World Journal of Experimental Biosciences

7-14

Authors: Shahad E. Hamed, Ayyad W. Al Shahwany

This study was carried out to determine bacteriostatic property of green synthesized silver nanoparticles using Thymus vulgaris L., Zingiber officinale Roscoe and Cinnamomum zeylanicum phenolic plant extracts as reducing agent against multiple drug resistant (MDR) of six isolates of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from blood and wound. Several experiments were conducted to study the antibacterial effect of phenolic extracted from plants and combination of phenolic with silver nanoparticles by determining the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). Also, the study included identification of active compounds present in the phenolic extracts by fast liquid chromatography (FLC). The study focused on the characterization and application of silver nanoparticles [Ag-NPs] which indicated a size range of 101.77 nm. The Complete Randomized Design [CRD]was used as experimental design. Data were analyzed by using statistical analysis system- SAS to study the effect of different phenolic plant extracts and the nanoparticles on some bacterial isolates. All plant extracts were showed high activity against all S. aureus isolates. Besides, the silver nanoparticles have potent antibacterial activities against all S. aureus isolates. The FLC results showed that T. vulgaris phenolic extract was the most effective against S. aureus isolates than the other tested extracts because of total concentration of the identified phenols was the highest in T. vulgaris extract (968.95 μg/ml). The data indicated that the lowest effective concentration for T. vulgaris and nanoparticles were 6.25 and 3.125%. Analyses of the interaction data between T. vulgaris extract with silver nanoparticles showed the lowest effective concentration were 12.5, 3.125%, respectively. But in case of C. zeylanicum and Z. officinale were 100, 6.25% and 50, 6.25%, respectively. Finally, using plant extracts with silver nanoparticles as new types of bacteriostatic agent led to decrease concentration for both of them, which reduce their side effects on other living organisms.

20 -24

Authors: Ghadah Mohammed Saleh, Shaymaa Suhail Najim, Azher Said Hindal

Exposure to tobacco smoke has significantly impacted on the gingival and oral flora, therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the bacterial flora in the oral cavity of smokers and compare it with that of normal non-smokers. The study included 20 male smokers (mean age: 30 ± 7.2) and 20 male non-smokers (mean age: 31 ± 8.6). Bacterial isolates were identified after isolation by biochemical tests. The number of neutrophils in saliva was also estimated for all study individuals. The results revealed 171 bacterial isolate from smokers and non-smokers. The predominant isolate was Streptococcus sp. in both groups but with higher percentage in non-smokers (42.6%) compared to smokers (31.6%). Anaerobic bacteria showed a higher percentage (36.2%) in smokers compared to non-smokers (22.8%) at P < 0.05. Gram negative bacilli showed higher significant percentage in smokers (32.7%) compared to non-smokers (12.9%) (P < 0.05). The mean number of neutrophils in smokers was significantly lower (30 cell/ml) than non-smokers (48 cell/ml). Well-known pathogenic isolates presented only in oral samples of smokers. In conclusion, smoking may have a negative effect on neutrophils presence in the oral cavity and this may encourage the growth of opportunistic pathogenic bacteria to cause oral infections such as periodontitis as well as other infections.

29-31

Authors: Haider S. Kadhem, Ahmed A. Abed Ali, Osama M. Hassan

Personal mobile phone is part of human accessories and used in every moment. The high bacterial contaminat the main source for many pathogenic disorders. In general the rate of bacterial contamination in mobile phones 100%. The bacterial percentages of isolation frequency and occurrence were Staphylococcus aureus (5 Staphylococcus epidermidis (84%), Bacillus spp. (30%), Escherichia coli (43%) and Proteus spp. (11%). The res findings indicate that Staphylococcus epidermidis is dominant bacteria associated with mobile phones, due to direct contact with the human skin.

37-39

Authors: Morouge Ayad Al-Shammary, Hind Suhail Abdulhay

In this study, the ability of Oscillatoria limnetica was evaluated in the adsorption of copper and zinc within the optimum growth conditions of these algae species. The algae exposed to different concentrations of copper and zinc, for testing ability of algae in removal of both elements. The results showed the significant ability of O. limnetica to remove the copper ion from the aqueous solution. The removal percentage was 85.71, 65.71, 69.1, 84.78, and 88.35 for the concentrations 0.3, 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 ppm, respectively. There was a complete removal of the copper on the day 11 of the experiment. The removal percentage of zinc was 97.23, 97.73, 98.28, 98.73 and 98.3 for the concentrations 3, 5, 7, 9 and 10 ppm, respectively. The results suggest that the possible of using O. limnetica in removal heavy metals from wastewater.

49-52

Authors: Haifa NM, Ali SM

The present study evaluates the insecticidal activity of (acetone, methanol and water) crude leaf extract of Adhatoda vasica against Brevicoryne brassicae. The alcoholic extracts (5 %) that extracted by acetone and methanol showed 100 and 81.6% mortality of adult B. brassicae, respectively and 100 and 90% mortality of nymphs B. brassicae, respectively. Phytochemical screening revealed that the presence of flavones, volatiles oils, tannins, saponines, glycosides, alkaloids, resins and terpenoids in methanol (80%) crude extract. It can be concluded that the acetone and methanol crude leaf extract of A. vasica nees can produce high mortality percentage in (nymphs and adults) of B. brassicae, so it can be used as insecticides.

58-61

Authors: Khalid Abdul kreem Mohammed, Saba Zuhair Hussein, Sawsan I. Noori

Grape seed extracts have several effects on hosts in terms of anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects. The many international studies focused on different species. The present study focused on the local species of grape (Vitis vinifera). The seeds were collected from local plants and alcoholic and aquatic extracts were obtained from grape (V. vinifera) seeds. The antibacterial effect of these extracts was evaluated against different bacterial species. The results showed that the alcoholic extract has antibacterial ability while, aquatic extract do not have this attribute. Alcoholic extract was examined by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and it was found that the extract has many main bonds at 3450 /cm which represent NH2 groups, 3008 /cm that represents frequency asymmetrical patterns of aromatic group C-H, 2925/cm represented frequency patterns of alphatic bond of CH group, 1745/cm which is the patterns match the frequency of the ester anhydrate group (C=O) and at 1649/cm and 1618 /cm represent the frequency of pattern of group C=C [12]. It can concluded that the compounds that mentioned above pay an important role in biological activity of alcoholic grape seed extracts in terms of antibacterial activity.

66-69

Authors: Hayder H. Abed, Zainab Y. Kadhim, Saif M. Abed, Zahra S. Mahdi

In present study biological and chemical pollution of Euphrates River in Samawah city in Iraq were studies. Samples were collecting from three places; al-Majed area, Samawah city and al-Khader city. This study included analysis of five heavy metals in the river (Pb, Fe, Cu, Cd and Zn); the study also included some bacterial pollution in the river in the three places. The study involving total Plate Count of the aerobic microbes in addition to isolation and identification of some bacterial isolates that present in the stream of river in the studied places. The results showed difference in concentration of metals in the river and increase in the concentrations, especially in al-Khader city due to pollution in Samawah city also the bacteriological study showed presence of different bacterial species; Escherichia coli (24.5%), Enterobacter aerogenes (10.11%), Salmonella spp (4.79%), Klebsiella pneumonia (20.3%), Proteus mirbalis (11.45 %), Proteus vulgaris (7.55%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (7.21), Staphylococcus aureus (8.91%), Staphylococcus epidermids (5.18 %), E. coli represented the main bacteria as compared with others bacteria. The study showed increase in the five studies heavy metals concentrations in AL-Khader city especifically in case of copper and lead.

75 -78

Authors: Aliaa Hussein Talib, Sanaa Talib Jawed

The human health affected by plants that grown in contaminated area. Therefore, this research was done to estimate the heavy metals pollution in a part of the Euphrates River water, soil and plants for land on both sides of the river were collected. The area (Alasforeh) was located between the high way bridges. People in (Alasforeh) used the river water for irrigation. Ten samples of river water, 10 samples of soil and 10 other samples of dry weight of plants such as Aplum graveolens, Hordeum vulgare, Medicago sativa and Raphanus sativus were used. The concentrations of some heavy metals like Pb, Cd, Ni and Zn were analyzed. The results showed that the concentration of Pb in irrigation water was 7.38 mg/L, which was higher than an acceptable level that mentioned in WHO reports. The Ni concentration of soil was high, it was 73, 60 and 53.2 mg/kg in A. graveolens, H. vulgare, and M. sativa, respectively. Concentration of heavy metals in the lower layers of the soil was more than surface layer. Concentrations of Cd were high in the M. sativa and A. graveolens plants, 0.608 and 0.325 mg/kg, respectively. Consequently the increasing of consumption for these contaminated plants by community could cause health problems in the future.

45-49

Authors: Hassan Majeed Rasheed al-Hilli, Khamael Lutfi Shakir al-Taie

Twenty one bacterial isolates were obtained from different sources, 9, 9 and 3 isolates of Bacillus were isolated from different kinds of food, soil and water, respectively. They were identified according to morphological of their colonies and biochemical tests. The results showed that all of them were belong to the genus Bacillus. Bacillus FH4 isolate (isolated from potato) was determined as the highest producer of alkaline phosphatase (1.433 U/ml). Bacillus FH4 isolate was identified by 16s rRNA, the phylogenetic tree was done by MEGA5 program. The isolate was closet to Bacillus lichenifrmis, the bacterial strain was submitted to NCBI and specified as Bacillus licheniformis FH4. IRQ with accession number KF531930.

57-60

Authors: Layla Fouad Ali and Mohammed Lefta Atala

The recombinant pET 16b was propagated and amplified in E. coli using heat shock method, then plated and incubated on luria agar containing ampicillin (100μg/ml) for 18 hours at 37ºC. One colony was picked and mini-culture was made. Transformed E. coli was cultured on luria broth containing ampicillin. After incubation 18 h at 37˚C the recombinant plasmid was extracted using QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit from transformed E. coli and transferred to Saccharomyces cerevisiae using lithium acetate/SS carrier DNA/PEG. The positive transformed clones were grown on selective media lacking of tryptophan. The plasmid was extracted using the same extraction kit with some modification and the concentration of obtained DNA was 70.8 ng/μl measured by Nanodrop. In this study, the recombinant pET 16b that amplified in E. coli was transformed in S. cerevisiae by lithium acetate method.

69-73

Authors: Alyaa Razooqi AL-Lami, Sanaa Burhan Abd -Aljalil1, Hula Younis Fadel

The study aims to isolate and identify Cronobacter spp isolated from different food in Iraq. The identification of Cronobacter was depending on biochemical profile, VITEK2 system and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. The antibiotic susceptibility for six recovered isolates was done also. 120 food samples were tested. Cronobacter spp was identified in 4 (3.33%) food samples by VITEK2 system. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions were detected in 11 (9.16%) isolates of Cronobacter spp. Six isolates of Cronobacter spp were tested for antibiotic susceptibility (8 antibiotics) using disc diffusion method. The results showed that 5 isolates (83.3%) were resistant to ampicillin and cephalothin, and 2 isolates (33.3%) were resistant to kanamycin, streptomycin and tetracycline. While, 5 isolates (83.3%) were sensitive to chloramphenicol, 4 isolates (66.7%) were sensitive to tetracycline, and 3 isolates (50%) were sensitive to gentamicin and nalidixic acid.

80-83

Authors: Aliaa A. alsudany, Fawzi S. Alzubaidi

The present study showed that leaves of Myrtus communis have many compounds which can serve as hunting net to heavy metals. The potential to remove Cr+3 from aqueous solutions through bio-sorption using leaves of Myrtus communis as agriculture waste was investigated in batch experiments at (200 mg/l). Wilson-Box as mathematical program was used in order to examine several factors influencing metal adsorption such as pH (4-8), contact time (5 – 240 min) and bio-mass (0.1-10 g). The Best rate of Bioremoval of Chromium (99.1%) of 400 mg/l of Chromium (Cr+3) was found at the following conditions: pH, 7.1; contact time, 190.4 min; bio-mass, 2.2g. While, the lowest rate of bioremoval of Cr+3 (45%) was observed at pH, 6; contact time, 122.5 min and bio-mass, 0.1g. At 200 mg/l of Cr+3, the best Bioremoval was similar to the results of 400mg/l but the lowest bioremoval rate was found at pH, 4.8; contact time, 54.6 min and bio-mass, 2.2g. From these results it can be concluded that the leaves of M. communis have good ability to remove Cr+3 from water because its active compounds, which serves as entrapment positions to heavy metals. Finally, it can be hypothesis that heavy metals just like all pollutants can be easy removed by using green chemistry that gives a simple, safe and inexpensive solution to solve the problem of pollution with heavy metals.

89-93

Authors: Alaa Raheem Kazim

Bacterial cellulose is a type of biopolymer produced by many Gram-negative bacteria such as Acetobacter, Azotobacter, Rhizobium, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Alcaligenes, and Gram positive bacteria such as Sarcina ventriculi. Bacterial cellulose characterized by high purity containing no hemicellulose or lignin, high water holding capacity and hydrophilicity, good mechanical strength, elasticity and high crystallinity. This article aimed to study the optimum conditions for the production and extraction of cellulose produced from different species of Pseudomonas isolated from different samples of food. The results showed that the best production was obtained in cellulose production medium (HS- medium) containing 2% dates molasses, 1% yeast extract, pH 5, inoculated with 10% of bacterial culture and incubated at 30 0C for one week in shaker incubator. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis for Pseudomonas f3 cellulose showed peaks at 3365.55 cm-1, 2968.24 cm-1, 2852.52 cm-1, 1118.64 cm-1 and 1436.87 cm-1. These peaks indicating the presence of stretching O-H, C-H, H-C-H, C-O-C, and C-C, which identifying functional groups present in Pseudomonas f3 cellulose.

100-102

Authors: Nemat J. Al- judy

Present study focused on the structure of Aflatoxin B1 Regulatory Gene in that isolated from environmental Aspergillus parasiticus isolate. After purification of the studied Aflatoxins are polyketide derived secondary metabolites produced by A. parasiticus spp. The toxic effects of aflatoxins are adverse consequences on human health and agricultural economics. The aflR2 gene is regulatory gene for aflatoxin biosynthesis encodes a protein containing a zinc-finger DNA-binding motif. AFLR-Protein three-dimensional model was generated using Robetta server. The modeled AFLR-Protein was further optimization and validation using Rampage. In the simulations, we monitored the backbone atoms and the C-α-helix of the modeled protein.

6-13

Authors: Jamal Harbi Hussien Alsaadi, Abbas Dawwas Mattar Al-Maliki

Prosopis juliflora is herbal plant uses in different countries to treat diabetes mellitus. In current study, oil extract was extracted from P. juliflora pods. Qualitative preliminary tests showed the extract contained terpenoids. The oil compound was isolated purified and identified by thin layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography-mass (GC-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (H1-NMR and C13-NMR) and infra red (IR) spectroscopy. It was found that oils extract contain 24-Methylencycloartan-3-one. Hypoglycemic effect for this compound was checked in alloxan induced fasted diabetic rabbits. The dose of 0.3 gm/kg of terpenoidic at different time intervals (2,4,6 and 24 h) reduced blood glucose significantly with values 321.42, 294.60, 251.40 and 172.30 mg /100 ml, respectively. The toxicity study has showed that the 24-Methyl cycloartan compound has no toxic effect on red blood cells; therefore we suggest that this compound can be successfully and safely use to treat diabetes mellitus instead of insulin

18- 21

Authors: Shiamaa G. Abid, Rana S. Aboud, Safa A. Abudl-Razak, Anmar Saadi Aboud

The relationship between chronic hepatitis B virus and Helicobacter pylori infection was evaluated to determine, seventy five patients with chronic hepatitis B infection (8-70 years) were investigated. The results were compared with the results of 50 healthy volunteers. Anti-H. pylori antibodies IgA and IgG were measured by Indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) in sera of patients and healthy groups. The percentage of anti-H.pylori IgA antibodies (26.67%) were significantly (P<0.01) higher than healthy control group. While, no significant difference was found between the percentages of anti-H. pylori IgG antibodies (48 %) in patient sera and these kind of antibodies in sera of healthy control group (P > 0.05). The present results indicated that the acute infection with H. pylori may be correlated with severity of chronic hepatitis B infection.

26-29

Authors: Suhad K. Abdullah, and May T. Flayyih

Out of 150 clinical samples, 43 isolates of P. aeruginosa were identified based on biochemical tests, API 20 NE and VITEK 2 system. The results showed that 38 (88.37%) isolates were uricase producers while only 5 (11.62%) isolates were uricase non producers, based on uricolytic activity on agar medium using two methods, qualitative method by using agar plate medium which contain many ingredients (uric acid, dextrose, yeast extract and NaCl), the results obtained by this method indicated by the presence of clear zone around streaking line on an agar plate assay. The another method is semi quantitative, in which agar plate medium contain 0.5%w/v uric acid as the only nutrition source and showed diameter of clear zone around well on an agar plate. The diameter of clear zone around wells ranged between 12-26 mm. In conclusion , both methods gave same results for screening uricase producers, but semi quantitative method gave more accurate results because its medium contain only uric acid as a source of carbon or nitrogen or both which make this method more specific and sensitive than the other one.

36-39

Authors: Ibrahim J. Abed, Raad Al-Moula, Ghusoon A. Abdulhasan

This research was carried out to evaluate the antibacterial effect of Silybum marianum flavonoids extracted from seeds on pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae) and detect the bioactive compounds found in the seed extract. Different methods were used to tech the aims of the study. Agar well diffusion method and mixed up the extract with agar media were used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the flavonoids extracted from seeds of S. marianum. The chemical analysis to seeds showed that it contained several antibicrobial compounds such as terpenoids, flavonoids and tannins. The cold alcoholic extract of milk thistle did not appear significant antibacterial activity against the bacterial isolates when agar well diffusion method was used, while mixing the seed extracts with agar media showed antibacterial activity (1500-2900 μg/ml) against S. sprophyticus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae and S. aureus.

36-40

Authors: Hala M. Radif, Shatha S. Hassan

Many samples of plant roots soil were collected from Iraq soils, fifty two isolates were obtained from these samples. The ability of Azospirillum brasiliense to produce hydrolytic enzymes such as protease, chitinase, lipase, pectinase and phosphatase was screened. Most isolates produced these hysrolytic enzymes. A. brasiliense (Aw-1) showed the maximum ability to produce these enzymes hydrolyses ratio (5.2 mm) for chitinase, (4.2 mm) for pectinase and complete hydrolyses of protease, pectinase and phosphatase. This isolate was isolated from soil collected from wheat roots.

46-53.

Authors: Alaa Raheem Kazim and Sanaa Burhan alden

Phospholipid contains antimicrobial activity against different kind of microorganisms. This article aimed to study the optimal conditions for the production and extraction of phospholipid produced from Bacillus subtilis. The result showed that the best production was obtained in NG medium containing 1% glucose, 50 μg/ ml tryptophan, pH 10, inoculated with 10% of bacterial culture and incubated at 30oC for 72 h in shaker incubator. The phospholipid was extracted with 50 % n-butanol three times, 10 % methanol, and then 10 % ethyl acetate. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis for B. subtilis Bf21 phospholipid showed peaks as 3460.06, 3359.77cm-1, 3228.62 cm-1, 2945.10 cm-1, 1728.68 cm-1, 1110.92 cm-1, and 1080,06 cm-1. These peaks indicating the presence of stretching (O-H, N-H, C-H, C=O, C-O, and P=O), which are functional groups present in phospholipid. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) analysis for B. subtilis Bf21 phospholipid was visualized after sprayed with spraying solution, as blue zone on a white background and Rf of phospholipid was 0.7.

59-63.

Authors: Alaa Raheem Kazim and Sanaa Burhan alden

Bacillus subtilis produces several antimicrobial compounds with different structurs. These antimicrobial compounds showed antimicrobial effect against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. The present study aims to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of phospholipid produces from Alkaliphilic B. subtilis isolated from different samples of food against different species of bacteria (Gram positive, Gram negative and actinomycetes) and fungi, and study the effect of pH and temperature on the antimicrobial activity of phospholipid. The results showed that the phospholipid produced from B. subtilis inhibited the growth of Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis), Actinomyces sp. and fungi (Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans) with different inhibition zones. It was observed that the antimicrobial activity of phospholipid was decreased at high temperature (50 0C) and pH (10). It can be concluded that the phospholipids produced from B. subtilis has anti-microbial activity and that affected by incubation condition (temperature and pH).

6-12

Authors: Lamia A. Gharb

Strigosella africana is wide distribution in Middle East. The morphological, anatomical features and geographical distribution of this plant in Iraq is scanty in literature. Thus, in present study, these were covered. The plants were collected from different districts of Iraq. The anatomical, morphological and geographical studies were conducted in present study. Our study provides first time the anatomical study about the stem, root and leaf of S. africana. Moreover, uniform kind of hairs was described. Three kinds of hairs were found on stem, simple unicellular with thick wall, unicellular hair with a bulge near the base and forked with either two or three branches. While, in leaves three kinds of hair were also found, simple unicellular hairs, forked with either two or three branches and two armed calcified hair, the last one has been described first time in present study. The morphological features of this plant were similar to general morphological characters of its family Brassicaceae (Cruciferae). The characters and numbers of nectar glands in S. africana were described first time here. It has pentagonal shape and located in the base of the stamens. Moreover, the number of these glands was six. The distribution of S. africana was all over the studied area (Iraq). Our study proved that the plant can grow on different kinds of soil that gave priority for this plant to appear in different geographic area. The present study gave the original information about the anatomical characters of S. aftricana and the uniform of hairs and nectar glands. These features may help in classification of this plant. Furthermore, the study shows the S. africana is widely distribution allover the Iraqi districts. The data of this study may help in updating the characters of plant presented in flora of Iraq.

19-23

Authors: Raghad S. Mouhamed, Mohammed Mosa Jafaar, Mohammad H. Hafudh, Lamees M. R. Abbas, Mohammed Mohsin Aziz, Mahmood Jalil Ahmad, Huda Mohsan, Heiba Simer, Jenan Atiyah Ghafil, Shaymaa Hussein Hassan, Ayaid Khadem Zgair

Pseudomonas aeruginosa readily binds to different kind of abiotic surfaces and form biofilm. The ability of the bacterial species to form biofilm onto polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is associated with several economic, health and environmental problems. The effect of kind of water on ability of this bacterium to form biofilm is scanty in literature. In present study, the ability of different environmental isolates of P. aeruginosa to form biofilm onto polystyrene microtiter plate was evaluated. Furthermore, the effect of waters that collected from different sources on biofilm formation of this bacterium onto PVC was studied. Spectrophotometric method was used to check the ability of bacteria to form biofilm and evaluated the role of waters onto ability of P. aeruginosa to form biofilm. The current study showed that all environmental isolates of P. aeruginosa had a good ability to form biofilm onto polystyrene microtiter plate. PAE1 showed the maximum ability of biofilm formation onto polystyrene microtiter plate. The water that collected from different places such as well water, river water, sewage water, distilled water, tap water and lake water showed negative effect (P<0.05) on the ability of PAE1 to form biofilm onto polystyrene microtiter plate and PVC as compared to normal saline. From present study, it can be concluded that all isolates of P. aeruginosa that isolated from soil had a good ability to biofilm formation. The waters that collected from different environmental areas affected negatively on ability of P. aeruginosa to form biofilm onto polystyrene and PVC.