Revista de Estudos da Linguagem

7-8

Authors: César Reis

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43-73

Authors: César Reis

This paper analyses coarticulation process that occurs when onevoiceless alveolar fricative follows another alveolar voiceless fricativewith a word boundary between them and when one alveolar voicelessfricative follows a voiceless post-alveolar fricative with also a wordboundary between them. In order to do that, we utilized theelectropalatographic and spectrographic techniques. The resultsindicate that, in the context /s # s/, the sequence had the same acousticand electropalatographic characteristics as the voiceless alveolarfricative in initial syllable position, but the sequence /s # S/ presenteddifferent characteristics from both the voiceless alveolar fricativeand the voiceless post-alveolar fricatives.

97-111

Authors: Raquel M. Fontes Martins

This work argues about the variation in the behavior of the individualin a probabilistic approach in phonology, analyzing the applicabilityof some phonological phenomena between the individuals evaluatedhere. We argue in accordance to the theoretical referencial that weadopt – Usage Based Phonology (BYBEE, 2001), Exemplars Model(PIERREHUMBERT, 2001) and Probabilistic Linguistics (BOD; HAY;JANNEDY, 2003) – that the organization of the linguistic componentis based on multiple representations, linked in nets and regulated byprobabilistic criteria. Amongst others, we make an analysis of thewords in study and show that words related to a specific phenomenoncan have different levels of accomplishment.

127-146

Authors: Izabel Cristina Campolina Miranda; Daniela Mara Lima Oliveira Guimarães

Generative models explain the development of a child’s phonologicalsystem in terms of processes and rules, assuming that the mentalrepresentation of phonological knowledge is abstract. On the otherhand, Usage Based Phonology and Exemplar Models argue that mentalrepresentation is composed of multiple exemplars which include thephonetic detail and phonological variation. One contribution of ExemplarModel is to show that child uses fine acoustic detail to reach theadult target. The aim of this paper is to point out the contributions ofMulti-representational Models to phonological acquisitioncomprehension. We analyze the acquisition of variable patterns inBrazilian Portuguese. Results show evidence of phonetic and lexicalgradience. We argue that multi-representational models can capturethe gradual and dynamic nature of phonological acquisition.

167-186

Authors: Gisela Collinschonn

Recent generative phonology is witnessing a debate between severalproposals concerning the solution of the opacity problem. “Opacity”refers to generalizations that are not superficially detectable – whichare explained in derivational phonology by applying ordered applicationof rules. In Optimality Theory, the opacity issue attracts special interest,since this theory abandons rules altogether, such as intermediaterepresentations and derivational stages between input and output. Asfor the responses to the opacity issue, some propose a return in OTto derivational levels, similar to the components of Lexical Phonology(KIPARSKY, 2000; RUBACH, 2000; ITÔ; MESTER, 2003). Thesesolutions give up full parallelism, since evaluation of well-formedness isrealized in a staged form. Other solutions maintain parallelism and appealto other resources of the theory to account for the issue, like conjoinedconstraints (KIRCHNER, 1996; McCARTHY, 1999), specializationsof correspondence constraints (Sympathy Theory) or markednessconstraints (Comparative Markedness Theory). Some of these alternativesolutions are, in some way, derivational or almost derivational(MCARTHY, 2006, p.5), because they appeal to an intermediate formto influence the output. In this paper, we discuss two phenomenafrom European Portuguese in which interaction is opaque. The analysisis restricted to counter-feeding opacity and focalizes an accountaccording to Comparative Markedness (McCARTHY, 2002a). Additionally,we discuss some of the implications of this account, relative to theRichness of the Base postulate, and some predictions concerningthe possibility of interaction with other processes.

207-228

Authors: Thaïs Cristófaro Silva; Leonardo Almeida; Christine Guedri

A number of recent works has shown that linguistic representationsincorporate redundant information which plays an important role inlinguistic systems. Works on experimental phonetics and along thelines of Laboratory Phonology indicate the gradual nature of phoneticrepresentations (BROWMAN; GOLDSTEIN, 1992; ZSIGA, 1995;ALBANO, 2001; BYBEE, 2001, 2002; PIERREHUMBERT, 2001).This paper follows this line of research by investigating plural loss inBrazilian Portuguese. We will investigate lenition in BrazilianPortuguese plural forms that end in a sibilant, as in mês ‘month’whose plural form is meses ‘months’. This paper offers evidencefor the gradual implementation of phonetic changes by showing thatthe loss of a morphological category (plural) leaves traces in thecontinuum of speech in the form of compensatory lengthening.

7-16

Authors: Ana Paula Scher

Bertinetto (2001) points out that in spite of the great amount ofresearch and papers developed on the nature of aspectual and temporalrelations in natural languages, the lack of consensus on some verybasic notions related to this topic is still remarkable. The paper byWachowicz, presented at the annual Encontro do GT em Teoria daGramática da ANPOLL, in Ouro Preto, from 1st to 2nd of December,2005 and, later, published in volume 14, number 2 of this magazine,constitutes an interesting attempt to clarify some questions on avery underexplored topic, namely, the aspectual reading in sentenceswith verbal periphrases in which the first verb is an auxiliary. Thispaper discusses Wachowicz’s proposal, raising some questions andmaking some observations on it. It aims at contributing to the researchbeing developed, with the reflections by someone who is not directlyinvolved in it.

39-56

Authors: Angela Cristina Di Palma Back

This study focuses on the uses of the past imperfect tense of thesubjunctive according to data provided by VARSUL,1 on the basis ofBello’s prepositions (1979 [1841], 1984 [1847]) regarding Spanish.In this sense, an analysis semantic-pragmatic has been conducted inorder to interpret the evidence furnished by the Portugueseflorianopolitano which shows a metaphoric process at work.

71-88

Authors: Celso Novaes

Assumindo que todas as línguas naturais compartilham das mesmascategorias funcionais, mostrando assim um alto grau de uniformidade,este trabalho apresenta algumas evidências neuropsicológicas quedizem respeito à dissociação entre a expressão lingüística de tempoe a expressão lingüística de aspecto, em indivíduos com patologiada linguagem – afasia de Broca. Essas evidências nos permitemdefender a hipótese de que a camada flexional seria formada de pelomenos duas subcamadas, sendo uma dessas a camada que projetaindependentemente os traços de aspecto. Essa hipótese vem aoencontro da proposta de Pollock (1989) de que a camada flexionalseria constituída de dois nódulos e da proposta de Chomsky (1995)de que somente os traços semanticamente interpretáveis nas interfaceslingüísticas projetariam uma categoria funcional.

109-128

Authors: Ida Lucia Machado

Cet article aura pour base le thème “transgressions” discursives quenous approcherons, grosso modo, à partir de deux axes: (i) de primeabord, nous considérerons comme «élément transgressif»l’instrumental d’analyse que sera ici appliqué; (ii) ensuite, liée à lapremière, nous examinerons une autre forme de transgression – lagénérique. Pour ce faire nous montrerons un panorama de la théoriede l’analyse du discours depuis ces débuts jusqu’à la création de lathéorie Sémiolinguistique, en soulignant les spécificités de l’Analysedu Discours dans l’univers de la Linguistique; en guise d’illustrationnous ferons une analyse de deux petits poèmes que nous appelerons«transgressifs», puisqu’un mélange de genres semble s’y opérer.Bref, tout au long de cet article nous avons été guidés par deuxquestions: (i) dans le domaine de la Linguistique, l’Analyse du Discoursest-elle transgressive? (ii) dans le domaine de la transgression génériquedevons-nous considérer qu’un mélange de genres a vraiment eu lieuou plutôt sommes-nous devant une action (ludique et subversive)qui montre que les effets d’un genre donné peuvent être réappropriésou insérés dans un autre genre, différent du premier?

147-180

Authors: Rosane Silveira

O presente trabalho investiga os efeitos das variáveis tipo de tarefa eortografia na produção de consoantes em final de palavra da línguainglesa por brasileiros. Dez participantes, alunos de um curso deinglês, completaram três tarefas: (1) leitura de uma lista de sentenças;(2) leitura de um diálogo e (3) respostas a perguntas. As três tarefasforam gravadas e os itens contendo consoantes em final de palavraforam transcritos para verificar se os participantes utilizam uma vogalepentética para produzir as consoantes em final de palavra do inglês(exemplo: fog, pronunciado como [ f@ agi]). Também foram comparadaspalavras cuja última letra é uma consoante (mad) e palavras grafadascom um –e (não pronunciado) seguindo a consoante (made), com ointuito de verificar se a ortografia influencia a pronúncia dasconsoantes em final de palavra. Os resultados indicam que tanto otipo de tarefa quanto a ortografia afetam a pronúncia das consoantesinvestigadas.

197-224

Authors: Laura Stella Miccoli

Students’ experiences as learners of English in a brazilian universityclassroom have been documented, exposing the complexity ofclassroom foreign language learning (MICCOLI, 1997, 2001, 2003,2004). In the inner dimension, i.e, inside the classroom, learningopportunities given by the teacher originate direct classroom experiences.In the outer dimension, i.e, outside the classroom, the context inwhich the class occurs and whatever else might have happened beforealso influence learners in class, constituting the indirect classroomexperiences. This article presents analysis and categorizationprocedures, exemplifying them. Our intention is to stimulate furtherresearch on other learners’ experiences in different types ofclassrooms to strengthen Foreign Language Learning Research inApplied Linguistics.

11-47

Authors: Lucia Maria Pinheiro Lobato

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55-75

Authors: Teresa Cristina Wachowicz

The aspectual theories don’t use to analyze periphrases (ROTHSTEIN,2004; DELFITTO, BERTINETTO, 2000; LENCI, BERTINETTO, 2000).When mentioned, the first verb is called “aspectualizer verb” (to finish,to begin, etc.) (VERKUYL, 1999) or “aspectual auxiliar” (to be, to do,etc.) (ILARI, 2000; MENDES, 1999; CASTILHO, 2002). The aim of thispaper is to analyze the role of the periphrases vir (‘to come’) + gerund,ter (‘to have’) + participle and estar (from the latin stare) + gerund inBrazilian Portuguese. The hypothesis is that these auxiliaries verbs haveaspectual information that combine whith the sentence structure: onthe present, they bring by history the durative, homogeneous and atelicinterpretation, in which the events denoted by the main verb aredistributed. Our arguments are based on grammaticalization processand on some temporal semantic phenomena.

99-143

Authors: Juanito Avelar

I analyze two instances of linguistic variation in Brazilian Portuguese:the occurrence of ter ‘to have’ or haver ‘there is/are’ in existentialconstructions, and the use of de ‘of’ or em ‘in’ in prepositional phraseswith adjectival function. Exploring Kato’s (2005) proposal, I arguethat ter/haver variation is a reflection of the competition betweentwo grammars, with sociolinguistic motivations, while de/emvariation results from morphosyntatic procedures within an onlygrammar.

151-183

Authors: Maria Cristina Figueiredo Silva; Izabel Christine Seara

Nosso objetivo principal neste trabalho é discutir o padrão entoacional de sentenças SV quando usadas nos chamados contextos neutros – istoé, sentenças que não contêm foco em nenhum de seus constituintes. A hipótese a ser verificada aqui é se é possível identificar dois padrões entoacionais diferentes nas sentenças SV e, em caso afirmativo, se a diferença nos contornos de pitch está relacionada com classes verbais (inergativos e inacusativos) e/ou tipos de DPs (definidos e indefinidos).A questão é relevante porque sentenças SV devem ser capazes de veicular estruturas informacionais diferentes em línguas que não admitem inversão livre do sujeito e o português brasileiro não é mais uma línguade inversão livre do sujeito. Mais ambicioso, então, é perguntar se é possível relacionar estes dois diferentes padrões entoacionais em senteças SV com diferenças interpretativas.

211-243

Authors: Sergio Menuzzi; Carlos Mioto

This article discusses the analysis proposed by Costa (1998) for thesyntax of monosyllabic adverbs in European Portuguese (EP).Theoretically, the aim is to evaluate the analysis’ underlying assumptionsabout the syntax-prosody interface. Under Costa’s proposal, the order[Verb Complement Adverb] involves scrambling of the Complement tothe left of the Adverb in EP. His main argument is based on an interactionof the phonological properties of monosyllabic adverbs with Cinque(1993)’s theory of the phrasal stress. Crucially, this theory assumes avery strong relation between syntactic constituents and the prosodicrepresentation relevant for stress assignment. We will argue, however,that the distribution of monosyllabic adverbs, at least in BP, is bestexplained by autonomous rules of phonological phrase formation, as inNespor & Vogel (1986)’s framework. Under this view, the relationbetween syntactic and prosodic constituents is indirect, and leads us toconclude that the distribution of monosyllabic adverbs does not supportComplement scrambling in BP.

277-315

Authors: Fábio Bonfim Duarte; Mário Alexandre Garcia

This paper examines the Case and theta role assignment to DPs in theKa’apor language. Our hypothesis is that Ka’apor manifests a split Casesystem, which may be triggered either by the semantic nature of stativepredicates or by the DPs that receive the theta role “paciente/theme”.In addition to this, we propose that the enclitic particle [.ke] may bedescribed as the (absolutive) Case and thematic role assignment toobject and to subject of unaccusative verbs. We also postulate that thecausative prefix {mu- ~ m-}, which occurs in ergative predicates, is themorphological manifestation of the light verb. Finally, we propose toextend the obligatory Case parameter in order to explain the split Casesystem of the Ka’apor. Thus, we suggest that Spec-TP is activated forassigning the (nominative-absolutive) structural Case to the subjectsof active transitive, unergative and unaccusative verbs and Spec-vP isactivated for assigning the absolutive Case to the object and to the subjectof stative verbs.

341-370

Authors: Sabrina Casagrande

Based on Lopes and Cyrino (2005) and Creus e Menuzzi (2005), thepurpose of this work is to investigate how Brazilian Portuguese (BP)children are filling the anaphoric direct object position once occupiedby 3rd person accusative clitics. Since these clitics disappeared fromBP’s pronominal system, we aim to determine the linguistic evidencesavailable to children in order for them to choose between a lexicalpronoun or a null object in this position. Results from our analysis ofthe language acquisition data confirmed Lopes & Cyrino’s hypothesisthat the semantic features of animacy and specificity in the antecedentare responsible for the alternation between lexical pronoun and nullobject, as well as bring into question some of Creus & Menuzzi’spredictions, which ascribe to the semantic genre of the antecedent (andnot to animacy and specificity) the main role in the choice of positions.

405-427

Authors: Ronald Taveira da Cruz

This paper presents Erteschik-Shir (1997, 1999, 2004, 2005) andLambrecht (1986, 1987, 1989, 1994) works to understand howinformation structure affects syntactic structure. This paper seeks toverify how top/foc analysis is distributed in linguistics phenomenon(syntax and semantics) and to understand the nature of relationshipbetween syntax, semantics and context (pragmatics). This research isbased on Heim (1982), Kamp, Hanse e Reyle (1993), Erteschik-Shir(1997, 1999, 2004, 2005) e Lambrecht (1986, 1987, 1989 e 1994),in according to dynamic syntax.

457-489

Authors: Marcus Vinicius da Silva Lunguinho

In this paper I analyze the phenomenon by which an auxiliary verb selectsthe form of its complement, a morphossyntactic dependency. For myanalysis I will adopt the claim of Minimalist Program that derivation ofsyntactic structures is result of manipulations of features of lexicalitems. With this idea I will argue that morphossyntactic dependencyimposed by auxiliary verbs to their complements is a reflex ofinteraction of features of auxiliary verbs and features of theircomplements. To implement my analysis, I will propose that: (a) nonfiniteforms of verbs (infinitive, gerund and past participle), which occurin complement position of auxiliaries, are specified for features ofMood and Aspect and (b) auxiliary verbs select features of Aspect andMood from their complements.

503-538

Authors: Maria do Carmo de Oliveira

O estudo examina a distribuição dos modos indicativo e subjuntivo em estruturas de complementação, no português do Brasil, considerando,de modo particular, dados de fala da Paraíba. Nessa variedade dialetal do PB, encontramos uso quase categórico do subjuntivo com os verbos volitivos, e ampla utilização do modo indicativo com verbos de opinião,embora se verifique a flutuação com o modo subjuntivo, em alguns casos. Nesse sentido, os dados da Paraíba distinguem-se, por um lado, dos resultados obtidos em estudos prévios relativos a outras variedades dialetais (particularmente do RJ e de Brasília), e identificam-se, por outro, com a descrição encontrada na literatura para o português europeu.

9-30

Authors: Teresinha de Moraes Brenner

The Portuguese syllabic system contains a consonantal onset withtwo elements C2. The first one corresponds to an obstruent, plosiveor fricative, and the second to a tap or a lateral. This paper presentsan interesting configuration of the linguistic variational processrelated to the fishermen located in Florianópolis, S.C., Brazil. Themultilinear phonology exposes the phenomenon under theuniversal principles and the local parameters, recovering an unifiedand satisfactory description. A scientific explanation of thephonological system, theme of this article, asks for an evaluationof the research and a revision in the educational area, includingthe Applied Linguistics.

51-68

Authors: Aléxia Teles Duchowny; Maria Olívia de Quadros Saraiva

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the presence and theconsistency of criteria in the Glossary of the Cantigas de SantaMaria, edited by Walter Mettmann in 1972. The Cantigas, compiledin the end of the thirteenth century by Afonso X and hiscollaborators from Toledo, are one of the most extensive collectionsof poetry, iconography and music in Medieval Portuguese.Cambraia (2000) and Cunha (1966) were taken into account, dueto their regularity and meticulousness. Emphasis was given to theanalysis on the way the author deals with the extent of theGlossary, the constitution of its articles and the idiomaticexpressions. The absence of explicit norms to elaborate theGlossary is a serious deficiency of this edition, forcing its readerto deduce these norms. It is not our intention to find solutions toall the omissions found in the Glossary, but to point out a bodyof clear and coherent norms.

95-124

Authors: Cláudia Nascimento Guaraldo Justi; Francis Ricardo dos Reis Justi

Phonological awareness has been pointed out as one of themost important variables in the development of reading andwriting. The present study investigated the effects of phonologicalawareness training in the development of kindergarten’s writingskills. The training was applied to 20 kindergartens, which wereallocated to 2 experimental groups and 1 control group. In oneexperimental group training was developed through a computerprogram, and in another experimental group training wasdeveloped through the use of cards. Statistical analysis andmeasures of effect size (d) demonstrated the training efficacy inwriting development. This efficacy was independent of thetraining method (computer or cards). These results suggest theneed of developing phonological awareness skills inkindergartens.

149-174

Authors: Ana Carolina Vilela; Luisa Godoy; Thaïs Cristófaro Silva

This article evaluates and discusses cases of truncation in BrazilianPortuguese (BP). A general evaluation of truncated forms in BP ispresented within traditional grammatical approaches, and we alsoconsider some proposals presented in manuals of morphology.Finally, we consider some articles that focus on theoretical issuesrelated to truncation. In order to have a better understanding oftruncation in BP we organized an experiment to evaluate over ahundred truncated forms. Results from our experiment indicatethat truncated forms tend to follow general patterns, althoughsuch patterns are not categorical. We also distinguish truncatedforms from cases of reduction of lexical items. Our results offerinsights for future analyses on truncation and reduced forms inBP and may also contribute to the discussion of the interactionbetween phonology and morphology.

203-230

Authors: Maria Carlota Rosa

This paper discusses a continuously repeated statement aboutthe traditional grammatical descriptions which says that theyreduced the structures of all languages to the structure of Latin.The discussion is based on the analysis of three languagedescriptions written in the 17th century by Jesuitical missionaries.From these grammatical works a different sense for the expression“identical to Latin” emerges: a set of structural aspects to whichthe grammarian could not fail to give attention.

261-281

Authors: Ulla Fix; Hans Peter Wieser

This work will investigate the more and more frequently observedphenomenon of boundary transgressions that one can find inthe world of non-literary and literary texts in forms that utilizetypological intertextuality. There will be a discussion of the playwith patterns, the norms and conventions in the area of textualgenres, especially, by means of montage, the mixture and breachingof textual patterns that are employed in a contrastive sensecompared to the normal use, in order to attract the attention ofan audience that is exposed to an abundance of texts and inorder to seduce the receptor into reading the particular text underdiscussion. Forms and types will be shown, as well as abundanceand variety of those breaches of the “canon”. Finally, what happensto the signs in that ambivalence between canon and dissolutionof canon during the process of reception will be shown; that is, aspecific kind of semiose will be observed – namely, a semiose ofalienation that is bound to those non-conventional texts.

7-25

Authors: Cátia de Azevedo Fronza

This paper is on children’s writing in the first stages of Brazilianelementary education. These data are considered in a relationshipbetween writing acquisition and speech acquisition, because similaraspects are noted in both process. Preliminary discussions areintroduced on an interpretation of writing data with someassumptions on Optimality Theory. At first, it seems possible tounderstand writing as a similar process to speech, but much researchis necessary. Seeing writing as a process is as important as what ithas to do with speech acquisition. It’s necessary to understandboth processes as attempte to achieve the standard and theseattempte also depend on cognitive and contextual factors.

53-71

Authors: Evani Viotti

The goal of this paper is to investigate the contexts in BrazilianPortuguese in which DPs are marked with nominative default Case,and to analyse the possibility of attributing default Case to the DPsin post-verbal position of sentences built with inaccusative verbs.The claim is that, if the verb shows agreement features, such DPswill check the nominative Case in the syntax; if the verb isuninflected for person and number, such DPs will receive a defaultCase marking in the morphological component.

95-116

Authors: Teresinha de Moraes Brenner

Cet article présente une succincte discussion à propos de la vibrante,coda syllabique, dans le dialecte des pêcheurs de Florianópolis,S.C. Un /R/, liquide dorsal, s’est introduit, dans le XIXémesiècle dansla région de colonisation des Açores et il a eu une évolution parallèleà celle de la liquide coronale apicale introduite précédemment parle portugais continental et celui des Iles. Aujourd’hui, la codavibrante se montre très fréquemment comme une fricative dorsale.Ce travail délimite deux processus locaux: l’enchaînement et lagémination. Il faut, alors, revoir la syllabe métrique, les échelles desonorité, les propriétés phonémiques qui impliquent la resyllabationde /R/. La phonologie multilinéaire en co-articulation avec lesprincipes fondamentaux de la phonétique accoustique permettentd’expliquer ces phénomènes dialectaux.

145-170

Authors: Ângela Maria V. Pinheiro; Anna Edith B. da Costa; Francis Ricardo R. Justi

This paper describes the results of a lexical decision task whichwas applied to groups of children in 1st – 4th grades. The mainobjective was to obtain preliminary measurements on which tobase the development of a final version of the same type of task,to be included in the computerized evaluation tool AVACLE (cognitive assessment of reading and writing abilities), already inthe final stage of development by Pinheiro and collaborators. 68children were presented individually with a mixed list of wordsand non-words and instructed to press the Yes-key for words andthe No-key for non-words. Decision reaction time (DRT) and errorpercentage were recorded. As expected, words were recognisedmore rapidly than non-words for all grades. In terms of error, thislexical effect was only significant for 3rd graders. The frequencyeffect was significant for both DRT and accuracy only for 2nd gradersand on DRT for 1st and 3rd graders. The results show how theorthographic lexicon develops, and are discussed according to theinformation processing approach. The test proved to be efficientand, with minimal modifications, will be used as part of the finalversion of the AVACLE evaluation tool.

193-219

Authors: Hildo Honório do Couto

The main objective of this article is to show that in order toappropriately understand the current concept of deaf communityit is necessary to make a distinction between language community(communauté de langue) and speech community (communauté deparole) in consideration. Since the language community of thedeaf is scattered among the territory of the community of the hearing,what really matters for the deaf in general is the speech community,i. e., the societies, clubs and similar organizations where theindividual can meet with his peers and talk about whatever comesto mind. The most fundamental feature of the deaf speechcommunity is its own sign language. It is in this speech communitythat the deaf find themselves at ease. It is there that they caneffectively manifest their identity.