World Journal of Experimental Biosciences

1-5

Authors: Majid Neamah Ali

The current study sheds light on the innate immune response as well as the inflammation that occurs as a result of the host cells being exposed to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It also showed the role of receptors on the surface of epithelial cells or other immune cells, especially those responsible for the primary immune response and the cells that cover the mucosal canal such as the respiratory tract. The study also showed how the response to P. aeruginosa occurs at the level of the inflammatory immune response as well as the cellular immune response represented by phagocytosis that occurs by phagocytic cells (macrophages) and polymorphonuclear cells (neutrophil). The possibility of finding a vaccine against infection with P. aeruginosa was also covered in this review, as this bacterium is responsible for a high rate of mortality, especially for patients who suffer from immunosuppression.

12-15

Authors: Majid Neemah Ali, Zainab Hani Hatif

Pseudomonas aeruginosa has the ability to stimulate the pro-inflammatory immune response in addition to causing infection. The current study aims to evaluate the effect of this bacteria on generating the pro-inflammatory immune response and whether this response can be short-term or long-term, as well as to identify the persistence of bacterial infection in the lungs of experimental mice. Here, P. aeruginosa (PAC) was isolated from sputum samples collected from patients suffering from acute respiratory tract infections. Experimental mice were given 108 c.f.u of P. aeruginosa intra-nasal (i.n.). The lungs were harvested at different time intervals (1, 2, 4, 24, 48h) to check the Interleukin (IL-)1 Beta (β) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-) alpha (α) using Enzyme linkage immune sorbent assay (ELISA) and (4, 24, 48, 72h) for studying the bacterial burden in mice lung using plate count method. Significant increase in IL-1B with maximum level by 4 h post instillation. A similar finding was observed in studying the level of TNF-a. In both cytokines, a significant increase was observed up to 48 h post-instillation with P. aeruginosa. The study showed that the clinical isolate of P. aeruginosa could be persistent up to 72 h post-instillation with PAC. The current study confirms the ability of this bacteria to stimulate the pro-inflammatory cytokines for a long period, as well as its ability to remain in the lungs of animals for long periods, which confirms the ability of the bacteria to maintain its negative effect for long periods in experimental animal lungs.

20-27

Authors: Ruia S. Kamal, Hayder Badri Ali

Aphid species are usually identified by microscopic examination of morphological features. This process requires significant expertise and is difficult in immature aphid stages that lack many diagnostic morphological features in addition to the characterization of polymorphism in this group. The current study used molecular technique by detection of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene using Lep primer pairs (Forward and Reverse) to identify local Rhopalosiphum Koch. spp. these aphid samples were previously characterized by morphological features, and then compared between these two identification methods. Only 5% of samples were not detected by this primer. The DNA amplification product of the mitochondrial COI gene was subjected to direct sequencing. The sequences of the mitochondrial COI gene were obtained from 11 samples and each sample consisted of approximately 710 nucleotides. The results were compared to the Genbank database of the NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information), and The sequencing results showed that the 10 samples of Rhopalosiphum had percentage similarities between 98-100% with Rhopalosiphum Padi and Rhopalosiphum miadas, and one sample couldn't find similarity to them in GenBank. The present study approves the importance of designing a specific primer that can differentiate between local Rhopalosiphum spp. that could improve the misidentification problems that are intrinsic to morphological features.

9-11

Authors: Hameda K. Zghair

Water pollution in Iraq is a complex and multifaceted problem that encompasses various types of pollution, including microbial pollution, chemical pollution, and radiation pollution. These forms of contamination pose significant threats to the environment, public health, and the overall well-being of the Iraqi population. In this comprehensive article, we will explore the causes, consequences, and mitigation efforts related to microbial, chemical, and radiation pollution of water in Iraq.

1-5

Authors: Bashar Mohammed Salih İbrahim

Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) are a common and significant healthcare-associated infection and represent the serious complicating bacterial infectious diseases. In the present review, the role of coating indwelling catheters with antibiotics in reducing the complicating bacterial infection, especially in critical urinary tract infections. There different urinary catheters are used to help patients that suffering from defects in the urination process. Different antibiotics were used in coating the indwelling urinary catheter (IUC) such as Gentamicin, Fluoroquinolones (Nitrofurazone, Norfloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Sparfloxacin), and Triclosan. The effectiveness of coating IUC with antibiotics was dependent on the patient’s clinical cases, the type of IUC, and the kind of antibiotic that would be used in the coating procedure. There are many restrictions in using the antibiotic coating IUC such as the producing the resistance strains and producing the allergy in patients. That is why, it is suggested to use antibiotic coating IUC is limiting in the serious CAUTIs.

5-8

Authors: Farah M.Al-Quraishi, Archana Saini

The biofilm formation of bacteria in medical devices especially indwelling urinary catheters considers one of the hospital complications of infections. Here, the anti-biofilm effect of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) against biofilm produced by Klebsiella pneumoniae on urinary catheters was evaluated. In the present study, 2the five isolates of K. pneumoniae e e were isolated from urine samples of patients suffering from urinary tract infections (UTIs). The biochemical and VITIK technology was used to identify the bacterial isolates. The ability of K. pneumoniae to adhere and form biofilm onto the indwelling urinary catheter was measured. Moreover, the negative effect of different concentrations of H2O2 (0.01%, 0.02%, 0.04%, 0.08%, and 0.16%) on the biofilm formation of K. pneumoniae on the pieces of the indwelling urinary catheter was evaluated in test tubes (in vitro). The result showed that all isolates produced a high level of biofilm. Three isolates were considered moderated biofilm producers and 2 were considered strong biofilm producers. All the used concentrations of H2O2 were effect-negative (P<0.05) on K. pneumoniae (K.p.3). The present study confirmed the anti-biofilm effect of H2O2 on the biofilm formation by K. pneumoniae on the indwelling urinary catheter in vitro.

1-4

Authors: Ghada Mohammed Saleh

Biofilm formation considers a serious problem that faces the physician in treating infectious diseases associated with medical devices. The present study aims to highlight the effect of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on biofilm formation by bacteria and yeasts. The current study confirms the anti-biofilm effect of H2O2 on the biofilm formed by bacteria and yeast. The effects of H2O2 on biofilm formation were against the ability of a microorganism to attach to the surface by the effect on either the appendages or the mechanisms of attachment, also it was found that the effect on biofilm can be explained by the effect on the microorganism growth. The current study highlighted the future prospect of using H2O2 by increasing the effectiveness of common antibiotics against high-resistance bacteria by increasing the ways of entering antibiotics by forming pores in the biofilm mass and the microorganism cells.