The Journal of Middle East and North Africa Sciences

1-6

Authors: Itzel Monserrat Pérez Hernández; Karla González Hidalgo; Elizabeth Montiel Huerta

Working capital is an important part within the administration of SMEs, it represents current assets and short-term liabilities which are essential for the daily operation of the company. For this reason, it is necessary for administrators of MSMEs to know what this term refers to and why they should have proper management of it. The purpose of this article is to publicize the situation of MSMEs in the commercial sector, as well as the importance of working capital in them. A documentary investigation obtained from secondary sources, such as books and scientific articles, was carried out. From this, the theoretical foundations were reviewed, as well as the main causes of failure of MSMEs. In conclusion, the life expectancy of SMEs in the commercial sector is very low due to various factors, among which is their poor administration of working capital, for which reason proper management of this item is important in order to obtain economic resources. necessary to solve the daily operations of companies.

1-7

Authors: Emmanuel Belechukwu Aniesedo; Iyke Ogbo; Kingsley Kama Anya; Godwin O. Okoro; Samuel Ayobami Fasogbon; Ibukun Akinsola Omisakin; Dayo E. Adediwura; Ahmed O. Adebayo; Nnaemeka Okorie; Ayobami Babatunde Olayera

Background: Tuberculosis is a highly prevalent chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli. Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be an important health and socio-economic issue, especially in developing countries. Aim: The study was undertaken to determine the pattern of haemoglobin, red cell count, packed cell volume (PCV) and red cell indices in tuberculosis infected subjects (patients) visiting the TB clinic at St. Charles Borromeo hospital. Materials and Method: This was a case controlled cross-sectional study conducted in Anambra State. Subjects was selected based on their relatively high stability and willingness to participate in the study. The data collection for the haematological investigation was carried out during morning hours (8:00 a.m.-10.00. a.m.). Samples of blood (5 ml) were obtained from each participant using a vacutainer and employing standard infection prevention procedures. The collected aliquots of blood samples were used to determine participants’ PCV, haemoglobin concentration and RBC counts from which red cell indices were calculated. Results and Discussion: The study consists of 20 (57.1%) TB positive subjects attending TB clinic at St. Charles Borromeo hospital, Anambra state and 15 (42.9%) control subjects with overall mean age of 31.29±9.64. The mean values were compared between cases and controls using t-test and One-way ANOVA (LSD Post Hoc Test) at 5% level of significance. Significant differences were recorded for RBC counts (TB Positive: 4.22±0.77, Control: 5.46±.84, p=0.000), Hb (TB Positive: 10.80±2.11, Control: 13.27±1.79, p=0.001), and MCHC (TB Positive: 31.51±1.74, Control: 33.36±.845, p=0.000) respectively while no significant differences were recorded for PCV (TB Positive: 34.05±7.15, Control: 38.27±6.70, p=0.085), MCV (TB Positive: 76.07±18.61, Control: 72.24±6.65, p=0.453) and MCH (TB Positive: 25.89±3.21, Control: 24.04± 2.51, p=0.075) respectively. Many haematological abnormalities have been demonstrated in tuberculosis patients in the present study. Conclusion: The TB patients showed significantly lower Hb levels (mild anaemia), RBC count and PCV, while MCHC was the only significantly decreased RBC indices. While many of them are consistent with reported literature and reinforce the fact that they can become valuable tools in monitoring tuberculosis and also serve as indicators in assessment of response to therapy.

12-16

Authors: Evelin Amairani Nava Lozano; Rosa Cortes Aguirre; Jorge Luis Castañeda Gutiérrez; Miguel Angel Lozada Aguirre

In this work, we will discuss the Importance of LPA's layered process audits for the auto parts sector in the State of Tlaxcala. In Mexico, the auto parts industry is one of the most important economic activities, generating year-on-year value, creating sources of employment and satisfaction at the international level. The new ways of working and the number of demands in this sector, companies seek to be leaders worldwide, implementing new forms of quality work to reduce costs and increase their productivity. For the following study, data from official sources, statistical information from both national and international governmental organizations such as: ISO 9001:2015, IATF 1949:2016 and CQI-8, CITLAX, AMIA, Agenda Tlaxcala, among others, were collected.

21-23

Authors: Mariana Gallardo Sánchez; José Luis Castañeda Gutiérrez; José Adrian Trevera Juarez

Pallets are an essential part of any supply chain, as well as wooden pallets are also part of the main waste for recycling or reuse in activities other than logistical purposes. The purpose of this article is to identify the main damages produced in the wooden pallets, as well as to identify the repair costs for each damage to give the pallets the opportunity to continue in the logistics cycle without ending their useful life so abruptly and contribute to the food companies of the State of Tlaxcala in reducing costs and environmental impact. Through the observation and investigation technique, the most frequent damages to the wooden pallets of the food companies in the State of Tlaxcala were identified and quantified in the Pareto Diagram.

1-8

Authors: Sehrish Ather; Adeela Mustafa; Roamana Ayub; Zakria Tariq

Background: Low back pain (LBP) is a common disorder involving the muscles, nerves, and bones of the back. Pain can vary from a dull constant ache to a sudden sharp feeling. This can be due to a combination of mechanical, hormonal, and psychosocial factors. These have a negative impact on their quality of life. Treatment options are often poor, as the cause of back pain is not always fully understood. Furthermore, treatments that are available usually have a low success rate and consist mainly of lifestyle adjustments and bed rest. Material and Methods: Two hundred and ten women were selected from the OPD of genecology and obstetrics department of Jinnah hospital Lahore for interview, a structured questionnaire was used for information, data entered in computer software SPSS version 22.0. A cross sectional survey was done. Participants of the study are 15 to 45 years old having established diagnosis of low back pain. Duration of the study was 3 months. Result: Among 210 females, 22.22% noted ongoing back pain at the time they became pregnant. 54% were multigravidas and 41% were grand multigravidas. In the latter group, 19% patients had backache before pregnancy and 81% had during pregnancy. No treatment was taken in 61% patients, rest in 19%, analgesic in 12% and light exercise by 9% patients. The present study revealed that backache is more prevalent in multigravidas, grand multigravidas and associated factors like weightlifting, heavy work, bending, standing posture etc. are main causes of backache. Analgesics are effective in relieving backache in pregnancy. The appropriate treatment aims to reduce the discomfort and the impact on the pregnant woman’s quality of life. Conclusion: Back pain is a common problem in pregnant women and many factors contribute to it. About half of the patients are taking rest to treat LBP. It is advised that the patient should be given special advice regarding posture and exercise, training of health care provider, education of the pregnant during antenatal sessions, about proper nutrition, weight control, and family planning.

24-31

Authors: Nassar Sulaiman Adebayo; Abdulazeez Aderemi Abubakar; Agboola Seun Emmanuel; Sule Bushra Oluwabunmi; Johun Dorcas Ifeoluwa; Oladele Blessing

Medicinal plants with proven chemical properties have been used for centuries as remedies for human diseases most especially those caused by bacterial, fungi, and parasite. Traditional medicine is estimated to be used by 80% of the population of developing countries. This study attempted to investigate phytochemical components and anti-plasmodial activity (in vivo) of Morinda Lucida. The crude extract of the plant’s leaves was carried out using aqueous water, this was followed with the phytochemical screening and fractionating process using different solvents. The experimental mice used in this study were subjected to an acute toxicity test with different concentrations of the fractionated leave extract. Albino- Mice behavior, weight loss, and different histological structures of the liver and the kidney served as major indicators for the toxicity. The result revealed no obvious acute toxicities on mice up to the highest (5000mg/kg) dose given. The experimental animal used for the suppressive test were divided into test and control groups, the test groups with an average weight of 18-24g were administered with different concentrations of the extracted leaves at a lower dose( 100mg/kg) and a higher dose (200mg/kg) for four days, the parasite density was determined at day5 and day8 respectively, PCV was also carried out before and after the administration of the extract to determine the blood level. The present result shows the significant reduction of PCV for low and high doses at day five . (P<0.05). The reverse was the case for the methanol, ethyl-acetate, and water fractionated extract where no significant reduction in the PCV and the parasite density was observed ( P>0.05). However, none of the extract concentration was able to clear the parasite completely in the experimental animals. The Morinda Lucida fractionated extract shows the promising effect as an anti-malarial agent, most especially the methanol, ethyl acetate, and the water fractionated extracts at both low and high dosages.

1-4

Authors: Catalina Velásquez Sánchez; Jorge Luis Castañeda Gutiérrez; Rosa Cortés Aguirre

Today, security is a very important issue for the global economy, especially in freight transport companies, due to the impact that crime has had lately, and that has led to initiatives to increase security in the chain of supply, especially during the physical movement of the merchandise, taking measures and control actions to increase the effectiveness and effectiveness of the security guidelines, measures that allow them to provide a safe and competitive service. That is why the present research work has the purpose of designing a location and tracking system for transport units for security through GPRS / GSM technologies, the information analyzed to determine the types of goods, the characteristics of the system, was through a field of investigation within the company ZEEK, a branch located in the Municipality of Santa Ana Chiautempan, Tlaxcala, Mexico. In order to determine the type of companies that prefer technologies and invest in equipment, this is done through a Pareto analysis. The feasibility of applying a location and security system has several functions, for example, it helps us in the event of an unwanted event such as door opening, shock or the variation of the load temperature, it increasingly becomes a You need to know the exact location, either for security in case of theft or for control and monitoring, giving it an added value with the implementation of a mobile application that shows the exact location in real time. It was also possible to obtain results through the customers´ information who have the GPS system. During the analysis of the investigation I concluded that it is feasible and necessary to implement a security system based on the need for the care of the goods and thus also safeguard the integrity of the users.

10-14

Authors: Sehrish Ather; Romana Ayub; Adeela Mustafa; Zakria Tariq; Muhammad Saleem Rana

Background: Plasmodium knowlesi is a simian malaria parasite that causes malaria in human also. P. knowlesi detected in human population of many South East Asian countries. It causes life threatening malaria complications. Early detection is very crucial for successful clinical management of knowlesi malaria. Aim: To provide insight into the detection methods used for diagnosis of knowlesi malaria. Method: Detailed reviews of the previous studies on malaria caused by Plasmodium knowlesi with the particular emphasis on diagnostic methods, especially polymerase chain reaction-based molecular detection methods and loop mediated isothermal amplification technique (LAMP) was performed. Result: Due to the morphological similarities between P. knowlesi and other malaria parasites infecting humans, blood film microscopy is not a reliable method for the detection of P. knowlesi. Rapid diagnostic methods based on P. knowlesi-specific antibodies have not been available yet. For half a decade, Nested PCR is in use as the standard method for identification of P. knowlesi. While requiring sophisticated equipment, real-time PCR provides rapid results with higher specificity and sensitivity, so it used in reference laboratories. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification is a promising method for diagnosis of knowlesi malaria in the field. These methods detect small subunit ribosomal RNA as the molecular target. However, recent studies demonstrated the use of multicity, repetitive sequence as the molecular target in single-step PCR detection of P. knowlesi. Conclusion: P. knowlesi misguided for P. malariae by microscopy, which is responsible for high fatalities due to P. knowlesi infections because P. knowlesi produces more severe malaria as compared to P. malariae. Although molecular diagnostic methods are sensitive and specific for P. knowlesi, but these methods are not reliable as compared to gold standard PCR Technique.

1-4

Authors: Doan Nhan Dao

Managing, enforcing and protecting territorial sovereignty is the process of exercising our sovereignty, sovereignty and jurisdiction over our islands and territorial waters established in accordance with the Convention of The United Nations on the Law of the Sea 1982, is an organized and regulated effect of the State's laws on socio-economic activities, activities on the sea and islands to maintain and develop the relations, activities in order, in accordance with the provisions of the State. Managing and protecting the sovereignty of the sea and islands have both internal and external factors. The management and protection of sovereignty over islands and islands are important issues that need to be studied and assessed.