Sport Mont

9-14

Authors: Zeljko Kovacevic, Frane Zuvela, Goran Kuvacic

The main aim of this study was to validate the measuring instruments for assessing sprinting speed and specific agility in youth soccer players. The study was conducted on a sample of 32 soccer players in younger age categories. The sample of variables included three tests assessing sprinting speed (5-meter sprint from a standing start, 20-meter sprint from a standing start, and flying 15-meter sprint), and three tests assessing specific agility (slalom run with a ball, zig-zag run with a ball, and 20-meter sprint with a ball). Metric characteristics of tests were determined by calculating indicators of reliability, homogeneity, sensitivity, and factor and pragmatic validity. The values of indicators of metric characteristic showed that the applied motor tests had high level of reliability, good homogeneity, normal distribution of data, and acceptable values of factor and pragmatic validity. As a recommendation for future scientific and/or expert activities which would include assessment of speed and specific agility in young soccer players, investigations should definitely include 20-meter sprint from a standing start and slalom run with a ball.

19-24

Authors: Bojan Masanovic

The purpose of this study was to describe anthropometric characteristics and body composition of junior basketball and volleyball players from Serbian national league and to make comparison between them. Fifty-nine males were enrolled in the study divided into three groups: thirteen basketball players, fourteen volleyball players and thirty-two healthy sedentary subjects. All subjects were assessed for the anthropometric measures required for the calculation of body composition variables, using standardized procedure recommended by established literature. Data was analyzed using SPSS and the descriptive statistics were expressed as mean (SD) for each variable, while ANOVA and LSD Post Hoc tests were carried out to detect the effects of each type of sport. The results showed there was no significant difference in body mass index and bone content of body among the groups, while a significant difference was found for body height, body weight, muscle and fat contents of body among the groups. Basketball and volleyball players were significantly taller and heavier than the subjects of the control group, while there was not any significant difference between the body height and body weight of basketball and volleyball players. Muscle content of basketball players was significantly higher than control subjects, while a significant difference was not noticed between volleyball players and subjects of control group. Fat content in the body of basketball and volleyball players are significantly lower than the percent of fat content in the body of control group, while there was not found any other difference in this content. These findings may give coaches from the region better working knowledge and suggest them to follow recent selection process methods and to be more careful during the recruitment.

31-36

Authors: Stevo Popovic

The purpose of this study is to analyses the personal scientific production of Montenegrin sports sciences researchers, as well as trend of publication within Montenegrin sports sciences journals. This investigation subject included the studies published in the period from 2002 to 2017 that have been focused on the sports sciences issues. The electronic databases (Google Scholar, Scopus and Web of Science) were searched for research articles available until 6 September 2018. Then research findings were summarized in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines and the number of citation, h-index, i10-index as well as number of documents by authors were presented respectively. Results of this study indicated that the sports sciences researchers rapidly increased the number of publications from 2002 to 2017 and switch the writing language from Montenegrin to English, especially in last five years. The number of citations span from 100 and 2800 within most of researchers, while h-index and i10-index span from 4 to 30 in most cases in Google Scholar database, while the same researchers were cited quite lesser in Scopus and Web of Science databases. On the other hand, in Google Scholar database, there are three registered Montenegrin journals: Sport Mont journal (over 1000 articles published since 2002) is the most cited one with highest h-index (16), Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science and Medicine (over 80 articles) is the best ranked Montenegrin journal, while Journal of Anthropology of Sport and Physical Education (over 40 articles) was established in 2017 and the relevant analyses could not be possible to be completed, while the analyses in Scopus and Web of Science were conducted for the Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science and it was reached quite lower score too. It was indicated the highest impact was recognized in the last years, regarding to citations of available articles published by Montenegrin authors, as well as writing style of articles published in English. Hence, the further deployment is expected in upcoming period.

43-49

Authors: Kyongmin Lee, Yongseek Kim, Woojeong Cho

In the field of organizational behavior theory, the influence of servant leadership and organizational culture on the job satisfaction of organization members has been actively studied to effectively achieve the goals set by the organization. However, there is a severe lack of studies on the relationship between servant leadership, organizational culture, and job satisfaction in the sport industry. Therefore, this study empirically analyzed the causal relationships among the three variables by surveying 320 employees in fitness clubs located in Pusan, Korea. Surveys were conducted using the convenience sampling method, and a total of 300 surveys were used in the analysis. Data analysis methods included descriptive statistics analysis, exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis using SPSS 19.0. Key results from this study were as follows. First, servant leadership in fitness clubs had a positive influence on organizational culture. Second, servant leadership in fitness clubs had a positive influence on the job satisfaction of their employees. Third, the organizational culture of fitness clubs had a positive influence on the job satisfaction of employees. The results of this study can contribute to establishing strategies to advance the organizational performance and effective human resource management of fitness clubs.

57-62

Authors: Bulent Okan Micoogullari, Ridvan Ekmekci

The aim of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of Problem solving inventory (PSI) with Turkish athletes. The PSI was designed to clarify utility of problem-solving constructs across sports environment and thus facilitate the development of more comprehensive acknowledges about problem solving and mental health. The subjects were 204 males and 109 females totaling 313 athletes. Participants voluntarily completed the 32 item problem solving inventory. Afterwards, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were undertaken. EFA results yielded a satisfactory three-factor solution, the same as the English version. Cronbach alpha (α) reliability indices for the respective subscales were as follows: problem solving confidence (PSC) (.69), approach and avoidance (AA) (.73), and personal control (PC) (.68). The PSI explained 66% of the total variances. Moreover, CFA results provided the fit indices as Chi-Square (X²)=912.8, df=461, X²/df=1.98, Root Mean Square Error Approximation (RMSEA)=.07, Comparative Fit Index (CFI)=.93, Goodness of Fit Index (GFI)=.92, Normed Fit Index (NFI)=.90, Non Normed Fit Index (NFI)=.89 with 32 items and 3 sub-dimensions. The fit indices of the PSI in relation to EFA and CFA were at an acceptable level. The original 3-factor solution was supported by the Turkish athlete subjects. Results of the study introduced that the Turkish version of the Problem Solving Inventory is a valid and reliable measurement for Turkish athletes.

69-74

Authors: Bujar Begu, Artan R. Kryeziu, Jeton Havolli

The purpose of this research is Latent Structure of the morphological characteristics and motor basic abilities and situational to basketball players 14-15 years. The sample was of 84 basketball players aged 14-15 who have followed the training process of basketball game. The variable samples are 23, 11 of them in morphological space, 8 tests in the area of basic motor character and 4 of them in situational motor of basketball game. In this research our experiment is extracted in two main components which explain 79.16% the general variance of the morphological system, from which are extracted two morphological elements, with this we confirmed the previous scientific knowledge that was enabled to use during the research more precisely in extracting the latent structure in the morphological area. While in the motor area are extracted three main components that explain together 63.60% the variance of the basic and situational motor system of which three factors are extracted.

81-84

Authors: Boris Janjic, Miroslav Smajic, Bogdan Tomic, Milorad Jaksic

The research is conducted with the aim of setting out the differences in repetitive strength of legs, torso, hands and shoulder girdle and strength of kicking a ball between soccer players U14 and children who are not involved in soccer. The sample consists of two groups of respondents. The first subsample group was comprised of 20 respondents of chronological age between 12.50±0.43 who were actively involved in training process at soccer team Stars, and the other subsample included 20 respodents of chronological age between 12.50±0.62 involved in system of Physical Education but who were not involved in training process of other sport branches. Canonical Discriminant Analysis within set of four motoric variables is used to determine the basic difference between groups and the contribution of each variable taken individually in overall discrimination groups. The sample of respondents who train soccer achieved better results in all applied tests. All tests showed statistical significance in discrimination of groups other than the test for assessing the strength of kicking a ball which is at the very margin of significance.

91-96

Authors: Bojan Masanovic

This investigation was aimed at gaining relevant knowledge about the attitudes of the consumers from the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina toward advertising through sport in relation with the frequency of watching sports events. The sample included 451 students from Faculty of Sport and Physical Education,Faculty of sport and tourismin Novi Sad and Chemical, Biotechnology and Medicine Department in Subotica, and it was divided into six subsample groups: consumers who do not watch sports events at all, consumers who do watch sports events 1-30 minutes, consumers who watch sports events 31-60 minutes, those who watch them 61-90 minutes, those who watch them 91-120 minutes, as well as those who watch sports events more than 120 minutes during one typical day. The sample of variables contained the system of three general attitudes which were modelled by seven-point Likert scale. The results of the measuring were analysed by multivariate analysis (MANOVA), univariate analysis (ANOVA), and Post Hoc test. Based on the statistical analyses, it was found that significant differences occur at multivariate level, as well as between all three variables at a significance level of p=.00. Hence, it is interesting to highlight that it was found that significant differences showed up between the attitudes of consumers toward advertising through sport among the frequency of watching sports events. The significant differences were found in two out of three variables, while the consumers who do not watch sports events had much more negative attitudes toward advertising through sport.

103-106

Authors: Gaetano Altavilla, Francesca D’Elia, Gaetano Raiola

Today is consolidated the importance of physical activity to health, so it is important to know the effects of exercise for primary prevention and secondary. A regular physical activity of mild intensity results in significant benefits in term of health, while a sedentary lifestyle and otherrisk factors contributeto development of chronic degenerative diseases, in particular cardiovascular. The advanced age does not contraindicate physical activity and exercise can prevent cardiovascular and disability diseases in the elderly. In the elderly person physical exerciseis able toimprove muscular tone and movement skills, of reduce the risk of sudden death caused by cardiovascular diseases, of reduce the development of tumors and metabolic disorders, as well as of delay the decline of cognitive function. The aim of this literature review is to clarify the link and the effects between physical activity, aging and cardiovascular diseases, providing practical indications for a useful physical activity for elderly subjects with cardiovascular problems;adapting to the skills of the elderly person, prescribed after careful assessment of the environmental conditions in which it must take place. In conclusion, a physical activity program finds a sure indication both in elderly subjects without and with pathologies and in the elderly with high risk of disability.

113-118

Authors: Filomena Mazzeo

Anabolic steroids,commonly referred to as anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS), are a family of hormones that comprises testosterone. Exposure to these substances can result in damage to human health, such as liver cancer, and to the environment. This class of doping substances cause an extensive increase in the muscular massandis being used to improve athletic performance. Athletes are still using them to increase physical performance and bodybuilders are using them to improve size and cosmetic appearance. For performance enhancing use, these substances generally used without interruption and during several weeks preceding a competition. The preferred method is “piling up” oral ingestion and injections.This type of treatment has been used in sport medicine to manage a variety of joint, tendon and soft tissue injuries.The long-term side effects of anabolic steroids are severe and will depend on dosage and duration. In particular, early death from cardiovascular disease, sterility in men and, in women, masculinization and possible irreversible effects constitute the most serious dangers. More recently, studies have suggested that psychological and behavioral changes and addiction may result from chronic anabolic steroid abuse. AAS were the first identified doping agents that have ergogenic effects and are on the International Olympic Committee’s list of banned substances. This paper identify a) AAS increasing represent only one of many different classes of agents it is important to used by recreational bodybuilders and by athletes in the 21st century b) their side effects c) their effects on sports performance c) phenomenon of polypharmacy.

9-16

Authors: Mladen Stankovic, Dusan Peric, Guillermo Ruíz-Llamas and Miriam E. Quiroga-Escudero

The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of the two new rules tested at the inaugural U23 Men’s Volleyball World Championship (21-point set excluding the fifth set, and 15 seconds between rallies–10 seconds from the finished point until the referee’s whistle for serve and five seconds for performing the serve) on number and types of jumps and number of contacts and hits. The analysis comprised 25,930 jumps (an essential physical activity for volleyball), 15,706 contacts and 10,224 hits during 36 matches played by 144 males aged under 23 at the first Under 23 Men’s World Championships organized in Uberlandia, Brazil, in 2013. Two investigations were conducted: 1) Analysis of jumps by Jump type, In-game role and Level of set win; 2) Analysis of contacts (reception, setting, block, defense) and hits (serve and attack) by Type, In-game role and Set outcome. Significant differences (p=0.000) were found between in-game role and jump type, as Middle blocker performed the most (34.7%), followed by Outside hitter (24.9%), Setter (24.6%) and Opposite (15.8%). Significant differences were found for number and types of Hits between set Winner and Loser teams only for serves by Setter (p<0.001) and Middle blocker (p<0.05). The results showed major differences in jumps, hits and contacts between in-game roles: Middle blocker was the most frequent jumping position, followed by Outside hitter and Setter. The Libero showed a new tendency of being Setter with a jump after the initial Setter defense.

25-28

Authors: Josipa Radas, Vinka Sesar and Gordana Furjan-Mandic

The aim of this study was to establish if there are differences in strength between female subjects who practice Pilates and aerobics. Research was conducted on a sample of two groups, each consisting of 28 subjects, with tests being push-ups, "hundred" and wall squat hold. Differences between groups have been established by T-test for independent samples. Research has shown certain differences between aerobics and Pilates programs. Subjects who practice aerobics scored better results in all tests than subjects who practice Pilates. It can be concluded that aerobics program is much better for development of these types of strength. However, because this is not a representative sample that cannot be claimed.

35-38

Authors: Jana Nová

In 2015 and 2016, the author conducted an audit of the Czech national elite sports policy using the international research methodology called SPLISS (Sports Policy Factors Leading to International Sporting Success). Based on the audit results in Pillar 9 this paper analyses the situation regarding the existence of structural factors for the dissemination of research applicable in elite sport and the extent to which these research outputs serve as scientific input to elite sport in the Czech Republic. The results from this qualitative and quantitative study focus on the utilization of knowledge from sport science in a country context, providing the base for a comparison with other countries and proposing the way towards effective and efficient cooperation between academia and sport practice in this regard.

43-46

Authors: Violeta Siljak and Dejan Djurovic

The Olympic Movement is a term that covers all areas related to the phenomenon of Olympism. From its creation, the Olympic Movement has had to follow and to respond to numerous challenges and changes of the 20th and 21st century. The successful work of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) on the implementation of their projects related to world peace, the education of youth, equal inclusion of women in every aspect of the Movement, the establishment of the Women’s Commission, the Sport for All Commission, and the Sports and the Environment Commission are facts indicating that the IOC has a significant impact on the values of the Olympic Movement. In addition to equal participation of all athletes, today, the Olympic Movement provides Olympic solidarity, education and other programs. The basic method that was used in this study was the historical method, which includes heuristic, empirical and theoretical study of the origin and development of the IOC and its operation as part of the Olympic Movement. Research results indicate that the management of the IOCas a sporting organization that manages this Movement is directed at achieving the goal to contribute to building a more peaceful and better world by educating young people through sports, and in accordance with the Olympic values. With proper management, the IOChas improved sports and has grown into an organization that is at the head of the Olympic Movement.

51-53

Authors: Mohammed Hamdan Hashem Mohammed and Hong Jun Choi

Judo is a worldwide sport played as a main competition in the Olympic Games and World Judo Championship with different age categories present for each competition. The level of physical fitness, tactical skills, and techniques required in judo is high as it is a high-intensity short exercise done in a periodic manner. There are very few studies that find the effects of judo exercises on judo non-athletes. The purpose of the research was to determine the impact of an 8-week judo course on the muscular endurance, trunk flexibility, and explosive strength of male university students. Twenty students had complete data after the course. Pre and post measurements were obtained for standing long jump, sit-ups, and sit and reach to assess explosive strength, abdominal muscle endurance, and flexibility, respectively. The data were tested for normality using the Shapiro-Wilk Test. Pre and post data which were normal were compared with paired t-test, while non-normal data were compared with the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05, while Cohen d>0.2 was considered of practical significance. There were significant improvements from pre to post in all measured parameters (p<0.05, Cohen d>0.2). The increase in values of standing long jump, sit-ups, and sit and reach at end of the course is evidence that the explosive strength, muscular endurance, and trunk flexibility of the students improved, respectively. Thus, there is evidence that the course improved some aspects of their health-related fitness even though they were not judo athletes.

9-13

Authors: Martin Musalek, Jakub Kokstejn, Pavel Papez, Jan Jírovec and Sárka Honsová

It is quite well known that excessive body fat in children is interpreted as a marker of inhibited physical activity and motor performance. This study aimed to establish whether severe impairment of fundamental motor skills (defined as performance under 5th centile of norms) will be significantly more frequently identified in pre-schoolers age 3-6 years with amount of body fat higher than 85th centile of norms. Research sample consisted of 496 (females=241, males=255) pre-schoolers selected from specific district of Prague, Czech Republic. The MABC-2 was used for the assesment fundamental motor skills. Equations for body fat estimation in children identified 35.8% children with body fat˃85th centile of norms, 61.7% within 15th–85th centile, and 2.5% of children˂15th centile of norms. Results revealed that children whose body fat was higher than 85th centile of norms or lower than 15th centile had double the frequency of severe motor problems. Interestingely on the other hand we found no signficant differences in the frequency of high above average performances˃90th centile in MABC-2 between fat 8.4% and non fat children 10.7%. We suggest that amount of body fat is not a clear predictor for the degree of fundamental motor skills.

21-24

Authors: Robert Kuchar

Many women stand in their lives before one question-of family or child? When is the best time to have it, and what I want to accomplish before and also after childbirth. The same applies to the world of sport. On the contrary, many times it happens that successful athletes decide to end the career at an early age because of prioritizing the family, or vice versa–they prioritize sport at the expense of their family. The aim is to show that it may not always be the choice of either-or, but that it may be possible to combine maternal duties with the sport provided certain principles are followed. The research consists of two parts. The first part focuses on the period of pregnancy, ongoing changes in it (physical, psychological, etc.) and exercises that can be included in this period. The second chapter focuses on the period after childbirth and also on sports possibilities for mother and child life. To find the right path between sport and family life is not an easy way, but not impossible. Although motherhood is a relatively long time when a woman has to leave the sport, so it is not impossible to return and gain others sporting achievements. This study is descriptive and the data are secondary and were collected from valid documents. This study aims to investigate the way for girls and women’s how to do not stop with sport and also have a „normal“ family

31-34

Authors: Fitim Arifi, Sami Sermaxhaj, Iber Alaj, Zenel Metaj and Admire Toverlani

This study is based on measurements of Central region Kosovar adolescents. The aim of this study was to examine the Body Height of adolescents from Central region as well relationship between arm span and Body Height in both Kosovar genders. A total measured subject participated in this research was 193 out of which (93 girls and 100 boys), females average of age is 18.15±0.35 years old (range 18-20 years) and for male 18.26±0.44 years old (range 18-20 years). The anthropometric measurements were done by trained people and were taken according to the ISAK manual. Relationship between Body Height and arm span has been analyzed by the simple correlation coefficient at a 95% confidence interval. The linear regression analysis was carried out to examine extent to which arm span can reliably predict of Body Height. Statistical importance was placed at level p<0.05. As a result anthropometric measurements for both sexes showed that the average of Body Height for boys adolescents from Central region are 180.62±5.88 centimeters and have the arm span average of 181.36±7.08 centimeters, while girls from Central 166.77±4.71 centimeters tall, and have the arm span average of 167.08±5.03 centimeters. The results have shown that the arm span was estimated as a reliable indicator of Body Height assessment to the both genders adolescents from Central region of Kosovo population. This study also confirms the necessity for developing separate height models for each region in Kosovo.

39-42

Authors: Jovan Gardasevic, Dusko Bjelica and Ivan Vasiljevic

The main aim of the research was to identify a level of quantitative changes of the strength of kicking the ball with fifteen years old football players under the influence of the programmed football training of a six weeks’ preparation period. The training programme covered forty-four training units. The research was made on a sample of 120 cadet level football players. To estimate the strength of kicking the ball three tests have been used: the strength of kicking the ball with foot, ball on the ground, the strength of kicking the ball with foot, ball in the air, the strength of kicking the ball with head. In the area of comparative statistics, we used discriminant parametric procedure t-test for big paired samples. It can be concluded that there are statistically significant differences in all three variables to estimate the strength of kicking the ball. This confirmed the hypothesis that the expected significant positive quantitative changes of situational-motor abilities influenced by the proposed model of training in preparation period with fifteen years old football players. The authors were guided by the fact that this kind of training program in preparation period is very effective in terms of raising the strength of kicking the ball level with fifteen years old. The obtained results can be directed towards innovation plans and programs in the preparation period, and the adaptation of the same needs of the respective population.

49-52

Authors: Marija Jankovic

The new economy has brought new meaning to the brand, which is characterized by a brand, but also has a human touch, turning into an emotional brand. Alternative branding strategies put emphasis on brand experience in terms of emotional, holistic and socially responsible. Bottled water has become the world's "liquid gold" in the last 40 years, because it is a natural product, which is made with minimal costs. The paper develops the idea to perform a kind of humanization and the introduction of a new emotional brand of bottled water on the market, which will bear the name "Aqua F.I.F.A" designed label of FIFA international organizations, as well as the roof of the organizers of the most important football events in the world and the label of the national team. This paper will analyze in detail the market opportunities and prospects of introducing a unique sports brand, on the emotional aspect, with the use of effective marketing communication strategy.

7-11

Authors: Aida Bendo and Kujtim Haxholli

Yoga, one of the most ancient cultures of physical education, is a physical, mental and spiritual discipline and it has been made part of curricular program in Sports University of Tirana (SUT). We took the responsibility to study the equilibrium quality as a discipline which has never been studied before in Albania. The aim of this study is to assess how postural sway is affected in two different conditions, Eyes Open and Tandem Eyes Closed tests in balance training through yoga exercises. One of the most important yoga exercises is balance training. This training helps in improving coordination system in static and dynamic activities. Before, yoga exercises had been used to build and to maintain the physical conditions, later on this concept has been extended in the balance training and used to improve physical parameters. The reason for describing such exercises is to explain the benefits of yoga exercises to the equilibrium system.

13-16

Authors: Soetanto Hartono and Sukadiono

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of sodium bicarbonate and sodium citrate in increasing lactate concentration, blood pH, HCO3- , and time to exhaustion. Increased time to exhaustion is an advantage since the athletes can do more anaerobic work. Exhaustion could be delayed by increasing HCO3- to catch H+ produced by lactate metabolism to form H2O and CO2. The design of this research was randomized pretest posttest control group design. Thirty badminton student players were randomly selected and randomly assigned to three groups. The first group (the control group) was given placebo, NaCl .9 g/dl, the second group was given sodium bicarbonate 300 mg/kg in 500 ml aqua, and the third group was given sodium citrate 300 mg/kg in 500 ml aqua. Blood pH and bicarbonate ion (HCO3- ) were measured through Opti Medical Blood gas Analyzer. Lactate was measured by Cobas Roche lactate Analyzer. Data was analyzed using Manova with .05 significant level. Blood pH of the groups taking sodium bicarbonate and sodium citrate were higher significantly against control group (p<.05), and sodium bicarbonate group was significantly higher than the sodium citrate group (p<.05). Blood lactate tests showed that sodium bicarbonate group and sodium citrate group gave significant difference vs control group (p<.05), whereas sodium bicarbonate did not differ significantly against sodium citrate (p>.05). Sodium bicarbonate is better than sodium citrate, although both were better than control (p<.05). Sodium bicarbonate is better than sodium citrate in increasing blood pH and time to exhaustion. The disadvantage of using sodium bicarbonate is that it can cause gastrointestinal problem and headache, so it is not advisable to be used by athletes who have the symptoms.

21-22

Authors: Ivan Vasiljevic, Jovan Gardasevic, Miroslav Kezunovic and Danilo Bojanic

Metabolic syndrome was defined in order to identify people with an increased risk. One of five criteria of metabolic syndrome is also an abdominal (central) obesity. The study included 297 subjects, middle aged from Montenegro, 137 (46.12%) male and 160 (53.88%) of the respondents were female. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) about 2.1 billion people suffer from overweight. Analyzing the results of our research, more than worrying fact is that two-thirds of the studied population in middle age are having problems with over-nutrition and obesity. It is estimated that in the world today, about one billion people are overweight, and about 300 million obese.

27-29

Authors: Milovan Ljubojevic, Aldijana Muratovic and Marija Bubanja

The presence of lifeguard service on beaches greatly contributes to reducing the number of accidents in and around the water. The lifeguard can be a person with good motor, but also cognitive skills and abilities. In addition to good swimming skills, lifeguard must be able to quickly detect and recognize the accident, and also to be able to timely and correctly act in case of accident in water, but also at the beach. The goal of this study is to determine the structure of cognitive abilities and skills with the sample of lifeguards that work on Montenegrin beaches. Battery KOG-3 was applied on the sample of 40 lifeguards. The collected and achieved results lead to following conclusion: the subjects have good ability to determine relation between elements of a structure and lower characteristics of that structure; subjects have good ability to assess the efficiency of serial processor; and subjects have good ability to assess efficiency of perceptive processor

35-37

Authors: Dragan Krivokapic

Classic theories interpret the phenomena of tiredness as a consequence of biochemical changes appearing in the whole organism or in active organs. From operational point of view we can define tiredness as a reversible psychophysical condition appearing under the influence of expanded time of activities, which is manifested a series of negative changes on physiological, psychological and behavioral plan. Physiological nature was primarily related by the scientists to lack of oxygen and other nutritional material in blood or blood plasma andloading of different waste material and metabolism products On those bases, three classical theories were founded, such as: theory of suffocation, theory of exhaustion, and theory of saturation, united in one general name as hormonal theories of tiredness. Lately, with extending of findings on the role of reticular formation, there are activation theories of tiredness being developed. Supporters of these theories have discovered a series of complex connections and relations existing through tiredness and different forms of brain work such as: exhaustion of neural cells during their activity, neural influences determining arrival of nutritious material into work active organs, disruption of harmony in neurophysiological processes, role of inhibition process etc. For explanation of mental tiredness, central brain theory of tiredness is dominantly used. Due to new findings of neurophysiology, a neurophysiological theory known as theory of changed hronaxy, starting from time constant of skeletal nerve irritability, is nowadays commonly used for explanation of physical tiredness at skeletal muscles.

7-10

Authors: Egreta Peja and Ela Tase

The aim of this study is to determine whether regular physical activity during early puberty is influential in preventing early menarche. This cross sectional study was carried out on 102 post-menarcheal girls aged 11–20 (14.79±0.33). 51 of them were already engaged in competitive sport activities prior to the onset of menstruation (group 1), while the others got engaged in such activities after the onset of menstruation (group 2). All participants provided the year and the month of their first menstrual period. First, we estimated the equality of dispersion between the two groups, by conducting Two Samples for Variances F-test. Second, because no homogeneity of variances between groups was found, they were compared by using Two Samples Assuming Unequal Variances t-test. The difference between groups is statistically significant, as the t statistics (=2.883) is greater than both critical t statistics (one-tail=1.664 two-tail=1.990) and the p value less than 0.05 in both cases (one-tail=0.002 two-tail=0.005). None of the girls in the first group starts to menstruate before 11 years of age and 90% of them are menstruating by age 14, with a median age of 12.95±0.35 years. Age of menarche is lower in the second group with a median age of 12.25±0.31 years, thus approximately 8 months lower than median age for the first group. 11.76% of the girls in the second group start to menstruate before 11 years of age and 90% of them are menstruating by age 13. It is rather, the decline in early matures among those engaged in regular physical activity prior to the onset of menses, that makes the statistically significant correlation between physical activity and age at menarche practically meaningful. Relatively early matures (<11 years) have been found to be slightly shorter but up to 5.5 kg heavier in adulthood than are late matures. In addition, a relatively young age at menarche has been associated with an increased risk for breast cancer and spontaneous abortion.

15-18

Authors: Rajko Milasinovic, Stevo Popovic, Damjan Jaksic, Ivan Vasiljevic and Dusko Bjelica

The purpose of this study was to examine the body height in Montenegrin female adolescents from southern region as well as the relationship between arm span as an alternative to estimating the body height, which would vary from region to region in Montenegro. Our investigation analyses 139 female adolescents from the southern region in Montenegro. The anthropometric measurements were taken according to the protocol of the ISAK. Means and standard deviations regarding the anthropometric measurements were obtained. A comparison of means of body heights and arm spans within this gender group were carried out using a t-test. The relationships between body height and arm span were determined using simple correlation coefficients and their 95% confidence interval. Then a linear regression analysis was performed to examine the extent to which the arm span can reliably predict body height. The results displayed that female Southern-Montenegrins are 168.73±6.79 cm tall and have an arm span of 167.23±7.79 cm. Compared to other studies, the results of this study have shown that this gender made Southern- Montenegrins the tall population, taller than female population across the Europe and the rest of World. On the other hand, expectably, the arm span reliably predicts body height in this gender. However, the estimation equations which have been obtained in SouthernMontenegrins are, different alike in general population, since arm span was shorter than the body heights (1.50±1.00 centimetres), much more than in general population. This study also confirms the necessity for developing separate height models for each region in Montenegro.

21-24

Authors: Slobodan Andrasic, Milan Cvetkovic, Zoran Milic, Darijan Ujsasi and Dejan Orlic

Today's rapid development of football in all stages allocates a dominant role to conditional training. Players who participated in the study played in the 4:4:2 formation, therefore the classification has been made according to the playing position in the aforementioned system. The total sample of respondents consisted of 60 players at the cadet level (14 to 16 years) medically fit for playing football and without any morphological and motor aberrations. The study applied pitch RAST test, which is very convenient for conducting and obtaining fast results on the anaerobic capacity of football players. In addition to this test, the assessment of anaerobic capacity uses the modified Bangsbo test. This research has demonstrated the importance of anaerobic capacity of certain players playing in different positions.

31-35

Authors: Matej Majeric

The main purpose of this research was to analyse the gender differences among students at the University of Ljubljana concerning the popularity of sports and participation in different types and modes of sport activities. The research was done in the 2013 academic year on a random sample of 3% of the students (N=1390). A questionnaire about students’ lifestyles was used (Majerič, 2013). In this study, two variables were analysed: the popularity of different sport activities, and different types and modes of sport activities. The data of the variables were analysed with SPSS for Windows. The basic statistical parameters for both variables were calculated. To calculate the gender differences, a t-test for independent samples and a Mann-Whitney U test were run. An analysis of the popularity of different sport activities showed that gender differences were statistically significant in jogging (p=0.000), walking (p=0.000), football (p=0.000), basketball (p=0.000), fitness (p=0.001), aerobics (p=0.002), and dance activities (p=0.009). Analysis of the types and modes of sport activities among students showed that 63.90% of male students and 68.10% of female students were engaged in unorganized types of sport. Gender differences were found to be statistically significant in two types of sport activities: engaged organized in clubs–competitive out of faculty (p=0.000) and engaged in sport organized at the faculty–competitive (p=0.000). Our findings and conclusions provide useful guidance for the closer and wider professional public

41-43

Authors: Dusko Bjelica, Jovan Gardasevic, Ivan Vasiljevic and Stevo Popovic

The objective of this study represent the sport advertising, while the main goal will be directional to discuss ethical dilemmas of sport advertising. The main tasks of this study is discussing a law regulations and ethics, as well as communication with hidden interest. During the making of this study, the author used descriptive method with consulting of competent literature. The previous author’ experience in this field was also so useful. Moreover, the author used the analytic method and parallel method that is the most productive if you make some inferences about some appearance. Consequently, the main outcome of this study was creating some basic outputs with regards to Ethical Dilemmas of Sport Advertising.