The Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences

7

Authors: AL-Neami K. T. AL – Dorri .O. K. Kahtan L.K. Layth.Dh.E.

The research was carried out in the laboutaries of State Board for Agricultural Research, Ministry of Agriculture, during the year 2009 to study the effect of three kinds of plant water extract used to control of the two spotted spider mites Tetranychus urticae Koch. . Water extracts were, Citrullus colocynthsis (fruits) and Dianthus carphyllus (fruits). The last was Lantana camara (leaves ). Three concentration 0.5,1 ,2 g/L , for each extracts . The leaf disc methods used for preparing di fferent stage of spider mites. The result showed that hundull and koronfull extracts were more effective than mena showjery in prevention of eggs hatching of TSSM .The percent was 100.0,96.1 and 50.9 % respectively when the concentrat of 2g/ L of extracte were applied. Then the percent decrease to 79.1,83.1 and 40.2 % respectively using 1g/L concentrate .However the concentration 0.5 g/L indicates lower effects on egg hatching (38.4,76.5,55.0)% respectively.Similar effects were obtained when water extracts applied against nymph stages of TSSM . mortality percent 94.0, 90.0 and 20.6 % ,82.3,85.6 and 0.0 %, 80.0, 70.3 and 0.0 % respectively.

9

Authors: Reasan K. Shati Khidir.A.Hameed Flayeh Abed Jaber

A field trial was carried out during summer season of 2008 and 2009 at Mishkab Research Station Al-Najaf Governorate to investigate the effect of Herbicides (Contail, Stam F-34 , Ronstar and Nominee) on paddy yield of rice and companion weeds. A factorial experiment design was used according to RCBD design with four replications.Nominee caused reduced number of weed, at 30, 60 and 90 days from plant sowing in both seasons (6.3, 14.8, 16.7,4.2, 10.3 and 12.6 plant.m-2)and also reduced the dry weight of weeds by 87% and 89.2% in both seasons respectively compared with weedy treatment , therefore, it gave highest number of tillers .m-2 in both seasons (316.2 and 292.4) respectively which was translated in the higher number of grain per panicle (140.8 and 142.5 grains) in both seasons respectively hence nominee herbicide gave highest grain yield in the first season 801.4 gm.m-2 and 758.4gm.m-2 in second season respectively while the weedy treatment gave lowest paddy yield of rice 225.1 and 253.1 gm.m-2 in both seasons respectively. The nominee increased paddy rice by 71.9% in first season and 66.8% in second season compared with weedy treatment. We can conclude that herbicide gave good weed control of weed's rice , so rice was more competive than weed. Also there were significant difference between herbicide in their effect on growth and yield character.

10

Authors: Fadia H. Taha

This study was conducted in the tissue culture labrotaries of the Department Horticulture – College of Agriculture / University of Baghdad for the period 2007 -2009, study the possibility of in vitro propagation Lemon tree Citrus aurantifolia by various plant parts shoot tips ; single nodes , internodes and cleared of trees trees in developing extremely Fruit Research Station / Latifiya experience of a global design complete randomization. . And Sterilized plant parts at 0.1 % Murcury Chlorid . It has been noticed from the results achieved at the stage evolution to respond to the differing growth in vitro and recorded the highest proportion opens in the single node growth regulators where the percentage reached 75% . In the multiplication stage has studied the effects of different concentrations BA 0, 0.5 , 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7 mg / l , and studied the effect of GA3 concentration 1mg/l in media of containing different concentration BA 0.5 ,1,1.5 ,2 mg/l on the number of branches formed and size from , where they were to achieve the highest rate of increase branches In MS medium is equipped with 1.5 mg / l BA + 1 mg / l GA3, which was 6.9 branch /explant, The highest rate achieved in the lengths that enabled in MS medium is equipped with 1 mg / l BA + 1 mg / L GA3 and reached 1.43 cm . At rooting stage studied the effect of 1 and 2 mg / l from IBA, NAA on the rooting percentage and number of roots formed and the size from where achieved the highest percentage of rooting of 60% in the 1 mg / l NAA added to MS medium with half strength salts, and the highest number of roots 0.8 root / branch and 0.98 cm in half-strength MS medium salts plus 1 mg / l NAA. From this it fllows that the concentration 1.5 mg/l BA + 1 mg/l GA3 the best in the multiplication of shoots , as well as the facus 1 mg/ l BA + 1 mg/l GA3 have achieved a higher rate to the length of shoots , with the highest percentage of rooting in the1 mg / l NAA.We recommend that you consider these plants that we have we have obtained the untreated control and monitoring their performance . In addition to the study of concentrations and other types of Auxins and Cytokinins to get to the other combinations used in the micropropagation of the tree lime in vitro.

12

Authors: Jawad. A. Hamood M.M. Elsahookie

A field experiment for two seasons was conducted on maize cv. Buhooth-106 in 2009. This was on the Field Crops Res. Sta. of the College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad to determine the influence of skip irrigation and planting depths; 6, 12, and 18 cm in growth and yield of maize. Irrigation treatments were, skip irrigation, furrow and row plantings irrigated weekly and two weeks. Data of spring and fall plantings were similar in response to irrigation treatments and planting depths. Results of fall planting showed that skip irrigation and furrow planting irrigated weekly gave plant growth rate (CGR) 12.6 and 15.8 g/m2/d, grain yield 5.9 and 7.6 t/ha, respectively. These two treatments were given 3600 and 6600 m3water/ha. However, furrow and row plantings irrigated every two weeks, gave CGR 10.8 and 10.0 g/m2/d, grain yield 4.8 and 4.5 t/ha, respectively. Planting depths of 6, 12, and 18 cm gave CGR 12.4, 13.3, and 13.1 g/m2/d, grain yield 5.8, 6.1, and 5.9 t/ha, respectively. Skip irrigation with 18 cm deep, gave CGR 13.6 g/m2/d, grain yield 6.2 t/ha. Whereas, highest grain yields (8.2&8.4 t/ha) were obtained from furrow planting irrigated weekly with 12 and 18 cm deep, in spring and fall, respectively. According to these results, skip irrigation gave grain yield 77% of that obtained from furrow planting irrigated weekly. This implies that skip irrigation saved less than 50% of irrigation water. It was recommended to use skip irrigation for maize production and planting 12 cm deep in areas of water shortage. Planting 18 cm deep could be tested in future on soils of sandy texture.

14

Authors: ALIAA.KH. MAHMMAD MAHMMAD.H.AL-BALDAW

A field experiment was carried out at the experimental farm of the Dept.of Field Crop Sci., college of Agriculture Univ.of Baghdad.during 2008- 2009and 2009-2010 winter seasons . Soil texture was Typic Torrifluvient .The aim of the experiment was to investigate the effect of different water types on flag leaf area , its content of chlorophyl and yield of five bread wheat varieties(Iraq,IPA99,IPA95,Fatah and Tahaddi).Asplit plot design had been followed with three replications,the main plots represented by the varieties while the three water types (river water ,well water and alternating irrigation), occupied the sub plots .Plants were harvested on 12/5 and 30/4 for the two seasons, respectively. The cultivar IPA99 gave larger flag leaf area , grains /spikeand grain weight(45.36cm2,52.37 grain/spike,0.0418mg) in the first season but in the second season gave 44.93 cm2,48.83 grain/spike,0.0423 mg respectively.The cultivar Tahaddi gave higher chlorophyll content, spike.m-2 and grain yield(46.11 Spad units ,329.9 spike/m2,6.30 t/ha)first season while in second season it gave (42.40 Spad units ,332.0 spike/m2,6.29 t/ha),respectively.The well water gave highest values in flag leaf area ,chlorophyll content ,spikes/m2and grain yield (43.89 cm2,42.97 Spad units,319.2spike/m2 and 6.78 t/ha)for first season and 42.77 cm2,42.84 Spad units,305.9spike/m2and 6.38 t/ha for second season, respectively.There was no significant interaction in the first season but in second season ,the cultivars IPA99 and IRAQ which irrigated with well water gave higher flag leaf area,number of grain/spike(46.85cm2,50.14grain/spike), respectively. There were significant differences. IPA99,IRAQ which irrigated with well water gave higher flag leaf area ,when number of grain in spike 46.85cm2,50.14 grain/spike respectively.The cultivar Tahaddi which irrigated with well water gave higher chlorophyll content in flag leave ,number of spikes/m2 and grain yield(43.97 Spad units,346.9 spike/m2 ,7.29 ta/h).It can be concluded that well water gave highest yield for wheat because of its high content of nutritive agents.

20

Authors: Amer A. Mohammed Amer H. H. Alzobaay Amira M. Saleh

Iraqi pastirma was manufactured from camel meat and hump fat, the ratio was 3 meat: 1 fat, the microbiological quality of crude meat and mixture (meat and fat) were examined, total number bacterial count were 78×104 and 71×104 cfu/gm , coliform bacteria 93×102 and 54×102 cfu/gm , yeasts and molds 57×102 and 49×102 cfu/gm respectively, psychrotrophic 74×102 and 69×102 cfu/gm , Staphylococcus aureus 33×102 and 23×102 cfu/gm respectively, Salmonella was not shown in each samples and pH were 5.67 and 5.74 respectively. Fermentation process was conducted at a temperature in 37 c˚ and 80-85% relative humidity for 48 hours for treatments which inoculated (Lb. acidophilus in both percentages 2.5 and 5%) of the sample mixture after adding sugar and salt. Added the other materials used in the manufacture pastirma which include spices and garlic, then packaged mixture of pastirma in natural casings. Pastirma matured at 15-17 c˚ and 75-80% relative humidity for 4 weeks, the microbial quality was followed during the fermentation and maturation, as well as sensory (morphological) tests during the period of maturation. Pastirma inoculated with each percentage of Lb .acidophilus gave the best results than the control treatment in preventing growth of examined undesirable microorganisms, reducing the pH and good result in (appearance & color)

9

Authors: S.S. AL.Zobae A.H. AL.Sheikhly

A field experiment was conducted in Al-Raid Experimental station, Ministry of Water Resources, 20 km west of Baghdad, during autumn season 2008, in silt clay loam soil classified at Typic torriflvent, to study the effect of water irrigation quality, soil mulching on some physical properties under drip irrigation system. The Experimental design was Factorial Experiment with RCBD in three replicates. The study includes two factors: 1- Water quality, which includes three factors: a- Irrigation with river water (WR) ( 1.1 ds. m-1). b- Irrigation with saline water (WS) ( 4.5 ds. m-1). c- Alternate irrigation (WA).2- Soil mulching includes two factors: a- Soil mulching with black polyethylene (M). b- With out mulching (W). The results can be summarized as follows: The irrigation treatments effected the soil physical properties at 0-20 cm depth. It was found that the MWD decreased to 0.603, 0.476 and 0.303 mm for all treatments respectively compared with the value of 0.65mm at the beginning of the experiment. Soil bulk density was effected by alternate and saline water treatments, the values were 1.33 and 1.39 Mgm . m-1 respectively compared with the value of 1.30 Mgm . m-1 at the beginning of the experiment, while the bulk density of the river water treatment was not effected.The saturated hydraulic conductivity effected by the irrigation treatments, it was 3.263 , 2.547 and 1.677 cm . hr-1 for all treatments respectively compared with 3.30 cm hr at the beginning of the experiment. The soil penetration effected by irrigation treatments. It was found that the values were 1.61, 1.82 and 1.93 Kg . cm-1 for all treatment at 25% moisture level compared with the value 1.40 Kg . cm-1 at the beginning of the experiment. Mulching did not appears any significant difference in mean wet diameter, hydraulic conductivity and density, but significant difference in penetration

10

Authors: Ayad H. Abbas Ahmed S. Muhaimeed

Water content of the surface horizon & root zone is a main key for any agriculture, hydrological & environmental issues, for this reason, big concern has been dell with statues & amount of soil water by many different ways, which remote sensing technique is one of it. To know the possibility of using remote sensing to investigate soil water parameters, relationships between remote sensing data taken by landsat satellite (ETM+) and some soil water content parameters has been studied for ten soil units selected from north Kut project located at the left of Tigris river, which showed different soil status. The aim of this study was to build statistical models to predict some soil water content parameters using Remote Sensing & GIS techniques. The results showed that there were significant relationships between remote sensing data and the field data of each of available water “as volume θv & mass θm percentage”, water saturation percentage θs and field soil moisture for the surface horizons of the tested sites with coefficient of determination (R2) values: 0.986; 0.989; 1.000 and 0.962 respectively. Fittings (R2) values for predicted and tested parameters were: 0.923; 0.889; 0.998; and 0.946 respectively which revealed that it is possible to use remote sensing data to predict soil water content parameters because of the direct effect of soil water on electromagnetic energy reflection from soil surface. Its a good chance to produce digital soil water content maps with high coverage area that can use in the geospatial software’s to predict and build many water relations for the soil – plant – atmosphere continuum .

12

Authors: Salloom B. Salim Lurna S. Kudayr

To determine the contribution from a shallow water table to the evapotranspiration process over the growing season or wheat under different depletion rates and Irrigation depth, a field study was carried out during 2008/2009 at the field of the College of Agriculture Baghdad. Three levels of depletion rates %50, %70, and %90 from available moisture and three Irrigation depths of the effective root zone, 0-30 cm from planting to the end of growing season, 0-30 cm from planting to flowering stage then 0-60 cm from flowering stage to the end of growing season and 0-60 cm from planting to the end of growing season. Amount of Irrigation water was applied to satisfy water depletion in soil over the grawing season. 'Water content deficit was determined by gravimetric method. Calculated water content deficit was based on measurements of soil water content by gravimetric method. Contribution from the water table during each Irrigation was calculated from changes in water content and hydraulic head measured before and after Irrigation for each layer between the end or root zone and the water table. Flux calculation was based on Richard equation and similar to Salim(2003) approach. It was found that at %50 depletion rate from available moisture water table contributed 78, 69, 25 mm during growing season which consitituted %17.6 , %14.5 , %4.7 from the total evapotranspiration for the 0-30 cm, 0-30 then 0-60 cm and 0-60 em irrigation depths, respectively. At (%70 depletion from available moisture water table contributed 87, 74, 33 mrn which consitituted %J20.0, % 15.8, %6.4 from total evapotranspiration for 0-30 cm, 0-30 then 0-60 cm and 0-60 cmirrigation depths, respectively. At %90 depletion (rom the available moisture water table contribution 93,79, 37 mm which consititutcd %20.8, %17.0, %7.2 of the total evapotranspiration for 0-30 cm, 0-30 then 0-60 cm and 0-60 cm irrigation depths, respectively. Results of this study showed that contribution of the water table increased with increased depletion rate of the available water in the root zone. Higher contribution from the water table occurred under 0-30 cm irrigation compared with 0-30 cm, 0-30 then 0-60 cm and 0-60 cm irrigation depths. Lower matric suction values were obtained at 0-30 cm due to evaporation and transpiration process resulting in higher gradient values.

12

Authors: H.W. Al - Jutheri N.S. Ali

Three field experiments were conducted on a fields at Babylon Governorate in a silty clay loam soil to study the effect of integrated application of mineral and organic-bio fertilizers under different irrigation systems (furrow , sprinkler , and drip irrigation) on potato tuber productivity and water use efficiency ( WUE) .Treatments included three rates of mineral fertilizers 0,50,and 100% of (300 KgN.ha-1+100 Kg P. ha-1) ,10 Mg ha-1 organic fertilizer (organo fert.), 950 Kg ha-1 bio fertilizer(Al-Muaferbio), organic+ bio fertilizers, and control treatment(without neither organic nor bio.). Results indicated that 100% rate of mineral fertilizers +organic-bio gave the highest tuber yield and and WUE. Mineral fertilizer (100%) increased tuber yield by 38,47, and 49% compared to the control (0 mineral) for furrow, sprinkler and drip irrigation systems respectively. Besides, this treatment (100% rate of mineral fertilizer) resulted in WUE of 7.17, 10.81, and 24.39 Kg m-3 for furrow, sprinkler and drip irrigation systems, respectively.Organic fertilizer , bio fertilizer and bio +organic fertilizers increased tuber yield productivity by (32.9,56.0,&78.8% ),(29.3,50.3,&73.8% ) and (27.6,46.5,&64.7%) for furrow, sprinkler and drip irrigation systems , respectively. Furthermore, Bio + 50% mineral fertilizer or organic fertilizer application gave potato tuber yield similar to 100% rate of mineral fertilizer. Therefore, it can be concluded that bio or organic fertilizers can partly substitute mineral fertilizers.

14

Authors: Ali J. Kadhim

The soil hydraulic characteristics , the soil water content and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity are essential to many agriculture and environmental applications. There are many important methods to estimate the soil water content and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (K), and used this technique to predict the equation parameters (θr ,θs , α ,m ,n). Three models( van Genuchten – Mualem m= 1-1/n , van Genuchten – Burdine m=1-2/n and Brooks & Corey n→∞) were fitted with soil moisture retention data using RETC Code .The RETC code was developed at US salinity laboratory and it used world –wide in many papers at now. Method this program allows to compare three models from the input of moisture retention curve data. In this study , calculated three relationship water content vs pressure head , relative unsaturated hydraulic conductivity with water content and pressure head respectively .And , used various closed – form analytical models for predicting the hydraulic conductivity. Van – Genuchten derived equation Mualem (1976) with a new model for predicting from the soil water retention curve . Equation Mualem's derivation leads to a simple integral formula for predicting the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. The three model gave an excellent description of soil moisture data with van Genuchten , Mualem model (m=1-1/n) being superior over the other models having the highest coefficient of determination R2 =0.9843 and lowest sum of squares of residual SSQ = 0.0031 .

17

Authors: J.N. Abdul-Rahman A.H. Al-sheikhly

A field experiment was performed to study the effect of irrigation interval, irrigation level and emitter discharge on infiltration rate in clayey soil, which was planted with okra by using drip irrigation system. The study was designed as a factorial experiment within split-plot design using RCBD in three replicates, A(irrigation interval) was put in main plots and combination between B(irrigation level) and C ( emitter discharge) was put in sub-main plots. The results showed a decrease in infiltration rate and accumulative infiltration at the end of growing season in all treatments in comparison with infiltration rate and accumulative infiltration before planting. Decreasing ratios were 58.7% - 63.7 and 60% - 64% for 3 days and 5 days irrigation interval treatments, respectively. The values of cumulative infiltration were15.5 – 17.3 cm and 14.9 – 16.7 cm for 3 days and 5 days irrigation interval treatments , respectively . the results showed a decrease in the infiltration rate (i) of 5 days irrigation interval in comparison with 3 days irrigation interval . Bulk density of soil profile (0 – 50 cm deep) increased at the end of growing season for all treatments in comparison with their values before planting. Increasing ratios of bulk density for treatments irrigated every three days (3 days irrigation interval) were 10.2% - 12.4% . On the other hand, the increasing ratios of bulk density of soils of the treatments irrigated in 5 days interval, were 11.7% – 14.6%. Saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) (as soil profile depth average) decreased in treatments of 3 and 5 days irrigation intervals in comparison with hydraulic conductivity of soil profile befor planting. The decreasing ratios of Ks were 64.7% - 68.9% and 66.6% - 69.9 for both irrigation intervals, respectively. Mean weight diameter decreased at (0 – 30 cm deep) of soils treatments in comparison with MWD values befor planting. The decreasing ratios ranged from 4.4% - 19.6% and 8% - 36.1% in irrigation intervals of 3 days and 5 days, respectively . The values of sorptivity (S) were 0.194 – 0.243 cm min -½ and 0.177 – 0.233 cm min -½ for 3 days and 5 days irrigation interval treatments . The results showed a decrease in (A) values in comparison with Ks .