European Journal of Advances in Engineering and Technology

1-7

Authors: Govind Singh Bhardwaj

Twin motorways tunnels are constructed in Aravalli Mountains of western India, for providing the smooth transport facility for man and material. These tunnels are located on four lane national highways number 76. The twin tunnel road passage connects the Kandla Port on Arabian Sea to shipment dimensional stones from Rajasthan and adjoining states from western part of the sub-continent, ultimately to the north-central India. It is constructed for fast delivery and in future it will be a catalytic development as economic driven activity. Frequently occurring landslide failure on both ends of tunnels, present study has been planned for failure-risk analysis. Tunnel failure-risk analysis carried out by back and probability analysis. The Multiple Back Analysis approach has been used, where different factor of safety (FoS) curves have been derived by numerical analysis. The back analysis shows that for both, tunnel-1 and tunnel-2, the ideal conditions calculated for minimizing failure risk has been achieved by maintaining the cohesion values 148.41 and 168.33 or more than that respectively. Probability analysis also depicting 0.66 to 2.30 factor of safety and the places of less than 1.00 are unsafe. Frequency percentage vs. factor of safety and probability percentage vs. factor of safety plot shows that there is a risk of failure of the tunnels from the cut hill slopes of corners. There are various reasons of triggering of failures in addition to transmitted vibrations from vehicular movement.

16-28

Authors: Puttaraje Gowda Dinesh, Nijagal Marulaiah Renukappa, Tenzin Pasang, Meghala Dinesh and Chikkakuntappa Rangananthaiah

High density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene (PP) based nanocomposites were fabricated using a constant 20 wt. % of carbon black (CB) as the base and different wt.% (0.25 to 1) of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNT). The conductivity and the electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) and nano size free volume cavities of conducting HDPE/PP nanocomposites and their interrelation is explored. We found that the resistivity decreases by ~13 orders of magnitude and EMI SE shows a maximum of -30 dB in the three nanocomposites as the loading of MWNT increases. We obtained higher value of EMI SE in PP based nanocomposite compared to HDPE based ones. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results indicated that HDPE is highly crystalline while PP is highly amorphous. Filler loading reveals changes in crystalline and amorphous contents in the nanocomposites. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results support the findings of the XRD data. Free volume data derived from positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) exhibits a linear relation with EMI SE values of the three composite. Better EMI SE is achieved for PP composite without the use of functionalized MWNT with PAni.

35-38

Authors: H S Al-Bahrani, A S Al- Mousawi, A M Al–Dujaili and H M Mehdi

This research aims to study the seasonal variation in water quality parameters of Euphrates River at Najaf Province in Iraq during winter and summer seasons by using statistical test. Six water quality parameters were measured during the period from 2007 to 2012 in January and July. These parameters were hydrogen power (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), magnesium (Mg+2), chlorides (Cl-), and sulfates (SO4-2). Paired t-test was used six times to estimate the equality and inequality of the six water quality parameters in January and July. It was noticed that the values of water quality parameters in July were greater than their values in January for more parameters at significant (0.01) except for EC, where the test accept the equality hypotheses. This means that the water quality of the Euphrates River in Najaf Province became worse in summer than in winter for most parameters.

51-55

Authors: Mahesh K Jangid

This article reports the hydrogen storage characteristics of Mg-Based Mn thin film. The Mg-Mn thin films prepared using thermal evaporation method at pressure 10-5torr. The deposited films were annealed in vacuum at constant temperature 500K for one hour to get a homogeneous structure. Annealed thin films have been separately hydrogenated at different hydrogen pressure (20-60 psi) for 30 min. these films have been characterized and Optical band gap has been found to be increase with hydrogenation; it may be due to hydrogen accumulation at interface. Pristine film shows ohmic behavior and after annealing it shows semiconductor nature and also the conductivity of thin films has been found to be decreased due to hydrogenation because hydrogen takes electron from conduction band of metal as anionic model. Concluded the enhanced hydrogen affinity at the film substrate interface and suggested the study of complex hydride formation in thin films might give valuable information for the use of these Mg-Mn structures for hydrogen storage as well as solar collector materials.

69-74

Authors: Amit A Kadam and Anant M Bagade

In software engineering, software testing plays a vital role in improvement of software. In software testing, Test data generation is a standout amongst the most significant and crucial phases. Software testing is not possible without adequate test data. Software testing can be performed by using different test cases like, unit testing, integration testing, or system level testing. The first phase of testing is single module and we called as a Unit Testing, But by combining many unit testing module one other test type we can use i.e. Integration Testing. Integration testing tests the connections of different mechanism, when they are integrated together in precise application, for the smooth functionality of software arrangement. Many automated and manual test data generation techniques have been proposed for software testing. Coupling based testing is an integration testing which is based upon coupling relationships that exist among different variables within many other call sites are present. Up until now, test data generation approaches deal only with unit level testing. There is no work for software test information generation for coupling based testing. So, in this Paper, we proposed a novel methodology for automated test data generation based testing type classification and different algorithms that mostly used.

80-84

Authors: Himani and Kamaljit Kaur

Cloud computing is a nascent technology which widely spreads among researchers. It provides users with infrastructure, platform and software as amenity which is effortlessly accessible via Internet. In cloud computing, there are numerous tasks needs to be executed by the existing resources to attain best performance, shortest response time, minimal total time for completion, utilization of resources etc. Due to these dissimilar objectives, we need to design, develop a noble scheduling strategy to outperform proper division of tasks on virtual machines. Recently existing scheduling algorithm may work proficiently in some perspective. But they are unable to achieve deadline of task and attain maximum profit. Based on the concept of space-shared scheduling policy, this paper presents cost-deadline based scheduling to schedule tasks with Cloud-sim by taking into account several parameters including task profit, task penalty, and throughput.

89-92

Authors: Aruna Kanthi E and Kavitha M

Fly ash is generally used as replacement of cement, as an admixture in concrete, and in manufacturing of cement. Concrete containing fly ash as partial to complete replacement of fine aggregate will improve its strength on long-term basis. In this investigation fly ash is used as sand replacement material. The material mix of proportion 1:1.58:3.2:0.48. Each category comprises of various percentages of sand replacement material in increasing order i.e. 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%. The workability is maintained constant range for all mixes. Strength characteristics such as compressive strength split tensile strength and modulus of elasticity of concrete mixes are found out for 7, 14 and 28 days curing period and results are analyzed.

1-10

Authors: Kamaljeet Singh and K Nagachenchaiah

Microstrip realization of beam forming network integrated with dual-band antenna array on silicon substrate is presented. Design and implementation of broad band topologies of hybrid and phase shifter are discussed and further integrated to realize wideband 4× 4 Butler matrix. Proposed wideband Butler matrix is used to realize single-band and dual band antenna architectures on silicon substrate. Design aspects, detailed simulation and measured results of both are detailed.

16-22

Authors: Nandkumar M Shetti, Sahana Nair and N H Ayachit

An entirely new technique has been designed to couple the advantages of both the microstrip patch antenna and rectangular waveguide. Patch antenna consists of two patches, one radiator patch which faces outside, and the other faces mouth of the rectangular waveguide. Antenna parameters like return loss, gain, bandwidth, polarization and radiation pattern were studied in detail by changing geometrical features of antenna like length of patch facing waveguide side, by varying the feed point distance that is the distance from the corner of rectangular patch to centre of the circular patch, by different orientation of circular patch from the corner of rectangular patch where it is connected to radiating side circular patch through PTH(plated through hole),by placing the patch on different points on the rectangular patches. The obtained results were discussed in detail and explained. In part 2 detail mathematical analyzing steps were discussed. In part 3 moment’s method along with its application to waveguide coupled microstrip patch antenna discussed In this paper a new mathematical tool is worked out which explains the observed the return loss graph effectively. This tool is called effective fringing area method. First we considered here waveguide coupled Microstrip patch antenna as the parallel load comprising of four elements .Along with this observed return loss graph and radiation pattern graph is provided.

33-37

Authors: Goldi Soni and Jyoti Singh

According to the constitution of India justice is an important part in which a consumer justice and protection is one subpart. There are number of legislations were passed by the Indian Parliament but they fail to protect the interest of small consumers. In the Consumer Protection Act, 1986 was passed, to protect the interest of the consumers. The objective of this research paper is to develop knowledge database for determining jurisdiction type of consumer cases as per as Indian law as well as to generate next level knowledge database to determine the type of services opted or item purchased by the consumer which will help in further solving of consumer cases.

43-47

Authors: Vishal Singh Chandel, Mohd. Shafi Khan, Rajiv Manohar and Satyendra Pratap Singh

The present paper discusses the comparative dielectric constant and dielectric loss of black pepper and white pepper within frequency range 10 kHz and 10 MHz and temperature between 300C to 510C. Impedance gain/phase analyser (HP 4194 A) was used to measure the dielectric constant and the dielectric loss and Julabo (temperature controller, F-25, Germany) was used for keeping the temperature of black pepper and white pepper seeds constant. It has been found that dielectric constant and loss is decreasing with the increase in frequency while the same are increasing with increase in temperature and moisture content.

54-60

Authors: Karnveer Singh and Rajneesh Talwar

This research paper investigates the Ergodic capacity of MIMO-OFDM system in Rayleigh Fading Channel to increase the Ergodic Capacity of the system. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is multicarrier modulation technique for transmission of signals over wireless channel. OFDM, using multiple sub carriers divides the available spectrum into number of sub orthogonal sub channels. Multiple input multiple outputs (MIMO) using multiple transmitting and receiving antennas for high data rate transmission with limited bandwidth are used. OFDM is combined with MIMO to increases the capacity of the system. MIMO-OFDM is popular technique for high data transmission because of usages of multiple carriers. One of the challenging problems of OFDM is Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR). In this it has been attempted to minimize the value of PAPR so that Ergodic Capacity of the system increases. For Reducing the value of PAPR we have used Coding Technique Low Density Parity Check Coding (LDPC).Further analysis by using 64 QAM with LDPC, using this Quardature Amplitude Modulation Spectral Efficiency increases. For investigating the systems performance Matlab has been used, mostly focusing on four Parameters Ergodic capacities, Signal to Noise Ratio, Bit Error Rate, Number of Transmitting Antennas. This will allow future wireless system to have high data rates. By reducing the number of guard bands the spectral efficiency can be increased in future.

69-73

Authors: Saad Al-Sabbagh and Ali H Majeed

Using a vacuumed spray method, Zinc Oxide has been synthesized in a vacuum at a room temperature with different thicknesses. Absorbance and transparency have been studied as a function of wavelength variation before and after annealing the samples. Peaks have occurred at different wavelengths. Energy gap variation of the same samples has been examined with wavelength variation, Eg has been dramatically reduced as wavelength increased, its best value was 1.95 eV at 700 nm. Annealing has no abrupt change on energy gap.