World Journal of Experimental Biosciences

5-8

Authors: Israa M.Subhi, Ayaid K. Zgair, Jenan Atiyah Ghafil

Samples were obtained from patients suffering from burns and wounds and then identified using the biochemical tests and the VITEK 2 fluorescent system. The tests confirmed the presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antibiotic susceptibility testing showed that the isolate was sensitive to piperacillin, ceftazidime, cefepime, imipenem, meropenem, amikacin, gentamicin, tobramycin, ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin while resistant to ampicillin, cefazolin, ceftriaxone, tigecycline and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was extracted by the hotEDTA method and partially purified by gel filtration chromatography using the Sephadex G-200.

14 -18

Authors: Zainab F. Mahmood, Kadhim M. Ibrahim

The tolerance of zinc (Zn) in tissue culture and whole plant of Helianthus annuus was studied. Callus was induced and maintained on Murashage and Skoog (1962) medium (MS) supplemented with 0.2 mg/L Kinetin (KIN), 0.4 mg/L Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 0.5 mg/ L 2,4- dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) used hypocotyl as the source explant for callus induction. Different concentrations of Zn were added directly to the culture medium as contaminant. Selected tolerant cell lines were subjected to regeneration. Concentration of Zn in callus tissues was 29 ppm when 3.0 mg/L of Zn used. The study focused on effect of the cytokinin Benzyl adenine (BA) and the auxin, NAA on number of regenerated shoots percentage from tolerant callus to Zn. Results exhibited that 82% of callus tolerant Zn, occurred when the medium supplemented with combination of 1.0 mg/L BA and 0.5 mg/L NAA. Effect of NAA on rooting of shoots showed that 2.0 mg/L of NAA gave a rooting percentage mounted to 75%. The study also included measurement of plant height and fresh weight. Maximum Zn accumulation reached to 17.5 ppm in the shoots.

23 - 29

Authors: Hiba Abdulameer Mohammed, Nuha Joseph Kandala, Israa Al-Ogaidi

Accessory gene regulator (agr) operon is the central transcriptional global regulatory system of Staphylococcus aureus; the agr locus is perceived as a part of the center genome of the S. aureus chromosome, responsible of controlling the virulence factors and cell-wall components. Considered the important quorums sensing system of S. aureus, agr activity is critical for skin and soft tissue infections; depending on its reported role in human and animals infections throw the up, down-controlling S. aureus infection advancement since up-control of virulence factors via agr is vital for disease advancement in some cases of intense infection, such infective endocarditis, skin and soft tissue infections for that there is global concern to develop drugs targeting this quorum sensing system. The objective of the study is typing the accessory genes regulator polymorphisms in Baghdad clinical isolates and its relation with the bacterial cassette types. Eighty seven isolates were collected from different sources and characterized by original biochemical tests and there susceptibility were tested toward several types of antimicrobial agents then they applied to molecular diagnosis to confirm characterization of S. aureus isolates by nuc gene with agr types, SCCmec types also several virulence factors and mec gene. It was found all isolates were community acquired harboring SCCmec type IV and one isolate have SCCmec type V also about 68.96% of the isolates were MRSA, most of isolates 75.86% were agr type I. Most MRSA isolates that isolated from Baghdad hospitals was CA-MRSA considering to they; Harboring SCCmec type IV and V., carrying accessory gene regulator (agr) type I., Have pvl gene, showed low susceptibility toward Vancomycin antibacterial agent, Also the studied isolates shown high similarity depending on their cassette type and accessory gene regulator polymorphisms. The most common virulence factors in local clinical isolates of S. aureus were clfA gene (61.6%) followed by pvl gene (32.55%), hlg gene (31.39%), icaA gene (27.58%), tsst-1 gene (24.41%) and eta gene (17.44%).

34 - 38

Authors: Maher Zeki Faysal, Mohammed A. Al-Jaleel Khalil, Sabah Seed Hamadi, Mohammed abedulbari Fzaa

The study was carried out using pots (capacity, 4kg soil/pot) in the glasshouse and different concentrations of gibberellic acid (0, 25, 50 and 100) ppm and different levels of superphosphate (0.25, 0.50 and 100) gm/kg:soil/Pot, these equal to (83.33, 166.66 and 333.32) kg/hectar. In some medical compound which effect on Diabetes like coumrin, trigonellin and fenugreeken and some growth characters of fenugreek plant (local variaty) like absolute growth rate, biomass duration, protein percentage, chlorophyll percentage and protein percentage in seeds were used. This factorial experiment (4× 3) was conducted by using complete randomizing design (C.R.D) with three replication, means were compared using the least significant difference at 0.05 probability level. The results could be summarized that the treatments by gebberllic acid (GA3) alone showed significant increase in absolute growth, biomass, chlorophyll contant, protein percentage and medical compounds. While treatments with superphosphate fertilizer alone showed significant increase only in protein percentage and medical compounds. The interaction between GA3 and phosphate fertilizer showing the best results in all growth characters for all plants in this experiment, specially the treatment with 50 ppm of GA3 with 0.50 gm/pot and 1.0 gm/pot of superphosphate fertilizer gave the highest values of studied compared with control treatment.

87 -92

Authors: Maha Muhamed Khudiar, Ahmed Ibrahim Jessim, Areej Zuhair Azeez, Saad Sabah Fakhry, Samarah Jafar Alwash, Yasameen Ibrahim Farhan, Ali Abdulqader Abdulbaqi

Formation and presence of biofilm leads to rise concerning of human towards food industries, because Biofilm formation impact human health and his economic negatively Staphylococcus spp. is a pathogenic bacteria, can form biofilm when conditions are adequate, also its able to transition from human to the food and food-contact surfaces due to the nature and habit of these type of bacteria. Staphylococcus spp. was Isolated from different food samples in processing plant of food preparation, and identified based on 16SrRNA using T stag primer, also we used forward primer Sa442-1 and reveres primer Sa442-2 to confirm the identification of Staphylococcus aureus, from 36 isolates, 18 isolates was identified as S. aureus. The ability of bacteria to form biofilm was verified by the use of polystyrene microtiter plate assay with crystal violet staining. There were clear differences among Staphylococcus spp. isolates in biofilm formation, the ability was measured by determination of adhesion to polystyrene microtiter plates and compared with Bacillus spp. as a control positive and control negative. Isolates of Staphylococcus spp. showed different ability to form biofilm and adhere on polystyrene plates.

98-107

Authors: Maysoon Tariq Tawfiq

Diazotization of pyridine-4-amine (1) to form diazonium chloride salt (2): pyridine-4-diazonium chloride which undergo coupling reaction with various anions in DMF, and EtOH to give: 2-(pyridine-4-yldiazonium) isoindoline-1,3-dione (3), 2-(pyridine-4-yldiazonium) isoindoline-1-one-3-sulphoxide (4), and ethyl 2- (pyridine-4-yldiazonium) acetate (5). The last ester was converted to the acid hydrazide: 2-(pyridine-4- yldiazonium) acetohydrazide (6) which was condensed with 4-chlorobenzaldehyde in absolute ethanol and some drops of glacial acetic acid to give the Schiff's base: N -_(4-chlorobenzylidene) -2-(pyridine-4- yldiazonium) acetohydrazide (7). Schiff's base was reacted with benzoic acid derivatives (2-aminobenzoic acid, 2-hydroxybenzoic acid, and 2-mercaptobenzoic acid) in ethanol to give: N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-oxo- 1,2-dihydroquinazoline-3-(4H)-yl]-2-(pyridine-4-yldiazonium)acetamide (8), N-[2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-4-oxo-2Hbenzo[ e][1,3]oxazine-3-(4H)-yl-2- (pyridine-4-yldi azonium)acetamide (9), and N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-oxo- 2H-benzo[e][1,3]thiazine-3-(4H)-yl]-2-(pyridine-4-yldiazonium)acetamide (10). The spectral methods of the prepared compounds were characterized by FT.IR, 1HNMR (for compounds (4, and 10), and Uv-Vis (for compounds (3,4,8,9, and 10), besides melting points were recorded and the purity was checked through T.L.C. technique. Antibacterial activity for some of the synthesized compounds was screened.

112-117

Authors: Marwa H. Mtashar Al-Khafaji, Heba .K. Tawfeeq, Beadaa A. Mahdii

The ability of many bacteria to adhere to surfaces and form biofilm makes the treatment of infections so difficult and has major consequences in a variety of industries such as food industry. Biofilm generates a persistent cause of contamination, thus, in the present study; inhibition of biofilm formation efficacy of the combination of D-glycin with antibiotics was compared with the antibiotic alone against Escherichia coli biofilm formation. It was found that the synergetic action of antibiotics with D-glycin was effective on inhibition of biofilm formation. The isolates ability to form biofilm was assayed using the tissue culture plate and Congo-red agar methods and findings of this study were source related; since food origin isolates were more biofilm producers when the Congo-red agar used as compared with tissue culture plate method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of D-glycin, imipenem and ceftriaxone were determined. The combinations of D-glycin with antibiotics inhibited bacterial biofilm formation more than the antibiotics imipenem and ceftriaxone separately. Susceptibility test to eight antibiotics: Imipenem, ceftriaxone, ampicillin, amoxicilin, cephalexin, clarithromycin, gentamycin and tetracycline; was performed on planktonic cells, and the cells exhibited different sensitivity patterns to them depending on their source.

123-126

Authors: Rana Saady Abood, Anmar Saady Abood, Ghadah Mohommed Saleh

To determine the relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and reproduction disorder (recurrent spontaneous abortion), twenty women patients who undergo spontaneous abortion during first trimester of pregnancy (20-38) years and have been investigated from 2015/12/1 -2016/3/1 and compared to fifteen healthy individuals. All subjects were carried out to measure anti-H. pylori IgA and anti- H. pylori IgG antibodies by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). There was significant elevation (p≤ 0.05) in concentration of anti- H. pylori IgG Abs (6.30± 0.99) compared to control group (4.48± 0.61) and IgA Abs (5.42 ± 0.90 U /ml) as compared to control group (3.92 ± 0.41 U/ml). The percentage of H. pylori IgG and IgA was 20% and 25%, respectively. There was high significant (P ≤ 0.01) difference between control and test groups. While, there was no significant differences (P > 0.05) in the concentration of IgA and IgG of H. pylori according to the age. These results indicate that infection with H. pylori play an important role in reproduction disorder of spontaneous abortion.

130-135

Authors: Ghusoon A. Abdulhasan, Sahar K. Alzubaidy, Ibrahim J. Abed

Klebsiella pneumoniae have an ability to form biofilm as one of strategies to persist and overcome host defenses. The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of rosemary essential oil alone and in combination with some antibiotics against biofilm of K. pneumoniae isolated from urine. The antibiotics resistance pattern by disc diffusion method and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin, trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole, cefotoxime and rosemary essential oil were determined. The ability to form biofilm as well as inhibition of biofilm formation of K. pneumoniae was performed. MICs 128, 0.25, 768, 64, 384 and 104 μg/ml were used. The effect of MIC and 1/2 MIC of antibiotics and rosemary essential oil that used alone and in combinations found significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) in biofilm reduction percentage of all isolates in comparison to control. In conclusion, the combination of antibiotics with rosemary essential oil effect negatively on biofilm of K. pneumoniae.

143-146

Authors: Maysoon S. Abbas, Jenan M. Khalaf, Shaimaa N. Yassein

There are few researches concerning isolation and identification of yeasts and moulds from systemic infections in different kinds of fishes in Iraq. The objective of this study is to investigate the percentage of mycotic infection and evaluate the diversity of yeasts and moulds in the intestine of fish in different local markets in Baghdad. One hundred samples were collected from different parts of intestine that belong to 11 types of fish which included: Ilisha (28), Liza abu (25), Cyprinu carpio (24), Barbus Luteus (7), Hypophthilminthys Molitrix (5), Aspius Varax (4), Barbus Sherpeyi (2), Mugil Cephitus (2),Barbus Xanthopterus (1), Barbus grypus (1) and Carrains auratus (1). Many samples were taken from multiple portions in intestine and cultured on sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA). The results revealed that the percentage of systemic mycosis in fish was 62% which classified to 55% yeasts and 7% moulds. Divided to Cryptococcus spp (19%), Candida krusei (11%), Candida quillermondii (9%), Blastomyces dermatitidis (9%), Candida pseudotropicalis (7%), Aspergillus flavus (6%) and Rizipus (1%). The current study suggests that the fungal diseases appeared as a serious threat to the fresh water fishes and human through handling in infected fishes.