Nanotechnologies in Construction: A Scientific Internet-Journal

650-666

Authors: Belozerov V.V.

One of the global problems in the world is the protection of humanity from fires, 70% of which occur in high-rise residential buildings and individual houses. The article presents the application of the methodology of «intellectualization» of household electrical appliances for split systems to control dangerous factors of fire and explosion (DFFE) from household gas leaks in apartment buildings and individual houses. The principal difference of the proposed modification is that, firstly, a multisplit-system with two or three internal blocks is used, one of which is to be installed in the kitchen and is connected to the gas meter with an electromagnetic valve to block the supply of household gas. Secondly, the «kitchen block» disconnects the power supply in the apartment/individual house, in the apartment/individual house, when detecting DFFE with help of powerful triac or magnetic starter, which is mounted in the electrical panel of the apartment/individual house. And thirdly, a battery and converter are integrated in each indoor unit to ensure their operation when power is turned off, and to charge the unit when power is supplied. Fourthly, in addition to smoke, heat and gas sensors, a thermomagnetic air separator is built into each indoor unit, which is turned on when detects dangerous fire and explosion factors from the pumped air, separates and removes oxygen to the outside,returning only inert gas to the room and thereby preventing explosion or fire spread. The controller, including the thermomagnetic air separator, generates an audible alarm for residents and an SMS call to the corresponding emergency service. The results prove the effectiveness of nanotechnology of gas separation and detection of DFFE in multi-split-systems, not only for ventilation and air conditioning of apartments in high-rise buildings and individual houses, but also for their fire protection.

686-695

Authors: Abdrakhmanova L.A., Khozin V.G., Nizamov R.K.

In this work, we studied the effect on the properties of epoxy polymers of domestic nanoproduction – carbon nanotubes produced by NanoTechCenter LLC (RF, Tambov). It has been determined that the modification of functionalized CNTs is the most effective in the composition of epoxy resins, for example, in terms of increasing the adhesive properties of binders, and they can be recommended in the formulations of epoxy adhesives. Modification of CNTs leads to a change in the microstructure of the polymer, depending on the curing conditions.

719-729

Authors: Ivanov LA., Razumeev K.E., Bokova E.S., Muminova S.R.

A brief review of patents is given. The research performed by scientists, engineers and specialists in the area of nanotechnologies and nanomaterials resulted in increased efficiency of construction, housing sector and adjacent fields of economy.For example, the invention «A method to produce fireproof wood-polymer composites on the basis of secondary polyolefine» can be used in construction, car industry, shipbuilding, machine manufacturing, furniture trade and other industries. The method includes following stages: drying of composite components, mixing and heat forming of them by means of extrusion in extrusion Co- Kneader plant under treatment temperature120оС–150оС and conveyor screw rotation speed 350–450 RPM with further granulation. The obtained fire-resistant wood-polymer composite possesses high performance characteristics. The specialists can also be interested in the following inventions in the area of nanotechnologies: a method to produce strengthened nanocomposite with additional properties, anodic material for lithium-ion battery and a method to produce it, a method to rise breaking strength of composite material by preliminary impregnation of carbon fibers with carbon nanotubes, a method to produce carbon metal-containing nanostructures, a method to produce volume microscale structures from nanoparticles and a device to perform it, antistatic floor coating with carbon nanotubes and other.

536-544

Authors: Katarzyna S., Rucińska T.

This study presents the experimental results on the effects of curing temperature and nanosilica, on the compressive strength and absorbing properties of cement mortars. Two groups of mortars were prepared, with the first containing reference samples. The second group was modified with a nanosilica admixture by 3% of the weight of cement. The mortar specimens were cured in 20оC, 10оC and 5оC constant temperature environments. Compressive strength after 12 h, 1, 2, 7 and 28 days, water absorption and capillary porosity were evaluated on a 40×40×40 mm prism. The results confirmed that a low curing temperature delays strength development in the early days of hydration and slows down the strength growth rate of mortars, with an increase in age. The incorporation of nanosilica has a positive effect in improving the mechanical properties of cement mortars cured at low temperatures. Additionally, nanosilica contributes to decreasing the porosity of the cement matrix, so that transport properties, such as open porosity and sorptivity, improve under all curing conditions.

565-576

Authors: Vakhitova R.I., Saracheva D.A., Mazankina D.V., Kiyamov I.K., Sabitov L.S.

The use of nanotechnology in the construction industry improves its efficiency. The application of nano-modified materials makes it possible to reduce capital costs. Currently the introduction of nanomaterials is of great importance for the construction industry. Carbonaceous structures can be used as nano-modifiers. Carbon nanotubular material TUBALL produced by OCSiAl.ru LLC has been chosen. To perform research samples of single-layer and multi-walled carbon nanotubes were used as a part of cement heavy concrete. The optimal dosage of carbon nanotubes in the composition of cement concrete has been experimentally determined. The studies revealed that addition of TUBALL carbon nanotubes to the cement composition contributed to the formation of a mesh structure that resists the formation of shrinkable nanoscale cracks in the cement mortar, promotes the appearance of calcium hydrosilicates, increases the concentration of calcium ions at the start of the hydration period.

394-404

Authors: Mazitova A.K., Sukhareva I.A., Aminova A.F., Yagafarova G.G., Savicheva Y.N.

Despite the variety of existing methods of wastewater treatment, this problem can not be considered solved for the woodworking industry. Taking into account that the waste water of plywood-board plants includes phenols, formaldehyde and many other toxic substances, the development of a method for their treatment is an extremely important and actual task. In this regard, we studied the effectiveness of wastewater treatment of the Ufa plywood-board factory (UPBF) by ozonation in the presence of the available and most studied heterogeneous catalysts: Fe2O3, applied in the form of nanofilms of 0.5–1.0 mm particles γ-Al2O3; Al2O3, applied in the form of nanofilms 2.5–3.0 mm particles of TiO2; MnO2, applied in the form of nanofilms 2.5–3.0 mm particles of TiO2. Optimal cleaning conditions were determined by the kinetic curves of phenol decomposition. The results of the conducted experiments on catalytic ozonation of wastewater showed a high purification effect. COD decreased 1.7 (Al2O3, MnO2) and 3 times (Fe2O3) compared to non-catalyst ozonation. The obtained results allow us to confidently assert that in order to improve the efficiency of treatment of UPBF’s wastewater needs ozonation to be carried out in the presence of a heterogeneous nanocatalyst Fe2O3, which is used in a small amount, so there is no need to purify water from iron (III) ions as in homogeneous catalysis. The concentration of iron ion (III) did not exceed the maximum permissible concentration in drinking water (0.3 mg/dm3). The effect of treatment of COD is up to 96%. The paper presents physical and chemical parameters of the quality of the original wastewater and after ozonation in the presence of the catalyst Fe2O3. The studied method of purification makes it possible to reduce the content of phenol to the standard quality index (0.01 mg/dm3). Preliminary ozonation of wastewater increases the efficiency of further biological treatment.

437-446

Authors: Mazitova A.K., Vikhareva I.N., Aminova G.K., Timofeev A.A., Buylova E.A., Distanov R.Sh.

Polyvinylchloride (PVC) is the most frequently used polymer for obtaining a wide range of materials for various purposes. The main advantages of the polymer – excellent thermal and electrical insulation properties, high resistance to various aggressive substances, namely: acids, alkalis, various lubricants; lack of taste, smell; low water absorption (0.4–0.6%). The possibility to obtain PVC-plasticates with different characteristics is provided by the introduction of various additives, the bulk of which are plasticizers. Plasticizers based on adipic acid esters give a number of valuable properties to PVC-based compositions. However, the use of plasticizers affects the resistance of compounds to the combustion, therefore, the substances which eliminate this disadvantage are added in the polymer composition. This paper presents the results of a study of the effect of the composition of mixed plasticizers (symmetric and asymmetric adipates of aliphatic alcohols and phosphate of oxypropylated phenol) on the flammability of PVC composition.

462-477

Authors: Baikov I.R., Smorodova O.V., Trofimov A.Yu., Kuznetcova E.V.

Research and synthesis of materials with fundamentally new properties play the key role in the development of modern science and technology. The most perspective materials are considered to be aerogels: nanostructured materials with many useful properties. The mesoporous structure of airgels determines their widespread use, both in industry and in science. Over the past few decades, nanostructured silica-based material has become an integral part of many industry segments: thermal and noise insulation, electronics, chemistry, medicine, environmental protection, industrial and fire safety, energy, aerospace industry, consumer goods and military technology. The article discusses an experimental study of the heat-shielding properties of a heat-insulating material based on silicon oxide airgel – Insuflex. This is a flexible rolled material used for thermal insulation of elements of technological installations, pipelines, valves and control valves. Using the method of ordinal statistics, the exponential dependence of the coefficient of thermal conductivity of the airgel on the average temperature of the sample is determined. The results obtained indicate the possibility of energy-efficient use of the material in heat supply and heat consumption systems.

276-287

Authors: Massalimov I.A., Chuykin A.E., Massalimov B.I., Akhmetshin B. S., Urakaev F.H., Burkitbaev M.M., Mustafin A.G.

The problem of creating reliable protective coatings that increase the mechanical characteristics of concrete building structures (piles, bridges, ceiling arches, tunnels, chutes, culverts, wells, paving slabs and curbs, etc.) operated under the influence of atmospheric factors and groundwater is of great importance. Currently, the most effective way to prevent degradation of materials is the application of various kinds of protective compounds. That protects against various factors of aggressive natural and manmade impact and thus allows increasing the durability of buildings and structures by reducing the amount of water penetrating into the pores. To provide long-term protection of building materials, it is proposed to treat porous surfaces of building materials with a new sulfur-containing compound. The innovative developed impregnating composition is based on sulfur and it provides protection of building materials of different nature from weathering and corrosive media for a long time. Modification of the proposed composition can significantly improve performance and increase the service life of building materials.

308-324

Authors: Agzamov F.A., Tokunova E.F., Sabirzianov R.R.

The cement slurries used in well casing should ensure the tightness of the lining and protect the casing from aggressive formation fluids. At the same time, cement and water based solutions are used for cementing, with a water-cement ratio of 0.45–0.9, which predetermines their high porosity and low corrosion resistance. The technologies for increasing the durability of concrete used in con-struction practice when fixing wells are not acceptable. One of the most aggressive components of reservoir fluids is hydrogen sulfide, depending on thermodynamic conditions, can be both dissolved and gaseous. The analysis of various types of corrosion of cement stone shows the ki-netics is determined by the diffusion of aggressive ions into the stone. To reduce the porosity of the cement stone, calcium polysulfide has been proposed, which can precipitate in the pores of the stone during hardening of the cement slurries, clogging the pores, reducing their size, slowing down the diffusion rate of aggressive ions into the cement stone. In addition, calcium polysulfide adsorbing in the pores on cement hardening products will ensure the inhibition of pore space.

335-350

Authors: Baikov I.R. , Smorodova O.V. , Kitaev S. V., Kuznetsova E.V. , Gizatullina D.T.

The oil and gas industry plays a crucial role in the Russian economy. One of the ways to increase its energy efficiency is to reduce unproductive losses. Losses of oil and petroleum products occur at all stages of the oil and gas complex from hydrocarbon extraction to processing and transfer to secondary product consumers. Unavoidable losses in the system are caused by losses of oil and oil products from evaporation during excessive heating by solar radiation during storage in tank farms. In the cold season, intensive external cooling with outside air leads to increased product viscosity and increased cost of electricity for its transfer. To avoid such situations, strict maintenance of the temperature regime of the reservoir by minimizing external heat gains and its own heat losses is re-quired. The article describes the simulation of heat transfer through the heat-insulated wall of the oil reservoir of one of the linear main station of oil pumping. The construction of the temperature graph through the outer fence is performed by the method of nanoscale cells of cellular automaton. The simulation was carried out for three dimensions of the field of cells. It is shown that for the task, the optimal structure is a field of 560 simulation cells.

175-185

Authors: Ivanov L.A., Demenev A.V., Muminova S.R.

A brief review of patents is given. The research performed by scientists, engineers and specialists in the area of nanotechnologies and nanomaterials result in increased efficiency of construction, housing sector and adjacent fields of economy. For example, invention «Elastic conductive film on the basis of silver nanoparticles», according to experts, is of great interest for science and industry. This new type of electronics potentially can be applied in many fields, such as elastic sensor skin for robot devices, portable electronics for functional clothes, elastic sensors and flexible electronic displays. Elasticity of materials is highly needed in electronic devices that contact the human body or curved surfaces. Elastic conductive film contains many annealed nanoparticles of conductive metal, in particular silver, applied on substrate. Adhesion of silver film is of great quality: when abrasion test was finished, there were no defects or there were slight defects.

207-216

Authors: Ivanov L.A.

Today technological communities often consider lack of funding and ideas for establishment of startups as the biggest hitch for launching and development of innovative startups for the moment. But that seems to be unsound as the statistics says that there are plenty of financial institutions, venture funds, business angel investors as well as incoming offers from startups showing that there is a host of ideas. One of the most significant tasks in the international technology community is the development of technology entrepreneurs who are able to approach the establishment of their technological startups insightfully. As a rule, such entrepreneurs launching startups are focused on the process of design and development of a unique device, software and other products which they find outstanding, and only after that such issues as: who needs this product and how this product is going to be built into the manufacturing chain are considered by them. A technology entrepreneur with strong technology skills should direct his efforts to the market and end user.