BULLETIN OF THE KALMYK SCIENTIFIC CENTER OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

2

Authors: Д. Г. Кукеев

23 апреля 2015 г. в КИГИ РАН состо- ялась встреча ученых и делегации из Ала- шаньского хошуна Автономного района Внутренней Монголии КНР в составе 19 человек, которая представляла государ- ственную телерадиокомпанию АРВМ КНР «Одон» и творческий коллектив «народных самородков», являющихся хошутами — представителями родственной калмыкам России ойратской народности. Государ- ственная телерадиокомпания Внутренней Монголии КНР вела в Калмыкии съемки фильма «Священные границы Алашаня», который должен стать крупномасштабным многосерийным документальным филь- мом об истории и культуре ойратов мира. Съемочная группа документального филь- ма «Священные границы Алашаня» с 2013 по 2014 гг. побывала в местах проживания ойратов, объехав Синьцзян и Кукунор, а в апреле 2015 г. специально прибыла в Кал- мыкию для завершения съемок. Делегацию возглавлял д.ф.н., профессор Борджигид Дорги.

4

Authors: A. Yarlykapov, A. Bembetov

The article considers some issues related to increasing the effi ciency of agricultural production of the country as well as some measures for its sustainable development. For this purpose, the authors analyzed resources available in the country, assessed the level of food insecurity, and marked the threshold values. Besides, they provided a critical evaluation of certain actions and attempts undertaken by the state to work out and implement measures for the development of the agro-food complex, which, for a variety of reasons, have not given the desired results. In this regard, they stress the importance of adopting the food security act, underline the need for considerable investment into agricultural sector, make a suggestion to work out the program for the development of rural areas. In order to avoid a large scale social disruption, food defi ciency and, eventually, loss of national sovereignty the country can face with, the authors propose to take timely measures for immediate settlement of urgent problems concerning the process of investment into the agro-industrial complex.

4

Authors: S. Mirzaeva

The article considers two Mongolian manuscripts under the same heading “Urida bolson üges-ün tuuli / čikin-ü čimeg neretü bodisadu qaγan Norsan kiged / ökin tngri Yidbrogma-yin qarilčan ögülegsen-e anu sayin bolumui” (“The story is about what had happened before – a good talk of Norsan, the King Bodhisattva with the name “Decoration of the hearing” and Idprogma, the Heavenly Maiden”) taken from the storage of one of the libraries in Ulaanbaatar. These manucsripts are a translation of the Tibetan “The Jataka tale about the Prince Norsan”. This Jataka is of Indian origin (in the Indian tradition — “Jataka or avadana about the Sudkhan Prince”) and it is well known in the literary traditions of Tibet and Mongolia. In Mongolia, “The Jataka tale about the Prince Norsan” became well-known after its translation by Kangyur (“translated words”, consists of works supposed to have been said by the Buddha himself) but originally it existed in the form of separate manuscripts and was popular in the oral tradition of the Mongols. However, despite its popularity in Mongolian literature, “The Jataka tale about the Prince Norsan” has not been studied yet. The article gives a brief summary of the text of both manuscripts. After studying the manuscripts and revealing small differences in spelling and lexis, we came to the conclusion that they are the copies of the same translation of a Tibetan version of “The Jataka tale about the Prince Norsan”, still unknown to the contemporaries. Besides, the author analyzed some peculiarities concerning orthography, lexis and syntax of the given texts. Among the peculiarities found within the spelling of the manuscripts there were phonetic transliteration used by the unknown author for the translation of Tibetan proper and geographical names, and the Tibetan glosses which were written between the lines of the text. Some of the described peculiarities, in particular, postpositive attribute in relation to the attributive word, which is not typical for the Mongolian language, as well as the use of the verb üiledkü (‘do’) used in an unusual function, the function of an auxiliary verb, more typical for a Tibetan verb byed pa of the same meaning, refer this version to the literal translation, which is characterized by a strict adherence to the original Tibetan text. Thus, on the basis of the textual analysis we can conclude that there were different translation techniques used by the Mongols in their translation from Tibetan.

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Authors: E. Timacheva

One of the main concerns is diffi culty of assessing labour market situation and determining perspectives of its development in quickly changing environment. In scientifi c literature there is no comprehensive analysis of the Russian labour market facing economic and “geopolitical crisis» because of non-typical situation. As a result of expanding world economic relations, large-scale globalization stable international economic and industrial links are destroyed by means of artifi cial sanctions aimed at isolating a signifi cant subject of world economic relations. In such conditions comprehensive analysis of labour market becomes more and more actual. It can be carried out with the help of different economic and scientifi c methods including factor analysis and PEST-analysis. Analyzing factors dynamics for a defi nite time period enables us to reveal key features of the analyzed market, explain tendencies of its development and to develop a forecast for the future period. At that it is important to highlight those factors the infl uence of which will be dominating for this particular labour market. Effi ciency of labour market control depends to the larger extent on the chosen measures. PEST-analysis is considered to be the most reasonable for this purpose. For researching the labour market the following factors are considered to be actual: demographic; political and geopolitical; economic; social and cultural tendencies; technological innovations. Because of structural changes in market economy there is a necessity of proportional development of production factors including labour force. Modern labour market is characterized by high labour force turnover. Among young employees there is a stable tendency to change jobs with acquiring professional experience. Regional labour markets are subject to migration processes that in its turn can affect the balance of supply and demand of labour force. Structural unemployment is exacerbating as a result of production modernization in regions that lack qualifi ed labour force, and is worsening being affected by risks of closing or cutting some manufactures. Inter-fi rm or inter-industry transfers of labour force will be increasing as a result of restructuring of economic environment. High school graduates cannot realize their career potential and fi nd job according to their specialty. Geo-political state of Russia is likely to worsen world position of the country than to strengthen it, that in its turn negatively infl uence the labour market. In the light of Russia’s implementing retaliatory import sanctions there will be a necessity to expand domestic production that can stimulate additional job creating in the country and provide part of working population with jobs.

5

Authors: U. Osorin

There is a signifi cant number of texts containing such calendar festivals as Tsagaan Sar, Urs Sar, Zul, Myadr, Ova and others in Kalmyk folk tradition. Several texts of the Kalmyk Legend of Okon Tengri, a celestial maiden who saved people from mythical creatures – Manguses as well as the legend about the Zul festival were preserved there. The comparative study of the Oirat legends that are popular among the Oirats from Xinjiang and the Kalmyks from Russia showed that these legends have both common motifs and distinctive elements. The theme of such religious holidays as Tsagaan Sar, Zul and Myadr reveals the beauty of the Buddhist world which fi lls up souls of people with joy and warmth. According to the Buddhist canons there are anguish and happiness that follow together, they are inseparable fellows of a man. There is also a popular belief that the origin of the Victory Day comes from the legend about Okon Tenger, who won the battle against evil Mangus and brought happiness and victory to people who afterwards called this day – the Day of Victory. Nowadays it is commonly known to all Mongol-speaking peoples as Tsagaan Sar, a holiday that celebrates the end of winter and arrival of spring. The legends about this holiday are prevalent in the areas inhabited by the Oirats. Along with the legends on Tsagaan Sar, there are some other legends devoted to such Oirat holidays as Zul, Myadr and Ova. Though these legends have much in common, they differ by their locality of traditions. For instance, Mongol-speaking peoples have different ways of celebrating Zul, regarding time and ritual observance. The legends associated with the celebration of Zul can be heard from older-generation representatives as well as from the clergy of Kalmyk Khuruls. At the same time, it should be noted that the legend of the «Urs Sar» holiday is not known in Xinjiang. Thus, the legends are a unique folklore stratum of Mongolian peoples.

5

Authors: E. Mandzhikov

An important step in strengthening the military-political alliance and legal basis of relations between the two countries became to be the Gentleman›s Agreement on mutual assistance between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Mongolian People›s Republic dated November 27, 1934. It provided that the two parties would assist each other in the case of external military attack on one of the two sides. Its provisions had been supplemented and elaborated in the Protocol on mutual assistance, signed in Ulaanbaatar on March 12, 1936, which contributed to the failure of the aggressive plans of the Japanese militarists against the MPR in 1939. In accordance with the Protocol on mutual assistance between the USSR and the MPR, Soviet military troops were brought into Mongolia and quartered along the South-Eastern boundary of the republic in September 1939. At the same time, the Soviet Union built a number of critical facilities necessary for the development of the Mongolian economy, and strengthening the defense power of the republic. The military-political alliance of the USSR and the MPR in the 1930s proved to be stable enough to defeat Japan at Khalkin-Gol in 1939. The Soviet- Mongolian troops under the leadership of the corps commander G.K. Zhukov who had developed a brilliant strategy for defeating the Japanese armed forces, managed to implement a successful offensive operation. So, the victory at Khalkin-Gol in 1939 showed the relevance and timeliness of creating the military-political alliance of the USSR and the MPR.

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Authors: B. Nuskhaeva

In recent years, the marital, sexual and reproductive behavior of Russians have undergone profound social changes. The major features of these changes are the rise of the average marriage age, the spread of cohabitation, the increase in the divorce rate, as well as high non-marital birth rate. Not surprisingly, Kalmykia as a subject of the Russian Federation is no exception here and has seen a number of changes in marital behavior. In this regard, on the basis of the statistical data analysis the author highlighted the main social trends in marital behavior of the population in Kalmykia. The fi rst decade of the XXI century was marked by the increase in the number of marriages but in recent years the number of marriages has slightly declined. One of the modern trends popular nowadays is the increase in the age of marriage. According to the calculations made by the Civil Registrar’s Offi ce of the Republic of Kalmykia, the average marriage age in 2013 was 29, 67 years for men and 27, 52 years for women. At the same time there is a growing number of international marriages and decreasing number of marriages between persons who have not attained their majority. Among the negative trends one can fi nd the increase of divorce rates in the republic. As it is seen from the data of the Civil Registrar’s Offi ce of the Republic of Kalmykia, the majority of divorces occur in families who have lived 3–10 years, and women more often become initiators of the separation than men. Another trend is the growth of unregistered marriages. As a result of the statistical data analysis, the author concludes that the main social trends in marital behavior of the population of Kalmykia are, in general, peculiar to those of Russian ones. The conducted in 2007 survey of young people shows a different attitude towards divorce, the birth of children out of wedlock, and sexual relationships of adolescents. A vast majority of respondents strongly disapproved of sexual relationships of adolescents, whereas their attitude towards children born out of wedlock as well as the divorce still remains ambiguous.

6

Authors: V. Sanchirov

The article covers the contents of an Oirat historical work named «The story is about how the rulers of Genghis managed the state and maintained the khanate rule» written in «todo bichig» (clear script). It mainly deals with the ethnic history of the Oirats (Western Mongols) and narrates the origin of their major ethnic components (the Khoshuts, the Dzungars, the Derbets, the Khoits and the Torghuts), the genealogies of their princes and their mutual relationship with each other in the 17th – the 1st half of the 18th century. It is particularly remarkable that there was no ethnonym “Oirat” used in the work, it was replaced with a new collective ethnonym “Eleuth”. According to its anonymous author, the fact that those considered to be direct successors of the ruler Genghis, the united Mongol tribes, including the Oirats, were shattered and scattered, is a common misconception. The author fi nishes the work written in a span of ten years (1858–1868) by describing the events which led to the conquest of the Dzungar Khanate by the Qing empire in 1755–1758. Despite its fragmentary nature, the work contains the facts which after their verifi cation and comparison can not only clarify the history but enrich the sources for research information. However, they can be considered reliable, since they are confi rmed by reference to the other sources.

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Authors: E. Gunaev

Purpose: The social and economic stability and development of any region in many respects depend on the effective realization of social policy in the fi eld of social and labor relations. In this regard, the special importance is gained by legal aspects of regulation in the fi eld of social and labor relations at the level of the territorial subject of the Russian Federation. The legislation of the Republic of Kalmykia is given as an example. Methods: The research is based on the following scientifi c methods: historical, system analysis, comparative and legal. Results: The issue of the division of powers between the Federation and its subjects in the fi eld of social and labor relations has been analyzed, the importance of the basic law (Constitution) of a territorial subject of the Russian Federation as a source of labor law has been underlined, the competence of the subjects of the Russian Federation has been identifi ed, issues of regional legislation in this area have been examined. Discussion: Legal regulation of social and labor relations in subjects of the Russian Federation applies only to a number of certain issues within the framework of federal legislation. These are, fi rst of all, those issues which are not under the jurisdiction of federal authorities and haven’t been regulated by them. It appears that the powers of the subjects of the Russian Federation are more focused on the regulation of the so-called other issues directly connected with the labor relations, but again only on certain issues mentioned above. In this regard, the division of powers in the fi eld of social and labour relations between levels of public authorities (federal, regional and local government) requires further improvement.

7

Authors: V. Akaev

The article deals with the analysis of World War II in the interpretation of Western and Russian researchers. Particular attention is paid to the two trends in historiography: right-wing (conservative) and revisionist. According to the fi rst trend, J. Stalin was preparing well in advance for an attack on Germany, and A. Hitler knowing it started the war to contain Soviet expansion. Under the second trend, Germany acted as a barrier to the spread of Bolshevism in Europe, becoming its protector. The author concludes that, some politicians in the western historical research condemning the violent deportation of peoples, proposed to revise not only the results of both the Second World War and the Great Patriotic War, but also to revise state decisions of the two periods in history of Russia: the USSR’s epoch and the epoch of the Russian Federation. In connection with the events taking place in Ukraine, increased attacks on Russia’s foreign policy, revisionist ideas to revise the results of the victory over Nazi Germany and the key role of Russia in it are gaining new momentum. As a result, there is an urgent need in in-depth scientifi c research on the events of World War II as well as the role of the Soviet Union and its people in the victory over the enemy.

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Authors: G. Kameneva

According to the analysis of the study, among a large number of female military specialists of the South of Russia during the Great Patriotic War there were more than 30 thousand women involved in medical units – hospital nurses, sanitary offi cers, women medical orderlies, medical assistants, doctors. The personnel of casualty clearing stations, medical and sanitary battalions, evacuation receiving stations, military infi rmaries, hospital trains, evacuation hospitals consisted mostly of women. Servicewomen were predominantly sent to serve in the nearby fronts: the North Caucasian Front, the Stalingrad Front and the Caucasus Front. From the fi rst months of the war, the South of Russia became the largest hospital base of the country, where for the entire period of the war up to thousands of hospitals were located. In the summer of 1942 among nearly 52 000 physicians two-thirds of whom consisted of women, worked in the evacuation hospitals of the North Caucasus Military District. More than two million Red Army soldiers underwent medical treatment in regional hospitals. In spite of the wartime, the scientifi c activity of medical staff was not interrupted. Inside the hospital walls they conducted extensive researches, held scientifi c and practical conferences. Owing to the doctors’ efforts soldiers could return to the army ranks. Among the active participants of donor movement in the region there were 90% of women. 25 tons of blood was delivered to the medicalsanitary battalions of the North Caucasian Front alone. A lot of female physicians served in the Soviet Armed Forces were awarded orders and medals for their dedicated work during the war. For instance, a nurse from Essentuki evacuation hospital M. Alekseenko (Stavropol region) and a military physician S. Salamova (North Ossetia) were decorated with Orders of Lenin. And Galina Petrova (Krasnodar region) received the Soviet Union’s highest award, the Hero of the Soviet Union who for the short period of her military service (a year and a half) managed to save hundreds of soldiers’ lives. Women of the South of Russia made an invaluable contribution to the preservation of the health of the nation during the Great Patriotic War.

7

Authors: E. Krinko

The paper examines the infl uence of the natural factor on the military history of Russia. It is natural conditions that determined the choice of military strategy and tactics, the state of the system and supply of troops, and to a large extent - and the results of combat operations. The major part of the territory in the south of the country (1250 km from Voronezh to Ordzhonikidze, from north to south and 1,000 km from Taman to Astrakhan from west to east) was turned into a combat zone from the summer of 1942 to the autumn of 1943. It is characterized by various forms of relief (from the plains and lowlands to highlands), climatic zones (from temperate continental to subtropical) and native zones (from the steppes to the semi-desert and glaciers). Various natural conditions had different effects on the course of military operations. Analyzing combatant operations in the south of the country it became evident that the Soviet military commanders didn’t always take into account the infl uence of natural factors. Hundreds of thousands of ordinary soldiers and commanding offi cers with much effort and loss of their lives had to correct the errors of the military commanders in order to improve the situation. Only after the radical turn in the Great Patriotic War, the Soviet tactics underwent major changes. For instance, when planning offensive and defensive operations, one took into account natural factors. In particular, terrain models were studied to present the features of the upcoming battles in detail. This was one of the most important conditions for the victory, the beginning of which was laid in the battles of 1942–1943 in the south.

7

Authors: L. Tashninova

One of the main criteria for assessing the environmental well-being of landscapes is the degree of preservation of a useful gene pool in natural soils, controlling the necessary diversity of ecosystems. In order to preserve biodiversity and restore the natural balance it is necessary to expand and improve the network of specially protected natural territories (SPNT). A soil-ecological monitoring is of major importance in the system of measures for the protection and restoration of soils and ecosystems. Natural soils of such Federal reserves such as «Sarpinskiy», «Harbin» and «Mekletinsky» were taken into account when creating a new classifi cation of Russia’s soils. Among the principles underlying the creation of a new classifi cation of Russian soils and determining its theoretical essence, is the so called genetic principle, involving the division of soils, in connection with the assessment of their genetic profi le which allows to consider in a unifi ed classifi cation structure all natural and anthropogenically transformed soils. One of the main problems in nature management and in ecology is the preservation of biodiversity, which is closely linked with the conservation of soil diversity. Therefore, to create ecological balance in the system of protected areas, soil objects should be taken into consideration. Thus, the author concludes that the search and selection of soils standards primordially in the existing network of protected areas are necessary to solve the problem. Reference soils from the point of view of global monitoring may be the only virgin soil, with minimal human impact.

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Authors: B. Kichikova

Since its publication and especially after the release of “Journey to Erzurum…”, A.Pushkin's address “To a Kalmyk Maiden” has belonged to several most essential spheres of Pushkin’s literary system, appearing in most complex correlation with both his poetry (being a part of set of poems “Travel poems (1829)”) and prose (integrated into travel notes and entering into a dialogue with the text of “Travel…”). The poem is included into the system of Pushkin’s literary esthetic critics formed by the 1820s in context of the poetry of reality thanks to mentioning the passion of ladies to «Cinq-Mars» by Alfred Victor de Vigny and slight appreciation of Shakespeare. The poem “To a Kalmyk Maiden” has something in touch with the art of Pushkin's oral story telling as well as reminds an epistolary novel. Thus the address “To a Kalmyk Maiden” presents a complex historical-literary problem stating the aim of the article to depict its most important aspects.

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Authors: N. Ochirova

The article considers scientifi c opinion addressing the processes of society modernization in transition period, a complex and painful but historically signifi cant for the country. The author describes the results of researching the history of social and economic development of the Republic of Kalmykia in the context of changes in the country. The analysis allows the author to conclude that the economy of Kalmykia in the transition period was actually characterized by a commodity orientation. Socialist reorganization of agriculture has transformed the republic into a zone of ecological disaster. The most painful results of a «liberal» revolution «from above» in Kalmykia have been a sharp decline in living standards, deterioration in social well-being of the population and migrations.

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Authors: N. Bugay

The article deals with the letters of deportee ethnicities’ representatives to senior public authorities, which are considered as sources for the nationalities policy of the USSR during the War of 1941–1945. They represent the environment of those times and the urge of ethnic groups to develop ethic identity and return to their native place of residence. The discharge of civic duties was seen by everyone as showing personal interest and anxiety regarding their ethnicity, and expressing sympathy regarding the shared tragic experience. Many letters sent to government institution and directly to J. Stalin, L. Beria and others during the 1940s were charged with these particular concerns. Brief analysis of the contents and subject matter of the special settlers’ letters shows that their rich material expresses people’s concern about their diffi cult situation under the supervision of ‘spetskomandatura’ (special labour brigade). The priority issues of many letters were the interests of the state, its preservation and economic development. The authors paid interest to future organization of life after their release from special settlements, improvement of life conditions in state national autonomies, establishment of public authorities and parties, and youth associations. They were concerned about the improvement of education system, including in national languages, as well as the consolidation and reunifi cation of special settlements’ families separated due to a variety of reasons. Of special interest is the level of interrelations and interperception between the ethnic groups who went through forced deportation. By communicating in the challenging conditions of special settlements they learned more about themselves in terms of culture, customs, traditions, and production skills. Without any doubt, this was benefi cial for the ethnicities, making the society morally wealthier and more consolidated.