Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research

1-9

Authors: Aysegul Golcu, Mustafa Çeşme, Harun Muslu, Ozge Eren

Cefaclor (CEF), a second generation cephalosporin antibiotic drug, reacts with transition metal ions to give the new generation drug candidate molecules [Cd(CEF)(H2O)(Cl)](1), [Fe(CEF)(H2O)2(Cl)2](2), [Pd(CEF)(H2O)(AcO)](3), [Pt(CEF)(H2O)(Cl)](4), [Ru(CEF)(H2O)2(Cl)2](5), [Zn(CEF)(H2O)(Cl)](6). These compounds have been then characterized by spectroscopic techniques involving UV-Vis, IR, 1H-HMR, C, H, N elemental analysis, electrochemical and thermal behavior of compounds investigated. The electrochemical properties of all compounds have been investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) using glassy carbon electrode. The dependence of intensities of currents and potentials on pH, concentration, scan rate, nature of the buffer has been investigated. The oxidation/reduction mechanism has been proposed and discussed. The cyclic voltammograms of the compounds have been recorded in buffer solution different pH (pH= 2-12, phosphate) and the corresponding redox potentials have been estimated. The compounds have been screened for antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Kluvyeromyces fragilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus megaterium, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus cloacae and Micrococcus leteus. The compound (1) has been found to be more potent against some bacterial species than the free CEF.

25-40

Authors: Abdel-Fattah A. Youssef, Ahmed M. Abdel-Galil, Enas A. Emam

Because of significant reduction inadequate construction sites, a great awareness is devoted to improving geotechnical characteristics of them. One of the classic and most important improving techniques is granular piles. Granular piles have been extensively used to decrease settlement and to increase the load of soft clay deposits. Due to the scarcity of natural aggregates resources and environmental concerns, efforts have been made to explore the feasibility of using recycled aggregates as granular pile as an alternative to natural aggregate. In this research, laboratory model tests were performed on soft clay to study the efficiency of using floating granular piles compared to end-bearing piles using the unit cell concept. Also, the feasibility of using natural aggregate in addition to different recycled aggregates as a pile material was evaluated. The results were compared to clay without reinforcement. It can conclude that using floating granular piles of L/H = 0.75(where L is the length of pile and H is the depth of soft clay bed) is enough efficient compared to end bearing piles from the economic point of view. Also, using recycled aggregates as a material in granular piles in soft clay soils is efficient as well as natural aggregates.

51-57

Authors: Sunday P. Ukwo, Enobong O. Umoh

This study determines the effect of crude spice extracts on the quality and consumer acceptability of non-alcoholic beverage produced from sweet potato. Sweet potato tubers were processed into non-alcoholic beverages with different formulations. Sample GGS was treated with 1% ginger extract, sample GRS was treated with 1% garlic extract, sample APS was treated with 1% alligator pepper extract, sample AGS was treated with 0.5% each of ginger and garlic extracts, and sample GAS was treated with 0.5% each of garlic and alligator pepper extracts while sample CCS which serves as control was not treated with any spice extract. Chemical and macromineral composition, Microbiological quality and consumer acceptability were evaluated. Results of chemical analysis indicated pH ranging from 4.40-5.80 and titratate acidity ranged from 0.82-1.42% citric acid. Significant difference (P>0.05) existed in the total solid while no significant difference (P<0.05) existed in the specific gravity of the beverage. The beverage samples were relatively low in vitamin C while vitamin A was high with values ranging from 12.04-12.42 µg/100g with sample GRS having the highest value. Result of macro mineral analysis indicated that addition of crude spice extracts significantly increase calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium and iron contents of the beverage. Microbiological analysis of the beverage showed absent of conform bacteria while the total viable courts were within acceptable limit as specified by regulatory agencies. Sensory evaluation indicated significant difference (P<0.05) between the samples formulated with spices and the control. Beverage samples formulated with ginger (GGS) and alligator pepper (APS) were preferred.

63-68

Authors: Omolara A Adenuga, Joseph O Coker, Sofiat A Adeekoya

Geostatistical Analysis of the Geolectrical parameters obtained at mechanic village Bodija Ibadan was evaluated using Electrical Resistivity sounding method. Seven electrical soundings were conducted using the Schlumberger configuration. The parameters analyzed are resistivity and thickness of topsoil, resistivity and thickness of aquifer, resistivity of bedrock, overburden thickness, longitudinal unit conductance, hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity. The range of values recorded by the longitudinal unit conductance was (0.01-0.29 Siemen), hydraulic conductivity 1.16x10-5-4.45x10-5 m/s) and transmissivity (7.8x10-5-197x10-5m2/s) could be attributed to the clay content in the aquifers which affect the porosity of the layer. The resistivity of weathered layer has a low range of values 22.3-171 Ωm with an average value of 101.7ohm-m and a low standard deviation value of 12.8. The low range in value of the layer signifies the extent of yield of boreholes. Weathered and fractured horizons which underlie VES stations constitute the aquifer zones was identified. The overburden layer of the study area is relatively thick and has low resistivity, therefore should be considered for groundwater exploration.

74-81

Authors: Sofiat A. Adekoya, Joseph O. Coker, Omolara A. Adenuga

Electrical Resistivity method is widely used to investigate groundwater potential zones. This method was carried out at Ijebu-Igbo to determine depth to basement of locations in the study area and to delineate possible zones that can serve as aquifer. Ten (10) Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) was conducted using Schlumberger electrode configuration in the investigated area. The field data were interpreted using both manual and computer iterations. The Geoelectrical Parameters analyzed includes resistivity and thickness of Topsoil, Weathered and fractured /fresh basement resistivity and thicknesses and depth to basement. Geostatistical analysis done is Longitudinal Conductance, Hydraulic Conductivity and Transmissivity. Based on the electrical resistivity survey conducted in the study area, the interpreted result revealed 3-4 geoelectric layers overlying the resistive basement, the topsoil, the weathered basement, partially weathered basement and fresh basement. The aquifer thickness has a mean value of 13.56m while the overburden thickness ranges from 8.8 to 43.9m. The evaluation of aquifer protective capacity has helped to classifythe area into moderate, weak and poor protective capacities with 50% of the study area zoned as weak to moderate aquifer protective capacity zone and the remaining half of the location falls into poor groundwater potential zone.

93-102

Authors: Raid S Jawad, Khaleel I Abass, Ali A Al-Wailie, Dina S M Al-Zubaidi

The excessive use has peaked and consumed most of the oil reserves, and impending climate change is driving the adoption of photovoltaic (PV) decisively as a sustainable, renewable and environmentally friendly alternative. Research is under way to find a breakthrough to increase the efficiency of conversion of commercial PV units significantly. The installation of photovoltaic power systems to achieve the highest conversion efficiency is primarily dictated by the geographical location (latitude and solar exposure available) and the design of the structures (inclination, direction, and elevation) to maximize exposure to solar energy. However, addressing these parameters appropriately does not mean that there are no other factors that affect the performance and efficiency of the system. Dust significantly affects the performance of plants in Pf which is a major factor in areas that are constantly exposed to dust. This paper provides an assessment of the use of photovoltaic panels in five different locations around Baghdad City on the performance of the cell. Complex systems in agricultural areas such as Al-Zafrania, and Al-Rashidia can be considered less affected by dust, while compounded sectors such as Al-Aameria, Al-Sader city, and Al-Sinaa are more affected by this pollutant.

108-115

Authors: Raquel P. F. Guiné, Soraia E. B. Leitão, Fernando J. A. Gonçalves, Paula M. R. Correia

As a response to the increasing demand of the consumers for new, tasty and health improving foods, the objectives of this work were to develop a new type of cheese incorporating red fruits with potential health benefits and to analyse the product in terms of colour, due to the importance for consumer acceptability. The types of cheese produced included fresh raspberry, fresh blueberry, frozen blueberry and a mixture of fresh raspberry and blueberry. Also a control cheese was produced, without addition of fruits. The colour measurements were done with a colorimeter in the CIE Lab colour space. The results showed that the introduction of the fruits originated important colour changes, namely a reduction in lightness and an increase in redness while at the same time decreasing yellowness. The results further showed that those changes were mainly perceptible in the sides of the cheese and not in the top and bottom faces. The values of total colour difference were mostly situated in the range corresponding to recognizable differences, with exception of two samples for which the differences were clear, when compared with the control sample.

126-133

Authors: Varol Tuğrul, Ertuğrul Mertol, Emir Tuna*, Özel Halil Barış

This study has been carried out in recent years to determine the benefits of unmanned aerial vehicles used in many subjects in fighting with forest fires. With the remote controlled air vehicles called drone in the research, it has been pointed out that the forest fires can be extinguished in a shorter time and with less cost, especially by monitoring during the fires. It will contribute to the implementation of the interventions that need to be accomplished without growing fire. The use of small unmanned drones would be more effective, economical and safe because of the limited number of helicopters and planes fighting against fires, high cost and, in some cases, security risks. Such practices have been used in many countries in the fight against forest fires for the past 10 years. The data obtained is important in the fight against forest fires and will give a new dimension to the fight with fires. In addition, a variety of equipment shortcomings have been identified as a result of the experience obtained at the end of the research, and these shortcomings will be completed and perfected in new studies on this subject.

140-146

Authors: G. Sandal Erzurumlu, Barış Kahveci

In urban environments green areas play an important part in forming good quality environments with their ecological, economical, physical, social and aesthetic functions. To create a livable environment with open and green spaces, has been an indispensable part of our lives. In this research, afforestation studies performed in open-green spaces of Nigde city were evaluated from viewpoint of choice of species, landscape design and techniques, and some recommendations were introduced. In the current applications, use of limited number of species for afforestation, and as a result of this, formation of uniform planting design, some inappropriate technical approaches for planting and maintenance were determined as the principle problems. To solve the problem, plant material used in landscape plans in Nigde province were determined. In additional, planting design analyses were done with regard to determined plant material in the area. Application problems and their solutions were discussed.

156-159

Authors: Evbuomwan B.O, Opute C.C

Cadmium is known to be toxic for living organism even at low concentration. The objective of this study is to investigate the adsorption behavior of Cadmium(ii) from aqueous solution onto Garlic skin. The batch adsorption experiments at 300C were conducted to investigate the effects of some operating parameters such as concentration, particle size, adsorbent dosage, pH and agitation time on the removal of cadmium ion from aqueous solution using garlic skin. The investigation showed that amount of Cadmium (ii) ions adsorbed increases with the decrease in particle size of the adsorbent. The percentage of cadmium (ii) ions increase with decrease in initial concentration and increase with increase in agitation time, pH and dose of adsorbent.

169-177

Authors: Memduh Kurtulmuş, Mustafa Kemal Bilici, Zarif Çatalgöl, İrfan Çalış

The TIG welding with active flux (A-TIG welding) consists in depositing a thin layer of flux on the work piece surface just before the welding. The layer deposition can be done by brushing or spraying over the surface, and welding is performed after it dries out. It is found that with this process it is possible to increase the weld penetration and productivity up to three times higher or more compared to the TIG process in metals. In this review paper, A-TIG welding of austenitic stainless steels is examined. The welding flux, the shielding gas and the welding parameters affect the weld penetration in A-TIG welds. The effects of the activated flux welding mechanisms, the flux chemical composition, thickness of the flux, flux powder size welding current, the arc voltage, the arc length, the welding speed and composition of the shielding gas on weld geometry of austenitic stainless steel A-TIG welds are explained in detail.

184-192

Authors: Humiras Hardi Purba, Herteguh Prayogo, Mukhlisin, Riyadi Wibowo, Mashuri, M. Yudith Pradipta, Siti Aisyah

Due to rapidly growing population, traffic congestion and lack of parking space, two wheelers are the most popular mode of transportation. The occurrence of traffic accidents is not uncommon, especially among two-wheeled-vehicle riders. There are four causes of traffic accidents: human being, vehicle, road, and environment. From the human factor, the main cause is the riders’ disregard for traffic rules and signs. The most common cause of deaths is head injuries due to not wearing a helmet or wearing a non-standardized helmet. As per Indonesian traffic rules, it is mandatory to wear the helmet for safety while riding two-wheeled-vehicle. There is a need for a helmet which meets the requirement of thermal comfort, adjustable interior, better visibility and pleasing aesthetics. QFD was generated and the product specifications were obtained to meet the requirement. Concept sketches were generated incorporating features like adjustable head form, air vents and exhaust fans for thermal comfort. Motor cycle helmet is conceptually designed, modeled and built incorporating features for improved thermal comfort, visibility and with adjustable interior form considering rider’s ergonomics. Steady state airflow simulation on the helmet interior was carried out with a head form of the rider (95 percentile male) to assess the air flow pattern and temperature distribution. A better configuration is to provide exhaust fan on the rear end of the helmet along with air vents to extract the heat from the helmet.

209-214

Authors: J. O. Petinrin, J. O. Agbolade, M.A. Tijani, M.A. Ayoade

Increasing demand on electrical energy coupled with lack of new distribution facilities create a potential threat that can eventually sprawl to jeopardize the distribution system reliability. Smart grid provides electricity consumers with opportunities to manage their electricity usage for the purpose of reducing their electricity bills and alleviating the power peak-average-ratio. The recent advancement in smart grid technology such as advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) has made it possible for both utility and consumers to interact automatically through bi-directional digital communication. Effectiveness of the load reduction with demand response and energy efficiency is validated through a time sequence analysis over a 24-hourly simulation period using Open Distributed System Simulation (Open DSS) Com Matlab. Test results show that the demand response and energy efficiency tools cause load reduction in in the building. This enhances the benefits of demand response and energy efficiency such as security of the network system, reduction in electricity bill for energy usage and voltage profile improvement.

230-242

Authors: Tahani S. Gendy, Amal S. Zakhary, T. M. El-Shiekh

The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) has been applied to investigate the thermal structure of stabilized confined jet diffusion flames in the presence of different geometries of bluff-body burners. Two stabilizer disc burners tapered at 30 and 60 and another frusted cone of 60/30 inclination angle were employed all having the same diameter of 80 (mm) acting as flame holders. The measured radial mean temperature profiles of the developed stabilized flames at different normalized axial distances (x/dj) were considered as the model example of the physical process. The RSM analyzes the effect of the two operating parameters namely (r), the radial distance from the center line of the flame, and (x/dj) on the measured temperature of the flames and to find the predicted maximum and the corresponding process variables. Also it has been employed to illustrate such effects in the three and two dimensions and shows the location of the predicted maximum temperature.

262-269

Authors: Racquel Ollivierre, Andell Edwards, Aphzal Mohammed

This experiment was undertaken to investigate the influence of the frequency of feeding on average daily gain, feed conversion efficiency, feed intake and the digestibility of crude protein and dry matter of weaned pigs. Eighteen, clinically healthy crossbred weaner pigs (average weight 24± 0.4 lbs.) were used. They were randomly allocated to three treatments during a period of 60 days. Treatment (1): once daily (700g/pig), Treatment (2): Twice daily (350g/pig) and Treatment (3): Thrice daily (233g/pig) feeding. Water was provided ad libitum. Weaners demonstrated no difference (p>0.05) in average daily gain (ADG) (0.94-1.02 kg) across all treatment groups. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was highest (p<0.05) among weaners that were fed only once per day (6.07 kg). However, there was no difference (p>0.05) in feed conversion efficiency among pigs fed twice (5.15 kg) and three times daily (5.13 kg). Weight gain was highest (p<0.05) among pigs allotted to twice a day feeding (66.2 kg). Similarly, final weight was highest (p<0.05) among pigs fed twice daily (108.3 kg). Dressing percentage was highest (p<0.05) for pigs fed three times daily (70 %) and lowest (p<0.05) for pigs fed two times per day. Dry matter digestibility (DMD) was highest (p<0.05) among pigs fed three times daily (68 %) and lowest among pigs given feed only once daily (63.5 %). Crude protein digestibility (CPD) was lowest (p<0.05) among pigs fed once per day (53 %) and highest (p<0.05) for the group allotted twice daily feeding (58 %). Fat was highest (p<0.05) in the ham of pigs fed twice daily (223.19 g/kg) and lowest in the ham of pigs fed only once per day (62.48 g/kg). Protein was highest (p<0.05) in the ham of pigs fed three times daily (110.9 g/kg). Ham moisture content was lowest (p<0.05) for pigs fed once daily (51.8 g/kg). Feed cost per pound gain was lowest (p<0.05) among pigs fed twice daily ($5.53) and highest (p<0.05) among pigs fed three times daily ($6.79). Final weights were highest (p<0.05) among females across all treatment groups when compared to males. It was concluded that pig producers can benefit from a restricted system of feeding.

275-298

Authors: Massimo Salvi

In this paper we deal with a non-linear Diophantine equation which arises from the determinant computation of an integer matrix. We show how to find a solution, when it exists. We define an equivalence relation and show how the set of all the solutions can be partitioned in a finite set of equivalence classes and find a set of solutions, one for each of these classes. We find a formula to express all the solutions and a formula to compute the cardinality of the set of fundamental solutions. An algorithm to compute the solutions is proposed and clarified with some examples.

309-316

Authors: Sidi Mohamed O. Moulaye Abdellahi, Mbaye SENE, Mohamed T. Kimour

Web applications constitute crucial elements of the global information infrastructure. While the rise of their number and complexity is ever increasing; the cost and time effective development of web applications is one of the most challenging areas of software engineering. In this paper, we present a product-line approach to web application engineering. Software Product Line (SPL) is an emerging paradigm whose aim is to reduce both costs and time-to-market in the development of system families by the exploitation of commonalities among family members. Since web applications often share similar functionalities, instead of dealing with single products, firstly designing system families is an effective way leading to valuable benefits on development time and quality factors.

327-333

Authors: Abubaker M. Saeed Hamed

In this paper we will discuss data transfer by using laser beam light .In general we have two methods of data transmission the first method that we will discuss and it called "Parallel method " the second one we will writing on it by the next paper it is called " series method " the general different between the two methods are the accuracy and the time to transmission the data. In this paper we will design and implementation of sending and receiving system by using parallel method.

342-355

Authors: Chao-Wen Wang, Che-Wei Shen, Yeh-Hsiu Chiang

Given that Taiwan did not undertake any form of comprehensive planning with regards to the utilization of slopelands in the early days, the country’s agricultural resources have been adversely affected by the by changes in the economic structure. Consequently, in 1976, the promulgation of the Slopeland Conservation and Utilization Act allowed the government to clarify the scope of slopelands. At the same time, the “Classification Standards of Slopeland Utilization Limitation” was developed to classify slopelands into land suitable for agricultural, animal husbandry or forestry purposes or as land subject to strengthened conservation. The classification was done based on a number of factors including average slope, soil depth, soil erosion degree and parent rock. Among the factors, the degree of soil erosion is considered the most difficult to determine. To avoid false determination, this study selected 13,403 cadastral units from 15 land sections in 9 townships as sample areas to analyze the classification of slopeland in terms of degree of soil erosion: Da-an Section, Sun-tzu-lin Section, Li-yu-wei Section (of Chushan Township in Nantou County), Bei-shan-keng Section (of Guoxing Township in Nantou County), Jun-keng Section (of Shuili Township in Nantou County), Xin-wei Section, Liu-guei Section (of Liuguei District in Kaohsiung City), Jia-shian Section, Gong-Guan Section (of Jiashian District in Kaohsiung City), Ji-mo-lo Section (of Namasia District in Kaohsiung City), Sheng-mao-shu Section, Ko-tzu-lin Section (of Meishan Township in Chiayi County), Fan-lu Section, Gong-tian Section (of Fanlu Township in Chiayi County), and Da-pu Section (of Dapu Township in Chiayi County). This study selected 15 soil erosion factors, including standard deviation of slope, standard deviation of aspect, terrain roughness, terrain curvature, landslide ratio of Fanapi typhoon, area ratio of badland, area ratio of dip slope, rockfall area ratio, debris slide area ratio, debris flow track area ratio, rainfall erosivity index, soil erodibility index, slope length factor, land coverage and management index, and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), to establish a classification model of slopeland soil erosion degree by discriminant analysis. According to receiver operating characteristic (ROC), the area under curve (AUC) of up to 0.785, suggesting that the classification model of slopeland soil erosion degree established in this study can be a useful reference for onsite investigators, enhancing the administrative efficiency of soil erosion degree determination.

366-376

Authors: K. A. Abed, M. Moawad, H. A. Refaey, SH. A. Salem

The presence of energy and water is essential for the development of remote communities. In addition to, the high cost of fossil fuels and grid extensions led to the use of renewable energy sources in remote areas. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate the techno-economic study of hybrid photovoltaic/wind/diesel/ battery/backup generator system to satisfy the electrical energy needs for a community consisting of 15 families in Tor Sinai city. Furthermore, supplies clean potable water using Ultra Violet and ozone generator technologies for well-water disinfection. In the present study, HOMER software is utilized to estimate the performance of the system. Furthermore, it is used to evaluate the optimal configuration according to net present cost and sensitivity analysis. The results revealed that the optimal configuration of the hybrid system consists of one wind turbine about 7.5 kW, 10 kW photovoltaic panels, 2.8 kW diesel generator and 20 batteries (360 Ah). The system is able to meet the load demand of 11 kW. The system net present cost is 113, 256 $ and the cost of energy is 0.179 $/kWh. Additionally, the system with lowest net present cost is considered as the optimum system and the most naturally friendly system in comparison with the other configurations.

383-393

Authors: Nizami Mustafa

In this paper, we consider a general subclass of analytic and bi-univalent functions in the open unit disk in the complex plane. Making use of the Chebyshev polynomials, we obtain upper bound estimate for the second Hankel determinant for this function class.