Bylye Gody

504-513

Authors: Milana V. Ragulina

This article examines the influence of natural and climatic conditions on the life activity of the Tungus in the 17th-19th centuries. The unstable nature of biological resources, due to the specific climate, affected both the indigenous ethnic groups of the taiga and Russian settlers. The article compares information about famine, crop failures in the region and the ice regime of the Angara River. A coincidence was revealed between intra-century decreases in air temperature and most economic crises. The results indicate repeated periods of lower average annual temperatures, which were accompanied by extreme natural events. The interaction of the Tungus with peasants, merchants and authorities took place against this changing natural and climatic background. Climatic fluctuations directly and indirectly led to the formation of various ways of adaptation of the Tungus: from strengthening exchange ties and transition to hybrid semi-sedentary forms of economy, to migration to more productive areas remote from Russian villages. Natural factors, combined with social and economic prerequisites, have led to the emergence of a complex set of adaptation processes. Networks of mutual aid, trade, and cultural exchange were formed in response to climate and social risks, strengthening the position of the Tungus. Data from folklore, chronicles, statistics and archival documents confirm the influence of intra-century climate variability on the Tungus. Years of famine, crop failures, epidemics and associated changes in the economy affected all groups of the population. The consequences of this impact were culturally and environmentally specific. The diversity and dynamics of neighboring cultures and geographical conditions contributed to the uniqueness of the Tungus economy, the different rates of their acculturation and the formation of an interconnected ethnocultural landscape.

524-532

Authors: Yury G. Chernyshov, Pavel V. Ulyanov

The inventor of the steam-atmospheric engine, Ivan Ivanovich Polzunov (1729–1766), is considered in modern Russian literature as an “iconic figure”, as a person who selflessly contributed to the development of Russia. However, the process of preserving the historical memory of this figure has varied greatly between periods. The novelty of the study lies in the generalization of the results of the works of pre-revolutionary, Soviet and modern Russian historians, in identifying the features of the process of memorialization named after I.I. Polzunov in different periods. The study showed that the process of preserving the historical memory of Ivan Polzunov, which began in the pre-revolutionary period on the initiative of writers and local historians, took place mainly at the regional level and was distinguished by a few attempts at wider promotion. During the Soviet period, the popularization of the name of the inventor, which began in the 1940s, became widespread thanks to the “ideological order” and the ongoing state policy to consolidate in the public consciousness the images of “people from the bottom” and “pioneer inventors.” At the present stage, the result of another “historiographical turn” based on versatile approaches has been the consolidation of the name of Ivan Polzunov as a “signature figure” in the history of the Altai region and Russia.

544-552

Authors: Sayalbek M. Gizzatov, Alibek B. Aman, Nursultan N. Oteuov, Ainur Zh. Kalybaeva

This study examines in depth the role of the Dzungarian Khanate in the context of the formation of the political situation in Central Asia, taking into account the impact of Abylai Khan and the relationship with the Qing Empire. The relevance of this topic is due to the importance of the Dzungarian Khanate as a leading player in the region and its impact on the formation of statehood and international relations. The purpose of the study is to thoroughly analyze the influence of the Dzungarian Khanate on the political and diplomatic atmosphere in the region, especially in the context of its relations with the Qing Empire and the role of Abylai Khan in this process. This study is based on the analysis of archival materials, historical documents and relevant scientific literature covering the period of the existence of the Dzungarian Khanate and its relations with the Qing Empire. At the same time, various methods of analyzing and interpreting information are used to obtain objective results. As a result of the study, the positions of various parties on issues related to the interaction of the Dzungarian Khanate and the Qing Empire will be analyzed. This will allow us to identify the key factors influencing the course and outcome of conflicts, as well as their consequences for both sides. The research highlights the importance of studying the fate of the Dzungarian Khanate under the rule of the Qing Empire and the role of Abylai Khan in this context. This aspect of historical science is of key importance for in-depth analysis of the formation of the political, cultural and geopolitical situation in Central Asia. In addition, such an analysis is of great practical importance for the development of modern political and diplomatic strategies, given its historical heritage and influence on modern geopolitical processes.

564-571

Authors: Sergey I. Degtyarev

The article is devoted to a little-known page in the history of education of the XVIII century – projects for the creation of higher educational institutions on Ukrainian lands, which at that time were part of the Russian Empire. Contemporaries noted high public demands regarding education by representatives of various segments of the local population – nobility, philistinism, clergy. The main attention was paid directly to the university project in the city of Baturin in 1760. Its initiator was the last Hetman of Ukraine and Count Kirill Razumovsky, and the direct author of the document was Grigory Teplov. According to this document, it was planned to create a European-style university. In particular, German universities were chosen as a model for succession. Hetman K. Razumovsky also tried to adopt the experience of Moscow University, which existed since 1755. Financing of Baturin University was planned from several sources, the main of which were donations from the local maecenas, fees from mill owners and share of the income from customs duties. But this project like a number of ideas initiated by regional elites was never realized, mainly due to the peculiarities of the national policy of the Russian government.

582-592

Authors: Ardak K. Kapyshev, Igor R. Prokhorov, Bakhytgul T. Tuleuova, Farkhat R. Lebayev

The article deals with the formation, settlement and activity of the Siberian Cossack army in the territory of modern North-Eastern Kazakhstan in the XVIII-XIX centuries. The difficulties that the Siberian Cossacks faced in the region in ensuring their livelihoods in new natural conditions are shown. The real need for their peaceful and mutually beneficial interaction with the local Kazakh population is presented. Siberian Cossacks, actively borrowing the economic experience of nomads, in some cases introduced new models of economic activity, which were also in demand by Kazakhs. As a result of the economic interaction between Cossacks and Kazakhs, trade and the productive forces of the region are developing. The Siberian Cossacks were an instrument of Russian colonization, the guides of the policy of the Russian Empire. At the same time, they entered into peaceful relations with the local population. Such connections were often mutually beneficial. In general, it is necessary to note the important role of the Cossacks in the formation of agricultural culture, trade, industry, crafts and communication routes in the North-Eastern region of modern Kazakhstan. Despite the fact that the military settlers were burdened with government duties, they contributed to the development of the productive forces of the region, the introduction of new forms of management.

599-612

Authors: Artyom Yu. Peretyatko

The article is dedicated to the problem of the late 18th – early 19th centuries Don Cossacks identity. Author shows that in the 19th century the Don Cossackdom was going through a major transformation (in particular, local garb was supplanted by the one closer to a Great Russian, and educated locals have familiarized themselves with Russian historiography). At the same time, professional ethnographers began to study the Don Cossacks only in the 1880s, meaning they were studying already transformed Cossackdom. In this context contemporaries’ evidences about the Don Cossacks of the late 18th – early 19th centuries are of utmost importance. They are few (the article examines the wide-known works of A.I. Rigel’man about the Don Cossacks and the less-known of M.I. Antonovsky and A.L. de Romano), but A.I. Rigel’man, having served many years among the Cossacks, recorded the self-identification of some part of Cossacks, which allows us to compare the self-identification of Don Cossacks with their identification by outsider authors. Such a comparison enables us to reveal a curious plot previously unestablished in scientific historiography. There was fundamental contradiction between the recorded cases of self-identification of Cossacks of the period and the identification by outsider authors. At the same time, A.I. Rigel’man knew who the Cossacks considered themselves to be, and also knew a number of their historical myths, yet attributed them to the category of “fables” and opposed them his own conclusions, drawn primarily from historical works. As a result, the information we have about the self-identification of the late 18th – early 19th centuries Cossacks works towards separation of Cossacks from other East Slavs (for example, it might consider Caucasus as the possible ancestral home of Cossacks, rather than the territories of Russia/Great Russia and Ukraine/Little Russia; Cossacks’ service to Russia is described as a conscious choice; “Don” is interpreted as a special locus gifted to the Cossacks by Ivan the Terrible, etc.). On the opposite, the authors of the late 18th century, who represented Russian specifics, in their works about the Cossacks (A.I. Rigel’man, M.I. Antonovsky) univocally included them with other Slavs (Ukraine/Little Russia is deemed the Cossacks’ ancestral home; The Cossacks are positioned as initially serving Russia or at least from the earliest stage of their history; the narrative about “Don” being the Cossacks’ special land is omitted, etc.). This tendency was brought to logical conclusion by M.I. Antonovksy, who interpreted the Don Cossacks as just “rossians” with some particular local specifics.

623-631

Authors: Timur A. Magsumov, Teymur E. Zulfugarzade, Mikhail B. Kolotkov, Sergei B. Zinkovskii

The article considers an overview of modern historiography devoted to the Kharkiv Educational District (1803–1917). 43 English-language and Russian-language publications made in the period from 2006 to 2024 are analyzed. The research methodology is based on the historical and genetic method, which allowed the authors to consider the evolution of the study of the public education system on the territory of the Kharkiv Educational District. The great importance is also given to the historical and systemic method, thanks to which the authors considered the studied problem comprehensively, taking into account the established traditions in historiography. At the same time, the authors applied a comparative historical method that allowed them to pay attention to the specifics of conducting scientific research on the Kharkiv Educational District. The presented review of modern historiography shows that the system of public education in the territory of the Kharkiv Educational District is now actively engaged in the Cherkas Global University, which is implementing an ambitious project “The system of public education in the Russian Empire: a historical and statistical study”. As part of this project, the organization's staff comprehensively reviewed the public education systems of all six territories of the Kharkiv Educational District. Besides this, representatives of regional historical scientific schools are currently engaged in various aspects of public education, which, as a rule, touch on private issues and rarely return to the public education system in their publications.

640-651

Authors: Alexander S. Kovalev, Nikolai R. Novosel'tsev, Dmitry V. Rakhinsky, Ella V. Savina

The article examines the main characteristics of the everyday life of military invalids and members of invalid companies in the Tomsk Province in the 19th century. Based on a comprehensive methodology that includes the principles of historical-anthropological approach, history of everyday life, and microhistory, the authors analyzed the features of material support for military invalids, living environment, household arrangement, consumption specifics, development of personal and social connections and communication among members of invalid companies, as well as their types of employment. The research was based on previously unpublished archival materials from the State Archive of the Tomsk Region. According to the authors, throughout the entire period of existence of invalid companies in the 19th century, the state and society accumulated significant experience in solving the social problems faced by military invalids. The issues of providing for the members of invalid companies were successfully resolved: assistance in food supply, housing solutions, providing suitable employment, monetary support including pensions, providing a place in a religious institution, and so on. At the same time, all these measures were half-hearted, often incomplete, and not entrenched as rights and guarantees for military invalids. The state initiated numerous forms of social support for incapacitated military personnel, but it lacked real mechanisms for public oversight of their implementation.

658-669

Authors: Yulia G. Kokorina, Maсhach M. Vagabov, Mamlakat T. Jumaniyozova

The outstanding Russian historian I.E. Zabelin (1825–1908) owes his achievements to self-education, which he received thanks to books. The future historian loved books since childhood, and with the last money he manages to collect a small library of books. The article introduces a new historical source into scientific circulation – the handwritten catalogues of his book collection compiled by I.E. Zabelin, which are stored in the archive of the scientist. The authors consider the role of the book in the scientific search for a scientist. As a humble employee of the Armory, I.E. Zabelin could not use the commercial libraries of Moscow, there were no large public book collections in Moscow. I.E. Zabelin bought used books and magazines in the markets, and when funds allowed, from the leading booksellers of the capital and would carefully record the funds spent. The examination of the catalogues of I.E. Zabelin's book collection shows not only its use for scientific purposes, but also reveals his interest in social and philosophical problems, spiritual search. The study allows us to dispel the historiographical myths that have developed in science, in particular, that I.E. Zabelin did not understand the importance of learning foreign languages and was a mediocre archaeologist. The catalog of the scientist's library contains hundreds of volumes on archaeology and hundreds of titles in foreign languages. I.E. Zabelin used an advanced information search system for that time, developing his principles of organizing a card catalog along with traditional book catalogs, while he conducted a thematic grouping of information. As the owner of a valuable collection of books and manuscripts, D.I. Zabelin shared them with colleagues, kept a detailed record of the literature issued. Studying the catalogues of I.E. Zabelin's book collection expands the understanding of him as a scientist and a person.

680-689

Authors: Аndrii E. Lebid

The article considers the organizational features of academic and extracurricular work of students of imperial Russian universities on the example of the Imperial Kharkov University and the Imperial University of St. Vladimir in Kiev. We note that the peculiarities of academic work were differentiated not only at the level of faculties, but also at the level of courses and heads of study. The greatest academic load fell on the students of the Faculty of History and Philology. This fact led to the fact that students of this faculty often moved to other faculties, or even left the university. We also noted that the organization of the educational process in higher educational institutions was under both internal university control and external control - from the trustee of the educational district and ministerial officials. The peculiarity of the educational activity of university students in the mentioned period was the so-called “tradition of dialogical communication”. Lectures, which remained the main form of the educational process, were everywhere supplemented by other types and forms of work. These included work with texts (both independent and under the guidance of a teacher); scientific conversations on topical issues; discussions and debates as forms of practical classes; analysis of scientific literature and others. Independent student research work was encouraged from the first year of study. Such research student works helped them to reveal the essence of scientific problems more deeply, as well as their own understanding of them.

696-704

Authors: Konstantin V. Taran

This article examines the fighting between Russian troops and Caucasian tribes during the construction of the Golovinsky fortification at the mouth of the Shakhe River in May – July 1839. As materials, the author used a complex of various sources – memoirs and epistolary heritage of contemporaries of the events described, as well as archival materials. A set of historical research methods was used in the work – historical-systemic, diachronic analysis, historical-genetic, etc. The author came to the following conclusions that the fighting during the construction of the Golovinsky fortification was no less bloody than during the landing of the Russian troops. Casualties were suffered by both Russian troops and, to a greater extent, Caucasian tribes who tried to prevent the landing and construction of fortifications at the mouth of the Shah River.

716-725

Authors: Alexander G. Gryaznukhin, Tatyana V. Gryaznukhina, Anna S. Zhulaeva, Semen V. Kozhevnikov

The problem of relationship between the Russian intelligentsia and the people in the XIX century was addressed, and their dichotomous character was noted. The notion of "the people" was defined and its structural and social composition was determined. The relationship between the intelligentsia and the people was described as conflictual. Views of the representatives of the noble intelligentsia, belonging to different social classes, on the causes of its conflict with the people were analyzed based on primary sources. The feeling of guilt for their dependency existence was marked as a common factor of mental motivation for the intelligentsia to contribute to the destiny of the people. The intelligentsia's assessments of various qualities of the people’s character were diverse and depended on its genesis and socio-political status. The matters of faith of the people, the nature of their education, and their attitude towards the peasant community remained the most controversial ones. Active part of the noble intelligentsia in the destiny of the people involved gratuitous distribution of land, relief of duties, and provision of various benefits, which could not resolve the general social conflict situation due to the local nature of this activity. Silver Age creative intellectuals had diametrically opposed vision of the people. Someone’s belief in the devout religiosity of the people was not consistent with the conviction of others in the sober mind, saving from superstitious delusions. Views on the role of the community in the life of the peasantry ranged from complete idealization to the need for its destruction. The intellectuals recognized ignorance of the people as the cause of all troubles, but had no general idea of the methods of its enlightenment. The intelligentsia noted combined contradictory qualities in the people, and attributed existence of the negative temperamental attributes to the living conditions of the people, poverty and ignorance. Long-suffering and submissiveness, inherent in the people, left open their subconscious desire for freedom in the eyes of the intelligentsia, which had to be implemented in real life. Duality of mentality, mutual misunderstanding and rejection of the Russian people and the intelligentsia worsened the split of the society and contributed to accumulation of the mass limit of the revolutionary outbreak.

738-749

Authors: Evgenii A. Avdeev, Sergej M. Vorobev, Sergej N. Bredikhin

Resettlement of North Caucasian highlanders in the second half of the 19th century still remains one of the conflict-generating narratives of historical memory. The policy of the Russian Empire during this period was determined by geopolitical processes, the continued colonization of the region, opposition to the influence of the Ottoman Empire, as well as the desire of North Caucasian Muslims to move to Dar al-Islam. Its inconsistency is due to the difficult task of sociocultural integration of the highlanders in the conditions of colonization and resettlement of Russian peasants and Cossacks to their original places of residence. Administrative, territorial, legal, national and religious issues were often resolved using methods that forced resettlement. Since the 1830s, processes have been observed in the movement of highlanders from their original places of residence, either to the internal lowland regions of the Caucasus, or to the Ottoman Empire. Cossacks and colonists settled on the lands liberated in this way, who were supposed to help ensure border security and reduce the possibility of resistance of part of the mountain population to the colonization of the region. At the last stage of the Caucasian War, the Russian authorities encouraged the departure of mountaineers abroad. The policy of the Ottoman Empire, aimed at supporting and agitating anti-Russian and resettlement sentiments, significantly increased the scale of muhajirism. At the end of the Caucasian War and the pacification of the North Caucasus, the emigration of highlanders begins to be limited, and later prohibited. At the end of the 1850s – beginning of the 1860s. accounts for the most massive stage of resettlement and emigration of highlanders. The second significant stage of mountain emigration occurred in the second half of the 60s – early 70s. XIX century. At this time, three waves of resettlement of highlanders can be distinguished. The third stage of active external and internal migration occurred in the 1880s – 1890s. By the end of the 19th century, the emigration of highlanders basically stopped. The resettlement process at all stages was accompanied by disasters and hardships and led to negative demographic dynamics. It changed the ethnic areas and ethnic composition of the population of the North Caucasus.

763-770

Authors: Anton V. Gurko, Ainuru T. Altybaeva, Krystsina D. Savitskaya

This article is devoted to the study of the reform of the abolition of serfdom in the context of its main causes and stages. The study includes not only the theme of Alexander II's Manifesto on the liberation of peasants from 1861, but also an analysis of a number of normative acts adopted since the end of the XVIII century, the subject of which were preliminary steps aimed at the subsequent acquisition of personal rights and freedoms by serfs. In particular, this article examines such documents as: The Manifesto of Paul I “On three-day serfdom”, the Decree of Alexander I “On free farmers”, the Regulations on the peasants of Estonia and Livonia, as well as the Decree of Nicholas I “On obliged peasants”. The authors of the article pay sufficient attention to external and internal factors that served as the reasons and prerequisites for the adoption of the reform on the abolition of serfdom, such as the defeat in the Crimean War, the industrial and technical revolution, the social crisis, the increased peasant riots, the development of higher education and, at the same time, changes in the worldview of the enlightened segment of the population of the Russian Empire. In addition, the article examines in detail the internal political processes for organizing activities aimed at preparing and implementing the reform of serfdom. The authors analyzed the course of preparation of the draft peasant reform and formulated the key contradictions that represented a number of obstacles to the implementation of the reform.

783-791

Authors: Ruslan M. Zhitin, Alexey G. Topilsky

After the abolition of serfdom and the deprivation of a number of privileges to the nobility, the main of which was free labor, landowners were forced to adapt to the realities of capitalist reality. No matter how painful the transitional forms of integration into the new management system (mining, use, introduction of a fallow system), the final result of the restructuring of private estates that had begun was to attract serfdom to developed economies. At the same time, all components of the landlord economy had to change on the way to progress – from the introduction of free hiring of workers and technical modernization of the economy to changing the land use system and rationalization of field cultivation. A systematic study of the administrative aspects of the estate's development in the second half of the 19th century is missing in historiography. Some aspects of this process can be traced back to pre-revolutionary writings. At the same time, a significant amount of source data, general statistical notes on the personnel of a number of estates were contained in zemstvo collections, which have not lost their significance so far. The success of the landlords' development of new forms of economic activity was significantly influenced by the global market situation. The reform of 1861 fell on a general decline in prices on the grain market. The influx of overseas grain into European ports (the main factor in the decline in trade) has ruined the Russian producer. In 1882–1890 export prices for Russian rye decreased by 35 %, wheat depreciated by 17 %. A feature of the post-reform modernization of the agrarian system of Russia was the gradual transition of ownership economies from old serf fiefdoms to capitalist competitive farms. To increase the efficiency of different types of estates, the owners had to modernize land use, carry out sectoral specialization of field farming, and attract new capital into production.

803-813

Authors: Orazgul Kh. Mukhatova, Zhumaziya Zhumabayeva, Shamek B. Tleubayev, Arailym N. Konkabayeva

In the XIX – early XX centuries in Russia there were gymnasiums for secondary education, the completion of which gave the right to enter higher educational institutions (universities) and serve in various institutions. Such educational institutions were famous not only for their teaching methods, but also for the organization of the educational process. One of these educational institutions in the Kazakh steppe was the Orenburg Men's Gymnasium, which opened in 1868. In order to open a gymnasium and construct an educational building, a charitable foundation was organized among the residents. Scholarships were awarded to Kazakh children studying from the charity fund. Among the graduates of this gymnasium were representatives of the Kazakh intelligentsia such as: Abubakir Aldiyarov, Salimgerey Nuralykhanov, Kali Ibragimov, Gali-Akhmet Aryngaziev, etc. The documents of Fund 79 of the United State Archives of the Orenburg Region contain information about the activities of the civil men's gymnasium, the names of graduates, information about their academic performance, the daily life of Kazakh children who studied at the beginning of the XX century. Sources indicate that at the gymnasium, Kazakh children lived in a boarding house and received a scholarship assigned to the children of Kazakhs in the Orenburg region and surrounding regions. As part of the curriculum, the following languages were studied: Russian, Greek, Latin, French, German, as well as logic, algebra, geometry, history, and geography. Children were aimed at acquiring knowledge, diligently mastering the educational process in order to achieve good results. After graduating from the Orenburg men's gymnasium, Kazakh young men were able to continue their studies at higher educational institutions in Russia.

823-830

Authors: Natalia А. Koblova, Olga V. Kolpakova а, Olga A. Sukhova

The article analyzes the social portrait of a pilgrim who traveled from Penza province to worship Orthodox Shrines in the East in the 1870s – 1900s. The study is based on the Penza governor's office correspondence (which regulated the receipt of a foreign passport), articles from diocesan periodicals about the popularization of the pilgrimage movement, including travel notes by Penza priest P. Arkhangelsky, who visited Palestine in 1895. The motives, meaning, terms and conditions of the organization, and the cost of a trip to Palestine from the Penza province are investigated. The analysis of the pilgrims' petitions allows to reconstruct the system of ideas of the provincial society about the geography of the location, the name, and the content of the image of the Holy Land, to identify the relationship between the level of socio-cultural development of the territory and the awakening of the desire for spiritual and moral improvement. The desire to gain immortality encouraged deeply religious representatives of the lower strata of society, as a rule, rural residents in adulthood to travel to Holy Places, despite all the hardships and dangers of the way. It has been established that by the end of the XIX century, as a result of the activity of the IPPO (Imperial orthodox Palestinian society), increased transport accessibility, and the development of hospitality infrastructure in Jerusalem, the pilgrimage movement was democratized, and the socio-demographic characteristics of the classical pilgrim became more flexible. In addition to gaining personal experience through the pilgrimage movement, the memorial culture of the provincial society, the common basis of religious and national identity, was formed.

841-848

Authors: Sergei V. Belousov, Olga V. Kolpakova, Anastasia R. Mere

The authors analyze the social ideas of peasants about the priest, his functions and importance in the village world. On the one hand, the peasants treated their spiritual mentor with respect, making certain demands on his spiritual and moral appearance. On the other hand, the peasantry condemned manifestations of uncanonical behavior on the part of clerics, such as drunkenness, profanity, and excessive extortion from peasants. An important aspect in the issue of interaction between the priest and the peasants was the material side – the collection of fees for trebs. Despite the fact that the level of well-being of the rural clergy was very low, it was the very way of receiving remuneration for performing their duties that distanced the priest from the peasant. Many of the peasants opposed payment in monetary terms. The fact that the priest was a representative of the church and state authorities also played a significant role. The general attitude of the peasants towards the clergy was formed taking into account both the personal qualities of the priest and stable ideas about the correspondence of the activities of the church and Christian preaching to the idea of justice – the basis of the ideological principles of the Russian peasantry.

857-864

Authors: Elizaveta S. Lakhtionova, Irina G. Polyakova

The article examines the problem of preserving Russian intangible cultural heritage through the formation and consistent implementation of that part of family rituals that was associated with the reproductive culture of the peasant community, which made up the majority of the population of the Russian Empire. In a similar way, the transmission of value and behavioral attitudes of the reproductive strategy took place from generation to generation. The study is based on materials from the Perm province, chronologically dating back to the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. The main sources were descriptions of various rituals and records of folklore, preserved both in published form and in archival materials. Using various methods of historical science, including microhistory, the author managed to extract from descriptive source material the meaning that the peasants invested in each ritual element. It was found that the main mechanisms for transmitting the value and behavioral attitudes of Russian reproductive culture – the family and the Russian Orthodox Church – were aimed at one goal that was vitally important for the peasant community – the conception and birth of as many children as possible, preferably healthy ones. For this purpose, knowledge, traditions, customs and rituals have been passed on for centuries among the people, information about which was recorded by local historians, observers and scientists. All this entered the treasury of Russian culture, forming a fund of domestic intangible cultural heritage.

873-885

Authors: Elena V. Burlutskaya, Ekaterina N. Abdrakhmanova

The article examines how Russian post-reform society, family and school conceptualized teenage suicides, the number of which began to increase rapidly at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The phenomenon of such an extreme manifestation of children's deviant behavior is studied using data from Orenburg, a provincial center of a governorate, located away from the capital cities. As examples, the article examines the suicides of students at the Orenburg Men's Gymnasium, one of the best secondary schools in the region. The source base of the study is based on documents concentrated in the United State Archive of the Orenburg Region, as well as on materials from the Orenburg press. Analysis of available sources allows us to state that society, families and schools of the post-reform era were baffled by youth suicides. Their motives were associated with the shortcomings of the existing school system, social vices, the crisis of family relationships, as well as with the individual psychological characteristics of children. The children and adolescents intentionally taking their own lives were seen as a disruption to the normal course of life, a sign of social instability and a threat to a predictable and sustainable future. Microhistories of children recorded in suicide cases suggest that tragic situations were most often caused by a lack of parental attention to the problems of children or its complete absence. In addition, most adults (both parents and school administration) were absolutely convinced that a “normal” child is a malleable material from which a future full-fledged member of society can be easily “molded” with the help of lectures and disciplinary sanctions. Children were denied the natural experience of psychological crises and personal problems due to their perceived insignificance or unreality.

896-907

Authors: Natalia P. Koptseva, Veroniсa A. Razumovskaya, Ivan Y. Makarchuk, Yulia E. Valkova

The article carried out a textual analysis of Part 1 of Volume 12 of “Picturesque Russia. Our Fatherland in its land, historical, tribal, economic and everyday meaning”, which has the subtitle “Eastern outskirts of Russia. Eastern Siberia”. Published in 1895, the encyclopedic publication is a valuable historical source, which reveals facts related to the development of East Siberian territories, the socio-economic status of indigenous Siberian peoples, as well as the features of visualization of these facts. The purpose of the study was to identify the peculiarities of the formation of the image of Eastern Siberia at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries in encyclopedic texts and in illustrations accompanying these texts. Part 1 of Volume 12 of “Picturesque Russia” presents a holistic and multifaceted image of the Eastern Siberian territories as long-developed by immigrants from Central Russia. The region is seen as promising, rich, inhabited by diverse peoples with special religious and everyday traits and habits. Representation of the image of Eastern Siberia is associated with the creation of a significant number of landscapes, large settlements, portraits of people in national clothes, as well as images of religious rites. The concept of integrating text and visual images was effectively implemented, making “Picturesque Russia” the most important historical source, revealing the particularities of the historical thinking of educated people in Russia at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries.

918-926

Authors: Dina V. Alontseva, Olga N. Grishaeva, Roman V. Tikhonov

The article examines the state-church relations in the Russian state at the turn of the epochs, analyzes the events related to the activities of the Local Council, the revival of the institution of the patriarchate, and the election of the patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church. The authors note that the development of state-church relations in the history of Russia is characterized by significant changes in the socio-political sphere, including in relations between the state and the church, which have remained and remain important throughout the development of the state. The revival of the institution of the Patriarchate is one of the key topics of state-church relations in the Russian state, which is the subject of special interest in studying the deep historical roots and development of the Russian Orthodox Church, its interaction with the state. The restoration of the patriarchate has received a mixed assessment in Russian science. On the one hand, this is an important step in the development of the Church, its separation from the state, allows it to carry out its spiritual mission more freely, on the other hand, the return of the patriarchate may lead to an increase in the political influence of the Church, violating the principle of "secularism" of the state. The authors consider the problem of restoring the institution of the patriarchate at the turn of the XIX and XX centuries, analyze the activities of the Local Council, characterize the procedure for electing the patriarch, determine and announce the results of the election. The conducted research allows us to know and evaluate the impact of the church on historical processes that influenced the formation of cultural and social values, contributing to a deep analysis and interpretation of past events, helping to form a more complete understanding of the role of the church in the history of Russia.

937-945

Authors: Anna P. Dvoretskaya, Artem V. Shakhmatov, Anton V. Surzhko, Nikolai R. Novosel'tsev

This study examines the theoretical and practical activities of Fridtjof Nansen (1861–1930) and Stepan Vasilyevich Vostrotin (1864–1943) on the development of Arctic transport routes in the Yenisei Siberia at the beginning of the 20th century. By a fortunate coincidence, the period of their intensive research activity occurred at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries, when there was a need to study the northern territories and their economic and strategic prospects. Both researchers paid great attention to the logistics potential of the Northern Sea Route, which could ensure stable and regular trade of the Siberian region with European countries, including Great Britain and Scandinavia. Particular attention in the study is paid to F. Nansen’s travels across Siberia in the summer and autumn of 1913, which he made in company with S.V. Vostrotin. As a part of the trip, the Norwegian visited Yeniseisk, Krasnoyarsk and a number of other settlements. The result was the publishing of the book «To the Land of the Future». The article analyzes the main stages of the life path of F. Nansen and V.S. Vostrotin, provides an analysis of their most progressive views on the development of Russian North, Yenisei Siberia, transport routes of this region and its potential in the evolution of international trade and intercultural communication. However, the further development of the creative union of F. Nansen and V.S. Vostrotin was prevented by the revolutionary events of 1917 in Russia. The authors used a wide range of personal sources and analyzed the main historiography of the issues under consideration. The methodological basis of the study was the historical-anthropological approach and the biographical method in historical science.

959-964

Authors: Goran Rajović, Sergei N. Bratanovskii, Alexander Y. Epifanov, Ivan N. Kuksin

The article examines the coverage in the newspaper “Soldatsky Vestnik” of the last, final stage of the Brusilov’s breakthrough (July 27 – September 7, 1916). The newspaper Soldatsky Vestnik (issues 186-199) was used as materials. Methodologically, the work is based on the content analysis method, which made it possible to identify publications related to the Brusilov’s breakthrough from several hundred newspaper publications of the “Soldatsky Vestnik” and analyze these materials. The chronological method was also used in the work, thanks to which we considered the events under study in the context of the historical situation and chronological sequence. The authors conclude that in early September 1916, an unfavorable situation was developing for the troops of the Russian Southwestern Front. Due to the long successful offensive, the Russian troops suffered serious losses in manpower. The same offensive forced the enemy to transfer large reserves from the Western to the Eastern Front, which practically equalized the attackers and defenders in their numbers. If we consider that the effect of surprise was long lost, then the continuation of the Brusilov’s breakthrough in these conditions became unpromising, and the Russian command decided to stop it. Throughout the offensive operation of the Russian Southwestern Front under the command of General Brusilov, the main sources of official information for the newspaper “Soldatsky Vestnik” were reports “From the headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief”. However, often additional sources were letters from soldiers to their homeland, as well as a variety of additional materials that were reprinted from other newspapers or compiled by the editorial board of the “Soldatsky Vestnik”. Thus, a narrative was introduced aimed at increasing the military spirit of the Russian army during the Brusilov’s breakthrough.

976-990

Authors: Gulnazia Zhakupova, Rustem Kamshat, Gulzagira Oten, Nurdina Tursynbek

The intrinsic value of a set of archive materials will contribute to the disclosure of potential information on the history of economic companies the Kazakh ASSR (Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic) in the 30s of the XX century and the scientific preparation for the publication of declassified documentary heritage. A set of archival documents was formed during the period of these companies. For the first time, a source analysis of archival documents in Arabic script (tөte jazu) and eyewitness memories (formed as a result of the expedition) are being carried out. Attention is focused on the information of the United State Political Administration (OGPU), which is available in many funds at various levels of government and reveals business companies in all aspects. The objectives of the study are to conduct a source analysis of a complex of archival materials and assess their potential. The research materials are documents from archival institutions of the Republic of Kazakhstan: Central State Archive (CSA RK), Presidential Archive (PA RK), State Archive of the Alma-Ata Region. Interpret scientific discourse based on its importance for the source study analysis in the following direction: basis of the origin of state record-keeping; scientific study of record-keeping documents; nature of the command-administrative system; problems of declassifying archive materials; language of the text of archive documents. Classify record-keeping materials, documents in Arabic script (tote zhazu). Identify the impact of the implementation of economic companies Kazakh ASSR in the 30s of the XX century on the evolution of varieties and the content of archive materials. Assess their information potential as a comprehensive source base for studying the mechanism and consequences of economic companies in individual regions of Kazakh ASSR, the process of migration and re-emigration of the Kazakh population, widespread famine, and the situation of children.

15-28

Authors: Aleksandr A. Cherkasov

The paper examines the history of the Cherkasov family from Kereti during the period of the Muscovite Kingdom. The attention is given to the first five generations in the history of the family, who lived in the period from 1570 to 1725. The source base of our research is based on archival materials from the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts (Moscow, Russian Federation), as well as the Archive of the St. Petersburg Institute of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences (St. Petersburg, Russian Federation). In conclusion, the author states that the history of the Cherkasovs from Kereti today has 17 generations, which fell on the period from 1570 to the present. At the same time, the family history of the period of the Moscow Kingdom is only the first five generations (1570–1725): the initial chronological point is associated with the birth in 1570 in the Zaporozhian Sich (territory of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth) of a Cossack named David (1st generation), and the final one with the death in 1725 of a representative of the 5th generation Prokopii Antonovich Cherkasov. With the death of Prokopii Antonovich, an entire epoch came to an end – an epoch in which a representative from the 2nd generation of the Cherkas Davydov family, the son, stays from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth to the territory of the Moscow Kingdom, serves in its military formations and settles in Kereti. Cherkas's sons, who continued their father's work, also receive excellent military training. Cherkas' grandson Anton participates in the defense of the Solovetsky Monastery, and his great-grandchildren serve in the Streltsy army and take part in hostilities. During this era, all four generations of Cherkasovs from Kereti (2nd – 5th generations) were directly related to military service in the Muscovite Kingdom either as part of military men or as part of the Streletsky army. This allows us to talk about the Cherkasovs from Kereti as a family of sovereign servants of the period of the Moscow Kingdom.

40-47

Authors: Sergey I. Degtyarev, Evhenii M. Osadchyi

The publication analyzes a little-known Liubech plan described by Abraham van Westerveld in his report on Janusz Radziwiłł’s march to Kyiv in 1651. The latter was a Lithuanian hetman. The article concerns topographic drawings and geodetic tools used in that time. Modern topographic plans and early modern ones are compared (including respective mistakes). The drawing meets the West European cartographic school: orthogonal projection without decoration and description. It combines fortifications, separate buildings, infrastructure objects, etc. The plan is provided with a scale and English cardinal points. Such a draft was drawn by a skilled cartographer. The above-mentioned can determine the land survey, its methods and tools. The survey was conducted after the Liubech seizure by Janusz Radziwiłł. The geodesist could get acquainted with the object and determine the stages of plan creation. The work was completed properly. There was only one deviation on the plan: the corner tower orientation shift. Besides, several surveying techniques were applied to the plan, which confirms high skills of the geodesist. The plan is almost centered. No pasting or wall direction changing are detected. Such techniques are usable for surveying unknown objects. However, plan errors themselves are typical for surveying tools and methods of the 17th century. Unfortunately, such a plan was created in a single copy. Therefore, we cannot make any assumptions about its authors.

58-65

Authors: Ruslan M. Zhitin, Alexey G. Topilsky

The article examines the spread of French-language literature in the Russian Empire during the XVIII century, from Peter I to Paul I. The spread of French literature is characterized as an integral part of Gallomania, which spread throughout Europe (including the Russian Empire) during the period under study. The process of spreading and penetrating into the consciousness of both privileged and, later, wider segments of the population of the French language and French culture as an integral part of the Enlightenment is considered. This confirms the historiographical idea that the assimilation of the French language was an important component of a cultured, enlightened person of the era. It is indicated that contacts with booksellers and the possibility of independent selection of publications by agents contributed to the successful search for the best scientific and fiction literature from the numerous European "assortment" of book products. The activity of the St. Petersburg and Moscow academic shops is characterized as an important element of the distribution of printed publications not only in St. Petersburg and Moscow, but also in provincial cities of the Russian Empire. It was found that decisions on the transformation of the forms of sale of books (in particular, the decision to close the Moscow academic bookstore in 1760) did not lead to the cessation of the distribution of books; well-established links for the supply of literature continued to operate. It is shown that French–language works contributed to the popularization of enlightenment norms, the importance of education and – what was important for the transformation of educated Russians - humanistic values. The conclusion is made about the widespread and sustained interest of Russians in the French book in the post-Soviet era.

78-83

Authors: Natal'ya A. Shevchenko, Yulia V. Kapitanets, Galina M. Zinchuk, Lyudmila N. Tatarinova

This work is devoted to the biography of the commander-in-chief of the Black Sea Cossack Army, Major General, as well as the outstanding writer Yakov Gerasimovich Kukharenko (1799–1862). The publication is timed to the 225th anniversary of his birth. As a source, we used information from the pre-revolutionary “Military Encyclopedia”, as well as materials about the ancestral home of ataman Yakov Kukharenko. In conclusion, the authors state that among the atamans of the Black Sea (Kuban) Cossack army, Yakov Gerasimovich Kukharenko was a special person who combined not only military and administrative talents, but also creative ones. Coming from a Cossack officer family, he joined the Black Sea Cossack Army at the age of 15 and took an active part in the Caucasian War (1801–1864), the Russian-Turkish War (1828–1829) and the Crimean Company (1853–1856) for the first 25 years of his service. According to historians, he took part in 44 battles and military affairs. In 1852–1856, he reached the peak of his military career – he received the rank of major General and became the commander-in-chief of the Black Sea Cossack army. However, Major General Y.G. Kukharenko is known not only for this, but also for his creative activity. From his pen came a number of works that had important ethnographic significance for the study of the life of the Zaporozhye Cossacks, the first settlers to the Kuban Plain in the late XVIII century. This was Yakov Gerasimovich Kukharenko – a brilliant officer and a talented writer.

95-107

Authors: Tatiana N. Goncharova

During the Russian-Turkish war of 1828–1829, which became the final stage of the Eastern crisis provoked by the Greek struggle for independence, the imperial cabinet perceived France as a potential support against the hostility of England and Austria. Appointed ambassador to Russia, general Casimir de Mortemart, was instructed to join emperor Nicholas I on the Balkan front in May 1828. He remained there five months and wrote 32 dispatches, hardly considered by historians to this day. Mortemart did not limit himself to mere observation, but also comments as an officer upon the miscalculations of the high command, which in the end deceived the hopes of the French government for a quick Russian victory over Turkey. He misses Napoleonic audacity in the conduct of operations. Moreover, he came to doubt the real forces and resources of the “northern colossus”, and warned his government against too many illusions. As a diplomat he takes a stronger view than his own government on the opportunity to support Russia against the British claim of a separation between the Balkan issue and the Greek one. Such an ambassador, who appears both as a would-be general-in-chief of the Russian army and would-be French minister of foreign affairs cannot but provide a specially interesting testimony.

115-128

Authors: Artyom Yu. Peretyatko

The article is dedicated to a well-known yet not specifically studied event, the arrest of Khivan subjects in the Russian Empire in 1836. Different authors offer diametrically opposed interpretations of this event: thus, the Russian researcherR.Yu. Pochekaev views it as an act of self-defense caused by the Khiva-inspired attacks on the Russian subjects, but the British researcher A. Morrison considers it the first step towards the escalation of a conflict which ended with the Khivan campaign. We will consider this event from the point of view of microhistory rather than the history of states and regions, concentrating the attention on the individual strategies and fates of different people connected with the arrest of Kvivans, and in doing so we will rely on archive materials, predominantly the documentation of the Orenburg Border Commission. In the second part of the article, the author comes to four main conclusions. First, the attitude of the Orenburg authorities towards the arrested Khivans was extremely negative, and the Orenburg Military Governor V.A. Perovsky was demonstrating blatant xenophobia, as a result of which even the mistakenly arrested Bukharians and “Kirgiztsy” (an erroneous term used by Russian officials of the time to call various native ethnicities of the region) were not released from Russian captivity. The Khivans were kept in a specially designated building and on extremely small funds, their visits with families were limited, and as a result, 43 of the arrested in Orenburg did not survive Russian captivity. Second, such an attitude towards the arrested Khivans was not universal for the Russian Empire: much better conditions were created for them in Astrakhan, first of all, by allowing them to live in appartements and by allocating them times more funds for daily expanses. Third, the arrest of Khivans didn’t give the results in terms of fighting the slave trade which G.F. Gens had hoped for: for the first two years, before Khiva learned about the impending military expedition against her, only 30 Russian subjects were released from Khivan captivity. And, finally, fourth, the Russian authorities were able to achieve success fighting Khivan slave trade in Middle Asia in 1820–1830s only by extremely brutal methods, the number of victims of which is comparable to the number of victims of said slave trade: in the case of the arrest of Khivans they, to free 30 Russian subjects, had to take no less than 400 hostages, of whom more than 40 died in captivity, and the military campaign to Khiva that allowed to free almost 500 slaves from there had cost, by various estimations, 1 000-3 000 dead Russian soldiers.

137-147

Authors: Alexander V. Golovinov, Egor A. Kulikov, Irina A. Anisimova

This work is aimed at studying the problems of the criminal-executive (penitentiary) policy of tsarism in the assessments of pre-revolutionary writers – the Siberian regionalist N.M. Yadrintsev and the great Russian novelist F.M. Dostoevsky. Thus, the purpose of the article is to explicate narratives about the essence, content and problems of implementing the penal policy of the Russian Empire in the literary and journalistic heritage of N.M. Yadrintsev and F.M. Dostoevsky. The research is carried out on the basis of an interdisciplinary methodology that organically combines the tools of the “new intellectual history”, hermeneutic content analysis and the paradigm of the “new social history”. This research approach is aimed at explicating a system of views and concepts on a specific social problem, taking into account the context of the era. The source base for the work was published sources: the corpus of artistic, literary and journalistic texts by N.M. Yadrintsev and F.M. Dostoevsky, dedicated to the problems of prison and hard labor in the history of the Russian Empire. The authors show that the journalism of the classics of regional thought includes a large component in the field of exile as a form and type of punishment, the fate of exiled settlers, their colonization significance, and extensive problems in the field of prison studies. It is also noted that F.M. Dostoevsky formulated an important idea for penitentiary studies: for work in prison to have the character of not only punishment, but also to have a corrective effect, it must be meaningful and useful. In general, the authors found that as a means of correction F.M. Dostoevsky understood labor, collective interaction and collective organization, taking into account the rules of community life inherent in this organization, as well as reading, education and training. Level of reflection N.M. Yadrintsev about the state and prospects of imperial penal policy was of a practice-oriented nature.

159-168

Authors: Mariya A. Sosnina, Tatyana V. Vorotilina, Julia V. Nikolaeva, Olga A. Lavrishcheva

The article analyzes the issues of legal regulation of the institution of family divisions among the peasants of the Arkhangelsk province in the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries: namely, the role of legal custom and legislative regulation in the field of marital and family relations in the peasant community of the Russian North is studied. The authors focused not only on the materials of pre-revolutionary historiography on this issue, but also on archival documents found in the State Archive of the Arkhangelsk region, which contain reliable information about the activities of volost courts during this period. From the point of view of the formal legal method, this article analyzes the normative legal acts concerning family divisions among peasants. Due to the already published and for the first time introduced archival documents into scientific circulation, the problem of the relationship between law and legal custom in regulating family divisions and their consequences expressed not only in the disintegration of a large peasant family but also in the division of property based on the principles of consentient labour and family ownership, is understood. In addition, the authors identify the subjective and objective causes of the processes taking place, its specifics in the Russian North, where there was no private feudal dependence of the majority of peasants. The research materials demonstrate reliable results concerning the period under study in the field of regulating family divisions among peasants, who mainly relied on local custom in solving this issue, at the same time experiencing a governmental reaction in the form of the adoption of normative legal acts restraining the process of disintegration of the peasant community and contradicting peasant customary law.

178-188

Authors: Olga A. Plotskaya, Diana I. Makembaeva, Nikita S. Grudinin, Denis A. Shiryov

The materials and publications of the periodical press are the most important historical and legal source of information on the customary law of the Permian peoples in the 19th century. In the period under review, the Zyryans, Votyaks, and Permyaks assigned a significant role to customary law in traditional social relations that existed in ethno-local societies. It recorded the centuries-old experience of ancestors, the peculiarities of the ethno-normative culture of the peoples in question, the rules for conducting economic and economic activities, the ways of proper behavior in the family and in society. Customary legal norms were widespread in civil law, marriage and family, criminal law, trade, and ethno-justice. They were reflected in the legal and cultural traditions of the studied peoples. In this regard, the materials of the periodical press of the 19th century are the most valuable historical and legal source of information about the customary legal life of the Perm peoples. Moreover, a huge number of periodicals containing relevant materials can be divided into publications of the central and local periodicals. Despite the fact that the pages of the central periodicals revealed the process of influence of the current state legislation on the norms of customary law, as well as commented on some court decisions and contained various aspects of the customary legal world of the Perm peoples, however, a significant amount of historical, ethnographic and customary legal material is contained in the works of researchers published in such editions of the local periodical press as Vologda Provincial Gazette, Vyatka Gubernskie Gazette, and Perm Diocesan Gazette.

199-209

Authors: Andrii Lebid, Oleg Tulyakov

This article is an attempt to analyze the main milestones in the formation and development of the system of higher education in Ukraine in those territories that were part of the Russian Empire. In this context, the organizational features and functioning of three Russian imperial universities on the territory of Ukraine are considered: the Imperial Kharkov University, St. Vladimir's University in Kiev, and the Imperial Novorossiysk University. From the point of view of observing the principle of objectivity and completeness these phenomena and phenomena were investigated in the context of the all-Russian imperial process of ensuring and implementing the state policy in the sphere of higher education. The scientific review of the stated problem was made with reference to the main legislative initiatives and norms of the government of the Russian Empire, which established the principles and priorities of state policy and reforming the sphere of higher education. Significant differences in the norms of the university charters of 1863 and 1884 were noted, in particular, concerning not only academic freedoms, but also organizational features of educational and scientific activities in Russian imperial universities. In general, summarizing these differences, it is necessary to note the fact of increased governmental and ministerial control in the system of higher education. These phenomena in the history of university education can be conceptualized as counter-reformist. By analyzing the content, formal, as well as contextual characteristics of government documents: rules, regulations, circulars, orders, etc., it is possible to trace the evolution of changes in the sphere of higher education, in particular those concerning the organizational features of teaching and learning in Russian imperial universities in the second half of the 19th century.

219-231

Authors: Oksana O. Zavyalova

In a publication based on an analysis of articles, letters and notes sent by local correspondents to the newspaper “Vilna Bulletin” in 1865–1867 the views of the pro-Russian oriented public of the North-Western Territory on current issues of the development of the Russian Empire and the region are revealed, and the features of the socio-political position of its individual representatives are revealed. Based on the application of a communicative approach, newspaper materials are considered as a form of expression of political loyalty and a single “communicative flow”, within the framework of which value judgments and assessments were developed that are significant both for the regional administration and for the local public. Local correspondents of the Vilna Vestnik, in the context of overcoming the socio-political crisis in the North-Western region in the second half of the 1860s, acted as participants in the official imperial discourse aimed at developing the ideological foundations of the integrative course implemented by the Russian authorities. It is concluded that in 1865–1867 Vilna Vestnik correspondents from the northwestern provinces, following the newspaper’s editorial policy, supported the task of “moral conquest of the region” and actively participated in the process of forming the concept of Russian nationalism, both in its religious-ethnic and political dimensions. Representatives of the local educated society, loyal to the Russian authorities, sent their materials to the Vilna Bulletin, contributed to the formation of the image of Emperor Alexander II as a “renovator tsar”, “a new organizer of the whole of Russia” and insisted on the need for further reforms under the auspices of autocratic power. Representatives of the local public, who supported the policies of the Russian government, proposed a set of measures that, in their opinion, would make it possible not only to oust the Polish element hostile to Russian government principles from the region, but also to deepen the integration vector of the government course aimed at forming an all-Russian identity among the residents of the Northwestern Territory.

238-248

Authors: Anna A. Omelik, Anastasia V. Kistova, Natalya А. Sergeeva, Tikhon K. Ermakov

In this article, the conceptual theory of art criticism of fine art by V.I. Zhukovsky, D.V. Pivovarov, N.P. Koptseva is used as a methodological basis for analyzing the materials of the architectural and art-educational journal “Zodchii”. The first part of the work is devoted to the theoretical understanding of the concept of “Russian style” in art. The second part of the article presents an analysis of articles of the monthly architectural and artistic-technological journal “Zodchii” from 1872 to 1875 as research material and, in the third part, articles from 1893 to 1897 are considered in order to identify the truly national characteristics of Russian culture and “Russian style”. Of particular interest were the articles by L.V. Dahl devoted to issues of style – these are issues of national identity and self-knowledge. The study in question can be called basic, both for the author himself and for his contemporaries. In the future, L.V. Russian Russian architecture Dahl will devote a large number of articles to a more detailed and thorough examination of individual monuments and signs of the “Russian style” in Russian architecture. Also, the works of such authors as I.I. Gornostaev, G.G. Gagarin and E.N. Sokolovsky, A. Dmitriev and others are considered. Russian Russian researchers identify the influence of cultural traditions, such as the Byzantine cultural tradition; the traditions of Lombard, Hungarian, Mongolian and Italian art, which were reinterpreted by Russian architects and formed the features of the “Russian style” in Russia of the XIX century. It should be noted that the monthly architectural and art-technical journal is an invaluable source of materials for art historians and researchers of Russian culture and art of the XIX century. The articles devoted to Russian architecture are filled with knowledgeable data and are of research interest.

258-267

Authors: Orazgul Kh. Mukhatova, Shamek B. Tleubayev, Svetlana G. Belous, Arailym N. Konkabayeva

On September 1, 1876, the local tsarist authorities opened the Verny men's gymnasium to enable the children of the indigenous nomadic population to receive a secondary education and continue their studies at the universities of the Russian Empire. Those who graduated from the gymnasium worked as translators in the center and districts of the Zhetysu region. In 1883‒1911, future representatives of the Alash movement in Zhetysu were educated in this secondary educational institution. The purpose of the article is to study the first stage in the formation of Alash figures in Zhetysu – education at the Verny men's gymnasium; to consider the opening of this gymnasium and the rules for enrolling students, its potential, teaching staff, student apartment, conditions for admission to a boarding school;to analyze, on the basis of conduit sheets of students, academic performance, discipline, passing tests, reasons for the departure of Kazakh children; to reveal the essence and significance of the historical trace left by the men’s gymnasium on the Zhetysu Alash figures and their life path. The article studies Alash figures in Zhetysu who studied at the Verny men's gymnasium in the late 19th – early 20th centuries (on the basis of archival sources). In the gymnasium, the children lived in a boarding house, studied Russian and French, Latin, algebra, geometry, history, geography, and took tests. They learned to live in a state-owned house, obey order, be true friends and reliable associates. They developed the skills of reading books, knowledge of languages and philosophical thinking, the ability to express their opinion. The childhood of the future leaders of the Alash movement in Zhetysu, who aspired to get an education, passed within the walls of the Verny men’s gymnasium. Studying at the gymnasium predetermined their appointment to the civil service, receiving higher education and becoming qualified specialists in their field. Some of them occupied the administrative positions and became influential people in the region, while others were drawn into the national liberation struggle at the beginning of the 20th century.

278-289

Authors: Alexander S. Kovalev а , *,Nikolai R. Novosel'tsev a,d, Dmitry V. Rakhinskya,b ,c, Oleg I. Savin

This research based on the previously obtained results of studying the social care of disabled and elderly people in Siberia in the XIX – early XX centuries, it used previously unpublished archival materials. This study deals with the process of expulsion of disabled citizens from charitable institutions. Historiographic analysis shows that this aspect of the daily life of the poorhouse has been fragmentarily considered by historians of public charity, who believe that the exception was a rather rare and exceptional fact. While agreeing with their position in principle, it should be noted that each case of expulsion was unique and required a detailed investigation. Microhistoric analysis combined with a historical and anthropological approach, which are used to study the internal processes in the poorhouse, make it possible to consider the grounds for dismissal of those under consideration and the exclusion procedure itself, as well as to identify different types of objective and subjective reasons why disabled and elderly people left the institution. The conducted research suggests that those admitted to the poorhouse did not realize the degree of their own material wellbeing and security in conditions when society could not offer other forms of social assistance, easily parting with the received place in it. At the same time, the expulsion from the poorhouse became a serious life test for those who inadvertently left the institution itself, or were dismissed by the administration of the almshouse by the decision of the Board of Trustees, since there were very few opportunities to return to the almshouse, which doomed a disabled person or an elderly person to a beggarly existence.

302-311

Authors: Ilya I. Aminov

Dedicated to Guljamal Khan (um), a representative of the Turkmen tribe of Tekin, who played an important role in the socio–economic and political development of this part of Central Asia (the southern region of modern Turkmenistan) in the late XIX – early XX centuries. The article states that in the most difficult times for the Tekin tribe – the period of the military conquest of the Akhal (1881) and the annexation of the Merv (1884) oases by Russia, Guljamal, despite the traditional role of a silent housewife for a Turkmen woman who had no political rights, contributed to the decision of the council of tribal elders on the peaceful settlement and the establishment of Russian control in The Merv oasis.As a result, the long wars, economic and political instability on the Merv and then on the entire Turkmen land were put to an end. In the long-standing confrontation between the Russian Empire and Great Britain, Russia won for Central Asia and the Middle East. The study of the humanistic role of Guljamal was also able to reveal new gender facets of the First World War.Using the example of an empathetic reading of her messages (appeals) to the highest authorities of the Russian government, an attempt was made to reconstruct the attitude of the militant and courageous Tekin people to the Supreme Decree of June 25, 1916 on the mobilization of the foreign population of Central Asia for works on the construction of defensive structures in the area of the active army, the motives of the political and humanistic position of Guljamal, defended, as in the years the annexation of Merv to Russia, the ideals of goodness and justice, the right of its people to national and cultural identity, honor and dignity.

325-331

Authors: Goran Rajović, Sergei N. Bratanovskii

The article considers the system of public education on the territory of Kharkiv province during the imperial period. This part of work examines the period from 1881 to 1917. The source base of the study is represented by documents of the Russian State Historical Archive (St. Petersburg, Russian Federation) as well as the annual publications of the Kharkov Provincial Statistical Committee: “Khar'kovskie kalendari” published in the period 1893–1903 and annual “Obzory Khar'kovskoi gubernii”, which were appendices to the most recent reports of the governor of the Kharkov province. The work uses “Obzory” for 1880–1916. The authors conclude that in the period from 1880 to 1916, the public education system on the territory of the Kharkiv province went through a period of significant growth. The number of higher educational institutions increased 3 times and reached 6. Almost the same growth was given by secondary educational institutions in 1916, reaching 66, as well as lower educational institutions – reaching 1,599 schools together with higher primary educational institutions. As a result, by January 1, 1916, about 200 thousand students were at their desks in the province. However, despite significant successes in the field of public education, it was still far from victorious relations, since, according to officials of the Ministry of Public Education, about 100 thousand more school-age children (8-11 years old) were not enrolled in the Russian Public School.

343-352

Authors: Altynai Zhurasova, Gulnara Esseeva, Raushan Serik, Lyazzat Alkhamova

The formation of the Russian population in the national structure of Western Kazakhstan is directly related to the historical processes that took place in the region, as well as the territory of border Russia. Western Kazakhstan has always been an important area of interethnic relations between representatives of various nationalities, including Russians and Kazakhs. The formation of the Russian ethnic group in the population structure of Western Kazakhstan had deep historical roots and took place within the framework of various components. The three main constituent elements in the structure of the Russian ethnic group in the pre-revolutionary period should include Cossacks, nonresidents and immigrants. This article examines the issues of formation, settlement and other demographic characteristics of the Russian ethnic group in Western Kazakhstan during the period under consideration. This is the period when the process of integration of the Russian ethnic group acquires the most intense and large-scale character. The study also analyses the dynamics of quantitative and qualitative changes in the composition of the Russian population of the region. Special attention is paid to the characterisation of the main trends in the socio-demographic development of the Russian ethnos in the period under consideration. The materials of the article are based on the use of archival materials, statistical sources, scientific research of various periods. In addition, the materials of the general population census of the Russian Empire in 1897, which gives a rich layer of data on the number, distribution, sex and social structure of the Russian ethnos in the pre-revolutionary period, are analysed in the materials of the article. Due to the fact that this work belongs to the category of historical and demographic, statistical methods of analysis, systematisation, criticism and mutual verification of sources were applied in the study.

366-373

Authors: Tatуana A. Kattsina, Ksenia A. Tishkina

The article is devoted to an important and little-explored topic – charity in wartime conditions. It contains material on private charitable donations from the Siberian population to the Russian Red Cross Society during the military campaign in China (1900–1901). The authors rely on a wide range of written sources and achievements of modern historiography, guided by an interdisciplinary approach. The directions of work of the Russian Red Cross Society are demonstrated, the dynamics of donations for 1900, as well as the structure and state of the capitals of the Yenisei local government are shown. The channels for receiving donations and the contribution of individual citizens are indicated. According to the authors, the center of gravity in the organization of assistance to the Russian Red Cross Society has been significantly shifted towards the public. Even a fragmentary examination of the phenomenon of charity in Siberian society shows that it has a deep moral and humanistic meaning.

383-394

Authors: Dmitry N. Belyanin, Viktor N. Razgon, Anton V. Razgon

The article, based on the analysis of materials from a statistical survey of settlement farms conducted by the Resettlement Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire in 1903, examines the crafts of migrant peasants who settled in various geographical zones of Siberia during the period of the Siberian Railway Committee. The relationship between the level of involvement of migrants in crafts and hiring for agricultural work and the duration of their residence in the Siberia is also studied. Non-agricultural economic activities were of the greatest importance for the migrant peasants who settled in the taiga zone of Siberia, which was determined by the availability of natural resources and difficulties in farming in this geographical zone. A comparative analysis of the economic occupations of migrant groups that differ in the time of settlement in Siberia shows that the proportion of households and their members engaged in crafts and employed in agricultural work tends to increase from early settlement groups to later ones. The majority of migrant peasants engaged in crafts combined them with farming, however, the professionalization of crafts was more pronounced among the "older" migrants in terms of settlement time, who adapted to a greater extent to the natural, climatic and social environment and were more deeply integrated into the economy of the Siberian region.

407-415

Authors: Timur A. Apendiyev, Gaukhar B. Batyrbekkyzy, Dinashieva L. Sarsembekkyzy, Botabek B.Tokishkadirov

At the beginning of the XX century, the local elite of the Steppe Governor-General, whose main population consisted of Kazakhs, began to actively participate in the political system of the empire. The tsarist administration showed great interest in the implementation of this process. The tsarist government decided to create political mechanisms linking society and power. As a result, the State Duma was convened. The State Duma paved the way for the establishment of an effective dialogue between the authorities and the population. Deputies elected from the Steppe Governor-General played their role in the functioning of the new political system. They have contributed to the solution of social and domestic issues of local Kazakhs in the highest authorities. Deputies were considered bright representatives of society in the power structure. The national composition of the deputies elected from the Steppe Governor-General was different. Among them were Russians, Kazakhs and Cossacks. This change made it possible to consistently solve individual issues of various ethnic groups inhabiting the administrative region. The main composition of the deputies consisted of the Kazakh elite. The local elite was properly aware of the main problems with which they lived in society. The overwhelming majority of deputies of the State Duma were persons who previously held various positions in the tsarist administration. For this reason, they managed to find optimal solutions to any state issues. This article provides a historical analysis of the activities of the deputies of the State Duma elected from the Kazakhs of the Steppe Governorate-General. In addition, a scientific assessment of the political role of deputies in establishing an effective dialogue between society and the authorities is given. The parliamentary elections caused the appearance of new historical figures on the Historical scene.

428-438

Authors: Samat Zhumatay, Gyulnar K. Mukanova, Ainagul M. Yespenbetova, Dzhanargul Mutalova

The purpose of this study was to identify the features of popularization of the idea of theater and drama in the Kazakh community, through the first periodicals in their native language at the beginning of the twentieth century. The events of the first decade of the twentieth century (the Russo-Japanese war, 1905, elections to the State Duma, etc.), as it turned out, stirred up not only the political, but also the cultural life of communities in the eastern regions within the Russian Empire. The awakening of consciousness was reflected in the preference for visual means of communication, which at that time included theatrical productions, circus and musical evenings. The periodical press of the Russian East, in this case Central Asia, actively participated in the coverage of this process. It is curious that graduates of Jadidi educational institutions have made a certain contribution to the popularization of the idea of the national theater and drama. This social process is comparable in terms of goal-setting with a larger-scale all-Russian cultural and educational process known as “Peredvizhniki”. The tendency to bring cultural achievements to the masses in the last third of the nineteenth century found a response, which is important, in remote regions of Russia: Magazines and newspapers in Tatar and Kazakh languages were published about the events of the theatrical life of foreigners. The materials of the study were the press, published by the Arabic headset in a common alphabet understandable to a number of Turkic–speaking peoples – the newspaper “Kazakh” and others. The popularization of musical and dramatic works and stage art among the masses in the eastern regions of the empire certainly had specific features. As a result, interest in theater and drama among the Turkic-speaking peoples of Russia was accompanied by intercultural exchange, referred to in the special literature as the “import” of popular plays by Russian classics, with their subsequent processing (adaptation) to ethnocultural features. The “theatrical” theme was used for the purpose of education and formation of civic consciousness by the nascent Kazakh political parties; the genre of theater criticism was emerging.

446-453

Authors: Pavel S. Seleznev, Vadim V. Zubov

As part of the presented research, the issue of representation of the topic of quality of life in the public rhetoric of the leaders of the Imperial People's Party during the First World War will be studied. The source base of the work was formed by attracting unpublished archival materials from the funds of the State Archive of the Russian Federation and the Russian State Historical Archive and personal sources. The methodological basis of the work is built on the basis of a combination of structural and comparative analysis. The authors come to the conclusion that, within the framework of public rhetoric, the leaders and ideologists of the Imperial People's Party actively defended the need to implement a large-scale set of government programs to improve the quality of life of large sections of the population. Due to this, it was planned to ensure the long-term consolidation of the nation and maintain its viability in the conditions of widespread socio-economic transformations. The system of measures proposed by the party leaders included the intensification of resettlement policy, an increase in public investment in collective economic infrastructure, the creation of financial instruments to support the intensification of agricultural production of small and medium-sized owners, measures to strengthen trade unions and the creation of state insurance programs, limiting the length of the working day, and the transition to universal primary education (mainly technical), reforming tax policy in favor of the most widespread social strata and a number of measures aimed at combating alcoholism and supporting family and motherhood. At the same time, the party delegated a significant part of the initiatives (primarily those related to improving the quality of life of workers) to other political forces, which naturally neutralized the effectiveness of its leaders’ attempts to expand the program of measures they presented to resolve the “labor issue.” At the same time, the range of proposals designed to alleviate the financial situation of peasants was quite limited. The proposals of members of the Imperial People's Party to improve the quality of life of the population in many aspects duplicated the initiatives of other parties, but also contained a number of significant original elements, including in terms of reforming tax, educational and family policies.

465-471

Authors: Goran Rajović, Sergei N. Bratanovskii, Alexander Y. Epifanov, Ivan N. Kuksin

The paper considers the coverage of the Brusilov breakthrough of the Russian troops of the Southwestern Front on the pages of the newspaper Soldatsky Vestnik. The attention is paid to the coverage of the second month of this offensive operation, namely June 23 – July 22, 1916. The source base of the study is represented by the issues of the newspaper “Soldatsky Vestnik”, published by the headquarters of the 6th Russian Army. To cover the Brusilov breakthrough, all issues of the newspaper for the period from June 23 to July 22, 1916 were involved, namely: 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185. The authors conclude that in the second month of the offensive operation of the Russian troops of the Southwestern Front (commander General A.A. Brusilov) in the period from June 23 to July 22, 1916, materials on the total number of enemy losses for the entire period of fighting ceased to be published in the periodical press. Now materials about prisoners and the number of captured trophies are published in the context of a specific military operation. Despite the fact that the effect of surprise no longer existed, the Russian army continued to conduct private offensive operations in various places and achieved some success in a number of places. At this time, with references to foreign sources (usually allied media), the narrative begins to be introduced that the Russian offensive managed to penetrate the enemy's echeloned defenses, the enemy was left without reserves and the question of the final defeat of the enemy is only a matter of time. In addition, during the second month of offensive fighting, materials on effective interaction began to be published in the media.

480-491

Authors: Manara Ch. Kalybekova, Nadezhda A. Kubik, Ziyabek E. Kabuldinov

The article discusses with the issues of household management, labor use and adaptation of repatriates from the People's Republic of China during the campaign for the development of fallow and virgin lands in Kazakhstan. The campaign itself became a major socio-political event, the main goal of which was to resolve the food issue. It expressed in the development of grain production in Kazakhstan, in which D.A. Kunaev played an important role as Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Kazakh SSR, then as the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan (1960–1962). From the moment of its inception, the Soviet economic system was focused on strengthening the position of the state and solved modernization problems exclusively using emergency methods. The state tried to solve the economic problems of the 1950s and 1960s through an industrial breakthrough and a policy of developing virgin and fallow lands carried out using administrative management methods, which led to an increase in the workforce in all areas of production in the republic. The replenishment of the labor force for work in state farms and collective farms of the republic was supposed to be carried out through planned resettlement from different regions of the USSR, as well as the reception of immigrants from China. The leadership of Kazakhstan was forced to solve problems associated with the distribution of the population throughout the republic, based on the priorities of geopolitics and solving economic problems of developing virgin lands, filling industrial facilities with labor and minimizing ethno-demographic risks. Since the population arriving in Kazakhstan had a variegated ethnic and social composition, in general, the migration of the Kazakh population and other ethnic groups from China to the republic was very difficult. To ensure reliability and completeness, the topic covered in the article is considered on the basis of documents from the state archives of Kazakhstan.