International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education

1-6

Authors: Leah C. Roue

This study examines whether the shortage of females in science and engineering is linked to possible gender-based differences in school-aged children’s divergent thinking. Divergent thinking is a direct measure of creativity and an important characteristic in science and engineering. A survey instrument designed to measure divergent thinking was administered to 8th and 11th graders in a mid-western United States school district. Results showed that there were no difference between girls and boys on the three measures of divergent thinking: fluency, flexibility, and originality. These results indicate little reason as to why participation in science and engineering is male dominated, and support the notion that additional exposure to science and engineering through divergent-thinking activities will provide girls with the self-knowledge that they are capable of solving open-ended problems and engineering tasks.

17-20

Authors: Tatiana Pavlova

This article describes a study of the preschool children’s communication with their mates in joint mental activity, one of the results of our study was the establishment a correlation between the intensity and effectiveness of the communication.

29-34

Authors: Lazar Stošić, Irena Stošić

This study tried to determine whether the computer have affects on the creativity of children. A random sample of 120 parents were tested to give their opinion. This study used a descriptive-analytical method. The technique which used is the interview, and the main instrument is specially designed for this research. The results shows that the use of computers have affects on the creativity of children. The obtained data were analyzed by issues within established research tasks.

39-42

Authors: Mariya Viktorovna Kiseleva

This paper presents the results of research devoted to the phraseological units with the conjunction or, analyzed from the viewpoint of their semantic integrity, structure and means, providing their stability and cohesion.

49-54

Authors: Mitrička Stardelova, Angel Džambazovski

This paper includes an experiment that was performed on a hundred patients by using our self-developed methods during a two year period. The treatment of discus hernia was carried out by using our self-developed methods combined with a completely new technology, as well as clinical biomechanics, chiropractics, massotherapy, thermotherapy, cryotherapy and various other specific exercises practiced in esthetic and orthopedic kinesiology - kinesitherapy. 50 females and 50 males aged 35 to 55 underwent our therapy and the results we obtained display very high curative effects.

61-66

Authors: Kundan Lal Verma, Amit Kumar Jaiswal, Manish Mishra, Anil Kumar Shukla

The cognitive signal processing is one of the important interdisciplinary field came from areas of life sciences, psychology, psychiatry, engi-neering, mathematics, physics, statistics and many other fields of research. Neurophysiologic tests are utilized to assess and treat brain injury, dementia, neurological conditions, and useful to investigate psychological and psychiatric disorders. This paper presents an ongoing research work on development of EEG interface device based on the principles of cognitive assessments and instrumentation. The method proposed engineering and science of cogni-tive signal processing in case of brain computer in-terface based neurophysiologic tests. The future scope of this study is to build a low cost EEG device for various clinical and pre-clinical applications with specific emphasis to measure the effect of cognitive action on human brain.

73-76

Authors: Sonja Veličković

Starting school is an important developmental step / task not only for the child but also for their parents and family in which to grow up. The accomplishment of this task expands the boundaries of family / parent and the child's functioning in social, emotional and cognitive sense. The aim of this paper is to highlight the need to educate the parents of the child going to school, which would contribute to parents with awareness and sensitivity to the nature of long-term process of entering the child's entry into school, to a child's socialization process related to school and proceeded in a favorable direction. The author emphasizes the importance of having a separate program prepares parents for the child starting school, as part of the annual program of preschools / schools that educators / teachers should realize and thus improve their educational work with one hand, while on the other hand its value will be reported in a balanced relation between child-school-family, but also to avert the potential emotional difficulties, or, the child's dysfunctional behavior. Participation of professional services and school teachers / teachers in the implementation of such programs can enhance compliance of educational values that are placed in front of the child in the family and in the school environment.

83-86

Authors: Zvezdan Arsić

The main task of teaching at the present stage of social development that is characterized by the rapid development of science and technology should be directed towards ensuring that students are in the process of gaining knowledge as more independent. Learning in the modern conditions of life and work more focused on finding new information and acquiring skills that they interpret, judge, critically analyze and find their practical application. Individual learning is a process in which students do their own activities, and the school should primarily be to develop pupils' skills and habits for independent work, or to enable them to actively come to know and own efforts. With a program of independent activities of children in the process of acquiring knowledge in teaching should begin already at a younger age in order to further their education existed during the constant rise of autonomy and independence. Individual learning in the classroom requires thought flexibility, critical thinking, individual work and intellectual independence, creativity and productivity, motivation and interest, as well as a partnership of teachers and students in the realization of educational tasks.

1-5

Authors: Vera Stojanovska, Aneta Barakoska

The position, role and tasks of the homeroom teacher are defined in the Law on primary education, Regulation on the form and content of the pedagogy documentation and evidence in primary school; Regulation on assessment, upgrading, passing exams, acquiring certificates and pedagogical measures for the children in primary school. The need of strengthening the educational role of the school resulted in introducing of odd class in 2007/2008 for the pupils of the second to fifth grade in nine years primary school aiming to influence the personal, emotional and social development of the pupils. The scope of this research relies on the class homeroom teacher and their tasks in the successful realization of the tasks in accordance with the contemporary requirements. In that context is the aim of already mentioned research: to determine the effects of introducing homeroom class in two cycles of nine-year education, as well as the effects of the realizing the contents of the educational program for life skills. The pedagogical function of the teacher will be examined through several important aspects: how successfully the teachers realize the pedagogical, the administrative and the organizational tasks; how much the contents of the life skills program are in function of solving the issues met by the pupils in first two cycles of the primary education; how capable and qualified are the teachers to realize the contents of this program.

13-17

Authors: Daniela Blagoj Dimitrova-Radojicic, Natasha Chichevska-Jovanova

This article reports the findings of a study designed to investigate the attitudes of parents of “normal” developing children toward the inclusion of children with disabilities into mainstream education in Macedonia. Specifically, the study was aimed to explore the similarities and differences in the attitudes of two groups of parents: a group of parents of preschool children and a group of parents of school age children. Participants included 88 parents. Generally, many of the parents accept inclusive education, but most of them still think the special school is better place for education of children with disability.

25.29

Authors: Elena Achkovska Leshkovska, Marija Shterjovska

The purpose of this study was to determine whether meaning in life among Macedonian students can be predicted based on their dominant orientation toward past, present or future. Participants in the study were 252 students aged 18 to 27 years. Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory was used for measuring five factors of time perspective, while two dimensions of meaning in life were measured with Meaning in Life Questionnaire. The results showed that students with sentimental attitude toward past (Past Positive), with the absence of traumatic past experiences (Past Negative), hedonistic orientation (Present Hedonistic) and direction to future goals and achievements (Future), report presence of meaning in life. On the other hand, students who search for meaning in life are those who have a sentimental relationship with the past and future orientation, as well as unpleasant memories of the past and the present fatalistic view determined by external factors (Present Fatalistic). Hence, significant predictors of Presence of Meaning in Life appeared to be orientation toward past positive, hedonistic present and the future, as well as avoidance of the negative past reminiscences, explaining 11.6% of the variance. The Search for Meaning in Life can be predicted from Past Positive, Past Negative and Future, thus explaining 12.9% of the variance. The findings confirmed the relevance of temporal perspective on the meaning in life in Macedonian students. Investigation revealed that most contributing sources of meaning in life among adolescents are relationships with family, partners and friends.

37-41

Authors: Igor Stanojević, Dejan Milenković

The aim of this study was to determine the connection between functional abilities with results of jumping and throwing athletic disciplines with athletes. The sample was taken from a population of elementary school students from Prokuplje region, 13 and 14 old, included in regular physical education classes. The sample consisted of 200 male athletes involved in the training process in sports clubs at least three times a week in addition to physical education classes. For assessment of functional abilities six functional tests were used: resting heart rate, Cooper test, heart rate in the first minute after Cooper test, heart rate in the second minute after Cooper test, systolic arterial blood pressure, diastolic arterial blood pressure. For assessment of jumping and throwing athletic disciplines four tests were used: long jump, high jump, shot put and javelin. Data analysis was performed with canonical correlation and regression analysis. The results showed a statistically significant correlation between functional abilities with all of tests in jumping and throwing athletic disciplines.

51-55

Authors: Jasmina Delceva – Dizdarevik

This paper is aiming to discover the paths that enable teachers to manage their work with students in the classroom. To be an efficient teacher means to know with what and how to motivate students to learn. Teacher as an efficient classroom manager needs to have skills to plan and prepare the education process, know how to organize the teaching and how to guide the class. An efficient teacher moreover needs o establish positive classroom climate and working discipline. Also, teacher should be able to evaluate the progress of the students and self-evaluate his own work. In order to examine classroom management skills of teachers in Republic of Macedonia, a research has been made for teachers in primary schools in Republic of Macedonia. Instruments which will be used in order to complete the research and analyses are the following: questionnaire for teachers and educational policy analyses in our country in order to discover whether there is concrete strategy for promotion and implementation of classroom management on local and national level. Analyses of results show that there is a deficit of classroom management skills among teachers, which is due moreover to some lapses in initial education of teachers.

63-68

Authors: Lena Damovska

The focus will be put on teachers as curriculum leaders, being challenged on a daily basis by how to attend to the delivered curriculum(the practice) without neglecting the written curriculum(the theory), and vice versa, all the while analyzing strategies that will link both curricula and implement these conclusions in their further teaching practice. Curricula present written guides identifying the content and material that should be covered, and are given to teachers (sometimes) as a detailed guide to follow religiously. However, as opposed to theory, practice is a different and delicate matter, as the teachers tries not to overstep the boundaries of the curriculum already include as much of their own creative energy as possible. These points will be expanded through analysis of the results of a qualitative research on the understanding of the content of leadership, done on pre-school and primary school teachers, whose everyday contact with their pupils will illustrate the reality of leadership in schools in the local context of R. Macedonia. Furthermore, the “how” of overcoming the challenges on the path of successful school leadership, however tricky they might be will be analyzed from firsthand experiences and compared through the matrix of what is considered able to “correct”. As educators, we successfully bridge the gap between theory and practice, to apply the theoretical know-how in a realistic classroom setting, and to convert the written paradigms into practice, thus only through educational leadership can we overcome the pedagogical challenges and effectively transfer the knowledge to the students, bringing about positive outcomes.

77-85

Authors: Nevena Tanasić

Phraseological units, primarily idioms are those types of linguistic units which reveal to a great extent how certain linguistic community copes with its surroundings. The aim of the paper is to demonstrate how idioms in English language are actually differently used across different genres in British and American linguistic communities, and try to explain those results in light of the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. The study was conducted on the basis of the idioms that have the same body part, namely arm and/or leg, and those idioms were then compared in two corpora – the BNC (British National Corpus) and COCA (Corpus of Contemporary American English).

93-96

Authors: Slagjana Dragan Angelkoska, Gordana Stankovska

The concept of the professional orientation means care and help for the young person in deciding about the professional orientation in which he or she will develop considerably his/her working capabilities while a complete rationalization in the creating and expressing of the personality will be achieved. It is known that while the choice is made, which is important for the whole life there is many factors that influence the person. Reaching of the decision is especially difficult for the eight – graders, because they are in the period of developing in which the exterior factors have major influence while they are making their decision about their future job (work). The basic aim of this research was to be seen if the professional orientation of the students depends on their gender. The research is conducted on samples of 67 students (examinees) from the eighth grade in several primary schools in Gostivar. The basic mean (instrument) that was used in the research was a Test of Professional Interests (TPI). The results of our research have shown that the greater number of the male students’ choice was A category (mechanical work) and G category (administration) while the female students were mostly interested in category I (social-medicinal work) and category H (educational and cultural work). The level of correlation between the gender and the professional interests is a level of significance of 0, 01. The results confirm that professional interests and the selection of the future job (work) of the eight–graders depends on their gender, but also it depends on their personality and the exterior factors.

101-104

Authors: Svetlana Masalova

The article discusses the prototypical categorization as linguocognitive form of the flexible rationality. Flexible rationality reveals the correlation of the rational and irrational in cognition. The embodiment form of the flexible linguistic consciousness is a concept as a category protoform. The process of formation of the conception from the concept is a prototypical categorization. Serving as the cognitive "tool", prototypical categorization as a linguistic structure demonstrates the perception integrity and meaning system of the cognizing subject as the ontic holistic bearer of the flexible rationality in unity of the anthropological and socio-cultural specifics.

1-5

Authors: Vera Stojanovska

Professional teacher’s ethics is a collection of moral codes of their professional work. It is significant that the teaching profession respects certain designated professional-ethical codes of conduct between the teachers and the students, with their colleagues and other people they professionally cooperate with. This study is focused on analysis of the professional ethical relation of teachers towards students, seen from student’s point of view. These are the results of student’s reported opinion of the eighth graders from six primary schools in the region of the city of Skopje. The obtained results show that teachers mainly keep in line with the moral codes of conduct with the students, but not always all teachers respect them.

16-20

Authors: Tsonkova Dimitrinka Georgieva

Аn essential characteristic of the teacher’s profession is the constant process of self-improvement, which is impossible without existence of a specific personal position and criteria of the sport pedagogue. One of the trends for self-improvement are his personal and professional qualities. They are important because of their specific role – as a means of influence on the trained students in the educational process. Self-evaluation of the level of their growth is a regulator for the sport teacher’s conduct and activity, because it determines the genuine orientation for the level of his qualities,the satisfaction or dissatisfaction.

33-37

Authors: Dejan Milenković, Igor Stanojević

The study included 60 young football players aged 10 and 11 years with the aim to examine the influence of motor skills on a specific accuracy in football. The following tests for assessment of motoric abilities were used: Coordination: jumping over the horizontal rope, envelope test, figure „8“ with bending; Flexibility: forward bend-standing upper-body rotation-touch, the splits, side-stepping with a baton; Balance: standing on one leg along the balance bench, standing on one leg with eyes closed, flamingo test. Tests for specific accuracy in football included: elevational accuracy by foot - vertical target, elevational accuracy by foot - horizontal target, linear accuracy by foot - vertical target, the hits of ball by foot on the wall after it rebounces from the surface, elevational accuracy by head - vertical target and elevational accuracy by head - horizontal target. Results obtained by processing the data applying canonical correlation and regression analysis indicated the indisputable influence of motor abilities of young football players on the majority of specific accuracy tests.

45-50

Authors: Natalia Sklyarova

This paper presents the results of research devoted to one of significant aspects of interrogative sentences. The precise definitions of interconnection and interaction and the application of these terms to the language units helped to distinguish between interconnection and interaction of interrogative sentences in English. The existence of two different kinds of relations in the language, namely paradigmatic and syntagmatic, provided the basis for singling out two corresponding forms of interaction of English interrogative sentences. Contextual and distributional analyses of the material from authentic sources enabled to characterize the range and degree of their paradigmatic and syntagmatic interaction.

57-64

Authors: Elena Brunova

In this paper, the main features of parametrical words within a sentiment lexicon are determined. The data for the research are client reviews in the Russian language taken from the bank client rating; the domain under study is bank service quality. The lexicon structure and the fragments from the lexicon database are presented. The sentiment lexicon includes two major classes (positive and negative words) and three minor classes (increments, polarity modifiers, and polarity anti-modifiers). This lexicon is used as the main tool for the sentiment analysis carried out by two methods: the Naïve Bayes and the REGEX algorithms. Parametrical words are referred to as the words denoting the value of some domain-specific parameter, e.g. a battery life, or time of waiting. To distinguish the main features of parametrical words, the parameters relevant for the bank service quality domain are determined. The results of the research demonstrate that parametrical words can be ranged neither in the positive class, nor in the negative one. The words denoting the increase of a parameter should be ranged in the increment class, as they intensify positive or negative emotions. The words denoting the decrease of a parameter should be ranged in a new class which may be called the decrement class, as they reduce positive or negative emotions. The revised lexicon structure including the decrement class is proposed. The evident progress on the way to the lexicon universalization can be achieved by distinguishing two special classes for lexical increments and decrements. Another helpful idea is to extract bigrams or trigrams which could include parametrical words and the domain attributes they refer to.

71-77

Authors: Наталья Николаевна Мозговая, E. A. Suroedova

The analysis of theoretical and empirical works on psychology of the personality and axiological sphere of students’ activity of the university has been carried out in this article. During the empirical research of formation of the axiological sphere of students of the second - fourth courses of Pedagogical Institution of the South Federal University they have got the definite results. These results helped to find out not only dynamics of these processes, but also the development of personal space components. The analysis of this problem revealed that a person values have the basic impact on all components of a personal space of the subject. The personal space of a man is at all stages of ontogenetic development. During a person’s studentship it is the most noticeable. They have also found some connections between the students’ values and their personal space formation and development.

83-93

Authors: Aneta Barakoska, Aneta Jovkovska

Analyses of pedagogical and psychological literature show that education and upbringing are oriented to nursing moral values. In pedagogy’s historical context, the most important goals are education, development, and self-development of life experience and student’s perception of efforts to build values in their own life. In different historical periods, different moral values appear in the society. They are united by being directed towards humanism and on the basis of personal experience they represent completeness of general principles and norms of student’s behavior towards other people, nature, society and towards student’s themselves in the name of the common good. The already formed moral values have regulatory function in student’s life. The research problem is connected with humanization of the educational process.

101-105

Authors: Elena Agapova

In the current climate, preservation of identity and statesmanship depends on correct usage of censorship, which presents a guarding organism eliminating the consequences of “information war”. Over the past few decades cultural values have been replaced by quasivalues, which, in their turn, served as a basis for promulgation of new behavior patterns. Thus, society promotion, simplification of national culture, as well as attempts to control mass conscience in order to orient it towards strange and primitive norms and values, are a result of information war and lack of censorship as counterbalance.

114-118

Authors: Lazar Stošić, Milena Bogdanović

At each step, the Internet and information technologies are changing many aspects of life. We live; we buy, work, manage and communicate new ways that technology has enabled. Information and communication technology are pervasive the technology of today. It finds application in every branch of industry, and in all areas of education and the basis for the successful operation of all social and state structures. Information and communication technology (ICT) provides a good foundation for creative and effective use of knowledge. Using mobile technology in education changes the basic view of learning when, where and how to learn. M-learning is a unique type of learning because students can access the lessons anytime, anywhere. Mobile learning is learning supported by mobile devices. It represents a new form of education. The notion of mobile learning covers a wide range of devices used for learning at any place at any time. These include various wired and wireless devices (mobile phones, PDA, iPod, Sony PSP, notebook devices ...). M-learning offers the possibility of using mobile devices combines many benefits of e-learning in a single portable package that can be used at any time and anywhere using mobile devices. Mobile devices are emerging as one of the most promising technologies to support learning as they offer new opportunities that do not offer static devices.

123-128

Authors: Hong-Mei Li, Han Dan, Feng Zi-Ming, Li Qiang

There will be difficulties in moving forward the project for educating and cultivating outstanding engineers, therefore, based on the outstanding project, it’s crucial to come up with an efficient method to deal with the issues in the practice of school-enterprise cooperation engineering. This thesis is going to deliver the discussions in the following aspects: a. The forms and contents of how to build the school-enterprise cooperation practice; How do we conduct engineering practice; c. How do we make sure enough teachers and working places for engineering practice are provided; d. How do we guarantee the quality of engineering practice and build its related valuation system.

135-143

Authors: Sonja Veličković

In this paper, the author points out the problems that arise as a consequence of the discontinuity between kindergarten and school discusses, some aspects of discontinuity with which the children often face the transition from one level of education to another and provide guidelines to overcome them.

152-163

Authors: Božo Obradović

The issue of linking educational theory to educational practice (educational work with young people) is highly topical and important issue for the science of pedagogy. One way of achieving this task is a pedagogical practice (PP) students. In paper we deal with identifying, comparing, and analyzing the curricula of vocational (Curriculum for Preschool Teacher (2007) and academic (Curriculum for Educators (2007). Studies Teacher Training in Serbia, as well as educational disciplines and areas of pedagogical science derived from them. The results showed many similarities, but also differences when it comes to educational disciplines that are taught, the name of pedagogical practice, the number of classes to implement, ECTS (European Credit Transfer System), which affect the quality and coherence of educational theory and educational practice. In order to identify similarities and overcome weaknesses that accompany the pedagogical practice analysis, we came to know about the specifics of each of the six pedagogical practice. For each pedagogical practice defined specific goals and tasks arising from the curriculum, and in particular pedagogical disciplines taught at university. Each of these pedagogical practices is the ability to connect educational theory and educational practice and direct way to increase the quality of training and competence of future teachers for direct work with children.

173-179

Authors: Kaushik Kishore Phukon, Hemanta K. Baruah

Clustering techniques are mostly unsupervised methods that can be used to organize data into groups based on similarities among the individual data items. Fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering is one of well known unsupervised clustering techniques, which can also be used for unsupervised web document clustering. In this chapter we will introduce a modified method of clustering where the data to be clustered will be represented by graphs instead of vectors or other models. Specifically, we will extend the classical FCM clustering algorithm to work with graphs that represent web documents [1,2,3]. We wish to use graphs because they can allow us to retain information which is often discarded in simpler models.

1-4

Authors: Alla Konstantinovna Belousova, Tatjana Vasiljevna Pavlova

This article presents research devoted to the issues of the collaborative thinking activity in preschool age. The approach to the study of the collaborative thinking activity as a system that operates on different levels is shown. There is a detailed analysis of the communicative sphere of preschool children collaborative thinking activity provided in the form of some of the characteristics of dialogue.

14-18

Authors: Liubov Ivanovna Ryumshina

The article raises the issue of children's manipulation, and examines the conditions contributing to the formation of the manipulative attitudes. As such are analyzed: importance of these attitudes for the child, existence of manipulative attitudes in parents, family microclimate and position to the manipulations in society. According to the results of an empirical study, the characteristics of the family, provoking the development of manipulative behavior in children, are described. The members of this family hardly cooperate with each other and others, are focused on self-interests, and try to satisfy them without much effort, and by using the people around them. It is accompanied by the insincerity and lack of attention to the child, and most of all to his needs, feelings and emotional stress.

25-29

Authors: Orhideja Shurbanovska

Why are some children lonely, aggressive or they behaving prosocially at school? This study tends to answer the research question: how are family and peer relations associated with the social behavior of the pupils in mid childhood and early adolescence (3rd grade and 7th grade pupils), respectively. The hypotheses refer to the differences in the connections of the family and peer relations with the student’s social behavior at school. The data gathered from 194 examinees were elaborated in the research, as follows: 3rd grade pupils (85) and 7th grade pupils (109). The data from third grade pupils shows that multiple correlation between family variables in regards to loneliness is more significant (R=0.639, p<0. 01) than multiple correlation of peer variables (R=0.352, p>0. 05) which is not significant. For aggressive behavior both correlations: family (R=0.494, p<0. 05) and peer variable ( R=0.489, p<0.05) are significant. For prosocially behavior both family (R=0.434, p<0.05) and peer correlations (R=0.423, p<0.05) are almost equally significant. Shyness is not significantly associated neither with family nor with peer variables. Satisfaction from school is significantly associated with peer variables (R=0.440, p<0. 05) and with family variables (R=0.482, p<0.05) too. For the seventh grade students loneliness is significantly more influenced by family variables (R=0.617, p<0.01) than by peer variables (R=0.422, p<0.01). Aggressive behavior is more significantly related to family variables (R=0.577, p<0, 01) than peer variables. From that data the conclusion is that family variables in more cases are connected with child’s social behavior at school than peer variables, in middle childhood but and in early adolescence, too.

36-41

Authors: Мария Александровна Вышквыркина

This article deals with the studying of the peculiarities of social and communicative competence in teenage years. The paper provides the results of the comparative analysis of the peculiarities of social and communicative competence of teenagers with different thinking styles.

51-56

Authors: Aneta Barakoska

The introduction of the multicultural principles in education is a result of common processes of modern societies’ democratization, requirements for law and respect of the Human Rights and Liberties, the process of globalization and the economic, technological, and cultural connection among peoples and countries. Multicultural education presents educational program which does not concern only certain minorities, but it also refers to the social groups as a whole, no matter big or small. It refers to every social group which has distinctive culture and to the disparate relations and attitudes that a group develops toward other peoples’ cultures. Some authors point out different models regarding multicultural education in Europe and the USA. Different attitudes towards multiculturalism in Europe and the USA arise from various conditions and situations of minorities. Along with these distinctions go the disparities in educational policy and attitudes towards multicultural education, values, needs, operationalization, etc. If the ‘educational ideal’ means formation of new citizen that would live in multicultural society, than ‘additional’ programs for education of children based on interculturalism and multiculturalism must be created. The subject matters of the ‘additional’ programs should be incorporated in every general educational subject. Schools should play an important role in encouraging multiculturalism, especially the multinational schools, because they are concrete educational institutions where children are taught proper behavior.

63-70

Authors: Sonja Velickovic

The purpose of the present paper is to show the need and the potential play activities in the elementary grades so that children quickly and easily overcome fitness problems in the transition from pre-school to the school system of education, and to at least partially alleviate the existing problem discontinuity. The sudden transition from the system playing activities in the system of learning activities, based on the implementation of tasks under strict guidelines, can hardly match the current developmental abilities and needs of children. Therefore, various problems occur in the work of champions: it is difficult to attract his attention, he finds it difficult to work and school homework, forgets what he just heard, does not concentrate long enough, soon he gets bored in class activities, fidget, real careless mistakes, constantly repeating the same mistakes. At the very beginning of their education, which in some ways represents a transitional period, a part of learning activities should be organized through the game, in order to overcome resistance to school. To make it faster and easier to overcome adaptive problems of children in the school environment and learning today in educational theory and practice, trying to find a solution for the organization of educational and play activities in the learning process, at least when it comes to the junior grade.

76-86

Authors: Zvezdan Arsić

The ecological crisis, arising as a result of the highestaspirations of mankind for the production of goods, is getting wider and wider. The significance of the problem and a real threat to the environment, leads us to conclude that, today more than ever before, there is a need to develop environmental awareness and culture from the earliest period of life. This means that contemporary environmental issues, should have asignificant place and role in the organization of educational work in kindergartens. The need to start with environmental education as the preschool level, results from the psychophysical characteristics of child development, and the fact that this is a period when the foundations for future personality. Taking into account the above requirements and findings, we intend to work in addition to pointing out the importance of institutional preschool education for the environment, and focusour attention on certain didactic-methodological assumptions and conditions, whichshould be respected and to ensure the achievement of theenvironmental education in preschool was as expected.

92-94

Authors: Martina Fasnerová

The article presents the fundamental element of the identity of each nation, which appears to be handwriting. The basic structure of Czech handwriting is explained. The written form is presented as a part of literacy, or more precisely reading literacy. The article refers to the differences of joined-up linear handwriting, according to which handwriting is taught in the Czech Republic.

100-110

Authors: Frank Ibikunle, Odunayo Eweniyi

Cyber-space refers to the boundless space known as the internet. Cyber-security is the body of rules put in place for the protection of the cyber space. Cyber-crime refers to the series of organized crime attacking both cyber space and cyber security. The Internet is one of the fastest-growing areas of technical infrastructure development. Over the past decades, the growth of the internet and its use afforded everyone this opportunity. Google, Wikipedia and Bing to mention a few, give detailed answers to millions of questions every day. Cyberspace is a world that contains just about anything one is searching for. With the advent of these advancements in information accessibility and the advantages and applications of the internet comes an exponentially growing disadvantage- Cyber Crime. Cyber security has risen to become a national concern as threats concerning it now need to be taken more seriously. This paper attempts to provide an overview of Cybercrime and Cyber-security. It defines the concept of cybercrime, identify reasons for cyber-crime and its eradication. It look at those involved and the reasons for their involvement. Methods of stepping up cyber security and the recommendations that would help in checking the increasing rate of cyber-crimes were highlighted. The paper also attempts to name some challenges of cybercrime and present practical and logical solutions to these threats.