Asian Journal of Chemistry

1-8

Authors: N. Sharma,* and T. Sinderpal

Physico-chemical properties are crucial characteristics of hydrocolloids as they decide the applicability of them. Rheology of system, flow behaviour and mechanical properties make hydrocolloids suitable for food industry. Modification of consistency or texture properties of functional polymers also controls their sensory characteristics, thereby they become significant essences such as thickener, gelling agents, foaming agent, texture modifier, viscosifier, emulsifier, stabilizer and binder. Industrial and pharmaceutical applications are also controlled by some suitable physico-chemical properties of hydrocolloids. The polysaccharide gum exudates constitute a architecturally distinct class of complex biomacromolecules having unique physico-chemical properties. Due to their good bio/tissue compatibility, non-toxicity, they are extensively used in the field of tissue engineering, drug delivery and wound healing. Chemical and molecular architecture of hydrocolloids in turn controls their physico-chemical and functional properties. Sterculia gum is a substituted rhamnogalacturonoglycan (pectic) type exudate gum used as suspending agent, gelling agents, emulsifier, bulk laxative, dental adhesive, drug delivery agent and wound healing agent. It exhibits high water retention capacity, high viscosity and least solubility. Solutions of sterculia gum are viscoelastic and thixotropic. Sterculia gum has been recommended as effective wound dressing material as it can form a intensely adhesive gel when dispersed in minimum ammount of water. Owing to wide applications and distinctive properties of sterculia gum, present work is an endeavor to summarize the molecular organization, chemical configuration and physico-chemical properties of sterculia gum and the factors affecting physico-chemical properties of sterculia gum.

13-16

Authors: Nanik Dwi Nurhayati1,*, , Karna Wijaya2, , Triyono2, and Eddy Heraldy3

This study was aimed at modifying local Shellac with citric acid in varied concentrations of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 % (w/w) to prepare Shellac-Bagasse (Sh-Bg) biocomposite and determining its physico-chemical properties. The biocomposite was made from the natural Shellac matrices and Bagasse fibers. Physico-chemical properties of non-modified Shellac and Shellac modified with citric acid including functional groups, intrinsic viscosity, density, and mechanical tensile strength were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), Oswald viscometer and Universal Testing Machine (UTM). The analysis results showed an optimum modification of shellac-citric acid at a concentration of 4% (w/w). FTIR analysis of the modified Shellac showed a broad absorption at 3448 cm–1 which indicated the presence of hydroxyl groups (-OH). The presence of C=O ester groups was indicated by the absorption appearing at 1712 cm–1. The absorption at 1251-1250 cm–1 indicated the presence of C-O groups, while the presence of -CH2 methylene groups was indicated by the absorption at 1465 cm–1. The modified Shellac with its optimal intrinsic viscosity of 169.97 mL/g indicated that there was a reaction between citric acid and Shellac to form an ester, so that the polymer chains formed were longer with a low density of 0,6662-0,8168 mg/L when compared to Shellac without modification. The low density indicated that the citric acid-modified Shellac could be processed to be biocomposite. The biocomposite was made with various compositions of Shellac and Bagasse with hot press at 80 °C and under a pressure of 6 Kgf/cm2. The optimum ratio of Shellac to Bagasse in Shellac-Bagasse (Sh-Bg) biocomposite was of 60:40 %. While, the analysis using Universal testing machine resulted a mechanical tensile strength of 0.6 MPa and an elongation at break of 0.45 %.

21-25

Authors: Vidya G. Kartha, Vandana Suryavanshi and Tungabidya Maharana*

In present study, a herbal extract, Cassia alata seed extract has been loaded into chitosan matrix as drug delivery systems. The major components of Cassia alata seed extract are flavonoids and anthraquinone. Cassia alata seed extract loaded chitosan has been characterized by FTIR, SEM, XRD, thermal and NMR analysis. The characterization has shown successful loading of Cassia alata seed extract into chitosan. Further, swelling properties and drug release profiles of Cassia alata seed extract loaded chitosan has been carried out at two different pH 2 and 7.4. It is observed that the swelling behaviour and drug release profile was much better at pH 2 than pH 7.4. Thus, the loaded chitosan can be used as a biomedicine.

31-35

Authors: Ch. Vinuthna1,*, Sandupatla Raju1 and D. Ravinder2

CoxZn1-xFe2O4 nanoparticles were prepared by chemical citrate precursor synthesis method. The Young’s modulus ‘E’ and the rigidity modulus ‘n’ of mixed cobalt-zinc ferrites have been determined by the ultrasonic pulse transmission technique at 1 MHz. The elastic modules of the ferrites were corrected to zero porosity using the formulae of Harselman and Fulrath. The observed variation of the elastic module with composition has been interpreted on the basis of binding forces between the atoms of the spinal lattice. A linear relationship between Debye temperature ØD and average sound velocity Vm has also been observed.

41-44

Authors: Ida Duma Riris*, , Albinus Silalahi, Tita Juwitaningsih and Wesly Hutabarat

Secondary metabolites investigation of local plants, such as Psidium guajava L, Curcuma longa rhizome, Citrus hystrix and Lawsonia intracellularis shown that they have antibacterial activities against Propionibacterium acnes (ATCC 27853) and Staphylococcus epidermis (ATCC 12228) with chloramphenicol as antibiotic controlled. The phytoscreening method used to find out compounds in the plants and inhibition tests carried out by diffuse test with a concentration variation of 10, 5, 2.5 and 1.25 %. It was found that Lawsonia intracellularis plants has the highest inhibitory growth of 17; 12, 15, 14, 12 mm at 10 % concentration

49-52

Authors: M. Jaganadha Rao1,2,*, K.S.R. Murthy2, Ch. Ravi Shankar Kumar3, , Anjali Jha4, G.S.V.R.K. Choudary5, and M. Chaitanya Varma2

Present day technology requires synthesis of materials with low energy consumption, free mercury pollution and its reliability. A novel material with control of crystallite size, composition and simple for white light relies in synthesis of materials. The present focus of article attributes series of manganese doped Ca1-xMnxWO4 luminescent materials with co-precipitation method. Reported studies attempts with change in structure of calcium tungstate (CaWO4) are observed with dopants like Eu3+, Eu2+, Tb3+, etc. However the effect of Mn2+ on structural properties of CaWO4 are quite interesting. The synthesized samples were characterized with X-ray diffraction for lattice parameters, crystallite size and FTIR studies for bonding mechanism of O-W-O stretching and W-O-W bridge bond. Rietveld profile refinement of XRD patterns using MAUD program Ca1-xMnxWO4 revealed the Scheelite type structure with C4h point group and I41/a space group. Characterization studies reveal that doping of Mn2+ doping upto 0.1 in place of Ca2+ will not change the phase of Scheelite structure

59-63

Authors: Sunil R. Khapate1, Dnyaneshwar S. Wankhede1,*, , Anitha S. Deshpande2, Neeta S. Khillare3 and Anil Khandagale3

Facile synthesis of various organophosphorus trichalcones, possessing substantial insecticidal activity, by using tris(4-acetylphenyl)-phosphate (3) and substituted benzaldehydes as a precursor has been reported. Key precursor 3 has been prepared under mild conditions in presence of tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) as a phase transfer catalyst. All the synthesized compounds (5a-h) were screened for their antibacterial activity and inhibition of α-amylase of insect pest, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionadeae). Biological activity evaluation study revealed that among all the compounds screened, compound 5g found to have promising inhibition of α-amylase of insect pest, Tribolium castaneum. All the synthesized compounds revealed insignificant antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria even at 500 μg/mL.

69-72

Authors: T. Naga Jhansi1,2, *, D. Pavan Kumar2, Nagaraju Rajana1,2, D. Jayadeep Kumar2 and G. Nageswara Rao1

A reverse phase chiral HPLC method was developed for the determination of (R)-2-aminobutanamide isomer content in (S)-2-amino-butanamide key starting material for levetiracetam drug substance by using a CROWNPAK CR (+) column. Perchloric acid solution (0.05 %) was used as mobile phase and the flow rate was finalized as 0.3 mL/min. UV detection wavelength was 200 nm and column temperature was set as 15 ºC. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were 0.0002 mg/mL and 0.0005 mg/mL, respectively. The linearity calibration curve of (R)-2-aminobutanamide was shown good from the range of 0.0005 mg/mL to 0.004 mg/mL. The recovery of (R)-2-aminobutanamide isomer was between the range of 93 to 106 % in presence of (S)-2-aminobutanamide. The method was validated and found to be precise, accurate and robust. The method can be used for determination of (R)-2-aminobutanamide in presence of (S)-2-aminobutanamide, which is the key intermediate for preparation of levetiracetam. This method was validated in as per ICH Q2 (R1) and USP validation of compendial methods (1225).

79-83

Authors: R. Manimekalai* and S. Chidambaram

Adipic acid doped potassium hydrogen phthalate (AAKHP) and pure potassium hydrogen phthalate single crystals were grown by slow evaporation method. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis was carried out to determine the lattice parameters in a = 6.47 Å, b = 9.59 Å, c = 13.25 Å and space group of Pca21. This confirms the grown AAKHP belongs to the orthorhombic system. Various diffracting planes of the grown crystal were indexed using powder X-ray diffraction study. Fourier-transform infrared studies confirm the presence of various functional groups in the grown crystal. The transmittance spectrum shows that the lower cutoff wavelength is around 290 nm. The nonlinear optical property of the grown crystal has been studied by Kurtz powder second harmonic generation (SHG) analysis. EDAX analysis confirms the presence of various elements in the AAKHP crystal. Vickers micro-hardness studies are used for the analysis of mechanical behaviour of the grown crystal. The paramagnetic nature of the grown crystal was confirmed by vibration spectrum magnetometer technique.

91-94

Authors: L. Alphonse1, P. Tharmaraj1 , B. Avila Josephine2 and V. Mary Teresita2,*

In this work, Mn(II) complex of triazine based ligand has been synthesized and characterized using various physico-chemical methods including C,H,N elemental analysis, FT-IR, 1H NMR and EI-mass analysis. The synthesized compounds serve as potential photoactive material as indicated from its characteristic fluorescent properties. The ligand and its metal complex were assayed for in vitro antimicrobial activity on four bacterial strains (S. aureus, B. subtilis, E. coli and K. pneumoniae) using well-diffusion method and it was observed that metal complex showed enhanced antimicrobial activity against all tested strains as compared to ligand.

101-105

Authors: C. Subashini1,*, R. Ezhil Pavai2 and L. Balu3

B2O3-CaO-PbO glasses with different concentrations of PbO (5-20 mol % in four steps) were prepared by melt quench technique. The amorphous nature and homogeneities of the prepared glasses were confirmed by XRD and SEM analyses. Ultrasonic velocities and density were measured at 303 K using pulse-echo technique and Archimedes’ principle respectively. Various parameters, viz., molar volume, longitudinal modulus, shear modulus, bulk modulus, Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio, micro-hardness and Debye temperature have been evaluated from the measured data. The results of ultrasonic properties indicate that the incorporation of lead ions expand the calcium borate network structure. FTIR spectra revealed that boron exists in both trigonal and tetrahedral structural units and no boroxial ring formation takes place in the glass structure. The transition temperature, melting temperature and crystallization temperature have been identified using DTA measurements

111-114

Authors: Larny Mary Jayan1,2, S. Karthikeyan1, D. Joice Sheeba1, G.R. Angel1, E.V. Kripa1, S. Madeswaran3 and A. Stephen2,*

Membranes of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), gum arabic (GA) homopolymer and their blends of six different compositions (w/w) were prepared using solution casting method. Mixing of synthetic polymer e.g., PVA and natural polymer e.g., gum arabic can give a new class of polymer blend with better mechanical properties and biocompatibility than those of single components. The structural, optical and conductivity studies of these prepared membranes were examined by XRD, FTIR, UV and EIS. The XRD diffraction patterns for the polymer blend samples showed that they are more amorphous in nature as compared to pure PVA and pure gum arabic. The FTIR analysis of the samples gave information about various functional groups present in the samples. The energy band gap of various samples were obtained from UV-visible analysis. The conductivity of polymer membrane was analyzed by electronics impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Addition of natural polymer gum arabic has resulted slight increase in the conductivity of blend polymer.

122-126

Authors: Shiva Lall Sunar, Keisham Surjit Singh and Sajal Kundu*

A series of four neutral zinc complexes with substituted N,N-donor ligands viz. Ln = (E)-N-(pyridin-2-ylmethylene)anilines of composition [Zn(NO3)2(L1)] (1), [Zn(NO3)2L2] (2), [Zn(NO3)2L3] (3), [Zn(NO3)2L4] (4) were synthesized and characterized. The spectroscopic properties of the Zn(II) complexes were studied by UV-visible, fluorescence, IR and 1H NMR spectral analysis. All the zinc(II) complexes are water soluble and non-electrolyte in solution. Efforts for getting single crystals suitable for X-ray crystal structure could not be achieved. However, on the basis of spectral studies, compounds 1-4 are proposed to have octahedral geometry. The emission spectra of all the complexes show π-π* (intra-ligand) transition

133-136

Authors: Simanchal Dash

Some substituted 4-thiazolidinones have been prepared by taking 2-hydrazinobenzothiazole as a staring material. Polar solvent water makes less solubility of these compounds. Hence inclusions of compounds are prepared by taking suitable ratio of compound and β-cyclodextrin. The purpose of this work is to synthesize more soluble and more bioaccesible compounds. The synthesized compounds and their inclusions are known from the study of their thermodynamic properties and spectral characteristics (UV, IR and NMR). Pharmaceutical activity of the compounds and inclusion can be performed by using the bacteria namely E. coli, S. aureus and P. vulgaris. Considering and discussing all the matters, it has been found that inclusion formation shows more antibacterial activity than simple compound

142-146

Authors: P. Nirmala Jyothi and B. Sireesha*

Cu(II) and Zn(II) metal complexes with novel Schiff base 1-propionyl-4-methyl-3-thiosemicarbazide (PMTSC) were synthesized and characterized by LC-MS, IR, 1H NMR (D2O exchangeable), 13C NMR and UV-visible spectra, ESR, TGA, molar conductance and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The spectro-analytical studies revealed the composition of complexes as ML2 for Cu(II)-PMTSC and Zn(II)-PMTSC complex. The proton-ligand dissociation constant and metal-ligand formation constants of PMTSC with Zn(II) have been determined in 70 % (v/v) DMF-water medium at 0.1M (KNO3) ionic strength and 303 K using potentiometric Irving-Rossotti titration technique. The results revealed that PMTSC acts as monobasic ligand by releasing proton from amide via enol form and forms 1:2 (Zn-L) complex in solution. The cleavage of plasmid pBR322 DNA without any additives was monitored by gel electrophoresis and these complexes exhibited hydrolytic cleavage of plasmid DNA. The antibacterial activity of the Schiff base and its Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes were tested against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

153-160

Authors: Harish Kumar1,*, and Tilak Dhanda2,

Corrosion inhibition property of 1,2,3-benzotriazole for mild steel in 0.1 N sulphuric acid was evaluated at different concentrations and temperatures using weight loss, electrochemical polarization, differential pulse, stripping voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy. The surface study was carried out using metallurgical research and SEM microscopy. Increase in Warburg impedance and capacitive current and decrease in Faradaic current and capacitive loop was observed with increase in concentration of inhibitor. 1,2,3-Benzotriazole was found as a best corrosion inhibitor (94 %) for mild steel as compared to other inhibitors suggesting 1,2,3-benzotriazole as a potential alternate corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in H2SO4.

167-173

Authors: Hema , Tara Bhatt*, , Tarun Pant, Charu Ch. Dhondiyal and Himani Tiwari

Ultrasonic velocity, density and viscosity in the ternary mixture of propylene glycol, benzene and ethanol have been measured at 303, 308, 313 and 318 K and 2 MHz. The values of excess thermo-acoustic parameters uE, ηE, Ks E , Lf E , Vm E, ZE; and the Lennard-Jones potential repulsive term exponent (n) have been calculated by using the values of measured parameters. The variation in values and signs of excess parameters with increase in concentration of propylene glycol and temperature is explained by the mechanism of changing the nature of molecular interactions between unlike molecules. Further, the experimental ultrasonic velocities are compared with theoretical values calculated by using various theories like Nomoto′s relation (NR), Schaaffs′s collision factor theory (CFT) and Jacobson′s free length theory (FLT). The relative applicability of these theories is discussed in terms of average percentage errors (APE). The average percentage errors follows the order CFT < NR < FLT at each temperature.

183-186

Authors: Ram Kishore1, M. Kamboj1, M. Shukla2 and Devdutt Chaturvedi3,*

A simple, mild and efficient protocol for the synthesis of thioxoimidazolidine-4,5-diones (1-15) from substituted thiourea employing Triton-B/CS2 system has been discussed. The protocol described is an easy, efficient, nature-friendly method using cheap, easily available, less toxic reagents at room temperature. The synthesis involves the reaction between substituted thiourea in toluene and oxalyl chloride at room temperature using phase transfer catalyst Triton-B/CS2 system

192-194

Authors: S. Sudha Kumari

In present work, the screening of antimicrobial activities of copper(II) and cobalt(II) complexes with Schiff base ligand derived from the condensation of citral with valine (amino acid) was carried out on agar plates are reported. The antibacterial activity of Schiff base and its copper(II) and cobalt(II) complexes were evaluated against two bacterial strains Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive), Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) and fungus Candida albicans. The results revealed that the Schiff base ligand exhibited the poor antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Candida albicans except for Staphylococcus aureus. Generally, Gram-negative bacteria shows rigid outer membrane, well enough to defend against the drug but Schiff base (citral with valine derived) impregnated cobalt(II) complex seem to be more active against Escherichia coli organisms in comparison to copper(II) complex, which exhibits higher activity than uncomplexed ligand. The antimicrobial results revealed that cobalt(II) and copper(II) complexes have a considerable antibacterial activity than antifungal activity and suggest their potential application as antibacterial agents

199-204

Authors: Shailesh Kumar Singh1 and Laxmi Tripathi2,*

Novel (benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-N′-(4-substituted benzylidene)acetohydrazide derivatives were synthesized and their anticonvulsant activity evaluated by MES and scMET seizure models. Compound 2-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-N′-benzylideneacetohydrazide (4a) was found to be most potent in MES seizure test and showed no neurotoxicity at the highest administered dose. All the compounds showed high docking score with γ-aminobutyric acid receptor, GABAAR-β3 homopentamer (PDB ID: 4COF). Thus, the probable mechanism of action of benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy-N′-(4-substituted benzylidene)acetohydrazide derivatives (4a-h) may be augmentation of GABAergic activity

209-214

Authors: Deepak Kumar1, Arun Kumar Singh1, Ajay Kumar1, Dayanand Prasad1, Vijay Kumar2 and Shivadhar Sharma1,*

2,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde was condensed with S-benzyldithiocarbazate to give Schiff base 2,4,5-trimethoxy benzaldehyde-S-benzyldithiocarbazone (BBTC), which was used for complexation with Mn(II), Fe(II) and Co(II) metal ions. The complexes were formulated as M(BBTC)2X2 where X is Cl−, NO3 − and CH3COO−. The FTIR spectra of the metal complexes in comparison to that of free ligand suggested the coordination through azomethine nitrogen and thion sulphur forming six membered chelating with metal ion. The magnetic susceptibility and electronic spectral bands revealed octahedral symmetry (Oh) around Mn(II) but tetragonally distorted octahedral symmetry (D4h) of Fe(II) and Co(II) complexes. The positive value of Dt for Fe(II) (68.42-135.2 cm-1) and Co(II) (263-280 cm-1) clearly indicated elongation along z-axis in these complexes which was also supported by the less value of Dq(z) than Dq(xy) for the metal complexes. The ligand as well as its metal complexes have been found active against the bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and antibacterial activity of the free ligand has been observed to have enhanced in metal complexes.

219-227

Authors: Y.V.S. Veerendra1,2, Pradeep Kumar Brahman1,*, Sharad D. Mankumare2, Jaya Raju CH2 and J. Satish2

The present work demonstrates the development of an optimal, robust, validated UHPLC method for quantification of related impurities and assay determination of spironolactone. Design of experiment procedure, in combination with statistical evaluation of the data was used to test the robustness of developed method. A stability indicating method was established by forced degradation experiments. Analytical robustness was determined using design of experiment approach. The chromatographic separation was achieved with Agilent SB-C18 RRHD column using gradient elution with mobile phase-A consists of a mixture of 0.1 % each formic acid and ammonia in water and methanol as mobile phase-B respectively. The developed method is exhaustively validated for parameters like precision, accuracy, linearity, LOD, LOQ, ruggedness and robustness. The stability tests were also performed on drug substances as per ICH norms. Base line separation was achieved for all impurities, degradation products and the API. All impurities were eluted within 12 min, there was a remarkable 3.5-fold decrease in runtime and a clear baseline separation between all peaks in comparison with Ph.Eur monograph. A multi-dimensional design space was built to study the robustness of developed method using design expert software. Significant parameters such as effect of flow rate, buffer strength and mobile phase compositions were optimized at three levels. Plackett-Burman design was applied for screening of chromatographic conditions and factorial design was applied for optimization of essential factors in robustness studies.

233-236

Authors: Ram Naresh Yadav, Ashok Kumar Srivastava and Bimal Krishna Banik*

Microwave-induced bismuth nitrate-catalyzed reaction of 3-amino β-lactams with unsaturated ketones is performed in order to obtain substituted amino β-lactams. Amino β-lactams were obtained through the strategy of [2+2] ketene-imine cycloaddition followed by deprotection of phthalimido β-lactams with ethylene diamine.

244-248

Authors: J. Jani Matilda and T.F. Abbs Fen Reji*

A novel series of indolyl isoxazole derivatives were synthesized and the structure of the products is confirmed on the basis of IR, 1H NMR, MS and analytical data. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antioxidant and anticancer activities. The results revealed clearly those compounds 4b and 4d exhibited better radical scavenging ability. The optimized structural parameters of all compounds was carried out at the B3LYP/6-311++G (d, p) level of DFT basis set implemented in Gaussian 09 program package. Theoretical calculation of the title compounds were carried out using density functional theory method (DFT).

255-259

Authors: Nguyen Van Thuy, Nguyen Minh Tien, Nguyen Ngoc Quy, Tri Duc Lam, Huynh Thi Kieu Linh, Ly Hai Trieu, Le Van Minh, Pham Minh Quan, Le Minh Bui*, Tran Thanh Truc and Nguyen Van Muoi*

Gomphrena celosioides Mart. is well known for its medicinal values worldwide. In this study, three extracts, viz. diethyl ether extract (DEE), ethanolic extract (EE) and aqueous extract (AE), were successively obtained from the leaves and stem of Gomphrena celosioides to determine the polyphenol and flavonoid content in this plant. A wide variety of pharmacologically active compounds such as alkaloid, flavonoid, terpenoid, saponin, tannin and polyphenol compounds were present in Gomphrena celosioides. The results of quantitative determination showed that total polyphenol content of DEE, EE and AE reached 35.35 ± 1.47, 250.17 ± 2.95 and 133.92 ± 3.17 mgGAE/g, respectively. Moreover, total flavonoid content of the DEE, EE and AE was 23.21 ± 1.87, 50.74 ± 2.32 and 27.25 ± 1.34 mgQE/g, respectively.In comparison with DEE and AE, the ethanolic extract exhibited the highest DPPH (IC50 = 13.29 ± 0.10 μg/mL) and ABTS (IC50 = 6.3 ± 0.11 μg/mL).

265-270

Authors: R. Suganthi, S. Padmaja and S. Jhancy Mary*

Poly(2-nitroaniline), poly(2-nitroaniline)-Fe2O3 and poly(2-methylaniline)-Fe2O3 nanocomposites synthesized by in situ chemical oxidative polymerization technique were characterized by XRD, thermal (TGA and DTA) and FTIR & UV-visible spectroscopic techniques. The thermal stability was confirmed by the integral procedural decomposition temperature (IPDT) and oxidation index (OI) calculations. The electrical conductivity and dielectric properties were also investigated. At low frequency region, the dielectric constant decreases with increase in frequency due to electrical relaxation process. At high frequencies, dielectric constant is independent of frequency. At low frequency, there was strong frequency dispersion of permittivity and above 3 Hz, a frequency independent behaviour in permittivity was observed. The materials exhibit ferromagnetic behaviour.

276-280

Authors: D. Ashokkumar, M. Gopalakrishnan and G. Ramalingam*

An efficient multi-component one pot synthesis of some novel bioactive 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives from melamine using various aldehydes and 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds are reported. This reaction carried out microwave irradiation under solvent free condition using low cost and efficient acetic acid catalyst. The excellent futures of this method are eco-friendly, short reaction time and mild reaction condition. This method is convincing route for highly substituted dihydropyridine trimer synthesis. The synthesized dihydropyridine derivatives are screened for antimicrobial properties

287-292

Authors: Wachirawit Samerjai, Piyada Jittangprasert and Pan Tongraung*

A facile, highly selective colorimetric sensor based on 4-aminothiophenol (4-ATP) and Schiff base naphthalene-2-ol (L) modified silver nanoparticles (4-ATP-L-AgNPs) for detection of Fe(III) ion in aqueous solution. The presence of Fe(III) ion induced the aggregation of AgNPs that caused the red-shift from 430 to 440 nm, through a cooperative metal-ligand interaction from the coordination bond between Fe(III) ion and functional groups on AgNPs surface resulting in a colour change from dark brown to dark yellow with increasing absorption at 365 nm. The absorbance at 365 nm is linear with the concentration of Fe(III) ion ranging from 9.0 × 10-6 M to 9.0 × 10-3 M with a correlation coefficient of 0.9991. The detection limit of the developed method was 7.9 × 10-6 M. The practical application of 4-ATP-L-AgNPs for selective sensor for Fe(III) ion in various drinking water samples were demonstrated.

297-302

Authors: Bharath Samannan, Jothi Selvam and Jeyabalan Thavasikani*

A novel hybrid composite, namely {[VIV+PMo11O40]⊂[β-CD]} which shows the high percent of apoptosis of MTT assay of A549 cell line (lung cancer) in different concentrations. The composite has been characterized using techniques such as FT-IR, EPR, SEM, EDS and X-ray diffraction. The anticancer (lung cancer A549 cell line) was investigated using direct microscopic observations for drug treated cell line and IC50 value of 1.93. The apoptosis of 45.37 % cell death in cell line of minimum concentration (3.12 μg/mL) shows the good viability of β-CD-POM against lung cancer A549 cell line.

311-316

Authors: Rino Laly Jose, M.G. Gigimol and Beena Mathew*

N,N-Methylene bis-acrylamide crosslinked poly-N-vinyl pyrrolidone hydrogels were synthesized and binding of the hydrogel with the dye solution was followed spectrophotometrically. The chemical structure and morphology of the hydrogel before and after adsorption of acid black 194 was confirmed by FT-IR and SEM. Effect of various physico-chemical parameters such as concentration, temperature, pH, time and the amount of hydrogel used were investigated by batch adsorption studies. Hydrogel used as adsorbent in this study was characterized by UV-Vis spectrophotometer before and after adsorption of acid black 194. Kinetic studies suggested pseudo second order reaction. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were applied on equilibrium adsorption data and found that Freundlich isotherm fit better for the present investigation. N,N-methylene bisacrylamide crosslinked poly-N-vinyl pyrrolidone hydrogel displayed excellent properties for the removal of the azo dye, acid black 194 from aqueous solution.

322-328

Authors: K. Anuja, K. Hussain Reddy*, K. Srinivasulu and D. Dhanalakshmi

The hydrazone ligand, 2-formylpyridine benzoylhydrazone (FPBH) has been used to synthesize copper(II), nickel(II) and cobalt(II) complexes and characterized by elemental analyses, mass spectra, molar conductivity data IR, UV-visible spectroscopy. The complexes are found to have general formula M(FPBH)2 (where, M = Cu(II), Ni(II) and Co(II). Further the copper complex is investigated using ESR spectra. The spin Hamiltonian, orbital reduction and bonding parameters are calculated for the complex. The complex, Ni(FPBH)2 is structurally characterized based on single crystal X-ray crystallography. The complex crystallizes in monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 11.2632(2) Å, b = 8.8958(2) Å, c = 23.0834(5) Å, α = 90°, β = 90.858(2)°, γ = 90°, V = 2312.59(8) Å3 and Z = 4 with central Ni(II) ion in distorted octahedral structure coordinated by two tridentate FPBH ligand. The interactions of these complexes with calf thymus DNA have been investigated using absorption spectrophotometry. The copper complex binds more strongly than either nickel or cobalt complexes

335-338

Authors: Huynh Cang Mai*, Duy Chinh Nguyen, Nguyen Phu Thuong Nhan and Long Giang Bach

Sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) seed oil was studied for physico-chemical characteristics and chemical composition. Through gas chromatography-flame ionization (GC-FID) process, the fatty acid composition in the oil was analyzed, revealing that the oil is rich in linoleic acid (42.62 %), linolenic acid (36.32 %) and oleic acid (11.64 %). The tocopherol level in the oil was also high (7.7 ± 0.005 mg/Kg), revealed by high-performance liquid chromatography/ultraviolet-visible detector (HPLC/UV-VIS). The physico-chemical properties of the oil were also examined, including viscosity (88-92 cP), acid value (2.05 ± 0.005 mg KOH/g), saponification content (183.5 ± 1.45 mg KOH/g) and iodine value (192.4 ± 1.55 g I2/100 g). The results also indicated that sacha inchi is a health beneficial oil due to the high contents of essential fatty acids (ω-3, ω-6 and ω-9).

342-348

Authors: M. Rekha and M. Kowsalya*

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles have been synthesized by a novel modified sol-gel for the fabrication of natural dye sensitized solar cells. The natural photo sensitizer extracted from Cordia sebestena flower was mixed with the precursor solution. The flower dye has put the effort of a surfactant which has resulted colourized TiO2 instead of white TiO2. Whencompared to the conventional sol-gel method, this modified process has enhanced the properties of TiO2 like, morphology, uniformity in dye absorption. It has reduced the agglomeration of TiO2 and dye aggregation significantly. The optimized molecular geometry of sebestenoid D, the major pigment of Cordia sebestena and HOMO-LUMO plot are found using density functional theory. The TiO2 nanoparticles were subjected to structural, optical, spectral and morphological studies which showed improved properties in modified sol-gel process. Ecofriendly and low-cost natural dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC) were fabricated using conventional and pre-dye treated TiO2 sensitized by Cordia sebestena flower extract. The I-V studies showed the solar light photon to electron conversion efficiencies of 0.87 and 1.28 % for sol-gel and modified sol-gel methods, respectively. There has been an enhancement in efficiency by 47 % in modified sol-gel method which is very much promising in terms of efficiency for natural dye sensitized solar cells.

354-358

Authors: A. Jenifer, P. Sakthivel*, K. Senthilarasan, S. Arumugam and P. Sivaprakash

A rapid, efficient and cost-effective method for the synthesis of titanium(IV) doped hydroxyapatite using microwave assisted wet chemical method is reported. The synthesized hydroxyapatite and titanium(IV) doped hydroxyapatite (THA) samples were characterized by using XRD, FTIR and HR-TEM with EDAX. The antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was investigated by using the disc diffusion method showed good results. The anti-inflammatory activity by using the protein denaturation method proves to be less inflammable for in vivo applications. The hemolytic test showed that the samples are less hemolytic.

369-373

Authors: S. Arul* and T. Senthilnathan

ZnO nanocomposites co-doped with dopants like Mg with Ti or Al were prepared and assigned as ZnO-A and ZnO-B. All the nanocomposites were characterized by XRD, SEM and EDX and its utility towards the photodegradation of Congo red is studied. The present study was carried out in 30 W mercury lamp fitted in batch photoreactor and the effect of decomposition was measured in UV-absorption. Nanocomposite with combination of Ti dopant (ZnO-A) exhibited effective degrading ability to aqueous Congo red solution. A solution of 100 ppm of above concentrated ZnO nanocomposite solution was reduced nearly to 5ppm within 5 h. The photodegradation kinetics revealed that the photodegradation of aqueous Congo red follows first order reaction and showed quite comparable degradation effeciency with earlier reports.

381-384

Authors: G. Venkateshappa, P. Raghavendra Kumar*, and Krishna

This paper reports the synthesis, characterization and antibacterial activity of N-2-(4-chlorophenyl)acetyl derivatives of various (S)-amino acids such as (S)-alanine, (S)-phenylalanine, (S)-leucine, (S)-methionine, (S)-proline and (S)-tryptophane. These compounds have been successfully synthesized and their structures were confirmed by 1H NMR and 13C NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy. The antimicrobial activity of these six (S)-amino acids derivatives have been evaluated by the agar well diffusion method against pathogens both Gram-positive (S. aureus) and Gram-negative (K. aerogenes, E. coli and P. desmolyticumas) bacteria and fungi (A. flavus and C. albicans). All these compounds have shown mild to moderate antimicrobial activity.

391-394

Authors: Hui-Ping Xiong, Ning Zhang, Wan-Sheng Chen, Xiang-Lei Wu* and Zhi-Jun Wu*

Chemical investigation of the constituents of the whole herb of Ainsliaea yunnanensis Franch has led to isolation of hentriacontane (1), (6Z,9Z)-henicosa-6, 9-diene (2), methyl linoleate (3), dodecyl (Z)-9-hexadecenoate (4), heptadecan-8-ol (5), α-linolenic acid (6), (Z)-6-hexadecenoic acid (7), (Z)-10-eicosenoic acid (8), stearic acid (9), phytenoic acid (10), tripalmitolein (11), trilinolenin (12), phthalic acid bis-(2-ethylhexyl) ester (13), diisobutyl phthalate (14), 2-hydroxy-butanedioic acid-4-methyl ester (15), diacylgalactolipids I (16), β-D-galactopyranoside-1,2-bis[(1-oxo-9,12,15- octadecatrienyl)oxy]propyl (17), (2S)-1,2-O-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-3-O-[α-D-galactopyranosyl- (1′′′′→6′′′)-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl]glycerol (18). The structures of the compounds were identified by comparison of their NMR data with literature data.

401-407

Authors: M. Dinesh Kumar*, P. Rajesh, R. Priya Dharsini and M. Ezhil Inban

The quantum chemical calculations of organic compounds viz. (E)-1-(2,6-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-3- ethylpiperidine-4-ylidene)-2-phenyl-hydrazine (3ECl), (E)-1-(2,6-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-3- methylpiperidine-4-ylidene)-2-phenylhydrazine (3MCl) and (E)-1-(2,6-bis(4-chloro-phenyl)-3,5- dimethylpiperidine-4-ylidene)-2-phenylhydrazine (3,5-DMCl) have been performed by density functional theory (DFT) using B3LYP method with 6-311G (d,p) basis set. The electronic properties such as Frontier orbital and band gap energies have been calculated using DFT. Global reactivity descriptor has been computed to predict chemical stability and reactivity of the molecule. The chemical reactivity sites of compounds were predicted by mapping molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) surface over optimized geometries and comparing these with MEP map generated over crystal structures. The charge distribution of molecules predict by using Mulliken atomic charges. The non-linear optical property was predicted and interpreted the dipole moment (μ), polarizability (α) and hyperpolarizability (β) by using density functional theory.

415-419

Authors: F.Z. Bentebba*, Z. Ghiaba , M. Saidi and C. Bensasi

Edible parts of two dates cultivars (Deguel ahmar and Tanslit) at four maturation stages khellal, besser, rutab and tamr were analyzed for their phytochemical composition (total phenolic, total flavonoid and condensed tannins contents) as well as antioxidant and antibacterial activities. The antioxidant activity evaluated in vitro using scavenging assays of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and 2,2′-azino-bis(3- ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical and ferric reducing power. Antibacterial activity of extracts were evaluated in vitro by the agar disk diffusion method against five pathogenic bacterias trains: Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Enterococcus ATCC 3315, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 7320. Results suggested that the content of these phytochemicals are very important at khellal stage and then decreased during maturation followed by a decrease in the antioxidant activity

427-434

Authors: Maha R. Al Rimawi*, Yusuf M. Al-Hiari, Amal G. Al-Bakri, and Sanaa K. Bardaweel

Fluoroquinolones are clinically successful antibacterial agents. In this work a series of novel 7-substituted anilino-8-nitrofluoroquinolone esters (3-9), acids (10-16) and 8-amino reduced derivatives (17-23) of the later compounds were successfully prepared and characterized using spectroscopic techniques. All the compounds tested (10-23) showed good antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram- negative standard bacterial strains. Interestingly, 8-amino reduced derivatives (17-22) were more active against both standard strains than their 8-nitro acid analogues (10-15). Moreover, some targeted compounds have shown reasonable activity mainly against resistant gram positive bacteria. In particular compounds 10, 12 and 16 displayed a potent activity against methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) with MIC values of 4.7, 2.3 and 1.2 μg/mL, respectively. Lipophilicity could be a plausible explanation of such higher activity against the gram positive resistant strain (MRSA). Biological screening of cytotoxic activity against five cancer cell lines using an in vitro cell culture system was achieved for all tested compounds. These derivatives have shown weak activity for most of them. Interestingly, more lipophilic nitroacids (10-15) were more active than their analogous reduced acids (17-22).

441-450

Authors: Ravi K. Kottalanka*, Eswar Pagadala, Shiva K. Loke, S. Rex Jeya Rajkumar, Venkatesan Srinivasadesikan, and Balajee Ramchandran

Titanium(IV)-complex of chemical composition [{(NNO)2Ti}3O3] (2) bearing bidentate heteroditopic Schiff base [(C5H4OH)-N=CH-C4H3-NH] (L1) ligand in titanium coordination sphere was reported and its biological significance was evaluated. The in vitro cytotoxicity of L1 and 2 were evaluated by using MTT assay on cancer cell lines (MCF-7 & A549) and observed significant cytotoxicity. Further, the LDH and NO assay studies on both L1 and 2 on cancer cell lines revealed that the enhanced cytotoxicity compared to standard anticancer drug i.e. cisplatin. The DNA binding studies of tested compounds with Ct-DNA molecule by using UV-visible and fluorescence spectra and molecular docking studies revealed that moderate to good binding interactions with test molecules. Thus, the present work contributes and implies the biological significance of Ti-complex (2) and the correlation between the structure and the biological activities of such Ti-complexes supported by Schiff base systems opens up opportunities for further exploitation of similar biologically active titanium systems.

458-462

Authors: Gugulothu Yaku, Bandi Rajkumar and T.V.D. Prasad Rao*

In the present work, a simple and low cost and eco-friendly technique is applied for the microwave assisted synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the extract of pomegranate peel wastes, which does not require any use of external stabilizing agent. The extract of pomegranates peelings waste served as a reducing as well as capping/stabilizing agent. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized by using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission eelectron microscopy (TEM), FT-IR, UV-visible spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX). The stability of AgNPs was analyzed by zeta potential measurements. The antibacterial activity of synthesized AgNPs was also evaluated on six Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria using agar well diffusion method.

466-470

Authors: Bijendra Singh and Chhagan Lal*

The study focused on the enhancement of solar power generation and storage capacity of a photogalvanic cell ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid as reductant, xylene cyanol FF and patent blue as photosensitizers. This chemical system with changed concentrations, a combination electrode and a very small Pt electrode was used to fabricate a modified photogalvanic cell. The modified cell showed greatly enhanced performance in terms of photopotential (868.0 mV), photocurrent (230.0 μA), efficiency (0.64 %) and the maximum output (power) of the cell was found to be 199.64 W. The photogalvanic cell can be used at this power level for 115 min in the dark due to the storage capacity of the cell. The effects of various parameters such as pH, reductant concentration, dye concentration, diffusion length, light intensity, and electrode area on electrical output of the cell were also investigated. The currentvoltage (i-v) characteristics of the cell have been studied and a mechanism for the photocurrent generation in photogalvanic cell has also been proposed.