the relationship between the variables employed.Basic statistical parameters show a distribution which is not significantly different from the normal distribution, yielded highly correlative values among the repetitive strength tests. Space factorization resulted in extracting two latent squares defined as repetitive strength of arms factor, and repetitive strength of body factor.

28-32

Authors: Gllareva Ilir, Halilaj Besim,Koca Afrim

The study has had the aim to analyze swimming at several competitions of Kosovo swimmers through eight years period from 2002 to 2009 respectively 2003 to 2009, analyzing them in two different swimming disciplines - breaststroke at 50 and 200 meters swim distance by senior swimmers. There was increase in the value of the best annual results as a result of the distribution of outcomes within groups that have average scores represent values statistically insignificant, except from 2002 to 2008, in the 50m breaststroke. In the 200m breaststroke discipline noted that changes in the period 2003-2009 are too small as a whole. Through ANOVA method note that the average results in 50m breaststroke discipline is projected linear with only one statistically significant difference from 2002 to 2008 at level 0.05.

40-45

Authors: Georgi Georgiev,Viktor Mitrevski,Fadil Nika,Hasmir Hasani

Introduction: The goal of the research is to establish if the professional approach and increased intensity of applied results in improvements and differences between the functional and motoric abilities (skills and habits) with students. Methods: The research has been conducted on a sample of 76 students at the age of 14. The first subsample consists of 40 students, and the second of 36 students, who, along with their regular school classes of 3 times a week and additional sports subject as choice (this refers to the first subsample as well), had regular trainings in basketball clubs three hours a week. They were tested by three indexes: 1) motoric abilities; 2) motoric skills and habits (Majeric, 2004); and 3) functional abilities (Jovanovic, 1999). There were calculated: basic descriptive statistic parameters, t-tests of independent samples, analysis of variance and Friedman test (Bala, 1986). Results: The results of the analyses are represented in 8 tables. On the base of the obtained results, the conclusion is that better results in all three indexes, are determined with the second subsample. It is those who are involved in regular school classes, have the sport as their additional subject choice, and had an active training work in their sports clubs. Discussion: The authors general conclusion of the research is that the number of that kind of research approach is quite small The results of the analyses of the first index in the conducted research show great similarity with the results obtained in the research of Georgiev, Kostovski, & Mitrevski (2012). The results of the second index indicate great similarity with Mitrevski’s research (2012). The results of the third index are logically sustained. They are better with the second subsample. References: Bala G (1986). Logicke osnove metoda za analizu podataka iz istrazivanja u fizickoj kulturi. Novi Sad, Sava Muncan. Georgiev G, Kostovski Z, Mitrevski V (2012). Sport Mont, 34- 36, 105-9. Jovanovic G (1999). Pulsometri u praksi. Bones, Kotor. Majeric М (2004). Analiza modelov ocenivanja sportnih znanj pri sportni vzgoji (Doktorska disertacija), Univerza v Ljubljani, Fakulteta za sport Ljubljana. Mitrevski V (2012). Razliki vo postiganjata i rezultatite po predmetot fizičko vospituvanje i obrazovanie i sport kaj učenicite od nekoi Balkanski državi (Doktorska disertacija), Univerzitet “Sv. Kiril i Metodij”, Fakultet za fizička kultura, Skopje.

50-56

Authors: Hugo Sarmento,M. Teresa Anguera,Jorge Campaniço,Rui Resende,José Leitão

Introduction: Although football is considered a universal language, there are particularities that characterize the way it is practiced in several countries. Overall, the style of English football is known as “Kick and Rush”, the Italian as “Catenaccio”, and the Spanish as “Fúria Española”. This study aims to understand which aspects in the characterization of playing styles of the different teams (Manchester United, Internazionale Milano and Barcelona) are the most important for coaches. Methods: We chose 8 expert high-performance Portuguese first league football coaches (Coach 1 to 8) with a professional experience (as first coach) ranging from 2 to 30 years (14.9 ± 8.6 years). Semi-structured interviews were carried out and the data analyzed trough content analysis using the software QSR NVivo 9. Results and discussion: The data were grouped in four mainly categories: i) game culture/identity (n=18); ii) strategical-Tatical factors (n=17); iii) player characteristics (n=14); iv) coach philosophy (n=14). When analyzing the specific characteristics of the three teams, the coaches mainly referred to aspects related to a playing/identity culture of each team that is influenced by their history, their tradition and a set of values underlying the different clubs. Our coaches described each team’s differences based on strategic and tactical aspects. Overall, all coaches recognized the quality and merit with which Barcelona plays, basing their views on a ball possession that is very difficult to equal by any other team in the world. In contrast, Manchester United plays in a way where strong ball possession is primary, but also their ability to play quickly and offensively, through a more "direct" playing style. Finally, Inter Milan’s style is defined essentially by their defensive tactical rigor and the capacity to develop effective offensive sequences of quick attacks and counterattacks. The players that form these teams are only one element that can explain the different ways of playing. As described elsewhere (Kuper & Szymanski, 2010), our coaches feel that the strong and stable economic situation these teams have allows them to have players who are perfectly suited to the game’s model, whilst also contributing to an enrichment of the game shown through extremely high playing skills. The interviewees also mentioned the philosophy hat the coach possesses is another aspect that can also influence a team’s playing style. Understanding the factors that contribute to the different playing styles in different countries and teams may provide useful information for coaches who want to more efficiently. References: Kuper S, & Szymanski S (2010). Why England lose & other curious football phenomena explained. Fulham: HarperSport.

64-69

Authors: Bahri Gjinovci,Valon Nikqi, Florian Miftari

Introduction: When it is about elite male volleyball players, it is always meant about players that possess such anthropometric parameters which correspond with volleyball game. In this research we are deal with two teams of the super league of Kosovo in volleyball. The goal of this study is to verify the differences between the two teams in volleyball in some anthropometric characteristics, basic motor skills and situational tests. Methods: For the realization of this research, there were included 12 volleyball player from the team KV "Granit com" and 12 from the team KV "Te Luzha". There are applied 4 anthropometric variables (body weight, body height, arm length, forearm length), 5 basic motor variables (long jump from place, high jump from the place taping hand, taping feet, jogging with 20 meters with a fast start), and 7 situational tests (pass the ball with the fingers on target vertical expulsion of the ball with the forearm ("hammer") in vertical target, passing the ball with the fingers in a horizontal target, the expulsion of the ball with the forearm ("hammer") in horizontal target, pass the ball with fingers to jump in the horizontal target, tennis service in horizontal target, the target service with the horizontal jump. For processing the obtained results from the measurements and proving the difference between the teams in anthrop motored parameters, was used the discriminatory analysis using the t-test for independent variables. Results: The results obtained show that the players of the two volleyball teams of the Super League in of Kosova, involved in the research do not distinguish between them in anthropometric characteristics (p> 0:05). The team KV "Granit Com" has had better results in some motor variables of the explosive force and the one of long jump from the place(P <0:05) and running 20 meters from a fast start (p <0:01). Situational tests are not a statistically significant difference observed between the two teams. Discussion: In order to verify the statistical significance through the t-test, the value of t-test should be established, which for significant level p<0.05 is T>1.97 above 20 entities. The results show that statistically valid changes with valid significant tests are present in anthropometric and movement space. Table nr.15 presents the results of two teams “Graniti Com” and “Te Luzha”. In this case, the statistical valid changes are presented in three tests: high jump, 20 meters speed run and accuracy of the service in jumping. References: Liba MR, Stauff MR (1963). Research Quarterly, 35, 59–63. Strahova A (1972). Kineziologija, 1, 19-72. Nikqi V. (2008). Differences of some anthopmetric and motor characteristics as well as several situatinal testes among Kosovo Superlague Volleyball players, 35-64. Strahonja A, Jankovic V, Shnajder V (1982), Kineziologija, 11, 46-51. 69

73-80

Authors: Jana Nová

Introduction: This paper explores the possibilities of interconnection between the concepts of quality management systems and the concepts of the performance in sports organizations so to achieve the greater effectiveness and efficiency in terms of their operations. Therefore the paper provides an overview of the quality management systems and principles which are applicable in sports organizations and special attention is also paid to the analysis of the Balanced Scorecard principles in the sport context. Via the chosen methodology the author analyses the potential of this performance measurement tool for the integration into quality management system in sports organizations. Methods: In the paper the author used different methods of scientific research namely systematic observation, desk research, descriptive and causal method as well as the inductive and deductive method. The methods of analysis and synthesis of the existing perspectives were exploited in order to analyse and describe the interrelatedness between the different concepts. Results: The profound analysis and synthesis of the existing theoretical and practical tools applied in the quality of sport and performance of sport has proved the rightfulness of the assumptions that these two concepts can be based on their logic integrated in the managerial practice in one framework. Discussion: Implementing the integrated concept of the quality management and performance management in the sport organizations can be very efficient, considering the characteristics of the quality management systems and performance measurement. This approach can improve the realisation and results of the core processes in sport organizations and enhance their accountability towards the stakeholders´ requirements and expectations. References: Hoye R at al. (2012). Sport Management - principles and applications. Third edition. Routledge NY. Kaplan RE, Norton DP (1992). Harvard Business Review, 71-9. Nová J (2013). Current Concepts of the Quality in Sport and Their Possible Utilization in the Czech Republic. In: Conference Proceedings Prague, Novembe

85-88

Authors: Arben Osmani,Mamaj Driton

Introduction: In this research the authors used a questionnaire of 8 questions of closed type, and 2 questions of open type. The basic aim of the research is to understand what young football players feel about their coach, team-mates and football as a sports game. Methods: The research involved 54 male football players who have active trainings in football clubs FC “2 korrik” in Prishtina. They are at the age between 14 and 16 and have active training experience of 2 years at least. After explaining the point of the research to the respondents, the inquiry that was of an anonymous type began. Answers to the questions in the questionnaire are presented basic statistic indexes: central and dominant value. Opinions of the respondents are represented through frequencies by chi-square test. Results: The results of the answers are represented in 2 tables and for better exposition they are presented in 8 graphics. The received answers indicate that it is the positive feeling that prevails among the football players with regard to their coach, team-mates and the football game. Particularly interesting answers are given to the two questions of open type. Discussion: On the base of the obtained answers, the results of this research show that the inquired football players have a positive opinion about the coach – his regularity, professional work and proper treatment of the players. Their opinion is positive towards their team-mates as well (coming on time for training, collaboration and friendship). In addition, the football players have a positive attitude towards football – desire for training, contests and expectation for a high success. References: Creswell JW (2009). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Method Approaches. Sage. Miller TI, Miller KM (2000). Ankete za građane: Kako anketirati građane, kako se služiti anketama i što one znače. ICMA, Washington. Murphy-Black T (2000). Questionnaire. The Research Process in Nursing. Black-well Science, 301–15. Rea LM, Parker RA (1997). Kreiranje i stvaranje anketnog iztraživanja: kompletan vodič. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco. Singleton AR, Straits BC (2005). pproaches to Social Research. Oxford University Press, New York. Vekselberg, V. (2004). Priručnik za anketiranje građana. The Urban Institute, Zagreb.

93-97

Authors: Diana Peeva,Krassimir Petkov

Introduction: The paper presents the results of a study where besides using the conventional anthropometry, the individual Body Mass Index (BMI) or Ketle Index was calculated. Being established in the mid-nineteenth century, Ketle Index gained wide popularity in the 1950s and 1960s when the problem of obesity in the developed countries acquire serious levels. The aim was to prove the relationship between anthropometric parameters and Body Mass Index as well as the possible health risks of the individual. Methods: The study was carried out on 78 first-year female students at the Todor Kableshkov University of Transport (VTU). The indicators examined were: height, weight, skin fold, waist circumference and BMI. Descriptive statistics was used with data processing and different methods were applied to establish the anthropometric parameters: Body Mass Index or Kettle Index; quantitative subcutaneous fat according to the method developed by Deurenberg; comparative analysis of the link between waist circumference; BMI and the state of the individual’s body. Results: The study showed that the average BMI for the entire group of students was 23.1 and subcutaneous fat of 26.6% respectively. Nearly 10% of those being examined are overweight combining high levels of subcutaneous fat and waist circumference, which is a prerequisite for increased risk of disease. Discussion: In the academic year 2011/2012 a study of anthropometric indicators of the newly-enrolled female students was carried out at the Todor Kableshkov University of Transport (VTU). In compliance with some studies (Popov, 1969) a slight increase of size and weight is observed with increasing the age of women during the time of study at university while according to others (Karapetrov, 1978) changes in anthropometric indicators are reported to a later age. According to the research related to introduction of Euro fit tests, BMI as an indicator of general health of the body works in combination with the coefficients of subcutaneous fat (skin fold) and the waist/hips ratio. With big values of the three variables, there are high health risks for individuals. According to some studies (Bjorntorp, 1992), the abdomen fat leads to a greater risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes than the fats in other parts of the body. The considerable part of participants in this study had normal weight but with a tendency of its increasing that could result in bad condition of the organism. Using the advantages of physical education, it is largely possible to correct most of negative results obtained through the study, especially in relation to obesity and waist circumference. References: Deurenberg P, Westrate JA, Seidell JC (1991). Br J Nutr., 65(2),105-14. Bjorntorp P (1992). J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 8S, 26-8.

105-112

Authors: Valentine Panayotov

Introduction: The rate of obesity among people in many countries escalated in recent years. A lot of different methodologies were implemented to address this problem. To address these problems in this study we tried to evaluate the impact of a daily schedule, consisting of physical activity of anaerobic-lactic type (20-30 sec), combined with an energy deficient diet (achieved using either EURODIET food substitutes or conventional food sources) on the components of body mass and the Quality of Life Index. Methods: The participants were 15 healthy adults of both sexes with Body Mass Index (BMI) values above 27. They were randomly assigned to 3 groups – the first one underwent an energy deficient diet using the products of EURODIET for 3 of the daily meals. The second one achieved the energy deficit adhering to a diet consisting of conventional food sources. The third group was the control one with no dietary restrictions imposed on the subjects. All 3 groups performed 30 min. circuit training sessions of resistance exercises 3 times a week. The study was 8 weeks long. Results. The differences between the initial and the final values of BMI, the body mass, the percentage of the fat tissue and the Quality of Life Index were compared. We detected statistically significant differences (p≤0.05) in the following variables and groups: 1. Body mass and BMI in Eurodiet group; 2. Body mass, Quality of Life Index and BMI in conventional diet group. No significant differences (p≤0.05) between the initial and the final values of the studied variables of the control group. Discussion: We found no evidence that a diet with food substitutes is superior to a conventional diet for losing body weight. Contrary to our previous studies we found that a conventional diet is superior to a food substitutes’ diet in sparing the lean body mass. In our opinion implementing physical activity alone is insufficient for achieving weight loss. It is possible that these findings were due to the relatively short duration of the study. When interpreting the results of the study we have to consider the relatively small number of participants in all 3 groups.

120-125

Authors: Nedim Sisic, Damir Sekulic

Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine differences in morphological characteristics between junior basketball players who have different levels of explosive strength. Methods: The study was conducted on a sample of 84 junior basketball players from (B&H) Bosnia and Herzegovina (16-18 years) in spring 2013th. The sample of morphological variables consited of: body height, leg length, body weight,upper arm girth in extension, calf girth, triceps skinfold, abdominal skinfold, front thigh skinfold, BMI, the relative body fat percentage. The variables of explosive strength were: vertical jump (VJ), broad jump (BJ) and throwing a medicine ball from chest with 3 kg from a standing position. Ward's method of cluster analysis, based on variables of explosive strength we formed four homogeneous groups. Subsequently, using the ANOVA and post-hoc analysis, these groups are differentiated with regard to morphological characteristics. Results: Clusters differed significantly in BJ and VJ. ANOVA found significant differences between clusters in variables of skinfolds, such as the: triceps, abdomen and thigh. Discussion: Defined the influence of morphological variables on explosive strength can be regarded as expected, given that it is primarily about a negative influence of the amount of body fat on relative explosive strength type. This research has shown that junior basketball players in B&H are shorter and ligther when compared to top-level European juniors (Jelicic et al., 2002). Subjects with the lowest skinfolds of the upper limbs and body weight, achieved the best results in the manifestation of relative explosive strength, which has so far rarely been found in samples of trained subjects (Milanese et al., 2010). Possible explanations can be required in a number of training, the intensity and quality of training. Although at this point with certainty, we can't determine on which of these factors involved. This can be confirmed by the results of research of Piucco et al., 2009 who studied female amateur volleyball athltes. References: Jelicic M, Sekulic D, Marinovic M (2002). Coll. Antropol, 26, 69-76. Milanese C, Bortolami O, Bertucco M, Verlato G, Zancanaro C (2010). Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 5(2), 265-79. Piucco T, Santos SG (2009). Fitness Performance Journal, 8(1), 9-15.

131-139

Authors: G. Svetislav Popović

The aim of this paper is to indicate, through researches related to the overview of the existing network of physical education facilities in the municipalities of Montenegro, the urban parameters on the basis of which systematisation and classification of space used for active physical education is carried out. A special emphasis is placed on the ratio of the anticipated areas (outdoor and indoor sport areas) which amount to 2.122.418m2 in relation to the entire territory of Montenegro. Through graphical illustrations the ratio of developed and missing areas in the municipalities classified by region can be seen, as well as their difference, which is particularly pronounced in the northern region of Montenegro. At the end, a recommendation is given that emerged from the researches and relies on specific determinants in terms of linking sports facilities at a municipal and regional level, with an emphasis on the information system of sports facilities.

148-151

Authors: Aldijana Muratović, Dobrislav Vujović, Danilo Bojanić,Georgi Georgiev

Studies that deal with the problem of comparing two or more groups of handball players of different ages, are not so frequent. A number of Croatian authors contributed to these studies In a way that they have analyzed the differences between handball players at defferent levels of competition. In this study, a survey was conducted in order to determine whether there are differences between handball cadets and junior cadets in the motor and the specific motor skills. The sample in this study consisted of 30 handball players split in this way : the cadets (15), aged 16-17 years old and younger cadets (15) aged 13-14 years. There were 12 tests ( of measuring instruments) for estimating general motor abilities and 4 tests for estimating specific-motor skills. Basic statistical parameters were calculated for all the results in the variables. Statistically significant difference between the arithmetic means of cadets and junior cadets was determined by t-test for small independent samples. The data obtained from the testing of differences between group of handball cadets and junior cadets showed that the handball cadets had significantly better results in the four variables (long jump in here, throwing a handball ball from the gray straddle the ground, throwing a medicine ball from lying on back and the accuracy of jump shot from 9 m), while the younger cadets achieved significantly better results in the two variables (side steps and slalom in the area between 6-9 m). Since the results showed that handball cadets had better results (in a number of variables) than younger cadets , this study was consistent with the previous studies attempted to analyze the differences between handball players of different ages.

160-166

Authors: Jovan Gardasevic, Duško Bjelica

Introduction: The main aim of the research was to identify a level of quantitative changes of the dribbling speed with fifteen years old football players under the influence of the programmed football training of a six weeks preparation period. Methods: According to the time orientation this was a longitudinal study with the aim to define in a two timely different points a quantitative changes of the dribbling speed under the influence of the programmed football training with fifteen years old football players under the influence of the programmed training process, which involved acovered forty-four training units. The research was made on a sample of 120 fifteen years old football players of cadet rank. For the assessment of ball handling the three tests were used: horizontal ball rebounding from a wall 20s, dribbling speed of the ball in slalom and juggling alternating with both feet in a square space of 1x1m. In the area of comparative statistics, we used discriminant parametric procedure t-test for big paired samples. Results: Based on the numerical values of the t-test it can be concluded that there are no statistically significant differences in all three variables to estimate the dribbling speed. This confirmed the hypothesis that the expected significant positive quantitative changes of situational-motor abilities influenced by the proposed model of training in preparation period with fifteen years old football players. Discussion: In this research the authors were guided by the fact that this kind of training program in preparation period, where dominates the situational model training is very effective in terms of raising the dribbling speed with fifteen years old, because the model that is used in this training period abounds in exercises in which dominates dribbling speed, in stright line and with changes in direction. The obtained results can be directed towards innovation plans and programs in the preparation period, and the adaptation of the same needs of the respective population.

175-180

Authors: Milan Cvetković, Boris Popović,Dušan Stupar,Aleksandra Spasić, Dejan Orlić,Slobodan Andrašić

Introduction: Selection in modern dancing, especially in the “artistic dance” style, is increasingly directed towards finding proper morphological types with exceptional motor and individual creative abilities. The aim of this paper was to determine morphological characteristics of 7-9 years old girls engaged in modern dancing for a continuous period of at least one year, as well as to compare them with the girls that have never been engaged in an organized physical activity. Methods: The aim was accomplished by using a battery of eight anthropometric tests that evaluate to a greatest extent body voluminosity and body mass as well as subcutaneous fat tissue of the test subjects as they could be affected to a greatest extent by means of physical education. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used for determining the quantitative differences between the systems of anthropometric variables from the two groups of respondents. For determining the difference between each individual anthropometric measure and for both age groups, an univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied. P = 0.05 was the criterion adopted for the level of statistical significance. All results have been analyzed using the software for statistical analysis SPSS 20. Results: Research results indicate a statistically significant difference in terms of a quality morphological status defined by smaller volume, body mass and lesser fat tissue at all age categories of female subjects which is in favor of girls engaged in modern dancing. According to these results the author concludes which morphological type of girls at younger school age is desirable for successful engagement in modern dancing. Discussion: By looking at the general morphological space of analyzed groups of respondents it can be concluded that the girls engaged in modern dancing, statistically significantly differ in a quantitative manner from their peers who are not involved in organized physical activity, at the most strict level of statistical inference. This difference is reflected in the higher-quality morphological status defined by lower volume, body weight, and less subcutaneous adipose tissue which lead the author to conclusion about morphological type of girls aged 7-9 years which is desirable for successful engagement in modern dancing, depending on the dance category respondents are engaged in. Generally, it can be concluded that the contents of modern dances represent a positive impact on the morphological status of girls aged 7-9 years and in particular on the dimensions responsible for the volume and mass of the body, as well as the subcutaneous adipose tissue. As such, these contents are highly recommendable for implementation in physical education, both in school and after school, by engaging in dance studios and clubs dealing with this type of dance. References: Kostić J, Zagorc M, Uzunović S (2004). Acta Universitatis Palackianae Olomucensis., Gymnica, 34 (1), 59-64. Medved R, Barbir Ž, Brdarić R, Gjurić Z, Heimer S, Kesić B, Medved V, Miheli Z, Pavišić-Medved V, Pećina M. Todorović B, Tucak A, Vuković M (1987). Sportska medicina. Zagreb: JUMENA. Popović B (2008). Glasnik Antropološkog društva Srbije, 43, 455-65, Novi Sad. Steinberg N, Siev-Ner I, Peleg S, Dar G, Masharawi Y, Hershkoviz I (2008). American Journal of Human Biology, 20 (3), 299-307. Viskić – Štalec N, Štalec J, Katić R, Podvorac Đ, Katović D (2007). Collegium Antropologicum, 31 (1), 259-66.

188-193

Authors: Milan Cvetković,Slobodan Andrašić,Boris Popović, Dejan Orlić,

Introduction: Requirements and needs of properly programmed training process, especially in the pre-season, look for a precise definition of the functional parameters of all the players. The level of anaerobic threshold, as well as research on the same, may be a good indicator of proper dosage of loading. The aim of the research is to determine the differences in running speed and heart rate at the level of anaerobic threshold in relation to the position of the player. Methods: Age of the respondents in this study included boys from 14 to 16 years of age (60 football players). The sample of respondents was divided according to playing position, as follows: center-backs (12 players), wing-backs (15 players),midfielders (14 players), forwarders (13 players) and goalkeepers (6 goalkeepers). An estimation of maximum heart rate and anaerobic threshold was performed using the Conconi test – (Conconi et al. 1996). Prior to testing players had ten minutes to warm up and after a few minutes of rest the testing began. Players started with jogging test (10 km/h) and after every 200 m running speed was increased by 0.5 km/h. Within certain sections the load is constant which is achieved by increasing speed after each 200 m, and then maintaining that speed until the end of the section. After processing the results within the particular software (“Polar Precision Performance SW”) the values needed for this research were collected. Multivariate methods MANOVA and discriminant analysis will be applied in the paper. Regarding the univariate procedures, ANOVA t-test and Roy’s test shall be applied. The descriptive parameters, mean value, standard deviation (SD), minimum and maximum of all values, the coefficient of variation (CV) of confidence intervals, skewness as the measures of asymmetry, kurtosis as the measure of flatness and the value of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, shall be presented. Results: By using the multivariate analysis of variance and based on the results, no statistically significant difference was observed. Discriminant analysis, which is a superior method compared to multivariate analysis of variance, because in addition to the quantitative values of the analyzed features it also observes their mutual relationship, revealed no significant difference also. Univariate analysis confirmed the assumption, which means no significant differences were found between the groups regarding the observed variables. However, the mean values for midfield players in all monitored parameters were the highest. Discussion: The results of this study indicate similar estimates of values of the anaerobic threshold between the groups divided according to their playing position. However, the mean values for midfield players in all monitored parameters were the highest: heart rate at the anaerobic threshold (186.36 beats/min), running speed at anaerobic threshold (14.07 km/h) and percentage value of anaerobic threshold in relation to the maximum heart rate (92.07 %), which separates them from other playing positions and points to the existence of certain differences. Comparing the results of this study with research performed by Dillerna et al. (2012) shows that similar results were obtained, and the best results are achieved by female midfield players. Also, by measuring heart rate during official games, Coelho et al. (2011), within the sample of 26 players from U-17 and 18 players from U-20 category, found that midfield players, presented in percentage, spent the most of the time in the zone 3 (p<0.05), and spent more time in zone 4 compared to the forward players and center-backs (p<0.05). The above studies indicate a significantly higher engagement of midfield players compared to other positions.

200-208

Authors: Dragan Krivokapić, Duško Bjelica

Introduction: A research has been done in pre-school institutions of Montenegro and Serb Republic whose aim was to get directions for improvement of physical education in pre-school institutions as well as for taking measures in order to educate parents of the children attending those institutions in the sense of improving knowledge on importance of physical activity for growth and development of pre-school children through monitoring and insight into attitudes of parents on physical activity of their children. Problem of this research is consisted of an attempt to use the parents` attitudes to estimate how active their children are within the time period when there are not on the pre-school institutions. Methods: The research was done by the poll method of anonymous questionnaire, with was filled by parents of the children attending pre-school institutions in Montenegro and Serb Republic. Sample of the examinees from Montenegro was made of 1356 of parents of the pre-school children attending pre-school institutions from all three Montenegrin regions. Sample of the examinees from the Serb Republic was made of 386 parents of the pre-school children attending pre-school institutions. Aim of the research was consisted of estimation of the parents` attitudes on volume and features of the physical activity of their children and of attempt to use the given data to take certain measures on the base of which their physical activities would be optimized. For this poll, a specially structured questionnaire for this purpose was used, in which the questions were set into groups with the aim of estimating features of physical activity of the pre-school children. Results: For the statistics processing methods of descriptive statistics were used, which were used for numerical and percent presentation of frequency of some answers of the examinees, and the answers were presented comparatively in tables for both samples. Results of this research indicate to trend of decrease in physical activity of the pre-school children in both Montenegro and Serb Republic. Discussion and comments were integrally presented and discussed for all groups of answers to polled questions. Discussion: Dynamic development and more and more important role of physical education in modern society development as well as in the life a modern man has encouraged much more active attitude of science towards the field of the human activity (Bjelica, D. & Krivokapić, D., 2010.). Anyway, for the obvious trend of decrease in physical activity of the pre-school children, there is a need for its intensifying, in order to provide as optimal as possible influence on their mental and physical development. ``Physical development of an individual is best realized through activities that are intensified, conceived and versatile``(Bjelica, D. & Krivokapić, D., 2011). In that attempt, analysis of the position and role of the teacher as well as creating of stimulating ambient that enables, stimulates and encourages their professional development and permanent education is especially important. Taking into account the given results of this research, there is an opinion that additional education of parents of the pre-school children on importance of optimal physical activity for growth and development of the children in that period of their childhood, could partially decrease negative consequences resulting from unsatisfying level of their physical activity. References: Bjelica D, Krivokapic D (2010). Teorijske osnove fizicke kulture, Fakultet za sport i fizicko vaspitanje i Crnogorska sportska akademija, 37-38. Bjelica D, Krivokapic D (2011). Teorija igre, Univerzitet Crne Gore, 115-116.

217-223

Authors: Miroslav Smajić, Aleksandar Huba Barašić, Dejan Javorac, Nebojša Čokorilo,Bogdan Tomić

Introduction: Tennis is polistructural activity acyclic type of movement. A large number of movement structures and situations in a tennis game (technical and tactical variants) indicates that the success of players determined by the level and structure of a large number of motor abilities, knowledge and qualities, of which some can be measured and analyzed. The measurement of these abilities and traits allows better planning, programming and control of the training process and to improve the sports form. The aim of the research was directed to determining the differences in motor abilities, of different sexes. Methods: The sample of 51 subjects aged 7 years (± 6 months), of which 23 boys and 28 girls tennis school participants TC "Palic" from Palic, carried out the measurement of motor abilities. The sample tests consisted of 12 tests: backward polygon, polygon with skipping and swiping, bat quickness, shooting horizontal objectives handed, shooting in the frame, target stick, keeping the ball with his hand, refusing racquet balls, fans, precision small vertical specific objectives, specific precision large vertical target, the specific objectives of the horizontal accuracy. Differences in motor abilities tennis players of different sexes was determined by using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Results: On the basis of the research it can be concluded that there are no statistically significant differences between boys and girls in terms of treated motor abilities. Discussion: Tennis is characterized by a very large number of different techniques strokes and movements, which are mostly performed at maximum speed for a long time, and it is logical that the success in tennis affects a larger number of motor skills (Zmajić, 2003). Development of speed, agility and explosiveness is very important for success in a tennis game, because tennis game consists of a number of different explosive reaction to a variety of changes in the situation (McCarthy, 1998). References: Filipčić, A. Filipčić, T. (2005). Correlation meet their particular motor skills and competitive effectiveness young female tennis players. Kinesiology, 37, 164-172. Groppel, J.L, Loehr, J.E., Melville, D.S. & Quinn, AM (1989). Science of coaching tennis. Champain IL: Leisure Press, 2, 13-19. McCarthy, J. (1998). Tennis Pattern Running. Strength Cond. J., 20(3), 23 – 30. MacDougall, J., Wenger, H., & Green, H. (1991). Physiological Testing of the high-performance athlete. Champain IL: Human Kinetics, 4, 53-64. Rowland, T (2005). Developmental exercise physiology. Human Kinetics, 1, 55-64. Zmajić, H. (2003). Competitive tennis. Zagreb: Gopal.

232-238

Authors: Nebojša Čokorilo, Milena Mikalački, Stanislav Škrkar

Introduction: In modern civilization, there was a marked decrease in physical activity of people. It is well known that the use of dosed and regular physical activity act preventively to prevent the risk of diseases of modern civilization (Medved, 1980; Mišigoj Durakovic et al., 1999, Oman and Oman, 2003). The aim of the research is to analyze the changes of body composition of women affected by age. Methods: In a sample of 99 women, aged 20 to 49 years, the city of Novi Sad, undertook an assessment of body composition. The patients were divided into three subsamples with respect to age, for each decade separately. Distribution of respondents by age categories was made on the basis of some previous studies (NASIS and Geldas 2003, Flagg et al., 2005; Hayward, 2006). Univariate (ANOVA) and multivariate (MANOVA) analysis of variance fortified that there are statistically significant differences between all age groups, both in the common system variables and in most individual . For further determine the difference in the individual system variables was made t - test which confirms the findings of univariate analysis of variance. Results: Were found statistically significant differences between the analyzed groups. For most indicators of body composition are present in high and statistically significant differences. Discussion: Under the body composition we understand composition of the human body, represented by the size and grouping of existing measurable segments that constitute (Ugarković, 2001). According to some authors lean body mass is muscle, skeleton and internal organs, and body fat mass seems so. "important" and "unimportant" fat (Mišigoj Durakovic, 2006).

3-9

Authors: Mustafa Levent Ince

Coaches and teachers are two key figures in the management and facilitation of the transformational process (i.e. training-education) in sport. Therefore, providing high quality professional development opportunities for them can directly impact on the transformational process in sport. Professional development content for coaches and teachers is influenced by current and future needs of the athletes. Traditionally, aim of athletic success has the strongest effect on sport practices. Focus of this aim is mainly on talented children and youth. Therefore, it requires a very selective process and it is not inclusive. Recently, increased awareness of health promotion and the strong link between health and regular sport participation have also deeply impacted on sport practices. This point of view emphasizes on “sports for all” and “lifelong sport participation”, and it is inclusive. Aim of athletic success and aim of health promotion require different coaching and teaching approaches. However, developing a sense of autonomy in athletes is important in both settings. Above mentioned issues influence the “training design” and “instructional design” approaches for coaches and teachers in different contexts. Current presentation will include a discussion on both trends and challenges in the professional development of coaches and teachers in making them better facilitators of teaching and learning.

17-23

Authors: Duško Bjelica, Dragan Krivokapić

A poll procedure has been done at sample of 102 kindergarten teachers with Bachelor degree attending Specialist studies at Department of Pre-School Education of the Faculty of Philosophy in Niksic, and the aim of the poll was to determine the examinees’ opinions on games organizations in pre-school institutions, from all towns of Montenegro. All of the questioned teachers were employed during the poll or they had already had working experience. The poll was based on the 14 questions questionnaire, especially made for this purpose in which the questions were classified in groups in order to determine 4 aspects that are important for successful organization of games. The first group of the questions regards choice of the games to be played; the second group relates to space choice for the game, as the third group of the questions refers to the way of making groups of children during preparation. The fourth group of the questions regards making cooperation and tolerance among the children during the games’ realization. This poll is a part of the research done at the Faculty of Sports and Physical Education in Niksic with the aim to get directions for improving teaching and expert work in pre-school institutions through monitoring and insight into opinions of Specialist studies’ students. Key words: opinions, aspects, game, pre-school education.

29-34

Authors: Radovan Čokorilo, Zoran Milošević

Leadership is the most important factor of the structure and dynamics of each organised group. In the broadest sense of the word it is studied as an interactive process which affects individuals and groups in terms of implementation of the set goals. Leadership affects orientation of a group, exchange of information, decision making, establishment of interpersonal relations, people’s motivation, etc. One should make a difference between a leader and a manager who is primarily in charge of planning, organisation, budget, assistant personnel etc. Even though leaders sometimes have the same obligations, leadership involves the skill of vision embodiment and not only a specific style of behaviour. The paper begins with an analyses of four approaches to leadership (character, behavioural, interactive, multidimensional). This is followed by an analysis of theoretical aspects of ethical theories on personal traits and leader behaviour. Special emphasis is put on the phenomenon of influence of each leader on his followers, which includes a huge ethical responsibility. Results of our analysis indicate that ethics of leadership in sports management is primarily important to the leader himself, however, due to the nature of influence as a process, it is equally important for organisational values and motivation of followers in implementation of common goals. Key words: leader, manager, ethics, management.

41-47

Authors: Bistra Dimitrova

Key words: Synchronized swimming, management of the functional preparation, cardiovascular system, cardiovascular system, blood circulation, and critical velocity of blood flow.

53-59

Authors: Dinko Vuleta

The goal of this research is to analyze the differences in parameters of situation efficiency between the goalkeepers of the winning and losing teams on the end result of the handball match defined by the criteria win/loss (POB/POR). The sample of variables consists of frequencies of successful and unsuccessful saves made by the goalkeepers of the winning and losing teams. This research is conducted on a sample of 94 played games (188 opponents) of the World handball championship for junior women in Korea 2010. The participating (24 teams), were divided into four groups of six national teams. To determine success/failure in made saves the standard indicators of situation efficiency of goalkeepers were used. To determine the statistically significant differences between the variables the Mann-Whitney U test was used. In the variables saved shots from 9 meter positions successfully, saved shots from 6 meter positions unsuccessfully, saved shots from wing positions successfully, saved shots from wing positions unsuccessfully, saved shots from counter attacks successfully, saved shots from counter attacks unsuccessfully, and saved shots from breakthroughs unsuccessfully a statistically significant difference was determined at the level (p. ‹0.01) between winning and losing teams. Key words: handball, juniors, national teams, World cup, differences, situation efficiency of goalkeepers, Mann-Whitney U test.

67-73

Authors: Dejаn Gojković,Zoran Milinković

Scoliosis is a lateral deviation of the spine or the angular deviation of the normal position of one or more segmenata.Funkcional curve can be fully corrected until the internal structural scoliosis are bone disorders, muscle nerve elements that support the spine, and complete correction is impossible. Static role is reflected in the foot taking kisses body weight through the bones pop and transmission and distribution of weight on the main point of support of the foot and therefore subject to various changes in the normal foot status.Dinamic role is reflected in walking, running and jumping in different forms. Because of this, the percentage of foot disorders is particularly large in the form of lowering the testing we arche.Perform o.š.Pale Pale deformities in scoliosis and flat feet in students III, V, VII grade. Our aim was to verify the extent to which physical education classes take appropriate measures in the detection and removal of poor posture and physical deformities. For testing we used: clinical method for scoliosis, a method for flat feet - Thomson method.

80-91

Authors: Grujo Bjeković, Nenad Lalić, Đorđe Arnaut

Classifying female students of Faculty of Philosophy Department of Lower Elementary Teaching (85) has been carried out according to evidences of the physical activity questionnaire and sedentary time spending, classifying female students into separated taxonomic groups by use of hierarchy of cluster analysis. By method of multiple analysis of variance it has been established the statistical importance of classifying female students into typical groups appropriate for parallel analysis of their characteristics in relation to: present physical and mental fatigue and knowledge, and art of using the value contents of personal physical education in accordance with the scope of physical activities and sedentary time spending in day regime. Individual profiles of the surveyed evidences have been adduced according to the typical groups for the purpose of case study of the ratio of female students to the value contents of personal physical education. The purpose of that kind of monitoring is recognition of needs for creation and implementation of the peculiar contents, methodology and forms of personal physical education appropriate for creative physical/bodily and practical spiritual accomplishment of female students by the culture of motion activity. The personal culture of motion activity of female students is apprehended as basic prerequisite for their complete development and selfaccomplishment by peculiar ratio to all aspects of personal culture of personality.

96-100

Authors: Ivica Šćepanović

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of basic motor abilities on execution speed of complex karate combination. The sample of subjects included 37 male karate practitioners aged 15 years ± 6 months from three karate clubs from the north of Montenegro. For the purposes of this study a system of 19 variables, which are hypothesized to cover areas of motor abilities (18 variables) and specific motor abilities (1 variable), was used. The data obtained in this study were submitted to statistical analysis, which involves regression analysis as the primary statistical operation. Insight into the results indicate that the system of basic motor abilities has a statistically significant influence on the speed of execution of a complex karate combination (R=.92; R2=.85; Q=.00). A significant effect of the individual predictors on the aforementioned criteria remained in the domain of variables for assessment of running speed and coordination: 20m running start (β=-.41; Q-β=.02), side steps (β=.44; Q-β=.02) and agility in the air (β=.61; Q-β=.02).

106-111

Authors: Milomir Trivun

Finalist swimmers in the 2nd International Swimming Meeting, which was held in Banja Luka from 16 to 17 April 2011, were related to 100m breast stroke. The result efficiency of the competitors in the mentioned section of A and B finals showed inconsiderable statistical differences. The research was conducted on the male competitors of the 2nd International Meeting in Banja Luka. The sample was consisted of 18 competitors who were ranked in the A and B finals. Chronological age of the A final’s participants was related to the year of birth from 1990 to 1995, whereas B final’s participants year span varied from 1992 to 1997. Sample of variables (measuring instruments) was result efficiency at 100m expressed in stylized form of breast stroke movements. The results were subjected to the descriptive analysis of central tendency measures and to the T-test. The results of the central tendency measures had less numerical value with the A finalists compared to the B finalists. On the other hand, similar results have larger numerical values according to the score boards of the swimming competitions. Sample, consisting of 18 male respondents who were ranked in the A and B finals of the 2nd International Swimming Meeting held on 16 and 17 April 2011, shows inconsiderable statistical significance, but it is still worthy of attention and analysis for the success in swimming; not only in major swimming competitions (World Cups, Olympic Games, Championships, Meetings etc.), but in regional competitions also.

116-125

Authors: Ratko Pavlović

Morphological status of athletes is his, we can say, based on an identification card, which can be assigned to a particular constitutional type, and we also got information about his body height, body weight, BMI, and even used to analyze and age. Different constitutional types are present in the sport and are important in terms of targeting, selection and performance of a specific sport. This is particularly pronounced in the athletic sport where within athletics have many different types of athletes is constitutional requires a certain discipline. This paper analyzes the morphological status of female finalists in jumping events at the Olympic Games in Beijing 2008. The survey included 32 athletes who performed in the final of the measured variables to assess the morphological status: body height (AVIS), body mass (AMAS), derived body mass index (BMI) and age athletes (GOD). Applying basic statistical parameters (mean) made a comparative analysis of the applied variables based competitors that have passed certain conclusions.

131-136

Authors: Jelena Ilić

The aim of this study was to determine which sports are most popular among parents of pupils of primary school in Serbia, in order to determine which sports would be advisable to introduce in the classes of physical education. The sample included 5865 parents. Most parents would like to introduce as an optional sport swimming, football, basketball, volleyball and at last parents would like to introduce acrobatics, wrestling, orienteering and rowing. Obtained were statistically significant differences according to gender (fathers would like to be introduced football and mothers would like swimming) and according to educational level (parents with higher educational level would most like to be introduced swimming and volleyball; while parents with the lowest educational level prefered football). The results indicates that with enlargement of educational level of parents comes higher level of interest for other sports, like skiing and basketball and decrease level interest for bicycling, football and karate.

145-150

Authors: Veselin Jovović

Schematic representation of extended sprint speed curves was carried out on the basis of analysis of achieved results of four sprinter girls at 400 metres distance. Kinematic analysis was carried out for top three young Montenegrian athletes ,who are the members of AC ’JEDINSTVO’ from Bijelo Polje, Their results are currently the best, or among the best results in Montenegro and they are very similar to the results Kolet Beson (France) achieved when she won the Olympic Games in Mexico in 1968. The speed curve is calculated by measurng the starting time on every 50m, from the start of the race to its finish. By calculating certain parametres the fundamental kinematic elements were established. : speed motion, crossed path and time. According to these kinetic elements, the speed diagram for all four sprinters was gained. Characteristic oscilations of the speed curve reveal the basic signs of quality of running and abilities to dispose their strength on the path. Also, this diagram indicates to some methodical oversight and mistakes made during the training and advancement in running technicques. These information are really valuable because they can serve a lot in some future training and preparation of the young sprinters.

157-162

Authors: Katarina Herodek, Emilija Petković,Miljana Jovanović

The young gymnasts from seven cities in the Republic of Serbia at the age of 8- 12 years was covered with programmed gymnastic training 3-4 times a week for 90 minutes and the system of competition within the "C" program GSS. The case studies are examined relationships conative characteristics modified by Catel 16PF questionnaire with success in gymnastics, which is estimated to success in the competition in the "C" program of the Gymnastics Federation of Serbia. Using canonical correlation analysis of the data show that in the space of conative characteristics examined were found to be factors I-sensitivity-sharp temper, Hfearlessness and Q1- openness to change. Success in gymnastics was defined positive relations with disciplines Rings (.77), Pommel horse and Bar (.73) and Vault (.63). The hypothesis that says "conative characteristics have a positive relationship with success in gymnastics" can not be accepted because there is a statistically positive relationship that is explained with 83%. Young gymnasts who show a sharp temper and willingness to learn new cause the contents with strong courage, can successfully realizes "C" program GS Serbia in gymnastics.

173-177

Authors: Katarina Herodek, Emilija Petković,Miljana Jovanović

The sample includes 40 subjects of both sexes: male (20) and female (20) population of students of the Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Nis. The research involves the application of the rebound in gymnastics with two different heights (40 and 50cm) on three different surfaces of elasticity: hard, demyelastic and elastic surface. The subject of the research were the dynamic parameters of movement laid down from Drop Jump (DJ) with Myotest device and in the following parameters: height (in cm), power (in W/ kg), force (in N/ kg) and speed (cm/ s). Using canonical-discrimination analysis showed no statistically significant differences in the performance jump of hard and demyelastic surface from a height 40 cm and 50 cm for men and women, thethe studied parameters (height, strength ,power and speed of the bounce ). Revealed a statistically significant difference in performance with the elastic rebound surface elevations of 40 cm and 50 cm for men and women (p = 0.00). Of the examined parameters was obtained that there are significant differences in the Force reflection to the significance level of 98% (0.0255) and the power of reflection on the significance level of 100% (0.0009) in men. In women of the examined parameters was obtained a statistically significant difference in the strength of the rebound only from positions of 40cm and 50cm and 100% (0.0075).

182-185

Authors: Milovan Ljubojević,Ivan Terzić

An increased number of accidents in water has been registered during the last decades. In order to reduce those accidents, state and international institutions have prescribed standards to be respected and fulfilled by States. Also, the modern tourist offer is not complete without safety standards being fulfilled. The specificity of Montenegrin teritory (the Adriatic sea coastline, Skadar Lake with acc. 60 km long coastline and other lakes, fast mountain rivers suitable for rafting, etc.) as well as the increased turning of Montenegro to the elite tourism, influenced on the adoption of a series of regulations and measures that have greatly increased the safety level on the beaches. Lifeguarding on water is an organized activity that has been implemented in Montenegro since 1999. The result of this implementation is a reduced number of accidents, better safety on the beaches, better informing of the guests about the risks that could happen during swimming, increased culture level of guests behaviour at the regulated swimming beaches. The aim of this paper is to present what has been done up to now in the field of training of lifeguards on the water in Montenegro, as well as possible directions for further development.

193-198

Authors: Artan R. Kryeziu

The paper aims to establish the impact of basic motor skills in some situational accuracy tests in youth basketball game. In a sample of 60 tested age of 17 year + / - 6 months. We have applied eigjt variables to the tested persons, five of which are predicting, while the other three are criterion tests. Connectivity between motor variables is handled through the correlation of Pearson. The impact of variables predicting in those criteria used in regression analysis. Also significant importance is given to the introduction of connectivity between basic motor skills in several accuracy tests typical for the basketball game situations. Regarding the basic motor skills variables have attained significant coherence, however situational space test throwing the ball in the basket in the same direction and shooting the ball in the basket in the corner 450 degres no coherence with any test has been shown from the space of the appility of basic motor skills. Through regression analysis procedure we’ve reviewed the impact of basic motor skills in some situational accuracy tests. Treat analysis of criterion variables in those predicting we can say that accuracy to situational variables impact junior league players had explosive force. Therefore we can conclude that explosive strength is a quite important factor in the game between young basketball players, with there moving actions the playes can achive their goal of scoring points.

207-211

Authors: Zoran Đokić, Bojan Međedović

Electrical muscle stimulation (EMS), is also known as neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) may be used for therapeutic purposes and training. EMS is causing muscle contractions via electrical impulses. The survey was conducted as a case study. The study was conducted on subject of 3 male of different ages. The study lasted 4 weeks, and the respondents have not used any type of training or activity, which would affect the development of explosive strength of the lower extremities. Electrical stimulation was performed in the evening, every other day, with COMPEX mi sport apparatus (Medical SA - All rights reserved - 07/06 - Art. 885,616 - V.2 model). In 4 week period, a total of 13 treatments were performed on selected muscle groups - quadriceps femoris and gastrocnemius. Program of plyometric training (Plyometric) (28 min per treatment), for each muscle group were applied. The main objective of this study was to quantify and compare explosive leg strength, using different vertical jump protocols, before and after the EMS program. The initial and final testing was conducted in the laboratory of the Faculty of Sport and Tourism in Novi Sad, on the contact plate AXON JUMP (Bioingeniería Deportiva, VACUMED, 4538 Westinghouse Street Ventura, CA 93 003) under identical conditions. In all three of the respondents indicated an increase in vertical jump in all applied protocols.

218-224

Authors: Branislav Radulović, Dragan Krivokapić

The sample of 171 examinees from the ninth grade of primary schools in Montenegro has been used to assess the anthropometric and motor variables with EUROFIT method. The results were compared with other studies of European countries and indicate that the fourteen years old boys have achieved the average values compared to their peers, whereas the results of the girls compared to their peers were significantly below the average values. This research should indicate the need for a comprehensive and systematic monitoring of physical development and physical skills of the children from primary schools in Montenegro. That implies defining the norms for each age group, based on which we would determine not only the current state of anthropological status of pupils, but we would also ensure obtaining the feedback on the results of the work and progress of the pupils.

232-235

Authors: Georgi Georgiev, Vujica Živković,Viktor Mitrevski

The research has been conducted on 200 school boys. They had three motor tests to assess the movement frequency. Each measurement was carried out on the same entities in four successive years, starting when they were at their fifth grade, and then at their sixth, seventh, and eighth grade. The aim was to establish the process of changing the frequency of movement as motor ability. The obtained results suggest that the more advanced in age school children get, the better results they achieve.

241-246

Authors: Nela Tatar

The creation of positive attitudes and opinions of students toward physical education is one of the tasks of enduring value and should be achieved through teaching in physical education. Achievement of this objective is achieved by the enduring value and attitude to deal with the activities in the field of physical education. Given the importance of physical education as a subject or a part of education in the upbringing of the younger generation, cannot but emphasize its importance and impact on the ability of proper awareness of health, physical, mental and functional abilities, and even influence the formation of attitudes and interests of physical Education.The aim of this study is to determine whether there is an awareness of the importance of the school population movement and physical activity, you practice sports or recreational activities in their spare time or amount of exercise they meet in class, and if there is and how much interest to add additional hours of physical education in the form of compulsory or optional. Also how young people of different regions involved in sports and that, and that is to evaluate what their perception is sports.Data on data obtained during field research. The questionnaire consisted of three parts. The first part included demographic characteristics of the patients, other sports and physical activities, and the third part which relates to the subjective assessment of students on the importance of physical activity and the equipment room for the same. It is important to note that the data processing is done in such a summary and sex, municipality, region... As such; the data give us the possibility of regional and other comparisons ninth grade students in Montenegro.

253-258

Authors: Peko Vujović, Saša Semeredi, Dušan Stupar

The subject of this paper is the recording of predefined hypothetical significant predictors for achieving goals in modern football. Concretely, the object of this study is the mode of play of top teams and individual characteristics of ellite players and comparative analysis of the last two world championships. The aim of the research was to determine the qualitative and quantitative differences between the successfully completed attacks on the World Cup in Germany in 2006 and South Africa in 2010, using a pre-defined variables. Task of the paper is to identify the set of variables that represent a good predictor for efficacy in attack phase, and which tendencies of play can be seen using of variables recorded on the sample matches in the last two world championships. The steps of work are the followers. To determine whether there are a significant differences in the positions of the players in the team, who scored a goals and assisted on two observed world championships. To determine whether there are a significant differences in the time intervals in which the goals was scored in the two above-mentioned competition. To determine whether there are a significant differences in the number of contacts with the ball at players just before successfuly implementation of attack on the mentioned competitions. And to determine whether there are a significant differences in the positions on the ground from which the goal has been scored, and from which is assisted for the goal. On the basis on the processed variables, the conclusions which have a foothold in the relevant and reliable parameters were drawn.

266-274

Authors: Nebojša Čokorilo, Milena Mikalački, Darinka Korovljev, Goran Dimitrić, Goran Vasić

Walking is one of the few physical activities that suit most people: do not burden the body as intensely as other activities, injuries are rare, and it is necessary to determine the conditions for its exercise. Unlike normal walking, when the upper body is relatively passive, Nordic Walking activates more muscles of the back and arms. Using poles while walking reduces the load on the lower extremities, especially the hip joints, knees and ankles. Elderly people use sticks provides greater stability as it increases the support surface and thus reduces the risk of falls and injury, dangerous occurrence of fractures.The aim of the research is the evaluation of the effects of two models of walking and determine the differences in the results on the morphological characteristics of elderly women. The study comprised 87 individuals, females, aged between 50 and 60 years, territories, municipalities Novi Sad. In the first experimental group'' E1'' was regular and 30 females and their data are taken into consideration. The second experimental group'' E2'' had 27 trainees have been regular. Those in the control group were 30th The measurement of skin fold and circumference measurements and procedures were performed in accordance with IBP - player. The experimental program lasted three months. Differences between individual groups in each variable were calculated using LSD - post hoc test. Were found statistically significant differences between experimental groups and between the two experimental.

281-286

Authors: Goran Dimitrić, Maja Batez, Milica Bogdanovski, Miroslav Petrović,Igor Glavičić

Swimming results are permanently improving. Results in individual medley disciplines are also improving. Individual medley disciplines are consist of all four swimming techiques. Results in these disciplines depende amongother things, on the swimming quality in all techniques. In 200m individual medley, each techinque implies 50m swimming, in following order: butterfly, backstroke, breast stroke and free style. The aim of this paper is to determine individual affect of each swimming technique on 200m individual medley final result. Reasearh was based on the achieved times of 30 male and 30 female swimmers who participated in 200m individual medley qualifications on European chanpionship - Szczecin 2011, Poland. According to adequate statistical methods and analysis of results, certain conclusions will be derived.

294-300

Authors: Marta Bon, Mojca Doupona Topič

The aim of the study was to ascertain the attitude of handball coaches towards conflict situations with regard to selected socio-demographic characteristics. The sample consisted of 58 Slovenian handball coaches working in youth teams. Many differences were discovered between groups of participants. Female coaches held a higher degree of education compared to their male colleagues, and more of them were single (all younger than 31 years). More than half of all participants are involved in an emotional relationship and have children of their own. Generally speaking, coaches have a relatively neutral attitude towards conflicts; they admit their presence, but do not always act as to prevent them from happening. They do not immediately exclude a conflictive player from the team, but try to influence her/him. A conflict with the players or the team management does not divert them from their activity. Female coaches are “more tolerant” of conflicts in their team and seldom intervene between players. Older coaches tend to choose extreme statements. They admit the presence of conflicts, but do not seek reasons for them, often leaving the players to settle the conflict by themselves. Coaches involved in an emotional relationship are slightly more “tolerant” of conflicts. Less experienced coaches perceive conflicts as “less useful” compared to more experienced coaches, while professional coaches agree to a greater extent that conflicts must always be solved. Higher educated coaches tend to notice more conflicts, which probably comes as a consequence of their greater self-criticality. They more frequently see positive sides of conflicts and try to discover the causes for conflict arise.

308-315

Authors: Drаgаn Mаrtinović, Drаgаn Brаnković, Vlаdаn Pelemiš

A questionnaire-based survey was conducted on a sample of 238 parents whose children attend the third and fourth grades in two Belgrade elementary schools: “Oslobodioci Beograda” and “Borislav Pekic”. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of outdoor activities and the attitude of the third and fourth graders’ parents towards it. Statistical data processing was based on the use of the –R, and every question represented a random variable. The analysis of the collected data has proved the presence of outdoor activities among these pupils and their positive attitude towards camping out, as well as a positive attitude of their parents.

324-328

Authors: Bogdan Tomić,Miroslav Smajić, Dejan Madić, Borislav Obradović, Slavko Molnar,Miroslav Radoman

Good knowledge of athletes and their abilities, that achieve superior results may be a landmark and milestone in what direction should be focused on selection and training process. The various disciplines determine the development of various motor abilities, and be for each sport to define their standards. Motor abilities are subject to weather changes, due to which standards have limited time. "Ideal team" is a set of best individuals in the starting lineup in a given season competition.The aim of this research was to perform the difference between "ideal teams" two generation of footballers in motor abilities. The sample comprised 54 players age 23.74 years, who are members of FK Vojvodina Novi Sad divided into two groups. The first group consists of 26 players aged 24.57±2,55 years from the season 2004/2005, while the second group of 28 players aged 22.96±2,86 years from the season 2010/2011. Sample measures for the evaluation of motor abilities are: deep forward bend, Abalakov test, push-ups and raising troops. To determine the difference between the two groups of players applied the t-test. Based on the conducted this study show that the two groups of respondents players statistically significantly different only in the test deep forward bend on the bench and better overall results achieved less more successful generation of footballers.

335-340

Authors: Krassimir Petkov, Valentine Panayotov

We analyzed the participations and the rankings of the different European states in the 2012 Europen Championship. The diversity, which fencing brings with it in United Europe always attracts a lot of the attention of the sport public as an innovative and dynamic sport discipline. In this article the total number of contestants and the number of contestants in the different weapons for both sexes are monitored. We found that the most competitive disciplines were epee men discipline with 92 participants and epee women discipline with 75 participants, and the least competitive – foil women discipline with 40 participants. The nation that won the biggest number of medals was Russia with total of 8 medals 4 of wich golden. The first three states ranked by the competitors in the top sixteen group for all weapons are as follows: Russia with 16%, Italy with 15% and Germany with 13%. After observing the technics most widely used by the most successful contestants in this competition we reached to the followig recommendations for Bulgarian fencers to perform better: 1. For a better ranking to be achieved it is necessary attention to be paid on improving the technics of attack, using movements of high difficulty and speed and 2. It is important to improve dramatically the quality of both the attack and the defence.

346-350

Authors: Vladimir Milošević

Evaluation of students in PE class is a complex process that requires detailed planning and grading is an important part of it. This is why the grading criteria need to be clearly defined and a constant approach needs to be developed for their application. This paper describes a way to grade the motoric skills of students. Evaluation was conducted on a sample of seventh-grade students of both sexes N=51, male n=27, and female n=24. The tests encompassed tossing a medicine ball, long jump from standing, 30 meter dash, trying to stay in the knuckle, and bouncing a ball off the wall for 15 seconds. The results in the disciplines 30 meter dash, long jump from standing and bouncing a ball off the wall for 15 seconds are laid out here in accordance with the standard deviation of the results for the entire test group (all three seventh-grade classes) while the disciplines tossing a medicine ball and trying to stay in the knuckle were conducted using the formula that encompassed body mass and a corresponding coefficient. The results indicate students’ expected capabilities in motoric skills tests. Disciplines such as 30 meter dash, long jump from standing and bouncing a ball off the wall for 15 seconds can be evaluated in the absolute sense when compared to the appropriate results achieved by other students within the same age group but the disciplines such as tossing a medicine ball and trying to stay in the knuckle require additional measurements. Coefficients introduced into the formulae that are used to compute the results are derived from the standard motoric skills and morphological characteristics tests for the students of both sexes. The evaluation of students’ motoric skills must take into consideration their individual characteristics and model characteristics of the corresponding population that are determined from time to time. This kind of approach adds to a more objective view of students’ motoric skills.

356-359

Authors: Jadranka Kocić, Slađana Milošević

The elements of rhythmic gymnastics, taking the variety of movements, props for exercises and musical accompaniment which is obligatory during exercises into account, give huge possibilities in terms of versatile motor development. The research was conducted with the aim to determine the status of basic and specific motor abilities in 47 nine-year-old (+/- 6 months) girls, third-grade students of elementary school in Nis. The experimental treatment lasted for 12 weeks and it consisted of elements of rhythmic gymnastics. Before the begining and after the end of the experimental treatment, the initial and final measurement were conducted, and they consisted of 25 motor tests. The gained results were processed by the method of canonical discriminative analysis and they are shown in tables and descriptively. By the usage of canonical discriminative analysis in motor and specific motor space, one discriminative function, which maximally separates different measurements according to the coefficient, was isolated. The girls were separated according to their mobility (spreading legs side lying by left and right), repetitive strength (modified BURPE-test in 20 seconds), balance (position on one leg with their eyes closed) and tests of coordination (polygon backwards and side steps). After three months of experimental treatment, it can be concluded that generally, it did not come to the statistically significant influence on quantitative and qualitative changes. Such gained results show that rhythmic gymnastics belongs to the group of very complex aesthetic-coordination sports in which training and sports preparation imply long-term work with subsequently visible effects. Because of the specific demands in terms of conduction of specific motor movements, it is also necessary to possess a high degree of development of basic motor abilities. Significant differences were gained in balance tests, and partial differences in tests of mobility, repetitive strength and coordination.

364-369

Authors: Jadranka Kocić, Sonja Antonijević

The expansion of basketball game, just like up-to-date sports results represent the stimulus for further fundamental researches in the aim of improvement scientific and methodological basis of a training work and all other factors connected to the improvement of a training process and top sports creativity. The research was conducted with the aim to determine the specifics of motor abilities in basketball players of the junior rank of competition. All the examinees were male, 16 (+/-6 months) years old, 132 in total, all of them were basketball players of the basketball club ”Student” from Nis. The batery of tests for the evaluation of motor abilities included tests for the evaluation of coordination, strength (explosive, repetitive and static), flexibility and stamina and it consisted of 13 motor tests in total.The gained results were processed by the program system for multivariant analysis of data, especially made by Popovic D. for personal computers. The gained results are shown in tables and they give insight into the structure of latent dimensions of basketball players. The motor structure of basketball players is explained by 72.3% of common variance. From the matrix of intercorrelations, four main components were gained. The fist defines tests of static strength, flexibility and repetitive strength; the second is saturated by the test for the evaluation of explosive strength, balance and two tests for the evaluation of repetitive strength. The third is the best explained by the test for the evaluation of balance, flexibility and coordination. The fourth main component is defined by explosive strength. Then, the rotation of components into the oblimin solution is conducted and some better structure of latent dimensions is gained that way. In basketball and other popular sports games in our country, scientific and expert methods and possibilities of scientific fundation of the trainig work are very slowly but surely accepted.The trend of constant improvement and promotion of better competition results never stops. Taking into account that this research is limited to the space of motorics, we emphasize that for the achievement of success in basketball game, beside the examined space, it is also necessary to percieve other segments of anthropological status of players.

377-379

Authors: Selim Alili, Ćamil Elmazi

A survey of seven questions was conducted with 126 school students (68 male and 58 female), aged 16, from Tetovo, to establish the students’ attitude about swimming classes. The male students present a higher percentage of positive feeling about swimming as compared to the percentage of the female students.

389-397

Authors: Slobodan Andrašić,Milan Cvetković, Damjan Jakšić, Dejan Orlić

The results of this study indicate that goalkeepers, most of the time, played out in areas below 150 bpm/min. Players spend approximately 45 minutes in the zones over 150 bpm/min. In order to adequately meet the demands of players, playing in these pulse areas, fundamental principle in soccer players training have to be stimulation of anaerobic energy sources, lactate and alactate. Unlike them, among goalkeepers aerobic energy and anaerobic alactate-CP mechanism are dominant.

405-411

Authors: Кеnan Аsani

The aim is to establish intergroup multivariant and univariant investigated differences in anthropometric space between respondents juniors and seniors members of the Macedonian karate team. The sample of 30 male karate respondents covers juniors on 16,17 and seniors over 18 years.In the research were applied 17 anthropometric measurements. Based on Graph 1 where it is presented multivariant and univariant analysis of variance Manova and Anova can be noted that respondents juniors and seniors, although not belonging to the same population are not different in multivariant understudied area. W. lambda of .42, Rao-wool R - approximation of .96, degrees of freedom df 1 = 17 and df 2 = 12 given level of significance of p = 54. Based on univariant analysis for each variable separately can be seen that has been around intergroup statistically significant difference in four AVNT (body height), ATNT (body weight), AONK (upper knee volume), and AONL (volume of upper arm)of seventeen applied manifest variables. There are no intergroup differences in multivariant investigated anthropometric space between respondents juniors and seniors members of the Macedonian karate team. Based on univariant analysis for each variable separately can be seen around intergroup statistically significant difference in four AVNT (body height), ATNT (body weight), AONK (upper knee volume), and AONL (volume of upper arm) of seventeen applied manifest variables.

420-425

Authors: Vladimir Milošević, Adam Petrović,Nikola Stevanović

Personal interests carry a great potential and are usually a drive to act. Therefore they usually point towards the activity of an individual in his interest area. An insight into the position of the interest in sports and recreation among other interests can be obtained by inspecting the interests of 7th grade elementary school students from Sremska Mitrovica and Jagodina. The sample consisted of 736 7th grade elementary school students of both genders. A non-experimental study of the students’ interests was done using a questionnaire that consisted of 5 interest indicators: job preference, self-estimation of affinity, use of free time, direct self-estimation of interests and reaction to key words-stimuli. Each indicator had 30 items that asses 30 interests. A t test was used to inspect the level of interest in sports and recreation. Also, factor analysis was done for each indicator separately. The reason for this approach is that there is no real confirmation that these 5 indicators are well suited for assessing the interests of young persons in the time we live in. Students’ interest in sports and recreation is about 4 on the scale of 1 to 5, on each of the indicators. The data shows that the interest of 7th grade elementary school students in sports and recreation is closely linked to interest in military, these two interests belong to the same factor regardless of the way the interests are assessed, that is, they belong to the same factor on each of the 5 indicators. The interest in adventure belongs to the same factor as the interest in sports and recreation on 4 out of 5 indicators, and interest in humor, interest in travel and hedonistic interest on 3 out of 5 indicators. These results might indicate that the motives for engaging in sports and recreation are unstable, because this composition of relatedness of the interests can be interpreted as the factor of fun. If that is so, these findings alert to the importance of building a system of human values in which the physical education, taken in a broader sense, will have a significant place. A high level of students’ interest in sports and education is a good starting point for reflecting upon the practice in the system of physical education and the system of sports of young persons. However, we must bear in mind the structure of interests. Professionals in the physical education area are obligated by the interests’ value orientation to positively influence the youth.

432-435

Authors: Dragana Aleksic,Sladjana Stankovic,Vesko Milenkovic

Balance is, in this work, important to three different balances: elementary balance, defined as body ability to fix in assigned balance position at minimal lean area, visual difficult balance, defined as body ability to fix in assigned balance position without visual control, and dynamic difficult balance, defined as body ability to fix in assigned balance position with center of gravity above the lean area, in spite of external forces difficulties. The battery for the evaluation of balance consists of three following tests: MPSG, MHNG, MSJN. During the 2005/06 academic year, a research was conducted so as to determine the effects of rhythmic gymnastics` program of physical education teaching on balance of female pupils. The subjects (N=99) were classified in experimental and control groups. At the beginning of the academic year, initial (first) measurement was performed, followed by experimental final (second) measurement at the end of experiment. Research data was processed using the multi-variant procedures MANCOVA, MANOVA, and mono-variant procedures ANCOVA, ANOVA i interval of entrust in distinction declined mean. After the experimental treatment, it was concluded that there are significant differences between female pupils in experimental and control groups i interest of experimental group evaluation of balance. The basic conclusion is that the female pupils of experimental group achieved significantly higher teaching effects than the control group, in view of partly increased motor abilities, being the result of the effects of the experimental treatment, as well as other external and internal factors. The main conclusion was that experimental treatment contributed better results in balance estimation tests in female pupils experimental group.

441-446

Authors: Dragan Milanović, Dinko Vuleta, Sanja Tomašević

One of the main research areas in handball is determining the characteristics of training status of female handball players. The analyzed differences among female handball players of different age point to a special problem: the indicators of training status of younger players show the lack of preparedness. Once the differences in training status between these two groups of players are determined, a training program for increasing the training status of the younger group can be developed. The main objective of this study is to determine the characteristics of preparedness of female senior and cadet handball players of the national team first, and then to determine the differences in the indicators of physical conditioning status between these two groups. This study is done on the sample of two groups of female handball players: 16 senior national team players and 15 cadet national team players. The players are of different age categories and different playing experience but have qualified for the national team and produced outstanding sports results. The variables of this study are 5 tests of basic motor abilities: 300 yards shuttle run (MBI300Y), standing long jump (MESSDM), medicine ball throwing of 3 kg (MESBML3), sit and reach (MFLSAR) and sit-ups in 60 s (MRSPT6). The results of the multivariate analysis of variance show that, according to the statistical data , the two groups significantly differ in the variables for valuing the basic motor abilities. The univariate analysis of variance shows that in tests for estimating explosive power there are statistically significant differences to the benefit of senior female handball national team players e.g. medicine ball throwing of 3 kg (MESBML3), sit and reach (MFLSAR) and sit-ups in 60 s (MRSPT6). The results point out to the fact that female cadet handball players have a lower level of throwing power, flexibility and muscular endurance than female senior handball players. This implicates the need for further development of deficit abilities of cadet players with a well-developed strength and conditioning program over a short and long period.

454-460

Authors: Dimitar Trendafilov, Bistra Dimitrova

In a nutshell SPA is something old and good, but nowadays enriched with the miraculous impact of the water culture and aqua practices. But in our opinion is very important to know that the SPA is the health prevention of a healthy people for their recovery from social and professional everyday stress. In most European countries and it became another kind of SPA effects called a short - Medical SPA. Our working hypothesis is based on the assumption that the development of modules for practicing aquaspinning will allow to optimize the proposed relaxing and procreative prevention programs and promoting the health and beauty. The aim of this study was to determine the specificity of the effects aquaspinning through the application of current methods of prevention and health promotion.

467-473

Authors: Petya Kutincheva, Bistra Dimitrova

Implemented was a psychometric experiment for survey the opinion of the leading experts from the 4 and 5 stars hotels and the first SPA certified MSc - SPA managers. The summarized results from the study highlight that the priorities are related to improve the quality of the services in the SPA business. We establish the acute need for increasing professional qualification of the personnel and harmonize the Bulgarian legislation with the EU directives. In this regard it is important to implement the national classificatory with new professions and unified for this purpose the theoretical categories: “Results of advanced training", "knowledge", "practical skills" and "competencies" in educational and qualification degree: “Bachelor", "MasterSc" and "PhD ".

479-483

Authors: Milan Čoh, Milan Žvan, Stojan Burnik

The aim of the study was to analyse kinematic and dynamic parameters of elastic force of elite women triple jumpers. The elastic force, in combination with horizontal velocity, is the most important factor of success in a triple jump. To establish the elastic force we conducted a biomechanical analysis, using drop jumps from the heights of 25 and 45 cm. The basic kinematic and dynamic parameters were registered using the Kistler Type 9286 bipedal force platform which had been synchronised with a 3D infra-red kinematic system CCD Smart – 600 E. Based on kinematic and dynamic analysis we can establish that the results in drop jumps are generated by the following variables: jump height, contact time, vertical velocity of takeoff, force impulse and the eccentric phase.

493-500

Authors: Goran Vučković, Raša Dimitrijević

Well-designed and implemented selection is one of the important prerequisites for achieving the expected results in the modern competitive sport at all levels. The aim of this work was to determine how the selection was made for Serbian League players, on the basis of their certain motor parameters and the positions in the team. A sample of 25 senior players of a football team competing in the Serbian League is divided into four sub-samples, based on team positions. For assessment of motor characteristics following tests were used: long jump (LJ), Abalac test (AT); 10 seconds push-ups (PU), 30 seconds trunk bends (TB), 20 meter flying start running (20FSR), 20 meter high start running (20HSR), 50 meter high start running (50HSR) and Cooper test (CT) . Based on the obtained results it can be concluded that there are significant differences for variable 20FSR and variable CT (F = 3754, 9835, p = .027, .000, respectively). Three canonical discriminant functions were singled out, where the first explained even 84.6%, the second 14.5% and the third only 1% of the total variance, or in summary first two functions explained 99.0% of the variance. It can be concluded that the selected players, in terms of the position in the team, distinguished first by performing on the Cooper test, followed by the result of 20 meter flying start running, 20 meter high start running, 50 meter high start running, trunk bends, and finally by Abalac test, push-ups and long jump. Observed as a function of certain motor characteristics, it could be concluded that in the selection of players in terms of the playing position confidence level was 72.0% in general level, with the most reliable for goalkeepers (100%), midfielders (71.4%) and defensive players (70.0%), while the smallest was at strikers (50%).

507-512

Authors: Osman Lačić,Danilo Bojanić,Miloš Ilić

One of the important features of any science is synthesis of information and one of the forms of synthesis is the synthesis of information about the entities.Taxonomic analysis used for clustering and classification of the sample students examined in this study was based on their morphological characteristics. The study sample in this research represents a fifth and sixth-grade elementary school children with a number of 54 entities that do not have interference in the curricula of physical education. The morphological space is presented with 9 variables that close topographic body structure and consider important in implementation of complex requests, a choice is made on the basis of past experience and research of the similar problems.

522-529

Authors: Jovica Petković, Aldijana Muratović

Mountaineering and everything that is connected with it is a sport with controlled risk. Mountaineers, alpinists, climbers, cavers and all the others who visit and sojourn in mountains are faced with many risks and dangers, which are caused by nature and also by their own mistakes. The dangers in the mountains, like dangers in any other environment, are mainly predictable, so it is best to deal with them with good estimation, knowledge and skill. One has to be aware of his surroundings – the mountain, to respect it and to know what is dangerous and how much it is dangerous at any moment. The organization of the mountaineering expeditions and leadership perhaps represent the highest level of security control. To develop skills for organizing and leading a group means to ensure the safety of the entire group – to work preventively at the level of the entire group, not only at the level of an individual. The success of the entire group as well as safety depends on the organization and leadership.

542-546

Authors: Mirsad Ademović

This study was designed in order to identify, in two different points of time, changes in morphological characteristics of (80) pupils of grammar school aged 16 years (+ - 6 months), under the influence of the programmed work that would encompass basketball practice. A set of 12 anthropometric measurements were applied. The discriminative parametric procedure T-test for dependent samples was applied in the area of comparative statistics for determining the statistic differences in the variables used between the initial and final state. Significant positive quantitative and qualitative changes in most of the variables were identified in the final state compared to the initial.

554-560

Authors: Lulzim Ibri,Sylejman Shala

In sample from 80 young judo athletes aged from 16-17 year, was applied the system a total of 18 variables, of which 10 are morphologic characteristic and 8 motoric abilities variables, with a purpose to determinate mutual report between each other, while the information were analyzed by using canonical correlation analysis. With case of authentication statistically important relation was achieve one pair of canonical correlations statistically important. In morphologic variables field the canonical factor is interpreted in first canonical structure is the consists of variables: adipose tissue under skin of stomach (ATST), adipose tissue under skin of triceps (ATTR), adipose tissue under skin of biceps (ATBI), adipose tissue under skin of sub scapulars (ATSS), adipose tissue under skin of sub iliac a (ATSI) and adipose tissue under skin of list (ATSL), so that is interpreted as a canonical factor of adipose tissue:And second structure of canonical factors of anthropometric characteristics is the consists of variables: body length: body length (LEBO), length of the leg (LELE) and length of the arm (LEAR), so that is interpreted as a canonical factor of longitudinal dimensionality. The first structure of canonical factors in motoric variables is can not be interpreted because of low values of motor variables, while second structure of canonical factors of motoric abilities is the consists of variables: squeeze palm (SQPA), so that is interpreted as a canonical factor of strong factor in palm. Based on structure analysis of matrix results of canonical factors results were shown that to young judo athletes of this age exist statistically valid correlations between canonical factor of anthropometric variables and canonical factor of variables to motoric abilities which is (Rc=77) that is statistically valid in level (P=00).

568-573

Authors: Dragan Toskić, Ljubiša Lilić,Lazar Toskić

The aim of our research was to determine the connection between morphologic characteristics and motor abilities of young water polo players. The sample of participants for this research can be defined as the population of water polo swimmers (N=60) aged 16 to 18, who were only included in the study under the condition that they have taken part in the water polo training process for a period of at least four years. In order to evaluate morphological characteristics of the participants we used 20 anthropometric variables (IBP) to evaluated longitudinal and transversal dimenions, mass and body voluminosity and subcutaneous fatty tissue. In this study, the measurings of the significant motor dimensions were carried by means of the following measuring instruments which the authors (Gredelj, Hošek, Metikoš, Momirović, 1975) had previously evaluated with the help of physiological mechanisms: the integration factor, based on the mechanism for movement structure (MSK), the synergistic automatism and tonus regulation factor (SRT); the factor for excitation intensity regulation (RIE); the excitation duration regulation factor (RTE). The relations between morphological and motor dimensions were determined using a canonical correlation analysis. A correlation analysis was carried out and it indicated a very high correlation between dimesions morphological characteristics and motor abilities of young water polo players.

580-583

Authors: Zulfo Aruković

The aim of this istraživanjua is identifying the canonical correlation between two multidimensional space, the space of morphological characteristics and basic motor skills room, basketball od12 to 14 years of success on the result of situational- motor tests of basketball games. The study was conducted on a sample of 70 players.

590-602

Authors: Pavel Opavsky

Approach to viewing man as a complex bio-psycho-social being requires multidisciplinary content. The man definitively will never be able to get to know himself, because it there are a lot changes inside him from moment to moment, in both the somatic and the psychic segment. Teacher (trainer), which manages the development of the future man, has to approach to the task on the multidisciplinary basis. Since we are working with children in the period of growing up, every mistake is a potential tragedy. Teacher (coach) needs to know the performance of all subjects whose development he controls. In this study, discussion of development is primarily related to the somatic part. The dark side of civilization is called adaptation of inactivity. The lack of over the limit mobility causes atrophy, while atrophy means premature aging, short life and chronically sick. Axiom that over the limit physical strain is the "virus" of health that can recognize and non-professionals too, to determine how they look like and what can do those who do exercise, compared to those who do not exercise. In particular, the human species because of the genetic heritage, can markedly improve their bio-motoric status.

609-615

Authors: Miodrag Koprivica

Sport Management is, without doubt, a modern, practical but at the same time scientific and theoretical trend. Starting with the definition of the word „event“ as an activity that is limited in terms of time, place and a number of participants who gather together with a certain agenda in their mind, an unbreakable connection between it and sport has been made. Risks that appear in this branch of industry of sport are multiple, hardly foreseeable, and with possible long-term consequences. Precisely for that reason, it is important to provide the answers to the questions of what the crisis and crisis management in sport management are, and to establish the processes and stages of risk management.

623-628

Authors: Rade Stefanović

Human muscular system has a large number of innate slow contractile fibres which means that increase of oxygen absorption level can be achieved by adequate training. An athlete who is very good at performing activities which take endurance as well as at explosive strength activities, represents an ideal middle-distance runner who has rather even relation of both types of muscle fibres. This explains why a talented runner such as Steve Ovet achieved much better results than contemporary runners on middle-distance tracks. Besides, there are also some other things which are necessary: a healthy and strong heart, large capacity of lungs, optimal body proportions, basic speed improvement, development of good running techniques as well as improvement of oxygen absorption with improvement of tolerance for lack of oxygen. Mutual dependence of aerobic and anaerobic processes in running disciplines is different, what can be seen from the tables. However, it does not necessarily mean that tabular processes represent relations which should be observed in relation to length and load of training.

636-645

Authors: Danijela Kuna

With the aim of forming an expert model of the most important operators for basic ski turn teaching in ski schools, an experiment was conducted on a sample of 20 ski experts from different countries (Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Slovenia). From the group of the most commonly used operators for teaching basic ski turn the experts picked the 6 most important: uphill turn and jumping into snowplough, basic turn with hand sideways, basic turn with clapping, ski poles in front, ski poles on neck, uphill turn with active ski guiding. Afterwards, ranking and selection of the most efficient operators was carried out. Due to the set aim of research, a Chi square test was used, as well as the differences between frequencies of chosen operators, differences between values of the most important operators and differences between experts due to their nationality. Statistically significant differences were noticed between frequencies of chosen operators (χ2= 24.61; p=0.01), while differences between values of the most important operators were not obvious (χ2= 1.94; p=0.91). Meanwhile, the differences between experts concerning thier nationality were only noticeable in the expert evaluation of ski poles on neck operator (χ2=7.83; p=0.02). Results of current research are reflected in obtaining useful information about methodological priciples of learning basic ski turn organization in ski schools.

651-658

Authors: Abedin Ibrahimi,Vildane Jashari,Ismajl Jashari

In this paper are presented the emperical results of verification of factors that affect students success of high schools in Kosova. It’s presented metodology of research and are given all results preliminary of anlalysis to all variables,in which the research is based. In this group of factors entered also physical activity and sport,and neither all circumstancers socio-economic wher live the all tested people.