European Journal of Advances in Engineering and Technology

1-12

Authors: Clifford Saggus, Roman Coley, Zack Floyd and Adel El-Shahat

It has been realized that using renewable resources will be better for the world in the future. The advantage of the hydro turbine is using renewable energy to provide electricity because the water is released back into the source from which the water came. This small scale hydroelectric system can provide cheap electricity without producing greenhouse gases and polluting the atmosphere. The proposed system can generate electricity at a constant rate as long as there is a source of water flowing downward. Also if there is no demand for electricity, the generator can be turned off to conserve electricity for later needs. This paper proposes design and modelling of a small scale micro-hydro power electrical system capable of supplying a house near flowing water with sustainable power. A small scale hydropower turbine system and a larger system using a DC power supply generator are built. Real small hydro-generator associated with electric generator is used with a simple load, rectifier, and dc-dc converter. Larger system will use programmable power supply attached with rectifier to act as the larger hydro-turbine system is used. DC to DC converter is used to regulate the voltage level. Instead of using a battery to store energy, supercapacitors and static capacitors are used to store the energy. Smart dc load equipment is used to act as the compatible dc loads for smart homes. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is used with feed forward back-propagation technique to implement Charging and discharging ANN models for load range up to 150 W. These models are checked and verified by comparing actual and predicted ANN values, with good error values and excellent regression factors (0.997: 1) to imply accuracy. Finally, the Simulink models are generated and deduced to use them without training the neural units each time. The discharging ANN models are introduced with Time and Resistance ranges as inputs and Voltage, Current and Power ranges as outputs for both the static capacitor and supercapacitor associated with our system. Also, charging Models are proposed using the same technique with Time and Voltage as inputs and Energy and Current as outputs.

21-28

Authors: Emdadul Haque and Md Shamim Alam

In this study the authors analyzed on the effects of stitch length and Yarn Count on fabric width and stiffness of weft knitted single jersey fabrics. On this study different types of weft knitted single jersey fabrics have been used like as single jersey plain, single lacoste, double lacoste and polo pique fabric. The dimensional stability of knit fabrics is an important area of the knitting industry. Stitch length, yarn count, structure of fabric influence the dimensional stability of fabric. These various factors influence the dimensional stability as well as the bending length. Dimensional changes occur during production or washing or wearing. Here stiffness of the fabric was determined using the instrument Shirley Stiffness Tester. It was found after completing the work that the fabric width increases gradually with the increase of stitch length. Single jersey plain fabric has the lowest fabric width and double lacoste has the highest fabric width and fabric width decreases gradually in finer yarn. It was also found that the bending length decreases gradually with the increase of stitch length.

33-40

Authors: Zahraddeen Sufyanu, Abdulganiyu Abdu Yusuf and Abubakar Muhammad Miyim

The use of Hough Transform (HT) on face recognition is a new research in the field of biometrics and computer vision. There exists complexities in applying the Hough transform on face features due to large dimension that is beyond the power of the algorithm. The algorithm was improved and tested using Template Matching. However, the experimental results on FEI, ORL and Yale face databases demonstrated the effectiveness of the technique and recognition was achieved with minimal error. The research aimed at improving HT for face recognition by avoiding complexities involved.

47-53

Authors: Abubakar Isa, HK Verma, Haris A Danladi and Bello Suleiman

Transmission lines suffer from unexpected failures due to various random causes which can lead to instability. The functions of protective systems are to detect, classify faults, locate and sent trip signal to circuit breaker for isolation. The main objective of this task is to study the available techniques and algorithms to develop improved relaying algorithm based on adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) which could have 100% accuracy and operate with minimum delay. The training , testing and validation data samples to be used by the ANFIS models were generated using sequence current components and line voltages under normal and fault conditions at various locations on a 400kv,50Hz, 100km transmission line. Simulations were performed using EMTDC/PSCAD, on a sample three-phase power system. The lines current were first processed using FFT algorithm and then the sequence components were derived from the same fundamental frequency. Various fault scenarios are considered in this work. The ANFIS’s were trained and tested using the various sets of data in which six inputs were used in different combinations. The inputs to ANFIS’s are rms line voltages and ratio of sequence currents was used. Different membership functions were used with different number of epochs and ‘gbell’ membership function was found to be the best in performance for both training and testing. Data was extended and the ANFIS was tested with ‘gbell’ membership function. The result obtained show 100% accuracy with lesser number of epochs than needed with ANN.

60-66

Authors: Mukthi SL and AR Aswatha

SPI Controller is one of the high performance system bus slaves and provides a simple software interface to the SPI peripherals and the CPU. The AHB slave main function is an interface unit that allows AHB logic to initiate a data transfer on the AHB. The AHB specifies the type transaction to be executed on the slave through a user friendly interface. The SPI Controller provides access to devices with SPI Interface and performs Read Operation, Write Operation or Read/Write Operation. In this paper we are designing a SPI Memory Controller which is compatible with the Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) developed by ARM. We are developing a SPI Module which can operate based on the Advanced High Performance Bus (AHB) signals. Aim lies in the Interfacing of the SPI controller to the ARM Processor using the AMBA AHB Bus. Synthesis and simulation is carried out to verify the functionality of the design.

75-81

Authors: Vibha Aggarwal and Manjeet Singh Patterh

Magnetic resonance angiography is an MRI exam of the blood vessels. The enhancement in image compression is largely related to require fast and efficient methods for the storage and transmission of information between individuals. This effort examines the comparative performance of Wavelift Transform, Essentially Non-Oscillatory cell average transform, morphological Haar wavelet transform, Maxlift and Medlift transform methods using analysis of variance for MRA image compression. There was no significant effect of different MRA image on peak signal to noise ratio. In each transform, PSNR increases with an increase in bit per pixel. Wavelift Transform performs well among the different transforms in terms of quality and compression of image. Future work needs to done by comparing different transforms by using different techniques for MRA image compression.

85-92

Authors: Syed Amjad Ahmad, Umair Munir, M Aslam Bhutta and M Ahsan Badr Khan

An air conditioning system utilizing the solar energy would always be an attractive one because of its cost effectiveness in either we are full filling our heating or cooling requirements. Many solar powered air conditioning systems are in operation in the world but its application in the Pakistan is very little even negligible. Somehow vapor compression unit are being operated with the solar energy by using photo voltaic cells in Pakistan. Whose efficiency is very low and it is also very expensive to full the cooling load of a large building with this photo voltaic cells assisted cooling system. This research paper gives us a comparison of the solar thermal technologies and the cold production technologies. And selected the most suitable one and make it applicable by converting absorption chiller (electrically driven) of 10 ton of refrigerating capacity on the solar power by keeping its COP almost the same.

101-110

Authors: Sruthi Sunder and Reshmi Nair

This review seeks to provide an overview of various methods by which active ingredients of drugs can be nanonized (converted into sizes ranging in the order of 1-100 nm) in order to improve their dissolution characteristics. It explores why drug dissolution is important for their bioavailability and how particle size, in turn, can affect this process in accordance with the Noyes- Whitney equation. Various techniques involving both bottom-up and top-down approaches for the nanonization of drugs are possible, however some methods prove better than others especially those of the bottom-up type due to lesser energy requirement and time of operation. Though many novel methods for the nanonization of drugs are being introduced for the purpose of improving dissolution of poorly-water soluble drugs, it cannot be substantiated for its use because such methods do not increase the saturation solubility of such drugs.

119-124

Authors: Prakash Timilsina and Ramesh Khanal

Effective management of spare parts inventory system plays key role for successful execution of the maintenance plan of equipment and vehicles. This study is focused on spare parts management system of HED-Kathmandu. It is found that no effective spare parts management system is followed except to fulfill some formalities as prescribed by the financial rules and regulations. Study of spare parts of three major types of equipment shows that the unplanned spare parts expenditure is the major cause of high inventory level. It is also found that the warehouse is largely occupied by non moving parts.