International Journal of Language Academy

1-10

Authors: Ayşe İSPİR KURUN

In this article, the developments in teaching of the Arabic language in Turkey after the Arab Spring are examined. Began in Tunisia in 2010, the Arab Spring swiftly spread to other Arabic countries such as Egypt, Syria, and Yemen, and shocked the world. Due not only to the physical proximity of Turkey to the Arab countries but also to the miscellaneous relationships between Turkey and the Arab countries, the Arab Spring made an ineluctable impact on the teaching of the Arabic language in Turkey. This article, which is a qualitative study, reaches to some findings by examining the documents published by various official and non-official institutions. The developments at hand are compiled under three headings: (1) the changes in higher education, (2) the changes in Imam Hatip schools and other schools, be they primary, secondary or high schools, which provide formal education, and (3) other changes. The changes in the higher education are divided into two categories as the changes in the teaching of the Arabic language in universities and the academic changes in the teaching of the Arabic language. As for the changes in the Imam Hatip schools and other schools, the data provided by the Ministry of National Education and other data are examined to understand the transformation of the teaching of the Arabic language. For the other changes in question, the data provided by ÖSYM (Measuring, Selection, and Placement Center) and KPDSYDS (Language Proficiency Test) are analyzed and some deductions regarding the popular demand towards the education of Arabic language are reached. Various general conclusions are given at the end of the study by the overall analyzation of the data.

32-42

Authors: Ayla OĞUZ

When it is considered in terms of humanistic psychology the term self-actualization is mostly used as a humanistic perspective to personality. To grasp and evaluate the psychology of the individual, humanistic psychology is one of the methods that can be practised in the analysis of various characters in literature. As a prominant psychologist Abraham Maslow gives a great importance to self-actualization in one’s education. He deals about a hierarchy of needs including the most fundamental ones beginning from food to social security and acceptance. For him, all is needed in order to constitute a psychological unity in one’s individuation and education process. Maslow emphasizes the importance of the self-actualization in the lives of individuals in his theory. He indicates that these individuals are able to solve the complexities more easily. In this sense, he defines self-actualizers to be highly creative and psychologically powerful individuals. In Maslow’s pyramid basic and higher needs are presented in a hierarchy of five steps. Whereas food, shelter, security and social connections are basic needs, such values like beauty, goodness, and love are in the group of higher needs. In the deficiency of these needs, individuals are subject to ‘metapathology’ for Maslow. In this context, Maslow’s theory is motivational, and both basic needs and higher needs motivate the behaviours of individuals. One can reach the step of self- actualization if he or she is satisfied with the before steps. This process can go on if the individual doesn’t have a failure in the before steps. In this context, Hanif Kureishi’s novel called Gabriel’s Gift, reflects the traces of self-actualization in the analysis of Gabriel, the teenage hero of the novel. Gabriel’s father, Rex is an old rock musician and an exhausted person in his daily life. On the other hand, his mother, Christine works at nights and sleeps during the day. She doesn’t have a respectful occupation. As a couple they don’t have a good relationship. Because of the fact that Rex is always drunken and unoccupied they divorce at last. For Rex, the most important thing in his life is Gabriel. Gabriel has also basic needs and higher needs as a teeneager in Maslowian perspective. Gabriel’s life changes from bad to good when his father introduces him to his old friend Lester Jones, a very famous rock musician. Gabriel talks to Lester about his talent for copying real objects in their meeting and he is praised by Lester. Thus, the dialoque between them urges and motivates Gabriel to find his way of success and to set up his family’s unity again in a hierarchy of needs in terms of Maslowian theory of self-actualization. In this context, that is the important turn as a peak experience to be motivated by a very successful person for Gabriel and it transformes him to a self- actualizer throughout his journey of self-actualization. His artistic ability, belief and hope for future lead him to a favourite future in which he finds himself more confidant and successful. In this sense, it can be said that Kureishi lets Gabriel not only correct his parents’ turbulent relations with each other and also reorganize all the family’s life as a gifted person by experiencing self-actualization in Maslowian perspective. In this context, the purpose of the study is to display the reflections of the self -actualization phase in Kureishi’s Gabriel’s Gift according to Maslow’s theory called hierarchy of needs. Additionally, it can be said that the study is interdisciplinary and has been practised in order to illuminate the importance of psychological approach in the analysis of characters in English literature. Consequently, experiences practised by the characters throughout Gabriel’s self-actualization period in the novel in Maslowian perspective can be examples for other individuals to urge themselves and to make and create something better in their problem solutions in terms of clinging to their own lives in a positive way both as teenagers, young adults, adults and parents, as well. In this sense, the study contributes to the literature in the point that it puts forward the importance of hierarchy of needs in the development of behaviour in one’s self-actualization. Thus, it presents a new and useful perspective to English novel in the analysis of characters.

53-77

Authors: Fatma ÖZTÜRK DAĞABAKAN & Davut DAĞABAKAN

Die vorliegende Arbeit ist über die Emotionalität in der Erzählung „Die Verwandlung“ von Franz Kafka. In dieser Arbeit sollen die verbalen Emotionsausdrücke in „die Verwandlung“ festgestellt und untersucht werden. Es wird auch eine Kategorisierung dieser verbalen Ausdrücke beabsichtigt. Das Hauptanliegen dieser Arbeit ist zuerst festzustellen, ob es in dieser Erzählung verbale Emotionsausdrücke vorhanden sind, wenn ja, dann wie und in welcher Art diese Ausrücke darin zu sehen sind. Also wie sind die Emotionen versprachlicht worden? Dann ist es festzustellen, welche Emotionen in dieser Erzählung besonders vorkommen. Und zuletzt werden die festgestellten Ausdrücke der Emotion kategorisiert und klassifiziert. Diese Arbeit besteht aus zwei Teilen. Am Anfang dieser Arbeit wird eine allgemeine Definition der Emotion als theoretischer Teil der Arbeit beabsichtigt. In diesem theoretischen Teil wird eine Untersuchung der Emotionen als verbale Äußerungen gemacht. Zugleich ist auch der gegenwärtige Forschungsstand zu erwähnen. Dabei sind auch die Phänomene der Kodierung emotionaler Zustände zu erklären. Am Ende der Arbeit soll, wie erhofft, ein klares Bild der Emotionalität in der Erzählung „die Verwandlung“ erhalten werden. Diese Arbeit wird in der deskriptiv-analytischen Methode verlaufen.

92-102

Authors: Safa ÇELEBİ & Fazilet TAŞDEMİR

In this research, it is aimed to evaluate the text animations of teacher candidates in terms of body language and prosody. In the research in which descriptive method was used, scanning model “aiming to describe an existing state as it has existed” was used. The research group was determined by using criterion sampling method, one of purposeful sampling methods. In order for teacher candidates to be involved in the study, they have to take the "Theater and Drama Practices" and "Oral Expression" courses. In line with this basic criterion, the study group of the research constitutes 30 students who study at departments of Elementary School Teaching and Turkish Language Teaching in the 2016-2017 academic year. The data of the study were obtained in two stages. In the first stage, the participants who acted a Nasrettin Hodja joke, which has different emotions, were recorded by the researchers using tape and video recorders. The text was acted by three specialists in the field of theater and they were recorded with tape and video recorders in order to evaluate participants in terms of body language and prosody. Audio recordings were obtained using a 16-bit quantization level MXL USB.006 capacitive microphone at 44100 Hz sampling rate by means of the Audacity audio recording program. A professional video camera that shoots at HD level was used for Video recordings. "Body Language Analytical Evaluation Scale" was used to assess the participants' ability to reflect body language. On the other hand, audio recordings of specialists and participants were analyzed and compared using Praat 6001 audio analysis program in the assessment of prosody. In the study, participants’ body language and prosody states were determined as percentage and frequency. Internal consistency coefficient among the experts was determined by intraclass correlation coefficient. The relation between body language and prosody was determined by the Pearson Moments Multiplication Correlation Coefficient on the basis of sentence.

111-126

Authors: Mehmet CANBULAT, Özhan GÜVEN & Mustafa Çağrı ÇAĞLAR

In this study, the usages of youth language have been studied according to the levels of education and the genders of the secondary school, high school and university students. Youth can be defined as a critical process in which the young undergo versatile changes. Language is also influenced by this period when many changes are experienced in many aspects. The young produce an enjoyable, popular, sincere and informal language spoken among themselves to draw attention and show that they are different due to the period in which they live. Apart from standard language, youth language which we can sociolinguistically regard as a language variation are special language usages which the young produce among themselves. This study carried out to identify the students’ youth language examples of usage is a descriptive study in which cross-sectional approach is used. The study group of the research consists of twenty secondary school students, twenty high school students who study at the central districts in Antalya Province in the academic year of 2016-2017 and twenty students who study at Akdeniz University. The study group contains totally sixty volunteer students, thirty of whom are males and thirty of whom are females. The participants in the study group have been equally selected according to the levels of education and genders. When choosing the study group, maximum variation sampling technique that is one of the purposive sampling methods has been used. The survey data have been collected by using the method of interview. Content analysis technique has been utilized during the analysis of data. When the research findings are studied, it has been observed that the usage of youth language have differed according to the levels of education depending on age. As a result of the survey, most of the students have acknowledged that they use youth language, this language variation does not pose a threat to Turkish Language and it is a popular language used frequently on social media. Additionally, as a result of the research it has been observed that the young apply to abbreviations in spoken and written language, neologize and use stereotyped expressions which only their social groups can understand.

143-168

Authors: Bekir GÖKÇE & Nesrin SİS

In this research, the argumentative text writing skill levels and the differentiation of the argumentative text writing achievements in accordance with certain variables have been questioned. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the argumentative writing skill levels of eighth-grade students and to investigate the differentiation in accordance with certain variables. The universe of the research, which was designed according to the screening model, was formed by the 8th-grade students of 13 different secondary schools in the central district of the Rize province in 2013-2014 Education Year 322 students from this universe were defined as the sample using the stratified sampling method. In the study, students were asked to write antext by selecting one of the topics in the Argumentative Text Writing Form. The texts that the students wrote were scored using “Analytically Graded Scorecard for Argumentative Text Writing” and “Coherence Graded Scorecard for Argumentative Text Writing”. Whether there was a significant difference between the argumentative text writing achievement scores obtained using this way and the demographic characteristics of the participants was questioned. In the analysis of the data, descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, and one-way variance analysis were utilized by making use of SPSS 23.0 program pack. According to the findings of the research, it was understood that the students' achievement levels in writing argumentative texts were at “medium” level and the coherence levels of the texts were identified as “inconsistent”. It was found that there was a significant relationship between students' achievement scores in the argumentative text writing and the coherence scores in these argumentative texts. This demonstrates the function of coherence in writing text. It was determined that the students were successful in constructing the “argument” and “result” sections in writing argumentative texts and unsuccessful in constructing the “data” sections. In the study, the participants had significant differences in the achievement levels of writing argumentative texts according to genders, their mothers 'and fathers' educational statuses, their families' monthly incomes, and having libraries in their homes. These findings indicate that the mentioned variables have decisive characteristics for their achievements in argumentative text writing.

182-198

Authors: Demet SANCI UZUN & Safa ÇELEBİ

Vocabulary has a significant contribution to improve students’ language skills and enhance their academic achievement. Technology changes and diversifies the materials used in the field of "vocabulary development" as it is in every field of education. Instructional environments also need to keep pace with this change. The aim of the study is to determine the Turkish teachers 'use of Turkish Language Association dictionaries, printed dictionaries and the ones on internet in education and training environments during students' vocabulary development process. In order to describe an existing situation, a screening model was used. Interviews were made with 20 Turkish teachers working in Samsun and the obtained data were analysed by the content analysis method. As a result of the research, it has been determined that printed dictionaries are not used in the vocabulary development process due to the difficulty of moving, and inadequate content. Also it was found that Turkish Language Association vocabulary providing services on internet is not well recognized and not used in educational environment

218-245

Authors: İlyas KAYAOKAY

Divan literature is one of the important sources to consider in the Ottoman historical researches. In this respect; It is not possible to say that there is a difference between the terms "tezkire", "gazavat-nâme", "victory-nâme", "sûr-nâme", "şehrengiz", "culûsiyye", "fetih-nâme" “siyaset-nâme” is a historical document which should be taken into account in research studies of Ottoman history, even though it is a literary genre. Again, in the divans of the poets; it is possible to carry important historical information in terms of Ottoman history in "terkib and terci bend", "mesnevi", "kıt’a" and "gazel" "kaside" written for the sultans, grand viziers and important statesmen. In this work, the story of the removal of the Janissary Corps, known as Vak'a-yı Hayriyye (1826) in Ottoman history, will be transmitted with the viewpoint of divan poets. The poets' thoughts, determinations and evaluations about this important event will be expressed with the movement of the identified poems. As will be seen in the case of Vak'a-yi Hayriyye, divan poets are, in fact, secret historians. In some of them, there is little or no information in history books. With this work, it was aimed to attract the attention of the historians to the divan literature, which is rarely used in the Ottoman historical researches.

264-271

Authors: Esra ATMACA & Hasan ATMACA

This study aims to describe the place of the grammar-translation method and the direct method in the teaching of French foreign language. Since they are the oldest methods and no longer used in the teaching of FFL, it is possible to see the traces of these methods in language classes today. The path followed to achieve the objectives of foreign language teaching should be combined with the needs of learners changing according to the new developments of modern society and the production of new knowledge. This necessity put this question in the foreground: How should a good method be? To find the right answer to this question, methodologists have been researching for a long time from antiquity to the present day. To teach basic language skills better, it is impossible to avoid the uses of these methods. Vocabulary is one of the most important components of the four basic language skills in foreign language teaching. As a sub-skill, vocabulary always has an important place in language teaching. First, we aimed to show the objectives and peculiarities of the methods chosen. Then, we analyzed the course books that prepared according to these methods and we gave the example of the one unit in the selected course books. Finally, we have seen that each method has its own techniques and vocabulary teaching develops differently in two methods.

288-303

Authors: Bushra Saadoon Mohammed Alnoori & Sura Abass Obaid

This study is about using blended learning approach in teaching Secondary school students reading skills. The term blended learning means the students learn both from traditional activities in the classroom and from technology based program and instructions creating a blended learning environment for students can become very challenging for a teacher ,using this approach of teaching is very important because it provides instructions that match students skills, it expands learning times it prepares them for real life ,and teachers focus on Human interaction and the most important thing is that this method of teaching considered the way our children learn because they learn many things from using YouTube and they are involved in blended learning in all aspects of their lives, they search the web for information on music they create their own videos and interact with another on liner. We must teach the way they learn. Blended learning is increasingly used to describe the way e-learning is being combined with traditional classroom methods and independent study to create new teaching methodology .Blended learning is an education program that combines online digital media with traditional classroom methods. It requires the physical presence of both teacher and student with some elements of student control over time, place, path and Pac. There are various models available but the researchers have prepared a new method l that incorporates the advantages of technology along with other audio and visual aids as well as traditional face-to-face teaching. The model gives equal weight age to both the methods and maintains a balance, thus overcoming some limitations of online and offline teaching. This study aims at preparing a method for blended learning that gives equal weights to traditional face-to face and technology based method and to implement a new method, then to study the effectiveness on teaching reading skills in secondary school classes.

316-330

Authors: İrem ATASOY

With the rapid advance of science and technology, texts are no longer seen as monomodal structures, which only include verbal messages, but as multimodal structures, which combine different semiotic resources such as language (written and/or spoken), image (still and/or moving), music, sound and typography (still and/or moving). Therefore multimodal texts offer different resources and potentials for meaning making. Advertisements are one of the most analyzed multimodal text types in the fields of linguistics and semiotics. In linguistics and semiotics advertisements are defined as multimodal texts, which are transmitted by mass media and which use verbal, visual and auditory resources to convince a specific target group to buy a specific product or service. The aim of this paper is to analyze German, Italian and Turkish print advertisements moving towards a multimodal oriented method, which is based on text semiotics and text linguistics. This article also presents the similarities and differences between these multimodal texts in three different languages. The corpus is comprised of cosmetic advertisings of cream and serum products that are produced by Vichy brand. The analyzed advertisements were published in German, Italian and Turkish issues of the women’s magazines Cosmopolitan, Silhouette Donna and Elele. The analysis is based on multimodal oriented text semiotic and text linguistic models.

348-375

Authors: Kürşat EFE

It is called the verbal statute, which defines the boundaries of individual and community behavior from individual relations to social order. There were various laws and rules that spoke orally between people during the periods when the writing did not spread. These rules were the most important rules that kept society together. Some of the rules of the ceremony consisted of behaviors experienced in the public. These types of customs are passed on to prospective generations, especially by proverbs. Decisions taken jointly in large toys, ceremonies, and congresses have also included the ceremony over time. Custom; from the tradition to the custom, from customs to customs and from the rules of individual conduct to the social rules. The custom is the law of creation. The custom, which is the main source of social integration, sets out the rules of this integration. This is socially adopted and based on a long history makes the ceremony powerful and effective. The family comes from saying nature (green), water, planting, martyrdom, holiness of the descendants. There is no deceiving in the Turkish tradition, there is no lying, there is no opposition to the big. These situations have been preserved by transferring the generations from the generation through the daily proverbial proverbs. There are also proverbs that indicate the formation of social events and natural events, moral lessons, giving advice, guiding, beliefs and traditions. In Anatolian nomadic (Yörük) and Türkmen tribes, the expression of “customs, Turkmen customs” in the concept of tradition indicates that the written laws as well as the oral laws continue to exist. The proverbs that resect the ceremony will be revealed with this work.

387-394

Authors: Dilek ÇETİNDAŞ

Şahabettin Süleyman, one of the important names of Fecr-i Âtî, is a remarkable name with his theorist as well as his art. Şahabettin Süleyman, who left many works in his short life, and his theatrical story attract attention because they are still discussed in Turkish literature. The theatrical story can be described roughly as a narrative that progresses through dialogues. This species, whose limits and characteristics can not be determined completely, became fashionable with the period of Fecr-i Âtî and then left its place to radio plays. Reşat Nuri, Yakup Kadri, Osman Cemal and Ercüment Ekrem all make up one of the areas that have not been sufficiently concentrated in Turkish literature and it is understood that the accuracy of the new research will increase. Şahabettin Süleyman named and started this kind of works he gives in the book titled Fırtına. In addition to the work Fırtına, the author also has theatrical story remaining in the magazines. In this article, the historical development of the theatrical story will first be processed. The different definitions on the genre, the boundaries that the literary scientists have determined about the genre will be studied, and the nominations they prefer in the works of authors giving examples of theatrical story will be searched. In the following, Süleyman's theatrical story in the Ottoman Turks, which have not yet been transmitted, will be examined and the author will use the technique and the extent to which he uses the psychological and sociological data. The authors' male and female roles, the sexist perspective directed at women, and the autobiographical influences reflected in the stories will be discussed.

407-419

Authors: Gülnaz ÇETİNKAYA

A tale, one of the verbal translations of cultural memory, is a kind of story-based creativity, lived and narrated, and teachers are set out from the case studies. It is a reminder and value conveyor of social memory with this feature. Cultural continuity is realized through the transfer of value, in the kind of tale that carries traces of the tradition, intuition, life philosophy of the society that it creates. In addition to this social function, the tale is also a guide to the ability of the individual to understand the environment in which he lives, to achieve good, to the right. A lot of emotions and thoughts, person, event, object and space in the connection, especially out of the way is explained by way out. In this context, on the one hand, there are specimen persons and situations which are idealized and desired to be based on good and bad contrast, and on the other side are avoided, unwanted events and persons. One of the emotions associated with evil, especially in the content created on the basis of opposition, is "fear". Fear in tales object, person, and space, and is often used to illustrate and challenge the difficulties and dangers encountered in everyday life, to alienate and alienate others, to exemplify the evils that may arise in life, and to warn others. The value system of cultural content constitutes the content of horror, thus trying to create a behavior of escaping and warning, usually in connection with bad and fear. In this context, the multifaceted socio-psychological meanings of the cultural structure of fear come to light. There is not only psychological dimension of horror in Turkish tales, but also philosophical and sociological meaning sub-structure. The form of expressing fear requires a multidimensional analysis of meaning in this context. In this declaration, the elements of the horror in the Turkish tale will be identified, the symbolic codes and discourses will be analyzed and their function will be discussed.

426-435

Authors: Ayşe DAĞ PESTİL & Fatih KANA

This study is conducted to find out the language transfers monitored in the process of teaching Turkish as a foreign language. In the study, language transfers of Belarusian university students who speak Belarusian and Russian as the two official languages while they were studying Turkish as a primary foreign language, were studied throughout analyzing the texts systematically written by the students during the learning process. The main focus of the research is mother tongue interference and language transfer. As it is known, the mother tonque interference can occur positively or negatively in language learning process based on the similarities and differences between the target and native languages. Learners native language comes into power and influences the production in the target language when the learners language skills are not developed yet enough. This is the reason why the negative transfer or mother tongue interference occurs in learners target language learning process. This study as an example of comperative linguistic studies involves language interference analysis between the Turkish that resembles the agglutinating languages and supposed to be a member of Altai group and Russian that resembles the fusional languages which supposed to be a member of Eastern-Slavic group.

449-457

Authors: Abdulkadir KIRBAŞ

Rapidly developing science and technology affect individuals in all aspect of their lives. Obtaning information easier than before has established a ground for building an information society. Today, continuously improving and changing technology provide new opportunities for individuals in educational fields as well. One of these opportunities is “distance education” programme in higher education. The purpose of this study is to determine the attitudes of students taking Turkish Language lesson through distance education program. This study was conducted with scanning method, one of the descriptive models. With this method, information required to be learnt is directed to the sample group and their responds and views are received, or their attitudes can be determined. The sample of study consists of 300 students who take Turkish Language lesson through distance education programme in Gümüşhane University from various departments, faculties and vocational schools of higher education in 2016-2017 educational period. In accordance with the purpose of the study, relevant literature was scanned in order to determine the students’ attitudes and by receiving opinions of lecturers and academics in Turkish Language department, 20 items 5-point likert scale “Attitudes of Higher Education Students to Turkish Language” was developed and the points were classified as ‘I strongly agree, I agree, Neutral, I disagree, I strongly disagree’. As a result of the analysis, acceptability and validity level of the scale was determined as 0,84 in Cronbach’s Alpha and 0,651 in KMO (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin). At the end of the study, it was determined that most students who take Turkish Language lesson through Distance Education programme in survey have negative attitudes to Turkish Languge lesson as ‘I disagree, I strongly disagree’

478-489

Authors: Sunay AKKAYA

Persuasion has always existed in humankind. Because people try to persuade special circles ranging from their own mother, father, wife and friends to larger circles such as voters or consumers. In the world, it is necessary to persuade people in order to sell a product, vote for a leader, quit smoking or end a blood revenge. Thus, since persuasion is a term that should be studied by many disciplines, it is also included in folklore. In this framework, numerous strategies presented by West-oriented communication theories try not only to deteriorate the cultural codes in peoples’ lives but also to redesign the consumption tendency through media. That’s why, it is thought that west-oriented communication theories are not effective in practice and in behavioural reflection since they are not compatible with Turkish cultural codes. The purpose of this study is to detect, based on Dede Korkut Tales, persuasion strategies of women who undertake the work of persuasion or negotiation in behavioural way in peoples’ lives and to contribute to the communication studies performed in Turkey and to present persuasion strategies which are practicable and compatible with Turkish cultural codes. In this study, it was obtained a conclusion that persuasion strategies of women protagonists in Dede Korkut tales could be used in communication sciences.