Bylye Gody

1500-1512

Authors: Оtkirbay M. Agatay, Zhaxylyk M. Sabitov

The article describes the data from the Noghaic-Kazakh heroic epos containing information about various types of body armour of nomads of the Eurasia of the late Middle Ages and Modern Age. Previously, this material was not translated into Russian and was not an object of special scientific research. Based on a comprehensive analysis of folklore, artefacts and written sources, an attempt was made to identify the original names as well as the design features and design systems of thebodyarmor of the Turkic warriors in the western part of the Great Steppe in the Middle Ages and Modern Age. Based on the research of the collected, systematized and analyzed data, the main terms used in Noghaic-Kazakh heroic epos have been identified and attributed to denote the samplesof defensive arms. Thus, it has been notably determined that in the Middle Ages and Modern Age,the nomadic warriors of Kazakhstan and adjacent territories used the armor kübe, the chain mail and the mail and plate armours kirӓwgӓ, badänäh, and bäktär, the plates sewn armour beren, the armour plates chahār-ā'īneh, the quilted soft armour qataʼū, armor torghout, etc. It has been determined that during the Middle Ages, the meaning of the term denoting one or another type of the armor could change. So, for example, the term kübe originally denoted chain mail, thenlamellar armor. The analysis of the Kazakh term qataʼū showed that it goes back to the Medieval Mongol χɑtɑγu (qataʼū) dehel (khatangku dehel). The comparison of weapon descriptions in Noghaic-Kazakh heroic epos with authentic samples of defensive arms from archaeological monuments and written sources showed a high level of correlation between folklore and artefacts. The analysis of the collected data showed within the framework of a comprehensive analysis of sources ofNoghaic-Kazakh epos can be applied in the study of the military-cultural heritage of the Turkic peoples of Kazakhstan and adjacent territories of the late Middle Ages and early Modern Age.

1523-1537

Authors: Mergen S.Ulanov, Valeriy N.Badmaev

This article attempts to analyze the position of women in Tibeto-Mongolian Buddhism. The authors conclude that due to the dominance of the tantric tradition in it, where the feminine has always been given great importance, the status of women here was quite high. At the same time, due to the prevailing social, historical and cultural circumstances, there was no higher level of Buddhist monasticism (gelongma) in the institute of female clergy. Under these conditions, the female monasteries of Tibet played a subordinate role in relation to the male monasteries. In Mongolia and the Buddhist regions of Russia, a women's monastic system did not historically develop, and women here became nuns of the lowest level of initiation (shabagan) mainly in old age, remaining in the family circle. Because of this, the spiritual statuses of a nun and a laywoman who took the Ubasan vows did not differ much. In the modern period, the situation in Tibeto-Mongolian Buddhism has changed significantly. In the context of cultural and confessional globalization, Buddhism spread in the West, which led to the inclusion of feminist discourse related to the rights of women in religion. As a result, a movement for the revival of the institution of nuns of the highest level of initiation developed. Among the representatives of the Western branch of Tibeto-Mongolian Buddhism, a number of charismatic personalities appeared - nuns who made a significant contribution to the spread of Buddhism in the West. In modern Mongolia, Buryatia, Kalmykia and Tuva, despite the fact that the bulk of the clergy here are still men, one can state a significant religious activity of women, not only clergymen, but also lay women. There is no doubt that the women of Mongolia and the Buddhist regions of Russia, being members of various Buddhist centers, are making a significant contribution to the revival of Buddhism. Modern women actively participate in the daily life of the Buddhist community, comprehend Buddhist philosophy and practice, conduct religious services, and contribute to the transfer of Buddhist knowledge to the younger generation. An important event in the history of Russian Buddhism was the appearance of the first female Buddhist datsan in Buryatia.

1551-1563

Authors: Nikolaj A. Mininkov, Artyom Yu. Peretyatko

The article is devoted to the analysis of the images of the antipodes of Peter I in Russian pre-revolutionary historiography. The authors proceed from the fact that a historical narrative can be not only a scientific, but also a figurative and artistic work. In the latter case, it is fundamentally important how the historian builds images in his narrative. The article analyzes the works of I.I. Golikov, N.G. Ustryalov, N.I. Krasnov, M.N. Pokrovsky and P.N. Krasnov. The authors come to the conclusion that in all the cases they analyzed, the construction of the images of antipodes pursued primarily publicist and presentational goals. It helped the historian to reveal the current socio-political concept using historical examples.However, the difference between these concepts forced historians to choose different characters for the role of the antipodes of Peter I and build the relationship between the images of the hero and his antipode in different ways.In the case of I.I. Golikov and N.G. Ustryalov, the idealized Peter I was opposed by the demonized I.S. Mazep and tsarevna Sophia.N.I. Krasnov, on the contrary, revealed the shortcomings of the figure of Peter I by opposing him to K.A. Bulavin, and both of these characters in his narrative were rather positive, which made it possible to interpret their conflict as a tragedy. M.N. Pokrovsky, sharply criticizing Peter I, clearly contrasts his own author's image of the emperor with his traditional image in Russian historiography, drawing his own Peter I from the contrary. Finally, P.N. Krasnov, trying to restore the idealized image of the emperor, discredited image of K.A. Bulavin by N.I. Krasnov, creating an antipode to an antipode.

1575-1584

Authors: Olga A. Plotskaya, Yuliya E. Kurilyuk, Djamilya A. Ospanova

The uniqueness and specificity of customary law regulation of various legal institutions is clearly manifested in the historical past, reflecting not only the established traditional ideas of peoples, but also the originality of the ethno-legal history of development. The study of the customary legal nature of the institution of marriage among the Permian peoples in the 18th – 19th centuries in modern conditions is especially relevant, as it allows us to show the national color and ethnic code of the Eastern Finno-Ugric peoples, as well as traditional ideas about marriage, enshrined in customary law, noting trends and ways of transforming this legal institution. The customary law of the Permian peoples in the 18th – 19th centuries regulated the institution of marriage on a par with the norms of positive law. At the state level, it was forbidden to marry people with dementia or mental disabilities; a ban was introduced on marriage without the mutual consent of the spouses; degrees of kinship that did not allow marriage were legalized; age criteria for marriage; prohibition of marriage without the consent to this action on the part of guardians or trustees. The institution of marriage among the Permian peoples underwent changes during the period under review. Not only legal customs changed, but also the norms of positive law. However, customary law was of great importance, since it regulated especially those areas of public life that the legislator did not always have time to regulate. The customary law of the Permian peoples, adapted to the economic and economic structure, supplemented the norms of positive law, without contradicting the latter. It detailed the institution of marriage, obliging the parties to be married to observe the wedding ceremony and ritual and traditional rites. The ritualization of wedding actions and the inclusion of customary legal elements in them made it possible not only to preserve, but also to transfer the value of the institutions of marriage and the traditional Perm family to future generations.

1596-1604

Authors: Yulia Yu. Erendzhenova

The article deals with the ideas of Buddhist Kalmyks, who became Russian subjects in the 17th century and made a significant contribution to the strengthening of Russian statehood, about violent and non-violent methods of conflict resolution. Kalmyks traditionally profess Buddhism, which organically entered their ethnic culture and had a noticeable impact on their worldview. It is determined that the Kalmyks faithfully carried out military service for centuries, often being at the forefront of the Russian army. They guarded the southern borders of the country, participated in many Russian military campaigns. At the same time, the Kalmyks formed specific views based on the Buddhist ethics of non-violence, which was reflected in their legislative acts. The combination of the Buddhist ethics of non-violence and military prowess for the Kalmyks themselves might not seem contradictory to them due to their specific views on “skilful means” and spiritual development in accordance with Vajrayana Buddhism. Idealizing the image of angry protector deities, the Kalmyks could justify the military methods they used to influence their opponents, since they were defending the holy teaching and their people. However, it is important to bear in mind that the ideas of the Kalmyks cannot be equated with the very Buddhist idea of worshiping angry deities. According to Buddhist sources, the essence of this idea lies in the symbolic use of destructive states of mind on the path of rapid spiritual transformation. The Kalmyks could literally, that is, not quite correctly, interpret the Tantric teaching. At the same time, this interpretation allowed them to maintain spiritual strength to protect not only the Buddhist religion and their people, but also the entire population of Russia. The conclusions drawn allow us to expand the view of the ethical ideals of peoples who traditionally practice Buddhism.

1618-1624

Authors: Aleksandr V. Tsyuryumov

The article analyzes Imperial Russia’s policy towards the Kalmyk Khanate in the early-to-mid 1760s. The period witnessed a transfer of power, and the new ruler was to traditionally face the shaping of an opposing party. The latter was founded by noyons (landlords) of the Dorbet Ulus to be further joined by quite a number of smaller groups. The critical and persisting ‘Dorbet’ question had arisen from the years-long dynastic feuds of the 1720s–1730s, which led not only to a power shift but also to an increase in mutual annexations of commoners. The Collegium of Foreign Affairs approached the tie of reciprocal claims with a proposal that households (yurts) to have left their landlords after Donduk-Dashi ascended to the throne be duly returned. In the face of new conditions, Khoshut landlord Zamyan started requesting a permission to adopt sedentary life. The Collegium examined consequences of sedentarization and – though did meet that very request – tended to disapprove it for the whole Kalmyk people since that would result in decreased defensive capacities across southern frontiers of the country.

1633-1642

Authors: Tatiana A. Volodina, Elena V. Simonova

For the first time in history researches, the article analyzes the life of Stechkin family as a complex phenomenon of the socio-cultural life of the provincial gentry. The authors seek to reveal the factors that influenced the formation of a whole cohort of remarkable representatives of this genus, who left a noticeable mark in the history of the country in the XX century. In contrast to non-fiction narratives, usually devoted to the Stechkins, the article is written on the basis of a wide range of archival materials that have been introduced into research for the first time. The authors pay priority attention to ups and downs of Stechkin kin in the XVIII century, trying to explain the characteristic features of their social rise caused by the impulse of Peter's reforms, and analyze their role in the social life of the Russian province. Revealed by a dotted line the impoverishment of the genus in the XIX century, the authors come to the conclusion that it was the combination of two opposite factors – stressful and difficult service, replaced by freedom and sybaritism – that eventually led to the formation of the phenomenon of the Stechkins of the XX century.

1654-1665

Authors: Olga K. Mikhelson, Nikolai S. Poliakov

The paper treats the infosphere of the spiritual educational institutions of Russian Empire in the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries in the field of psychology of religion. Special attention is paid to the psychology of religion at the St. Petersburg theological academy. The article presents the history of the formation and development of the psychology of religion among the St. Petersburg clergy, traces its path from experience psychology to experimental psychology, highlights the specific characteristics of the St. Petersburg theological academy psychology of religion school. It is demonstrated that the psychology of religion in prerevolutionary Russian spiritual educational centers, although developed within the Orthodox theological tradition, was located within the world information field of the period, and was significantly influenced by advanced philosophical and scientific theories of that time, and in some particular issues was even ahead the Western tradition of the psychology of religion. Special attention is paid to the interpretation of the theories of A.A.Fischer, the founder of experience psychology in Russia, I.A.Chistovich and his course of “Experience Psychology”, V.N.Karpov’s approach to psychology of religion as the foundation of ethics, V.S. Serebrennikov and the shift from experience psychology to experimental psychology, mostly inspired by W. Wundt’s ideas. The paper demonstrates that a more natural-scientific and, to a lesser extent, humanitarian approach to the psychology of religion was formed among the St. Petersburg clergy than in other theological academies of Russia, which corresponded to the status of St. Petersburg as a world center for the research of physiology and psycho-neurology of that time.

1675-1683

Authors: Vera V. Smirnova, Sergey A. Pravkin, Alla V. Samigulina, Rosalina V. Shagieva

The article provides an analysis of the controversy between Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin and Mikhail Mikhailovich Speransky on the fate of monarchical statehood in Russia. It is noted that it was N.M. Karamzin and M.M. Speransky with the types of state they proposed (pro-Western-liberal or conservative-autocratic), having begun an important discussion about the further development of the Russian state, became a kind of “mirror” of the probabilistic modernization of the Russian state. Reformer M.M. Speransky worked out in detail and actually began to implement the Russian state model with a new (liberal) type of constitutionalism. In his project, the legislature dominates the decisions of other authorities. N.M. Karamzin opposed this with his concept of Russian statehood, speaking from the standpoint of protective conservatism, uniting them with liberal elements, opposing parliamentarism and limiting autocracy, believing that this could lead to constitutionalism, which would destroy monarchical power. Having initially a contractual nature of its formation, the Russian monarchy is characterized by strict legality, which is based on the principles of natural law. Monarchical power is limited by “root” laws. Refusing Western borrowing, he stakes on the development of a natural, traditional form of the Russian state. The article states that in the studied projects M.M. Speransky and N.M. Karamzin, which were a conservative or liberal reaction to the revolutionary and post-revolutionary events in France, reflected as in a mirror the main dilemma in the development of the Russian statehood of that time – the need to achieve the same goal – the modernization of the monarchy – by choosing one of the opposite means.

1693-1703

Authors: Natalia P. Koptseva, Ksenia A. Degtyarenko, Yulia N. Menzhurenko, Daria S. Pchelkina

The article provides a source analysis of the publication «Siberian Bulletin» (the initiator of the publication and its editor – G.I. Spassky), published in St. Petersburg in 1818−1824 and including information on the history, archeology and ethnography of Siberia. The basis of the research was the articles of G.I. Spassky, V.V. Dmitriev (as well as anonymous publications) in the issues of 1818. The Siberian Bulletin refers to the monuments of culture and art of the ancient peoples of Siberia, which are represented by inscriptions, inscriptions, images on stones, from mounds or graves, from ruins, heterogeneous buildings and military fortresses; from the remains of mining operations. Also, the authors of the publication consider them historical and anthropological sources for the knowledge of man, the way of life of that time period. The publication under study has significance in connection with the activities of its authors in the study and description of samples of the culture of ancient Siberia. "Siberian Bulletin" as a historical source contains unique factual and descriptive information about early examples of ancient Siberian art, as well as its primary processing, classification of objects.

1712-1720

Authors: David I. Raskin, Andrej A. Solnyshkin

The article is devoted to the fate of the Pension Statute of 1827. The Pension Statute of 1827 became the basis of the system of pensions for civil servants in the Russian Empire.He completed the formation of the Russian bureaucracy.During the adoption of the Statute, the financial capabilities of the state were not taken into account. But very soon it became clear that the payment of pensions to retired employees placed a heavy burden on the State Treasury. At the same time, the amount of pensions lagged more and more behind the salaries of officials and was clearly insufficient. As a result, a project was born to switch to a “funded pension system” by creating an Emerital fund (following the example of the Kingdom of Poland). But the Emeritus Committee, specially created in 1843 to develop this project, found that the creation of such a system was unrealistic. When discussing the reform of the Pension Statute in the Committee of Ministers in 1850–1851. Count D.N. Bludov proposed to return to the practice of the 18th century, when pensions were paid only to those who did not have their own means of subsistence. This proposal was unanimously rejected by all ministers. There was also a proposal to abolish all pension benefits for "special types of service" – educational, medical, customs, etc. This proposal was also not supported by the majority of ministers. The Decree of Nicholas I on November 6, 1852 made only partial changes to the Pension Statute of 1827. These changes mainly concerned the length of service required to receive a pension.But the problem of the need, on the one hand, to reduce state spending on the payment of pensions, and on the other hand, to increase the size of pensions remained. In 1866, a special commission was created under the Ministry of Finance to prepare a new pension statute, but its proposals were never implemented, and in 1883 the commission was closed.Archaism of the Pension Statute of 1827 to the endXIX – early of the20th centurieswas obvious, but until 1917 this charter remained almost unchanged.

1733-1743

Authors: Ksenia S. Barabanova

An epidemic is an emergency situation during which conflicts hidden in ordinary times appear. Epidemic riots become such a manifestation. Their special concentration fell on the 1830s and the first cholera epidemic in the Russian Empire. The implementation of anti-epidemic measures, which most often led to a riot, allows us to look at the activities of the local administration. Through the history of rumors, we will also learn about whom the population endowed with power, and whom and for what reasons they considered enemies. Important cases were the events of 1830 in Sevastopol and the so-called “Plague” or “Women's riot”, the St. Petersburg “Riot on Sennaya Square”, the events in St. Petersburg, Olonets and Kazan provinces, in Pskov, Tula and Tver. Speaking about epidemic riots, one should not forget that not in every locality engulfed by an epidemic, the population destroyed hospitals and killed doctors or officials. Such places are characterized by the presence of an active local society, primarily represented by the merchant class. Active actors who from the very beginning of the epidemic participate in the organization of cholera hospitals, which do not represent a “transitional place” from the house to the cemetery, provide food or ready meals to the needy and help the orphans. Through epidemic riots, we will consider general imperial problems and their regional specifics during the reign of Emperor Nicholas I. Through individual cases of plague or cholera riots, it becomes possible to study regional problems, ideas about authorities and enemies. You can also refer to the history of society in the Russian Empire and confirm the thesis that it should be viewed through the regions and speak of a local society, and not a general imperial one.

1753-1758

Authors: Aleksandr A. Cherkasov

Using the example of the family of I.F. Cherkasov (1856−1900), the article considers a set of available historical sources of a genealogical nature. In methodological terms, the work is based on the generalization of various facts from the family history of Ivan Filippovich Cherkasov, which is why the work is a narrative with a large number of events. This enabled the author to create a holistic picture of a family's life in the Keret village. Besides this, the identification of historical sources made it possible to systematize a set of available archival materials for further genealogical research both in the Keret village and in the whole territory of the Republic of Karelia (Russian Federation). The author concludes that historical sources on the Keret village of the mid–XIX – early XX centuries are located in two regional archives of the Russian Federation (the State Archive of the Arkhangelsk Region and the National Archive of the Republic of Karelia). Among these sources there are materials of revisions (the 10th revision – 1858), spiritual murals from confessional books, metrics from metric books, as well as materials of the First All-Russian Population Census of 1897. Despite the incompleteness of information from the metric books, in general, thanks to information from other listed sources, according to the author, it is possible to create a fairly complete picture of the composition of the family under study. In these documents, you can find not only information about birth, marriage and death, but also about the class origin, literacy and basic occupations of every single individual. Thus, the author summarizes that the researcher has at his disposal a sufficient set of historical sources for conducting genealogical research on the village of Keret during the mid–XIX – early XX centuries.

1770-1779

Authors: Vladimir G. Afanas'ev, Irina V. Voloshinova

The foreign economic relations of the states include cooperation in various fields of the economy, including business partnership in mining. Russian spiritual missions organized in China in the XVIII century were also the political representation of Russia. The interests of the spiritual missions were not only in missionary work, but also in establishing special contacts in the mining industry. Participation in international processes of mining engineers of Russia (until the end of the XIX century. exclusively graduates of the St. Petersburg Mining Institute as the only higher educational institution of mining profile in the country) was explained by the mutual need to exchange experience in the field of technology and technological processes, to receive assistance in the development of minerals, as well as in the organization of labor and safety during the operation of deposits. The practice of cooperation in mining has shown that mutually enriching experience, it is possible to find optimal solutions to facilitate the work of miners and environmental protection. It was important to think over or adopt ways of rational use of natural resources to provide the country with minerals, etc. It is obvious that the tasks of the past centuries are still relevant, since international cooperation in the mining industry now consists of the work of international and global organizations. This article discusses diplomatic missions in the XIX – early XX centuries, led by mining engineers of Russia: their tasks and results.

1788-1795

Authors: Anton V. Gurko, Raul' S. Dzhindzholiya, Sergej N. Rozhnov, Krystsina D. Savitskaya

This article is devoted to one of the largest transformations in the era of the Great Reforms of Alexander II – the Zemstvo Reform of 1864. In this study, the authors analyzed the reasons that became prerequisites for the need to introduce Zemstvo reform, and also considered the contribution to the development of this reform of such statesmen as the director of the Economic Department of Internal Affairs Milyutin N.A., as well as the Minister of Internal Affairs Valuev P.A. The article discusses the concept of zemstvo, as well as its key principles: omniscience and electability. The authors of the article studied in detail the structure of zemstvo assemblies, the procedure for appointing their members, the procedure for forming zemstvo assemblies, as well as the competence of zemstvos and their key functions. In addition, the authors analyzed the order of formation and sources of the zemstvo budget. The authors paid special attention to the issues of the significance of the Zemstvo Reform and its impact on the development of the Russian Empire, as well as opinions and disputes expressed in periodicals and confidential notes regarding the local self-government bodies themselves and their competence. The positive aspects of the Zemstvo reform were analyzed, as well as the criticism of well-known statesmen, including the Minister of Finance of the Russian Empire S.Yu. Witte towards reform. The authors of the article provide statistical data confirming the success of the Zemstvo reform and its successful impact on the development of the Russian Empire. At the same time, the authors discuss the significant impact of the Zemstvo reform on the arrival of revolutionary upheavals at the beginning of the XX century.

1804-1811

Authors: Oksana V. Golovashina, Sergey K. Lyamin

This paper presents, drawing on archival records and published sources, problems in the local governments functioning that have emerged as a result of the Great Reforms. Theoretical and methodological background of the work are ideas of B. N. Mironov, A. Ribera, M. de Certeau. The authors emphasize that the responsibilities of the municipal government bodies had not been clearly defined, therefore, in practice, there were conflicts between them and the provincial administration or the estates bodies. Often the personal authority of powerful officials had precedence over the formal laws. Duma did not come into open conflict, but it used a variety of delays, which had a negative effect on the possibilities of dialogue between the local government and the previous government authorities. A work of self-government bodies was complicated by the fact that they almost did not have any material resources; new social and political institutions could not earn social respect without a demonstration of its concrete and practical effectiveness, which could not be achieved without public backing. Thus, it is possible to state a lack of independence of public self-governance in the analyzed period, as well as difficulties in the practical implementation of its activities. The reason is the fact that the modernized socio-political institutions have been functioning and interacting with each other in an environment of mainly traditional concepts.

1823-1830

Authors: Konstantin V. Simonov, Tatiana V. Evgenyeva, Konstantin N. Babichev

The article examines the development of the system of interaction between the state and business from the perspective of the socio-economic modernization of the Russian Empire in the late XX – early XX centuries. The source base of the research includes unpublished office documents from the funds of the Russian State Historical Archive. The мmethodological frame of the study is based on comparative and structural analysis. It is concluded that in the end XX - early XX centuries. In Russia, the institutions of representation of the entire business community were extremely poorly developed, which was largely due to resistance from conservative-minded representatives of the political leadership of the empire. At the same time, a network of non-integrated sectoral and territorial associations of entrepreneurs was being formed quite actively in the Russian Empire. At the same time, the continuing disunity of the Russian business stratum, the inconsistency of the interests of representatives of leading industries seriously limited their effectiveness. It should also be noted that the most active representative structures of entrepreneurs expressed mainly the interests of large manufacturers. At the beginning of the 20th century, after the emergence of parliamentary institutions, the possibilities of domestic business in terms of lobbying their own interests increased slightly, since the parties expressing the interests of the business community (the Cadets and the Octobrists) were either in conflict with the government, or, on the contrary, were forced to coordinate their political position with it. Thus, the system of interaction between government and business in Russia in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries did not receive an acceptable institutional formalization, could not ensure effective coordination and expression of the interests of all layers of the business community and sectors of the economy within the framework of a continuous dialogue with the state. This, in turn, made it difficult to implement the plans of the reformist wing of the Russian political elite, since the potential of business could not be fully used to modernize the country, and the existing institutional environment created prerequisites for conflict between the business community and government structures.

1843-1849

Authors: Victor V. Barabash, Alexander A. Grabelnikov, Roman A. Savastenko, Maria Y. Lavrentyeva

The article is devoted to the analysis of the “Irkutskie Eparkhial'nye Vedomosti” newspaper as a source covering the events of the Russian-Turkish War of 1877−1878 from an Orthodox-spiritual point of view. The main source was the issues of the newspaper from the 15th to the 52nd for 1877 and from the 1st to the 7th for 1878, that is, those issues that corresponded to the chronological framework of the war. The memoirs of participants and contemporaries of this war were used as additional sources. The historiographical method (or content analysis) was used as the main research method; the historical-system, historical-comparative method and the method of synthetic analysis were also used. Russian Russian-Turkish War of 1877−1878, which had the widest voluntary and charitable response in Russian society, was not only the mouthpiece of the church-Orthodox life of Irkutsk province, but also covered the events of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877−1878, which was very relevant for Russia. The issues of the newspaper published the decrees of the emperor, the definitions of the Holy Synod (which contained reports on charitable assistance to the wounded and the families of the fallen soldiers), as well as speeches (“words”) of Irkutsk clergy who called for patriotism, volunteer and charitable activities. Thus, the conclusion is made about the unconditional support of the Russian-Turkish war by the Irkutsk diocese. At the same time, most of the issues did not cover military topics, preferring to publish data on regional Orthodox-church events of a small scale, which, in our opinion, is due to the remoteness from the theater of military operations and, consequently, the lack of corresponding hardships of military life, which were borne by residents of the western regions of the Russian Empire.

1858-1866

Authors: Evgeny A. Akhtamov, Denis N. Gergilev, Tatyana V. Izluchenko, Michail G. Tarasov

The construction of the railway in Siberia has greatly increased the economic and cultural development of the region. The effect of putting the railway into operation exceeded all expectations in the first years. The railway played a significant role both in the life of Siberia and the country as a whole in subsequent periods of historical development. This circumstance causes the constant interest of researchers to the history of the railway. The object of this article is the process of making decisions on the direction of the Siberian railway line: from the first projects to survey work that finally determined the paths of the railway lines. The importance of the railroad from the Chinese border to European Russia was first raised in public space in the 1830s. The authors paid considerable attention to the railway construction projects that were sent to St. Petersburg from Siberia in the following decades, as well as to the personalities who influenced the promotion of the projects. The reasons that contributed to the delay in the decision to build a railway in Siberia are shown: the lack of consensus in the capital circles, which manifested itself in the discussion in the press, disagreements among the Siberian public, government fears about the foreign capital domination in the transport industry. The authors noted the proposed directions of the railway line, when the government had already made a fundamental decision on the construction of the railway, considered the factors that influenced the final decision on the choice of the route: geological conditions, the cost of construction, the population of the territories, the difficulties in constructing access roads, the expected time of economic effect.

1877-1884

Authors: Anvar M. Mamadaliev, Valentina S. Nikitina, Natalia V. Svechnikova, Irina Yu. Cherkasova

The article is devoted to the historiographical analysis of the pedagogical periodical press of the church department of the Russian Empire of the late XIX – early XX centuries. The authors analyzed such publications as “Tserkovno-prikhodskaya shkola”, “Narodnoe obrazovanie”, “Bozh'ya Niva”, “Zapadno-russkaya nachal'naya shkola”, “Zakonouchitel'”; as well as “Tsirkulyar po dukhovno-uchebnomu vedomstvu” journals and “Listok Vserossiiskoi tserkovno-shkol'noi vystavki” catalog. The research methodology includes the following methods: historical-systemic, historiographical (or content analysis) and historical-chronological. The results of the study showed that the church press has become an integral part of russian pedagogical thought, since well-known methodist teachers, such as S.I. Miropolsky, S.A. Rachinsky, P.P. Mironositsky, and others published their didactic views in journals. The journals also became a platform for publishing Orthodox-Russian pedagogical ideas of many clergymen of the Russian Empire. The teachers and clergymen of very high rank recognized in the world community were the editors. The publications were created at the end of the XIX and (most of) the beginning of the XX centuries, but after the socialist revolution of 1917 they were naturally curtailed, since the Bolshevik communist ideology did not imply the existence of any religion and its influence on secular life. The soviet authors subjected the church-pedagogical publications to very harsh criticism, some editors of journals died during investigative measures (in particular, P.P. Mironositsky).

1897-1908

Authors: Yermek A. Jassybayev, Temirton Galiya

The article tells about biographical episodes from the service life of an official of the Russian Empire, who found himself on one of its outskirts in the late 19th - early 20th centuries. and linked his fate with the activities of the Statistical Committee and the museum of the Semirechensk region. Some aspects of the professional biography of the public figure of the city of Verny (now Almaty) - V.E. Nedzvetsky, restored by attracting and analyzing such a type of historical sources as photographic documents deposited in the fund of the Central State Museum of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The personal fund of the secretary of the Semirechye Statistical Committee also includes written sources telling about his service activities from 1882 to 1918 inclusive. In order to clarify a number of points in the professional life of V.E. Nedzvetsky, documentary materials were attracted from the funds of the Central State Archive of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The use of these archival documents made it possible to restore the chronological and other gaps in the photographic annotations. On the other hand, the visual information contained in the space of photographs made it possible to correct some of the contradictions and doubts deposited in the text of documentary sources. The proposed publication, thus describing the unknown pages of the life path of this person, demonstrates how, perhaps, to more fully reflect the historical canvas based on the use of photographic material in conjunction with a documentary complex of historical sources. Which is quite relevant in the light of the reconstruction of historical phenomena on the basis of an ever-expanding source base and against the backdrop of an ever-increasing number of audiovisual means.

1918-1926

Authors: Viktor V. Titov

Within the framework of the present study, the question of the specifics of the process of formation of the imperial model of the all-Russian national-state identity at the turn of the 19th – 20th centuries is revealed. The methodological basis of the work is formed through a combination of elements of comparative and structural analysis. The source base of the work includes office documents of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire and sources of personal origin that were not previously introduced into scientific circulation. On the basis of the conducted research, the author comes to the conclusion that the imperial model of the all-Russian national-state identity at the turn of the XIX–XX centuries formed largely in the inertial regime. The authorities reproduced the traditional system of practices for integrating new macrosocial groups through integration into the system of the imperial military and administrative elite of their establishment. This model demonstrated high efficiency in a traditional, agrarian society. However, the great reforms of Alexander II launched the process of large-scale modernization of Russian society, which resulted in the destruction of the traditional system of identities and the acquisition of subjectivity by new political and social groups. The situation was complicated by the active dissemination of nationalist ideas, including through the emergence of ethnic intelligentsia and the resuscitation of xenophobic stereotypes. At the same time, the authorities failed to form a system of universal primary education in Russian, which made it difficult for the integration of national outlying districts, and in some cases contributed to the stigmatization of the titular nation. The potential of Russian culture as a tool of «soft power» in the framework of building relationships with minorities was also not realized due to the relatively low degree of development of the network of primary and secondary educational institutions. The selective principle of applying universal military service to various peoples minimized the potential of the army as an institution of assimilation. At the same time, many national outskirts were much more closely connected economically and culturally with neighboring countries than with the core of the empire. It is also noted that the authorities considered the imperial identity in a simplified way, through the prism of the ideas of previous eras. It was actually built on the basis of loyalty to the sacralized figure of the monarch, belonging to the official church and a sense of belonging to a bureaucratic, military or class corporation. However, this model was inoperable in the conditions of an actively modernizing society, within which the process of building nations of the modern type began to proceed. Accordingly, the indicated problems of the formation of imperial identity were due to both subjective (rigidity of the establishment's thinking) and objective factors (lack of funds for the simultaneous solution of all modernization tasks in a historically short time frame).

1936-1944

Authors: Sergey V. Rastorguev

The presented study is devoted to the dynamics of the content of the agrarian program of the Cadet Party in the period 1905–1907. The research methodology is formed to account for the synthesis of elements of the observed, structural and descriptive analysis. The basis of the basic work includes unpublished files and production documents of the Cadet Party, revealing the topics of internal discussions on the agrarian question. The author concludes that during the observed period, the agrarian program of the Cadets as a whole has undergone few changes, but the ways and possibilities of its changes have caused active discussions within the party. The reason for the fierce disputes was primarily the basic contradiction of the agrarian project of the Cadets. Initially, it was built around the idea of achieving a balance of interests between peasants and large landowners. In the end, however, this proved unattractive to the peasants and aroused a sensitivity of dislike towards the majority of the inhabitants. Under the circumstances, the party radicalizes its approach to solving the agrarian question and enlists the support of the majority of the peasants. However, there were moderates within the party opposed to this. In the end, the leaders of the Cadets refused to resolve this issue in any way, thereby "freezing" the problem of radiation prevention of a split within the party. In most cases, the Cadets limited themselves to the specific presence of the program. As a result, the party actually lost its side of expanding support both from the moderate liberals (who were impressed by the Octobrists) and from the broad masses of the peasantry, which led to a fall in its assessment among the bulk of the population in the future. The Cadets were forced to secure for themselves the image of the “party of an educated minority”. In the long term, the rejection of the long-term development of the agrarian program led to the political defeat of the Cadets already in the course of the events of 1917, since the “Milyukovites” and their allies could no longer offer the soldiers' mass initiative for their subject of bargaining as part of the pursuit of the thesis of war “to a victorious end”. At the same time, it is necessary to urge that during the period of the revolution of 1905−1907. The party had the potential to increase support for its agrarian program among all sections of the peasantry. It should be especially noted that, at the same time, the implementation of the agrarian program of the Cadets could exacerbate ethnic strife in some of the ethnic outskirts of the empire.

1955-1967

Authors: Aleksandra A. Sitnikova, Natalia M. Leshchinskaia, Ekaterina A. Sertakova, Maria A. Kolesnik

The relevance of the study of the cinematography of the Russian Empire in the mirror of advertising and criticism on the pages of the leading film journals of the early 20th century is determined by the fact that at an early stage in the development of national cinematography, a successful model for the development of cinematography in the country (free enterprise) was formed, and meaningful directions for development of Russian cinema were outlined: staging patriotic pictures of national history, film adaptation of Russian classics as a quick introduction to a wide range of viewers with outstanding works of literature, entertainment films with criminal plots or didactic immersion in the sphere of love experiences, etc. The article analyzes such a direction in the development of the cinema of the Russian Empire as film adaptation of Russian literary classics. The study is based on the analysis of advertising and critical essays on Russian film adaptations on the pages of the “Сine-Fono” journal, which was published from 1907 to 1918 and was an independent edition, as well as on the material of the analysis of Russian literary film adaptations of 1909−1916 using the methods of V. Zhukovsky, N. Koptseva. Based on the results of the study, the characteristics of film adaptations in the work of directors P. Chardynin and V. Goncharov, as well as in the work of such directors as V. Viskovskiy, Y. Protazanov, N. Malikov, V. Gardin and others are presented. The literary preferences of the directors of the early Russian cinema when choosing books for making films are highlighted – these are the works of A.S. Pushkin, L.N. Tolstoy, I.S. Turgenev, as well as later in the cinema appeared the film adaptations of the works of A.P. Chekhov and N.V. Gogol. The article also highlights the trends in the development of the cinematographic skills of Russian directors from 1909 to 1916 and analyzes the features of presenting the achievements of Russian pre-revolutionary cinematography on the pages of the “Cine-Fono”journal.

1976-1989

Authors: Anna A. Shpak, Julia S. Zamaraeva, Natalya N. Pimenova, Natalya N. Seredkina

“Niva” journal intended for family reading and in many ways became the legislator of Russian journal periodicals: weekly issues contained news content about world and national life, scientific achievements and events, biographies of outstanding contemporaries and historical figures, political review (including photo reports of military operations), reproductions of paintings and illustrations for Russian art works occupied a significant amount and European artists. Since 1894, monthly literary and popular science applications containing various articles about literature, fashion novelties, an application for children and wall calendars have become available to subscribers of the journal. The genre variety of literary, artistic and scientific texts intertwined with rich illustrative material, the compositional logic of the text placement and visual material, the steady thematic practice content of the journal's almost half–century existence – all this contributed to the formation of “Niva” as a significant source on the artistic history culture of the Russian Empire. It is worth noting the special journal role in shaping the image of contemporary Russian artistic life and the state of art among a wide range of its readers. The journal fully corresponded to the model of the educational mission.

2001-2009

Authors: Goran Rajović, Sergei N. Bratanovskii

The article is devoted to the analysis of the development of the electric power generation system in the Caucasus in the Russian Empire. As a source, a filing of the statistical collection “Kavkazskii kalendar'” was used, which contains information about the generation of electricity by power plants and hydroelectric power plants in the Caucasus. The work used historical-systemic, historical-comparative, historical-genetic, statistical research methods, as well as content analysis and synthesis method. As a result of this research, the conclusions were drawn that the active electrification of the Caucasus began at the beginning of the XX century. The electricity was used in industry and for lighting streets and households. As of 1916, 134 state-owned power plants with a total capacity of 53,057.05 kilowatts operated in the Caucasian Viceroyalty. They were used to illuminate settlements and industrial productions (factories, mines, ports, etc.). Private power plants were also very popular, the number of which exceeded state-owned stations by almost three times. At the same time, the capacity of private power plants was relatively small. There were 318 private power plants operating in the Caucasus with a total capacity of 37,116.86 kilowatts. They were involved, as a rule, in private industrial enterprises, as well as lighting villages, estates, etc. The total number of power plants in the Caucasus reached 452 units, which together generated 90,173.91 kilowatts of electricity. The territory of the Caucasus with mountain streams was very conducive to the construction of hydroelectric power stations. In the Caucasian viceroyalty there were 23 hydroelectric power stations, which were, as a rule, private and intended for lighting settlements or copper production plants. The total capacity of the turbines of the hydroelectric power stations of the Caucasus reached 8080 horsepower and they gave out a combined capacity of 5462 kilowatts of electricity.

1073-1080

Authors: Abidat A. Gazieva, Maсhach M. Vagabov, Mustafa Ozturk, Elena I. Lelina

This article makes an attempt to determine the historical and architectural heritage of the Eastern Caucasus, presented in the form of cordon sections of the Left Flank of the Caucasian Cordon Line. Historical and architectural structures include fortresses, fortifications, fortifications, posts, temples, churches, erected by the Russian administration for the purpose of military-political, cultural and everyday development of the region. Having carried out an analytical analysis of the frontier zone in the geographical space of the Eastern Caucasus, we make an attempt to determine the historical and architectural heritage, which is an important component of the cultural heritage of the region.

1093-1101

Authors: Arman A. Umarov, Baurzhan N. Abdrakhmanov, Anara E. Karimova, Gulfira E. Otepova

The authors of this article researched the situation of the Kazakhs after the entry of the Kazakh steppe into the Russian Empire. Having worked through archival sources, the Finished Collection of the Russian Empire's Laws, the testimonies of contemporaries and the research of scientists, the authors come to the inference that the social processes that took place from the end of the 18th – 19th centuries, it little studied and have not lost their relevance. Russian and Kazakh historians studied the accession of the Kazakh steppe in a political context, considered questions about relations and diplomatic connections, the reasons that led to the dependence of the latter, which often led to various disputes. This article does not consider political discussions and the reasons for the accession of Kazakhstan to the Russian Empire. The key issue in the article is the including problems of conventional Kazakhs in the new management system, the social polarization of society, the change in the traditional way of life, the emergence of slavery, which is the novelty of the study of this article.

1114-1124

Authors: Irina V. Lidzhieva

The Kalmyk steppe of the Astrakhan province in the 19th – early 20th centuries was an administrative-territorial autonomy, the vast majority of the autochthonous population of which was engaged in pasture cattle breeding. One of the aspects of the integration policy of the Russian Empire in the region was the creation of a legislative framework that regulates the life of the nomadic people with the introduction of a sedentary lifestyle in the future. But to what extent the natural and climatic conditions of the steppe allowed the plowing of land, and what would be the expected efficiency of such activities in the region in the future, these factors were not taken into account either in the development of the long-term goal of the imperial policy in Kalmykia, or in the short term. The purpose of this article is to determine the influence of climatic conditions on the economic development of the steppe. Particular attention was paid to the analysis of quantitative indicators by year, which made it possible to identify favorable and crisis periods for the Kalmyk economy. In conclusion, the author comes to the conclusion that pastoral cattle breeding corresponded to the natural and climatic conditions and lifestyle of the local population, while attempts to spread arable farming in the steppe under arid climate conditions did not lead to a total improvement in the well-being of nomads, but caused the beginning of environmental problems of our time.

1140-1152

Authors: Guldana B. Zhakibayeva, Gulfira E. Otepova, Arkady V. Kontev, Aigul M. Sadykova

The article, which was based on archive materials, demonstrates a role of military chains and facilities, built on the south of Kazakhstan in the middle of the 19th century. Analysis of historical sources shows that the official policy of Russian Empire was directed to military conquest and occupation of southern Kazakhstan's territory and Central Asia. Military strategical plans of the empire were brought to life as a result of creating strong military chains in the south Kazakhstan, such as Syrdarian, Semirechian and New Kokand. Above listed chains gave an opportunity for Russian army not only to strengthen their positions in Elder Zhuz, but also to move further in the Central Asian region. It was followed by occupation of large Kokand cities. Reconnaissance works conducted by Russian officials from 1847 to 1863 were helpful in receiving actual materials concerning situation in Kazakh Steppe and in Central Asian states. Authors succeeded in analysis of the historical maps of Central State Archive of the Republic of Kazakhstan and Russian State Archive of Military history through the research. These maps made it possible to identify and systematize a list of main fortresses and settlements located along Syrdarian, Semirechian and New Kokand military chains. This research resulted in creation of cartographic material reflecting a system of military facilities and chains on the territory of the south Kazakhstan in the middle of the 19th century. The article provides a characteristic of the main stages in a progress of Russian army and of tactical decisions, which led to uniting Orenburg's and Siberian military chains. Further, it led to fixation of the southern borders of Russia. Success of above–mentioned task helped Russian government to solve both, domestic and foreign political issues.

1163-1176

Authors: Artyom Yu. Peretyatko

The article is devoted to the analysis of the specifics of the Don pre-revolutionary historiography. This analysis is based on the concepts of N.A. Mininkov (who for the first time attributed the works of the Don pre-revolutionary authors to historiography, and not to historical science), S.I. Malovichko and M.F. Rumyantseva (who introduced the special term «local history» to define the works of amateur historians of the 19th century about their native land). The author chose as the object of analysis the work of the largest Don pre-revolutionary amateur historian A.A. Kirillov «Brief review of the history of the Don Cossacks». This text, written in 1909, largely systematizes and sums up the reflections of the Don pre-revolutionary authors on historical science. The author shows that an unattainable goal for A.A. Kirillov and a number of his predecessors (A.A. Leonov, A.A. Karaseva, M.Kh. Senyutkina, etc.) was a book that would systematically and consistently describe the history of the Don Cossacks. The Don authors described this book clearly enough so that we could say that it could not be unambiguously attributed to local history (the history of the Don Cossacks had to be considered as an independent phenomenon, the scientific level of the book had to correspond to the practices of modern historians, and the competencies of Russian historians were considered insufficient to write a study about the Don Cossacks). However, the idea of interpreting the history of the Cossacks as a separate national history was categorically rejected, even cases of likening the early Don Army to an independent republic by professional Russian historians were condemned. As a result, the Don historiography occupied an intermediate position between the local history and the national history of the nation.

1189-1196

Authors: Ivan S. Denisov, Ruslan M.Allalyev, Mikhail I. Katsarskiy, Mikhail G.Smirnov

For almost two hundred years of the existence of the Russian Empire, its judicial system has been reformed repeatedly. However, it was the reform of Alexander II that had the greatest impact, including on the administration of justice in modern Russia. As a result of fundamental changes in the criminal procedure legislation, the reformed Russian judicial system has never lagged behind the judicial systems of the most advanced Western European countries of that time. This work is devoted to the comparative characteristics of the judicial system of the Russian Empire before and after the Judicial reform of Alexander II, carried out in 1864. The study consists of two parts. This article presents the first part of the study, in which the author describes the state of the judicial system of the Russian Empire before the reform of 1864. The author analyzes the key problems and the main reasons that served as prerequisites for Alexander II's decision on the need for a complete reform of the judicial system of the state. The author investigated such pre-reform principles of justice of the Russian Empire as the estate principle, the principle of presumption of guilt, the principle of the rule of law, the principle of evidence, as well as the principle of secrecy of the trial. In this study, the author describes in detail the form and nature of the application of the above-mentioned principles of judicial proceedings. The article examines the main shortcomings of the pre-reform period of judicial proceedings, such as corruption, low qualifications of judges, lack of independence, as well as the inefficiency of the judicial system as a whole. The author also considers earlier attempts to reform the justice system, namely the projects of M.M. Speransky during the reign of emperors Alexander I, as well as the ideas of D.N. Bludov during the reign of Emperor Nicholas I.

1207-1213

Authors: Anvar M. Mamadaliev, Valentina S. Nikitina, Natalia V. Svechnikova, Irina Yu. Cherkasova

The article is devoted to a historiographical review of the periodicals on pedagogy published in the Caucasian educational district of the Russian Empire in 1867–1916: these are the “Tsirkulyar po Upravleniyu glavnogo inspektora uchebnykh zavedenii na Kavkaze i Zakavkaz'e” (Tiflis), “Circular on the Administration of the Caucasian Educational District” (Tiflis), “Shkola i zhizn'” (Tiflis), “Nuzhdy vospitaniya” (Vladikavkaz), “Kavkazskaya shkola” (Tiflis), “Razumnaya kinematografiya i naglyadnye posobiya” (Ekaterinodar), etc. However, they were published for a very short time and often were focused on commercialization. Given the short circulation period, we can assume that the publication did not achieve commercial success. Some of them had a pronounced political component (for example, “Zapiski Tsentral'nogo soveta roditel'skikh kruzhkov”, Baku), which predetermined their short life. At the same time, there were also semi-official publications: for example, “Kubanskaya shkola” (Ekaterinodar), which was published by the Kuban Directorate of Public Schools and distributed in the network of relevant institutions. As the main research methods there were used the historical-systemic, historical-genetic, as well as the method of historiographical analysis. The authors come to the conclusion that nine pedagogical periodicals were published in the Caucasian educational district at different times. Some of them were focused on commercialization (for example, “Razumnaya kinematografiya i naglyadnye posobiya”, “Kavkazskaya shkola”, etc.), the other was semi-official, that is, it was published by state bodies (the educational directorate of the region) and distributed among subordinate institutions free of charge, for example “Tsirkulyar po Upravleniyu glavnogo inspektora uchebnykh zavedenii na Kavkaze i Zakavkaz'e”, “Tsirkulyar po Upravleniyu Kavkazskim uchebnym okrugom”, the journal “Kubanskaya shkola”.

1227-1236

Authors: Anna I. Tatarnikova

The paper presents a characteristic of the dynamics of the development of the network of rural settlements of the Tobolsk district/county in the second half of the XIX – first third of the XX centuries. Based on the calculation of the data contained in a mass statistical source (“Lists of populated places”), the number of rural settlements, their typical structure and size for several time slices, as well as infrastructure are determined. The influence of changing political and socio-economic conditions on the scale of the settlement network, its typology, indicators of the yard and population is analyzed. Changes in qualitative and quantitative indicators of the development of the rural settlement network of the district in the period under review are traced. New types of settlements are coming to replace the settlements, repairs, outposts disappearing by the beginning of the XX century – resettlement settlements, farms. In the first decades of Soviet power, villages with a new status appeared – agricultural communes. The variability of the quantitative growth of settlements was noted: in the period from 1868/1869 to 1893, the number of villages in the district increased, from 1893 to 1926, on the contrary, decreased. The conclusion is made about the predominance of small settlements in the settlement network of up to 25 households, changes in the size of Tobolsk households that were outlined by 1926. The transformation of the social infrastructure of the settlement network of the district/county in the period under review is traced. It manifested itself in the reduction of the number of private trading establishments, the emergence of cooperative organizations in rural areas, the development of the school network and an increase in the number of medical centers, the disappearance in the 1920s of religious institutions (churches, chapels, mosques, prayer houses), the expansion of the network of communication institutions.

1250-1259

Authors: Bakyt S. Tokmurzayev, Michael K. Churkin, Yuri M. Goncharov, Utkir I. Abdullaev

In the article, based on the materials of the epistolary and scientific-journalistic heritage of the leaders of the Siberian regionalism, the scenarios of intercultural communication of the Russian and indigenous population of Siberia in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries, constructed by the authors, are revealed. The methodological basis of the study was the approaches of a new cultural and intellectual history, and the representativeness of the conclusions is due to the involvement of an array of texts devoted to the reflection by the community of Siberian regionalists of "foreign" and Russian issues as part of the socio-political discourse of the post-reform era. In the course of the study, the authors revealed the main positions of the leaders of the regionalism in constructing scenarios for intercultural communication of the indicated groups. It has been established that the perceptions of the regionalists about Siberia as a colony within Russia actualized in their correspondence, journalism and scientific works the topic of limiting the rights and economic potential of both the indigenous and the Russian population in the implementation of the imperial colonization project. In the opinion of Siberian liberals, overcoming this state of affairs was possible not only by means of spreading agricultural practices, but, mainly, under the condition of extensive enlightenment and educational work among indigenous peoples and Russian settlers. One of the landmark scenarios for the cultural cooperation of the autochthons with the Russian population, the regionalists considered the active inclusion of representatives of the steppe aristocracy in the system of higher education and state activities, which, in their opinion, opened up good chances for the influence of local elites on their fellow tribesmen and contributed to their socialization outside the repressive models of Russification offered national-conservative forces of the Russian Empire.

1267-1272

Authors: Goran Rajović, Sergei N. Bratanovskii, Aleksandr E. Epifanov, Milena S. Bratanovskya

The article analyzes the publications of the children's journal “Zadushevnoe slovo” dedicated to the First World War. The material for the work was the issues of the journal “Zadushevnoe slovo”, which specialized on older children. In total, the authors had 36 issues at their disposal, starting in November 1914 and ending in December 1916. The main research methods used were historical-systemic, historical-genetic and the method of content analysis. The journal “Zadushevnoe slovo” became a specialized children's publication in the Russian Empire, was published weekly since 1877 and included informative articles and notes, national and foreign children's stories, short stories and novels, poems, as well as comics. During the First World War, the journal was also used as a platform for propaganda and charity activities. The issues of 1914 mainly contained articles on military subjects, called for patriotism. With the passage of time and the transformation of the war into a positional military theme disappears from the pages of the publication, the content becomes a “peaceful format”. Thus, in 1916 the journal was practically not used in propaganda and agitation work.

1283-1300

Authors: Valentyna V. Bezdrabko, Sergey I. Degtyarev

The study clarifies the social features of the bureaucracy of the Russian Empire in the XIX century by the example of novels and stories by Anton Pavlovich Chekhov. At the same time, the authors conducted a comparative analysis of the image of a "Chekhov`s" official and civil servant of the lower and middle levels, constructed on the basis of research by historians of the 20th – early 21st centuries. Actualization of A.P. Chekhov's writings as a fact of objective reality, a historical source in studying the history of bureaucracy, was the study's goal. This goal led to using historical-chronological, historical-typological, and structural-systemic research methods. The source base of the exploration is the literary heritage of the Russian writer and studies of historians of the XX – early XXI centuries. The authors made conclusions about the everyday lower rank officials, their social origin, qualitative composition, mental attitudes, the features of professional activity, the role of social ties in the official promotion, subordination within the hierarchy of officials, the value of the system of awards and insignia. The specific subculture of the class officialdom is illustrated by the images of Chekhov's literary heroes, written out by the author from his own life experience, acquaintances, and professional activities. The multifaceted nature of the storylines allows for a diverse perception of the bureaucrat image and the historically conditioned background of his life and work. In general, historians have reconstructed a lower and middle-level official of the late 19th century, which is quite correlated with the collective literary image of an employee created by the classic of literature A.P. Chekhov.

1313-1324

Authors: Oksana O. Zavyalova

For the first time in the article, a document is introduced into scientific circulation, containing the considerations of the trustee of the Vilna educational district N.A. Sergievsky dated December 14, 1884, prepared in response to the proposals expressed in the note of the Vilna Governor-General I.S. Kakhanov «On the composition of employees in the North-Western Territory», presented to the emperor in August of the same year. The published document is currently stored in the Russian State Historical Archives (RGIA), fund 733 (Department of Public Education), in a file called «On measures to attract Russian natives to serve in the North-Western Territory». Considerations of the trustee of the Vilna educational district N.A. Sergievsky are devoted to one of the key problems of the national policy towards the North-Western Territory of the second half of the 19th century – to attract officials of Russian origin to the region in order to integrate the region into the imperial space and oust Polish influence. They represent an understanding of the difficulties of personnel policy in the northwestern provinces, carried out in the 1860–1870s, and contain an assessment of the degree of effectiveness of the measures taken to provide financial incentives for officials of Russian origin in the outlying region. The published document is of considerable interest in the context of the analysis of communication channels between central and local governments, allowing a better understanding of the mechanism for developing management decisions in relation to the North-Western Territory. In the views of N.A. Sergievsky on the task of attracting Russian officials to the region, expressed in his program document, showed a change in the placement of accents in the conduct of personnel policy in the region in the 1880s. Along with the previous task of replacing the Polish «element» in the region with Russian principles, special attention was given to creating a positive image of imperial power among the local population as part of the emerging «soft power» strategy and preparing a personnel basis for its practical implementation.

1335-1347

Authors: Amangeldy N. Kashkimbayev

The formation of Kazakh-Russian contacts in the 19th – early 20th centuries is one of the most important issues in the history of international relations as part of the geopolitical system of interests of Russia in Central Asia and the territories adjacent to this region. The Soviet historical science often characterized this historical stage as “the time of Kazakhstan's voluntary entry into Russia”, sometimes changing the focus to “Kazakhstan being part of the Russian Empire” (Suleimenov, Basin, 1981; Shoinbaev, 1982). In this article, the main focus is on the study of the works of the Orenburg Scientific Archival Commission (hereinafter referred to as OUAK) identified by the author in the Russian National Library of St. Petersburg. For the most part, the works of the commission's employees were compiled on the basis of reporting documents and diaries of the expedition members. They contained valuable information about the steppe regions of the Kazakh lands and local residents. At the same time, the main attention of the commission members was paid to the study of Kazakh history, elements of ethnography, economic structure, geography, trade and economic prospects, geopolitical situation, and the potential of available natural resources. The article attempts to examine in detail and study some aspects of the formation of Kazakh-Russian relations in the context of studying and analyzing the works of Russian scientists, military and officials of the 19th – early 20th centuries. Including for the analysis, the works of A. Anikhovsky, I. Anichkov, V. Vodopyanov, G. Volkonsky, Y. Gaverdovsky, G. Gens, V. Zotov, V. Illeretsky, I. Castagne, S. Sevastyanov, L. Slovokhotov, D. Sokolov, I. Shukshintsev.

1357-1365

Authors: Lazzat S. Dinasheva, Murat M.Tastanbekov, Akmaral D. Sandybayeva, Karlygash A. Rakhymzhan

In 1867, after the accession of the Turkestan region to the Russian Empire, along with the trend of socio-economic development of the region, the way was opened to the process of its entry into the world scientific integration. Modern cultural and educational institutions have appeared in the cities of the region. Museums were organized in Tashkent and Ashgabat. Medieval historical manuscripts were concentrated in museums. The history, culture and geography of Turkestan aroused the interest of Russian researchers. The local tsarist administration in every possible way demonstrated its material and financial support for the research work of scientists. V.V. Bartold's scientific trips carried out during this period put an end to a number of myths and distortions about the history and culture of Turkestan. The scientist demonstrated not only a high command of Oriental languages, but also an outstanding example of close work with representatives of the local intelligentsia. V. V. Bartold is known for his historical and geographical research concerning any corner of the Turkestan Governor-General, which occupies a large territory. The history of the city of Merv in the far west of Turkestan and the Semirechye region in the northeast has not gone unnoticed. The theoretical provisions laid down by V. Bartold constitute a fundamental tool for studying the history of the Turkic peoples. Of great importance in the problematic context are the orientalist's expressed scientific views on the formation and prosperity of the Mongol Empire. V. Bartold conducted a comparative analysis of the modern nature of geographical names and locations reflected in ancient Greek and Arabic sources. He also explained the reasons for the deviation of geographical points in ancient manuscripts. Summing up the general results, we will make sure of the high contribution of Academician V.V. Bartold to the formation and development of Russian Oriental studies.

1375-1384

Authors: Gauharshakhnaz Nurlankyzy, Rakhym A. Beknazarov

The article examines the construction of the Orenburg– Tashkent railway at the beginning of the XX century, as well as how it influenced on the polyethnic picture of the Aktyubinsk city (now Aktobe), its industry, trade and the development of the entire urban infrastructure. In addition, the influence of this fact on the creation of streets and districts of the city, the relationship with representatives of other nationalities, on the change of Aktobe as a multiethnic city is taken into account. As materials there were used the documents of the State Archive of the Orenburg region (Orenburg, Russian Federation). A significant part of them was introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. Besided this, we used materials from the pre-revolutionary regional periodical press, namely the “Turgaiskaya gazeta” (“Turgay Newspaper”). In conclusion, the author states that the Orenburg–Tashkent railway turned Aktyubinsk into a major railway junction, and transformed Aktobe County into a regional trade center. From Aktyubinsk county, several railway stations and commercial and industrial settlements began to be built. Fair trade played an important role in the development of economic ties of nomadic Kazakhs with the border region and the settled population of the region. At the same time, merchants created a wide network of trading posts in the Kazakh steppe.

1397-1404

Authors: Pavel S. Seleznev, Stanislav E. Prokofiev, Konstantin V. Simonov

As part of the study, an assessment is made of the potential of the power apparatus available to the authorities of Moscow in 1905, in terms of combating the revolutionary movement. The work methodology includes systemic, structural and comparative analysis. The source base of the article includes sources of personal origin and previously unpublished office materials from the fund of the Department for the Protection of Public Security and Order in Moscow under the mayor. Based on the study of empirical material, it was concluded that by the beginning of the acute phase of the revolution of 1905–1907 the power apparatus of the old capital did not have sufficient resources for the prompt and full-scale suppression of unrest. Insufficient funding and limited staffing of police units were combined with a lack of weapons, a relatively low degree of development of the undercover apparatus, the absence of specialized riot control units, as well as a well-developed methodology for their actions. In a number of cases, police units did not have sufficient rights to carry out full-fledged search activities. The low level of wages and the practice of abuse of power by the local middle management had a negative impact on the level of motivation of the police personnel. Since 1903, the number of troops stationed in Moscow has been decreasing on a regular basis, primarily due to the transfer of soldiers and officers to the Far East. The loss of personnel was compensated only partially, mainly by calling up reserve soldiers who were not very suitable for solving the problems of fighting the revolution. At the same time, a significant part of the available military resources was spent on secondary functions, due to which the workload on the units designed to help the police in the fight against riots increased significantly. Logistical problems prevented the timely return to Moscow of units released after the conclusion of peace with Japan. Decisions to increase the material base and expand the staff of the Moscow security forces were taken by the central leadership of the Ministry of Internal Affairs with a great delay - at the very end of 1905. Accordingly, the relatively low effectiveness of the Moscow security forces in countering the revolutionary movement in the old capital was primarily due to their lack of sufficient material base and prolonged disregard for their needs by the central administration.

1414-1429

Authors: Lyudmila V. Shkvarya, Irina Akhmed Zein Aidrous

The article analyzes the historical experience and features of the origin and development of shipbuilding as a branch of national industry in the late XIX – early XX centuries, shows the objective necessity, possibility and conditionality of the development of shipbuilding in Russia. The paper characterizes the growth of the use of ships, primarily cargo and passenger, sea, river and mixed types, as well as military, shows the influence of shipbuilding as a catalyst for the development of national industry and market relations in the early XX century. On the basis of archival documents, national statistical collections and scientific works of Russian pre-revolutionary researchers, the problems of Russian shipbuilding and the peculiarities of its development are analyzed. The relevance of the research is determined by the need to study the development of shipbuilding in Russia, taking into account the innovation saturation as the most important feature of the industry. The scientific novelty lies in the comprehensive study of shipbuilding in Russia at the stage of its formation (late XIX – early XX centuries). In work, statistical, graphical, historical-system and retrospective methods were used from the traditional methods of historical and economic research; methods of system analysis and historiographic analysis were also applied. During the work, the main features and directions of shipbuilding development are identified, the conclusions are drawn about the high importance of Russian shipbuilding, based on the introduction of new technologies, as a catalyst for national socio-economic development.

1440-1450

Authors: Alexey V. Antoshin

The article is devoted to the place of labor migrants from East Asian countries in the public space of the Russian Far East on the eve of the First World War. The source base for this study was the materials of the regional periodicals – the newspapers Priamurskiye Vedomosti (Khabarovsk), Priamurye (Khabarovsk), Priamurskaya Zhizn (Khabarovsk), Dalniy Vostok (Vladivostok). In addition, documents stored in the funds of the Russian State Historical Archive of the Far East (RGIADV) and the State Archive of the Khabarovsk Territory (GAHK) were used. The methodological basis of the study was the theoretical developments of domestic and foreign migration scientists. Using these conceptual constructions, the author comes to the conclusion that the specific of the Far East region was the special attention of the media and public organizations that existed in the region to the problem of labor migrants. It is proved that the peculiarity of the Far East was closer than in most other regions of Russia, the connection between the power structures (represented primarily by the administration of the Amur Governor-General) and a small local intelligentsia. In contrast to the central regions of the empire, the intelligentsia here was largely united in expert communities that worked to meet the needs of the authorities. It was these structures (the Amur departments of the Russian Geographical Society and the Society of Oriental Studies, the newspaper Priamurskiye Vedomosti) that were characterized by the most in-depth analysis of the problem of labor migrants, which they considered, first of all, in the context of the needs of the development of the regional economy. The author proves that the analysis of this problem, which was presented on the pages of Priamurye, Priamurskie Vedomosti and other opposition publications, was much less profound. These publications only sought to use the sensitive issue of migrants for political purposes.

1461-1469

Authors: Alexandra S. Kuzmenko

Forced migration during the First World War has become a powerful factor affecting both international relations and the situation within involved countries. In the Russian Empire this phenomenon appeared to be a new factor in the political space. Researchers believe that in the European part, the refugee component of this migration flow has had a noticeable impact on the collapse of state power in provinces. At the same time, there is a common opinion that the deported part of the immigrants, once in the Siberian provinces, joined the composition of organizations and movements dissatisfied with the authorities and, accordingly, contributed to the further shattering of state structures in these regions. The purpose of this article is to analyze the mentioned influence on the materials of the main recipient territory of all types of forced migrants – Siberia. The work is based on the historical-genetic method, the application of which made it possible to reconstruct the features of the interaction of various political actors within the region. The orientation of their political activity, its degree was determined on the basis of the historical-psychological method. As a result of the study, there was formulated the statement about the vector of the impact of forced migrants on the political forces of Siberian society, from the perspective of the actor-network theory of Bruno Latour, John Law and Michel Callon. This methodological approach refuted the classical historiographic position that there was no political influence on the part of the group of forced migrants, with the exception of the active position of the deported ones. Also, during the analysis, it was confirmed that the left political powers were not interested in migrants.

571-580

Authors: Nina M. Pestereva, Mariya Yu. Belyakova

The article discusses various aspects of the influence of the internal policy of the House of Romanov on social relations, the formation of the physical and moral health of the population on the example of the military-physical training of the personnel of the Russian army and the development of the ideas of Olympism in pre-revolutionary Russia. Even Peter the Great, in need of like-minded people who were strong not only in spirit, but also in body, adhered to a demanding attitude towards the physical form of his officers. Representatives of the ruling House of Romanov not only formed the state policy of the physical development of the population of the Russian Empire, but also patronized the development of sports, sports organizations, clubs, personally took part in the Olympic Games. Sports and sports traditions are one of the components of the diversity of our cultural heritage. Russian athletes have made a great contribution to the modern development of Olympism, Russian Olympic sport occupies a leading position in the sports world. However, high performance sports cannot emerge in a vacuum. Worthy positions of any country in the world of Olympic sports are based on national historical, cultural, ethnic, social characteristics. The purpose of this study is to analyze the state policy and the contribution of the Romanov dynasty to the creation and development, based on the historically established practice of military physical education of the Russian army, not only amateur, professional and mass Russian sports, but also in Russia's participation in the development of Olympism. Modern life cannot be imagined without sport, which has become an important area of social policy. It is all the more interesting to turn to the origins of the sports movement and pay tribute to the memory of its initiators and organizers.

590-603

Authors: Galiya A. Shotanova, Ernar M. Uzhkenov, Kulyash V. Dzhumagaliyeva

The article examines the role and significance of the steppe nobility of the Junior Horde, which played a significant role in the process of establishing Kazakh-Russian relations of the XVIII - early XIX centuries, since the role of the steppe elite was very relevant. In the context of the management of their possessions, representatives of the Steppe elite were guided by the norms of the "customary law" of the code of laws compiled by Tauke Khan, who was known as "Zhety Jargy" and had a certain influence on the decision of not only internal, but also involved in external processes of the Kazakh statehood. Their presence during important negotiations was explained by the fact that each steward was interested in the safety of those tribal groups that made up his entourage and represented his allotment. Therefore, the khan accepted the solution of issues on which the welfare of the Steppe depended in the presence of elders, influential sultans, biys and batyrs. The same case is recorded in written sources when the fate of the fatherland was decided after the death of Tauke Khan. Then Abulkhair Khan took a key position in the Kazakh steppe. This was a person who was appreciated by the external rulers by the elder khan. The role of the Khan of the Junior Horde Abulkhair in the life of both the Kazakhs themselves and his relationship with Bashkirs, Kalmyks, Russians, Khivins, etc., is described very meaningfully in the writings of representatives of these peoples. Here the authors tried to reconstruct the picture of the circumstances that radically changed the socio-political structure of the Steppe and intend to assess some historical figures that played an important role in solving the strategic tasks of the Kazakh steppe.

621-630

Authors: Natalia A. Mitsyuk, Natalia L. Pushkareva, Anna V. Belova

The article reveals the process of formation of maternity clinic space in pre-revolutionary Russia. The research is based on the medical literature of the 18th–early 20th centuries, archival materials, ego-documents. The main approaches were the social history of medicine, gender history and the concept of medicalization. The article shows that clinical obstetric care acquired legitimacy exclusively in large cities and was perceived by the population as a pathological place for childbirth.Clinical obstetrics destroyed the traditional culture of childbirth, based on the free behavior of the woman in labor, the preservation of the female space of childbirth, the use of religious rites, traditional medicine.The approved biomedical model of childbirth reduced the level of maternal and infant mortality, provided surgical care and anesthesia.But on the other hand, patients were isolated, rigid ideas about norm and pathology were introduced, the number of surgical interventions increased; patients became an object for medical actions, losing their individuality and initiative, and a single maternity pose was fixed. The space of the maternity clinic reflected primarily the interests of physicians, aimed at maximizing the efficiency of their obstetrical manipulations of the laboring women.

640-648

Authors: Mehmet Oguzkhan Aksoy, Serik M. Dzhunusbayev, Kazbek D. Raisov, Timur A. Apendiyev

Despite the fact that aspects of the spiritual and cultural structure of Kazakh society were considered in medieval historical works, it was not of a scientific systemic nature. The process of the Kazakh society's entry into the Russian Empire opened a comprehensive path to the recognition of its cultural potential. Outstanding pre-revolutionary progressive Russian researchers have made an invaluable contribution to the development of ethnography and ethnology of the peoples of Siberia and Central Asia. The bulk of Russian scientists were advanced people who sincerely believed in the future of the indigenous inhabitants of these lands. Many of them were fluent in the languages of the Turkic peoples, so they found an opportunity to successfully explore new regions. Russian scientists lived in yurts for several years in order to thoroughly familiarize themselves with the structure of the lifestyle of Kazakh villages and thereby brought their fundamental works to science. When studying the internal cultural and economic system of Western Siberia and Central Asia, the tsarist administration paid great attention to the education of scientific personalities and representatives of indigenous peoples. At the same time, one can cite as an example the names of such Kazakh scientists as Sh.Sh. Valikhanov, A. Dzhanturin, H.K. Babajanov et al. That is, an effective dialogue was established between the power and the local population.Undoubtedly, the established historiography about the peoples of Central Asia during the period of tsarist Russia contributed to the emergence of the Orientalist trend in science. This scientific step influenced the creation of a basis in the study of the history and culture of the peoples of the East as a whole. And also, as one of the main values of the complex of works of this historical period, it should be noted that it was outside certain political and ideological principles.

657-665

Authors: Ol'ga A. Sukhova, Ivan N. Inozemtsev

The problem of evolution of fairs in the Penza region as a socio-cultural phenomenon and a significant part of organizational culture, as a way of forming a regional identity in the imperial period, is considered in the article. The purpose of fair trading in the culture of everyday life of a provincial society was established on the basis of an analysis of documents from the office of the governor and sources of the epistolary genre. Throughout the 19th century fairs not only acted as a form of organization of import trade and satisfied the needs of the population in manufacturing and colonial goods, but also provided the processes of social interaction, cultural diffusion, translation and assimilation of images of imperial identity through communication, transmission of verbal meanings and visual images in the mass consciousness of the provincial society. During the period under study the general trend in the development of fairs in the Penza province was the processes of decentralization, the development of a network of rural fairs, and, consequently, the democratization of the forms and means of organizational culture, penetrating to a new level of social interaction.

677-694

Authors: Konstantin V. Taran, Sergey D. Ludwig, Andrey A. Baibarin, Nina M. Pestereva

The article examines the Russian-Jigeti relations in the Caucasus in the middle of the XIX century. The source base of the research consists of archival materials of the State Archive of the Krasnodar Krai (Krasnodar, Russian Federation), collections of documents, materials of personal origin and pre-revolutionary periodicals. In solving research problems, the authors applied the principle of historicism, which made it possible to make a comprehensive analysis of pre-revolutionary, Soviet and modern sources and historiography related to Russian-Jigeti relations. In conclusion, the authors state that Russian-Jigeti relations developed in a difficult military-political situation. After the construction of the fortification of the Holy Spirit at the mouth of the Mzymta River in 1837, the jigets, despite the influence of a stronger and more numerous tribe of Ubykhs, systematically contacted the Russian command. The Jigeti princes regarded the Russians as a new military and political force on the eastern shore of the Black Sea, capable of preventing attacks on the small tribe of Jigets by the Ubykhs and other powerful tribes of the Caucasus. The acceptance of Russian citizenship by the Jigets had a positive impact on the political stability in Jigeti and contributed to the establishment of peaceful relations between the Jigets and Russians. Russian-Jigeti relations began to deteriorate in the early 1850s, after a joint attempt by Jigets and Ubykhs to invade Abkhazia for plunder. The Jigets were deprived of their privileges. The anti-Russian activities of Naib Mahomet-Amin among the Ubykhs also negatively affected the military-political situation in Jigeti, since the Jigeti societies partially joined Mahomet-Amin. As a result of the outbreak of the Crimean War in March 1854, the garrison of the fortification of the Holy Spirit was evacuated, and the Jigeti police station also ceased to exist.

703-713

Authors: Artyom Yu. Peretyatko

The article is devoted to the analysis of the personnel policy of the imperial authorities in relation to the atamans of the Don Host of non-Cossack origin. From 1848 to 1917 the post of Don ataman was occupied exclusively by generals of the regular army. Although in recent decades their figures have begun to attract the attention of researchers, the personnel policy of the imperial government in relation to them has not yet been analyzed. The article shows that usually lieutenant generals aged 48 to 56 years were appointed Don atamans (11 cases out of 13). At the same time, their previous activities could be completely different: among the atamans there are both cavalrymen and infantrymen, both people with administrative experience, and people who are completely deprived of it.The author comes to the conclusion that the personnel policy of the imperial government gradually degraded. Initially, only cavalrymen with administrative experience, either already serving in the region or being popular figures of the imperial scale, were appointed as Don atamans.However, then, from the turn of 1860-1870, the position of the Don ataman began to be interpreted as an ordinary lieutenant general vacancy, and any lieutenant general was appointed to it, up to an infantryman without administrative experience. In addition, if for the XIX century long atamanships were characteristic, allowing the ataman to engage in long-term projects, then in the XX century the imperial authorities begin to constantly change atamans, preventing them from incorporating into the local elite or showing themselves, with the exception of one case.

729-738

Authors: Sergey L. Dudarev, Nikolay S. Kovalenko, Sergey N. Ktitorov, Aleksei L. Pelikh

The article discusses certain aspects of the interethnic interaction of the East Slavic population of the foothill regions of the Kuban region with the Greeks in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. The main sources for this are the parish registers of the church of St. Sergius of the village of Yaroslavskaya (for 1903 and 1912) that have survived to this day, the history of which quite fully reflects the processes that took place during the designated period on the territory of the entire Trans-Kuban region. The homeland of Greek immigrants (Asia Minor, Turkey) is established, the reasons for their resettlement to the Kuban are indicated, as well as the specifics of economic activity in the new place (the Greeks were mainly engaged in tobacco cultivation and grain trade). Based on the analysis of the information recorded in the parish registers, it is concluded that the communication of the Russian-speaking inhabitants of the Upper Laba basin and the Turkey subjects as a whole proceeded in line with mutual respect and good neighborliness. This is confirmed by numerous facts of the participation of colonists in the rites of baptism of Cossack and peasant children. Specific examples show that members of the Greek community were in contact not only with ordinary villagers, but also with representatives of the Cossack elite (in particular, atamans of the village of Yaroslavskaya P.A. Kireev and M.A. Tiskovsky were in artificial kinship with the Greeks). At the same time, the godparents of the children of Turkey subjects most often became their fellow tribesmen. The authors share some of their thoughts on the reasons for such selectivity. In conclusion, they outline the problematic issues in the history of the Greek community of the village of Yaroslavskaya, which historians will have to solve in the course of further research: the exact time of the emergence of the ethno-local group, the specifics of occupations and the number of its representatives on the eve of revolutionary upheavals.

749-757

Authors: Tatiana V. Gryaznukhina, Alexander G. Gryaznukhin, Denis N. Gergilev, Anna P. Dvoretskaya

This article analyzes the reflection of the ideological and aesthetic struggle and socio-cultural life of Russia at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries in the memoirs of A.N. Benois. The scope of traditional studies of memoirs of the Silver Age figures as sources of cultural achievements of the period has been expanded. The factors that influenced the development of Benois’s worldview, his political beliefs, and played a significant role in determining his public stance in relation to certain phenomena of public life has been considered. First, such factors include the patriarchal way of life of the family distinguished by rich cultural traditions, the years of study at Karl Mayʼs School where he met his future friends in creative activity, meetings at lectures with Professor N. Korkunov, acquaintance with masterpieces of Russian art. The evolution of the national identity of A. Benois developed from partial neglect through acquaintance with great creative achievements to admiration and glorification of Russian culture, in particular through the organization of the Ballets Russes in Paris. The analysis of the artist's creative activity makes it possible to identify his aesthetic views that predetermined his relationship with the aristocracy of talent and art patrons. The comparative study of Benois’s memoirs with the works of professional historians and memoirists shows their objectivity and the author’s proper understanding of the socio-political situation in the country.

777-788

Authors: Saule Mamytova, Ziyabek Kabuldinov, Nurbek Shayakhmet

The article examines the history of entrepreneurial activity in the livestock industry, specifically the origin and development of market relations in the late 19th to early 20th centuries in the Steppe region. Based on archival documents, statistical collections, and works of Russian pre-revolutionary researchers, the features of transformation and adaptation of farms of nomadic pastoralists to new commodity-money principles have been analyzed. Moreover, this article examines the basic directions of the livestock breeding business at different stages of the development of Kazakh society and their causality. The scientific novelty of the article lies in a comprehensive study of entrepreneurial activity in the sphere of commodity livestock breeding in a specific macro-region at the stage of its involvement in the all-Russian market. As a result of the study, it was concluded that the Kazakhs were at the origins of the livestock industry in the Steppe region, because of having a number of competitive advantages. First of all, it was their better knowledge of livestock breeding, as from ancient times it was their only occupation due to the arid natural conditions. An important factor of entrepreneurial activity was a sufficiently high adaptive potential of nomads, who quickly adapted their economy to the needs of the market. One manifestation of this was a flexible reorientation of the livestock breeding business from sheep breeding to cattle breeding, which had greater market demand and sufficiently high profitability. In the process of analyzing the profitability of agricultural budget items at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the features of the development of commercial pastoralism were identified in the following areas: sheep breeding, horse breeding, and cattle breeding. Finally, this research studies the specific mechanism of pricing policy in specific-historical conditions, the innovation potential of entrepreneurship, as well as the influence of state policy on the development of regional livestock breeding businesses.

800-811

Authors: Karine R. Ambartsumyan, Igor V. Kryuchkov

In article, the evolution of the "Armenian issue" in the Russian foreign policy agenda is analyzed. The authors has demonstrated how the problem of the Armenian population in the Ottoman Empire was evolving during the last quarter of the 19th century was transforming into a serious international agenda associated with the Eastern question. The necessity of reforming the Armenian vilayets administration was included in various geopolitical contexts of the Russian Empire foreign policy, such as the use of the Black Sea straits, ensuring the security of the Caucasian periphery, maintaining the integrity of the weakening Ottoman Empire. Russian diplomacy came to the need to put pressure on the Sultan under the influence of two factors: on the one hand, the Armenian revolutionary movement intensified and the number of refugees from Turkish Armenia raised, which threatened to destabilize the Caucasus, on the other hand, the British became more active in the Ottoman Empire and the number of their consulates grew, which was also negatively perceived by the Russian side. In the article, a comparative study of the political approaches of Great Britain and Russia to the “Armenian issue” is carried out. For the British in the 1880s this question was not raised, for the Russian central and regional authorities it existed and was connected with the security of the Caucasus. Because of the complexity of the political situation in the Ottoman Empire Russia faced up with a dilemma. Turkey was needed weak, but preserved in its borders. The collapse of a huge and complex state at the very borders gave rise to enormous difficulties for Russia. At the same time, there were implicit talks about the possible connection of Western and Eastern Armenia at a distance future. A. Nelidov was an eager supporter of strengthening links between the two groups of the Armenians, including with the help of the spiritual center – Etchmiadzin. He proposed a whole range of measures, which in modern international relations are called "soft power": strengthening cultural, religious and educational ties.

824-833

Authors: Gyulnar K. Mukanova, Onal T. Abisheva, Samat Zhumatay, Zhazira A. Batyrkhanova

The practice of organizing and the effectiveness of public charitable forums by Russian Muslims in the Steppe region and Western Turkestan has not previously been specifically studied in historiography. The historical experience of nurturing the skills and traditions of philanthropy among the Muslim youth of the Russian Empire is relevant through the prism of dichotomy: both as adherence to general Muslim practice, and as a real model of socialization and expression of ethnicity through active secular positive behavior. The relevance of humanistic education in the modern globalizing world is beyond doubt; the argumentation in favor of the researched direction consists of authoritative opinions of scientists, psychologists and experts in the field of art history, sociology, cultural studies, history of pedagogy and ethnology. The article provides specific examples of patronage from written sources that have become rare, reflecting the realities of educational and educational practices on the outskirts of the state, in such remote regions as Central Asia, the Kazakh steppe, etc. The study examines the influence of the Turkic-language periodicals at the turn of the 19th – 20th centuries. on the readers' self-awareness as a formative tool for the actualization of identity and the institution of charity, in the relationship of historical, cultural, psychological and pedagogical aspects of the topic. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of such a sphere of charity as educational institutions. In addition, the Turkic-language press of the early 20th century, which took an active role in promoting the idea of benevolence, is considered. In Russian Turkestan, for the indicated period, there was a peak in the growth of charitable activities among Muslim student youth.

844-852

Authors: Petr A. Kuzminov, Svetlana S. Apazheva, Anzhela A. Zhurtova

The article is devoted to the study of the process of formation and development of secular education in Kabarda and Balkaria. The transformation of primary education into secondary education in the Nalchik district of the Terek region has been studied. The reasons for the modification of education are substantiated, the main of which was the desire of the peoples of the region to increase their level of education. In 1880, the first petition was filed for the transformation of the Mountain School in Nalchik into a gymnasium or a real school, and it was implemented only in 1909. The committee built a building that became a hotbed of knowledge and science in the region. The composition of the students of the Nalchik real school consisted of three categories: "state", received 50 established scholarships of 180 rubles a year. “Svoekoshtnye”, who pay for accommodation and tuition at 150 rubles a year, and “coming ones”, who lived in the settlement and pay tuition at 150 rubles a year. Pupils who did not have funds for their studies received a scholarship from the Kabardian Public Sum of 50, 75, 100 and 150 rubles. Later, they became "points of growth" in their villages, places of work. During the years of work of the Real School (1909–1920), hundreds of Kabardians, Balkars, Russians, Ossetians, Georgians received graduation diplomas. In Soviet times, it housed the Leninsky educational campus, the Palace of Pioneers, the historical-philological and medical faculties of the Kabardino-Balkarian State University named after Kh.M. Berbekov. Today, within its walls, work is underway to create the Hermitage-Caucasus Museum.

867-875

Authors: Natalia P. Koptseva, Ksenia A. Degtyarenko, Daria S. Pchelkina, Yulia N. Menzhurenko

The article provides a source analysis of the application of the weekly regional newspaper “Vostochnoe obozrenie” – “Sibirskii sbornik”. Like the newspaper, the supplement was published under the editorship of N.M. Yadrintsev. This periodical is considered as a source of historical information along with more traditional types of documents of a static, clerical, economic and other nature. Being an appendix of one of the most significant publications, the Sibirskii sbornik is nevertheless of interest as an independent basis for determining the actual socio-cultural context of life in the Russian Empire at the end of the XIX century. The purpose of this article is to identify the features of the information image of the northern territories of the state during this period. Regularly published publications of the Sibirskii sbornik allow us to form a circle of key concepts about the North as a unique region: qualitative content analysis has shown that the main characteristics of the North are related to its natural and climatic conditions, indigenous peoples whose traditional places of residence are the northern territories of Russia, the identity of life in the Far North. In this case, the local information publication served as a tool for the representation of regional identity.

890-901

Authors: Almasbek A. Absadyk, Otegen I. Issenov, Kabibek Mukhitov, Baktyly S. Boranbaeva

Pedagogical activity was an important period in the life of a prominent public and political figure A. Baitursynov. His activity as a teacher is about15 years and has three time-geographical periods: Bistamak, Kustanai, Karkaraly. A certified graduate of the Orenburg teacher's school, Baitursynov, in 1895, after it, began to teach at the school of the Bistamak, Aktobe, Turgai regions. In the 19th – 20th centuries he taught in the village and volost schools of the Kustanai. He received the right to teach in the Kustanai pedagogical class, he also improving in the field of journalism. He publishes his articles of social and cultural significance. In the city of Kustanai, Baitursynov became close friends with Turkologist and teacher A. Alektorov. Alektorov served as director of public schools in the Turgai region. In 1902 he was transferred to the post of director of public schools in Akmola and Semipalatinsk. Baitursynov is appointed to the position of clerk of the director of public schools and moves to Omsk. Later he took place as the head of the Karkaraly district Russian-Kazakh school. He published in print a collection of translations of I. Krylov's “Forty fables”, Baitursynov was engaged in educational, social and political activities.

922-933

Authors: Azat B. Kali, Aitkul Sh. Makhayeva, Ilyas Erpay, Saulebek K. Rustemov

This article examines the role of the Tatars in the social and political process of a single region within the Russian Empire. We are talking about one of the main geographical and historical places in Central Asia – Semirechye. In particular, materials are collected and archival data on the activities of the Semirechye Tatars in the early XX century is given. The Russo-Japanese War and the “First Russian Revolution” that followed became a turning point in the empire. Moreover, this article provides some data regarding the role of the Tatars in this historical momentand their influence on the mood of the local population. It is worth noting separately the contribution of the Tatars to local education and enlightenment. The well-known Tatar merchant and philanthropist Iskhak Gabdulvaliev plays a special role. He was one of the first to open a new-method (Jadid) school in Semirechye, which was nicknamed “Ishaki” by the people. Iskhak Gabdulvaliev and his relatives were not so far from the political life of the region and the empire, in particular. They were well aware of the latest developments due to good connections both in Russia itself and beyond its borders. In addition, this article reflects archival materials confirming such data. It is worth noting that bookstores and libraries opened by the Tatars also played a huge role in the enlightenment of the people of Semirechye. In which various books, newspapers, and magazines from different parts of the empire were sold and discussed. However, after reading this article, you can understand that the censorship of the empire and endless checks have become a real obstacle to further development.

943-951

Authors: Stanislav E. Prokofiev, Pavel S. Seleznev, Konstantin V. Simonov, Daniel V. Petrosyants

The article examines the problematic aspects of providing the Russian army with uniforms and equipment, identified during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905. The purpose of the work is to evaluate the effectiveness of transformations aimed at eliminating the relevant problems. The source base of the work includes unpublished documents of the Russian State Military Historical Archive, materials from the reports of the State Comptroller and all-subject reports on the actions of the War Ministry, official statistics and sources of personal origin. The research methodology is built through a combination of comparative, genetic and structural analysis. Based on the results of the research, it was concluded that the problematic aspects in the uniforms and equipment of the Russian troops, identified during the Russo-Japanese War, were well understood by representatives of both the military and political leadership of the empire. Large-scale measures have been taken to eliminate sources of risk. However, within the highest military bureaucracy there was no unity of views on a number of issues. The situation was hampered, on the one hand, by the limited budget of the military department and the presence of a number of priority funding areas (restoration of the fleet, development of artillery, etc.), and on the other hand, by the high degree of rigidity of the traditions of wearing uniforms inherited by the army corporation from the previous century. The uniform was largely endowed with a symbol, the demonstration of which emphasized the prestige of belonging to a professional corporation. Due to this circumstance, questions of aesthetics were given disproportionate importance. A significant factor that limited the potential to eliminate shortcomings in uniforms and equipment remained the relatively low degree of development of individual industries, combined with the high cost of raw materials and semi-finished products.

963-974

Authors: Dmitry S. Sknarev, Zulfira S. Zyukina, Yulia A. Voropaeva, Nadezhda M. Suzdalova

The article is devoted to a comparative analysis of pre-revolutionary, soviet and modern Russian historiography about the naval battle of Chemulpo on January 27, 1904 between a Russian detachment consisting of the “Varyag” cruiser and the “Koreets” gunboat under the command of 1st rank captain V.F. Rudnev with a Japanese squadron consisting of nine ships under the command of Rear Admiral S. Uriu. The subject of the study is to identify differences in the description of the feat of the crews of Russian ships by the authors of different historical periods, not only from a military and diplomatic, but also from a propaganda point of view. To understand the scale of the feat, along the way, an analysis of the military-technical forces of the opposing sides and the diplomatic situation on the eve of the battle is made. As a result of the analysis of historiography, it was concluded that the foundation for the heroization of the feat of the crews of the “Varyag” cruiser and the “Koreets” gunboat was laid by pre-revolutionary historians, who, however, evaded answers to contradictions in the documents. The soviet historiography continued the trend of heroization with a certain degree of pathos, but due to the political correctness, it tried to shift responsibility for the vain death of a first-class ship to the naval leadership of the Russian Empire, as well as to the governor Alekseev. The soviet historians are introducing new sources into scientific circulation, so new names appear among the hitherto unknown heroes. The modern historiography is very numerous, contradictory and multidirectional. The absolute majority of researchers deservedly recognize the fact of the existence of a feat in the actions of Russian sailors and personally the commander of the detachment of ships, the 1st rank captain V.F. Rudnev. Also, new sources are being introduced into scientific circulation, primarily Japanese. At the same time, the modern researchers are trying to find contradictions both in the sources (different assessment of combat effectiveness and materiel by Russian and Japanese sources, contradictions in information about ammunition consumption and cruiser speed, etc.) and in previously published works.

986-993

Authors: Sergey V. Medvedev, Egor E. Kochetkov, Elena V. Bestaeva, Olga V. Panina

Based on archival materials from the State Archives of the Russian Federation, the article examines the activities of the Moscow Security Department aimed at preventing anti-government protests. Attention is paid to the reaction of Muscovites to the murder of Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich, swearing against Emperor Nicholas II. The formation of the trade union movement can be traced on the example of anti-government associations of bakers and printers. The authors of the article come to the conclusion about the insufficient resource base of the Moscow Security Department, which prevents the rapid suppression of revolutionary riots. Insufficient funding and, as a result, the lack of proper material supply and low wages demotivated employees and objectively deprived them of the opportunity to quickly respond to serious threats. At the same time, the Moscow security department did not have an effective system of communication and coordination of actions with similar territorial divisions of the Police Department in other provinces. The situation was aggravated both by the frequent change of leadership, which contributed to the disorganization of the work of the security department, and by the fact that it had clearly redundant functions. In the context of the growing revolutionary danger, the resources of the security department were diverted from the search for persons engaged in real extremist activities in order to bring to justice the inhabitants who publicly expressed disrespect or hostility to the authorities. At the same time, arrests for such statements only irritated the opposition-minded public even more, contributing to the growth of sympathy for the revolutionaries in the general population. The fact that criticism of the authorities in the conditions of everyday communication played the role of a resource for a relatively safe canalization of social discontent was ignored. It performed the function of ejecting negative emotions and getting rid of affective states. Which, it must be emphasized, facilitated the manipulation of human behavior by revolutionary activists.

1002-1009

Authors: Goran Rajović, Sergei N. Bratanovskii, Aleksandr E. Epifanov, Natal'ya V. Galitskaya

The article examines some features of Stolypin agrarian reform in the Caucasus (1908–1914 years). The attention is paid to the colonization of the Mugan steppe, the creation of Russian emigrant settlements, and the organization of medical care. The published documents from the Complete Collection of laws of the Russian Empire (for example, the law of May 29, 1911 No. 35370 on land management), as well as materials of the periodical press – “Kavkazskii kalendar” and the publication “Voprosy kolonizatsii” were used as a source in the work. The work is based on general historical principles: historicism, consistency and objectivity. The chronological method is of great importance in the work, which allowed creating a general picture of the resettlement of Russian people to the Caucasus, identifying local problems of interaction with the outside world (epidemiological situation, problems of land use). The statistical method was also used, thanks to which the authors were able to summarize a significant statistical material and draw the reasoned conclusions. In conclusion, the authors state that by the beginning of the Stolypin agrarian reform, there was practically no free land left in the Caucasus and the government followed the path of irrigation of the steppe territories at the disposal of the state treasury. Russian settlers were transported to the territory of the Mugan steppe in a short time, and by the end of the colonization of this part of the Caucasus, the Russian population was supposed to be up to 100 thousand people. Along with the resettlement, the government took steps to financially support the displaced persons, which consisted in direct investments to acquire a farm, providing agronomic assistance, as well as organizing spiritual, moral and sanitary support. All this as a whole made it possible to lay a solid foundation for Russian influence in some regions of the Caucasus and partially alleviate the landless situation of the Russian peasants in the European part of the Russian Empire.

1022-1032

Authors: Sholpan A. Zabikh, Yusuf M.Jihangir, Gulzhamal T.Zhoraeva,Tengesh S. Kalenova

First World War contributed to the formation of the destinies of Austro-Hungarian subjects in a new historical and geographical environment. In the West Siberian and Turkestan territories, which were considered distant provinces of the Russian Empire, their fate was checked as prisoners of war. The political-ideological and socio-legal aspects of prisoners of war in Western Siberia are among the historical issues widely discussed in historiography. Recently, researchers have been interested in the situation with the adaptation of prisoners of the First World War in the new regions where they were placed. And the issues of the national composition, socio-public and medical-sanitary situation of Austro-Hungarian prisoners of war placed in concentration camps and cities of Western Siberia and Central Asia (Turkestan) are becoming increasingly important in modern history. In Russian studies, one of the topics discussed at a high level is the aspects of ethnicity, labor conscription of prisoners of war in Turkestan and Western Siberia. But the social and everyday issues of the situation of refugees from the European part of Russia to Central Asia in 1915–1916, concerning prisoners of war, still require comprehensive consideration. Due to the arrival of refugees, the conditions of detention of prisoners of war in the camps and cities of Turkestan were complicated. In addition, scientific consideration of the socio-social status of prisoners of war in Turkestan is among the topical topics. This article examines the social and social levels of Austro-Hungarian prisoners of war in Western Siberia and Turkestan in 1914-1917 on the basis of archival data. Also, the research paper provides an objective assessment of the positions and views on the study of the history of prisoners of war.

1041-1049

Authors: Pavel V. Ulyanov

In connection with the publication and reprinting of memoirs, diaries and letters of war veterans in modern times, the study of the topic of prisoners of war is becoming relevant. Being in captivity of a separate category of persons who voluntarily surrendered or forcibly taken is of scientific interest in the possibility of referring to the experience of human survival in an extreme situation. Appeal of researchers to the theme of the stay of individuals or groups of individuals in inhuman conditions pushes to ask new questions and get answers to them. During the First World War, prisoners of war were in special camps, kept in various conditions, watched life in the rear of the country, with the soldiers of which they fought at the front. An interesting fact is that the theme of captivity was present in the propaganda of that time. The presence of a connection between the content of propaganda information and the perception of a particular person of the reality surrounding him prompts us to turn to the question of the development of signs of “xenophobia”. This article is devoted to the study of the issue of "xenophobia" in the writings of the Russian prisoner of war V.V. Korsak (real name – Zavadsky), in order to determine the degree of "Germanophobia" reflected in them. When studying the historiographic side of the issue, the author notes the reflection by researchers of the problem of the manifestation of signs of “xenophobia” in the relationship between soldiers who fought on opposite sides of the trenches. Although, perhaps, “xenophobia” was due not so much to something general as to a particular case that occurred in individual episodes. As a result of the study, attention should be paid to the ambiguity of this issue. The view of a particular person, in our case, V.V. Korsak, is aimed at revealing the reality that the person himself has visited. He was a direct eyewitness and observed various aspects of life, and the question of "Germanophobia" is connected with his views on the image of war.

17-24

Authors: Anna Bakulina, IlyaBakulin, Taisia Krishtaleva

Within the framework of this study, the history of the origin and evolution of the medical police in Russia in the period of the 18th – the first half of the 19th centuries is subjected to. The aim of the work is to assess the quality of the impact of the work of the medical police on the situation within the empire. The research methodology is built through a combination of elements of comparative, systemic and functional analysis. The source base of the work includes previously unpublished office documents from archival funds and a body of legislative acts. The author comes to the conclusion that for most of its existence in the pre-reform period, the military police system covered mainly cities, while its presence was most intensively felt in district and provincial centers. Direct and indirect methods of influencing the situation in rural areas, available to the medical police, were quite limited. The breadth of functionality, combined with a shortage of personnel and a general lack of resources, a priori leveled the effectiveness of the work of the medical police. Gaps in the legislation also played their role: while attributing certain functions to the police, the drafters of legal acts did not give it the appropriate powers. The situation was aggravated by the presence of an alternative “decision-making center” in the form of territorial communities of landowners, which had a significant impact on the political system and were capable of sabotaging many initiatives of the authorities. At the same time, it should be noted that for most of the period under study, a full-fledged state administration apparatus of the modern type was in a state of formation. It acquired a relatively complete form only during the reign of Nicholas I, when the system of executive power was finally saturated to an acceptable level with qualified personnel, and the management process itself began to be built on the basis of project and strategic approaches. Given these circumstances, it can be argued that during the period under study, the foundations were laid for the organization of a new type of medical police, corresponding to the realities of an agrarian-industrial society. Significant experience was gained in carrying out sanitary and epidemiological measures, and the mistakes and miscalculations made earlier in most cases were subjected to reflection and taken into account when developing new methods to counteract the spread of dangerous diseases. At the same time, there was a clear need to increase the funding and powers of the medical police, improve staffing, and create specialized structures to which the police apparatus could delegate redundant functions (for example, veterinary control).

37-48

Authors: Bakyt B. Baishov, Gulfairus K. Zhapekova, NurҪetin, Gaukhar S. Abdrakhmanova

The article provides a brief overview of the historical and geographical data on the Caspian Sea and traces the change in the name of the sea at different stages of history. The study is based on the work of scientists from Russia, Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan. The purpose of the work was to reveal the reasons for the change of sea names and the history of the formation of the marine scientific map in connection with the expeditions organized by Peter the Great in the early 18th century. The authors analyzed historical research and made an attempt to systematize cartographic materials and data from antiquity, the Middle Ages and modern times. The history of the Caspian and its adjacent territories has been a subject of debate since the time of Greek logographers in the ancient world, and historical research of the Caspian Sea continues to the present day. Since ancient times, the Caspian coast has been inhabited by many peoples, becoming a crossroads for the interaction of various cultures; in the late Middle Ages, the Caspian Sea played an important role, being located along the world trade transit known as the Great Silk Road. In the new era, competition for control over the Caspian Sea between states intensified, but as a result of the military-political actions of Peter I, the sea became a de facto geographical object of the Russian Empire, and then the Soviet Union. However, after the collapse of the USSR at the end of the 20th century, the Caspian Sea, which has a geographically convenient location and rich resources, reappeared on the historical arena as one of the most important geopolitical issues.

57-66

Authors: Yerkin A. Abil, Amanzhol Kuzembayuly, Ziyabek Ye. Kabuldinov

The study analyzes the representation of the place of the Kazakhs in the history of the Siberian Khanate in the Russian pre-revolutionary historical science. One of the most interesting and discussed problems of pre-colonial history of Western Siberia is the problem of the place of the Kazakhs in the history of the Siberian Khanate. Different, at times diametrically opposite points of view are expressed on this issue. The main concepts have developed in the Russian pre-revolutionary science. In historiography of a problem it is possible to allocate two basic directions on a question of a place of Kazakhs in history of the Siberian khanate. The first, laid down by the works of G. Miller and his followers, refers to the Kazakhs as the autochthons of Western Siberia and active participants of the processes associated with the history of the Siberian Khanate. This point of view was based on the reports of the Siberian annals, and through them the historical memory of the Siberian Tatars. The similar point of view was held by the authors who studied the historical memory of the Kazakhs (N. Krasovsky, G. Spassky). The second direction began to develop from the middle of the XIX century together with the development of Russian ethnographic and oriental studies. According to it, the Kazakhs appeared on the borders of Western Siberia only at the end of the 17th – beginning of the 18th century and did not play a significant role in the history of the Siberian Khanate (A. Oksenov, G. Katanaev, V. Ogorodnikov). At the same time, under the influence of European scientific traditions, a national historiography, which combined the traditional historical memory of the Kazakh and Tatar people on the one hand, and the achievements of Russian Oriental science on the other hand (Sh. Kudaiberdyuly, K. Khalid, H. Atlasi).

82-92

Authors: Saken Z. Razdykov, Baurzhan N. Abdrakhmanov, Anara E.Karimova, Gulfira E. Otepova

In this article the authors explore the origins, reasons and determine the chronological framework of the emergence of private ownership of pastures among the nomadic Kazakhs. Having studied archival sources, the Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire, testimonies of contemporaries and research of scientists, the authors conclude that these processes refer to the end of the 18th – beginning of the 19th centuries. The issues of land use and land ownership among the Kazakhs who were engaged in nomadic cattle-breeding were and remain topical, since this problem is caused by the special role of land in nomadic society. Despite the polemics which have started in the 30's of the last century, up to the middle 50's of the XX century there was no unified opinion among scientists on the question of the nature, forms and the right of feudal property in Kazakhstan. The Soviet historiography was dominated by two opposite opinions: the first – since the times of the Karakhanid state (XI century) in Kazakhstan existed the right of feudal land ownership (S.V. Yushkov, S.Z. Zimanov, A.E. Erenov and others). The second point of view – in conditions of nomadic cattle breeding the basic means of manufacture was and remained the cattle, instead of land..., not possession of the land, but possession of cattle was a defining factor of exploitation (V.F. Shakhmatov, S.E. Tolybekov and others). One or the other position dominated at different periods in history, but scientists did not come to a consensus and the question remained unresolved in the historical literature. Communal land use existed in Russia until the beginning of capitalism, but this does not mean that there was no private land ownership. In some Asian countries, communal land tenure coexisted in parallel with state ownership. There is no doubt that in the Steppe the main form of land use was communal land use (aul or clan), but the presence of communal land use does not negate the existence of private feudal property.

100-116

Authors: Sergey L. Dudarev

The transition from the Middle Ages to modern times in the North Caucasus is one of the least developed topics in regional history. Started by archaeologists in the mid-1970s the discussion of the problem of the end of the local late Middle Ages and the beginning of a new history did not receive further continuation. The presented analysis allows us to outline the criteria of the new era in the North Caucasus region, including not only economic and political, but also socio-mental parameters. These include, respectively: taking into account the degree of dynamics of commodity-money relations, overcoming political disunity, inclusion in Russian state structures, subordination to the imperial state orders (or the creation of their own state structures and institutions), the dominance of patriarchal liberties, values and a religious view of the world, the emergence among the mountaineers of the intelligentsia of the European type, etc. The author suggests the following chronological framework of the late Middle Ages – modern times in the North Caucasus: late 18th – early 19th centuries. – the end of the medieval era in the North Caucasus; end of the first third of the 19th century – 1860-1870s – the transition period from the Middle Ages to modern times in the history of the North Caucasian peoples: the turn of the 1860-1870s. – 1917 – a period of actually new history among the mountain peoples of the North Caucasus.

126-134

Authors: Inga V. Maslova

The article examines the travels of Alexander I in the Russian Empire, which had the character of working trips that were aimed at the implementation of a number of functions of power and were a way of its representation. One of the most important tasks of such trips was the unity of the government and the people, who was expressed in the visible presence of the sovereign among the subjects gathered along the roads, in the villages and cities through which the imperial motorcade passed. The symbolic image of the anointed of God was realized primarily in the fact that the first to meet the sovereign were representatives of the clergy and the first event at the entrance to the city was a solemn prayer service in the cathedral. In the minds of his subjects, the emperor personified the image of a regulator of balanced coexistence of all classes. Therefore, a visit to each city that was on the way was accompanied by the reception of deputations from various estates and ranks. During the trips, the emperor carried out control functions, inspecting city institutions and censuring those officials and services where violations were detected. The grace of the sovereign was an integral part of the imperial travels and was expressed in the presentation of state awards, monetary and material gifts, and the personal participation of the autocrat in the destinies of specific people. Imperial travels were accompanied by commemorative practices, which include the installation of commemorative plaques and monuments in honor of the visit of the sovereign, the issue of commemorative medals and badges. The notes accompanying this event, written in the literary and historical genre of travelogue, in which the monarch became not only the subject of description, but also reflection played an important role in the formation of the collective memory of the monarch's visit.

145-156

Authors: Orazgul Kh. Mukhatova, Ziyabek Y. Kabuldinov, Ainagul T. Kaipbayeva, Makhabbat M. Kozybayeva

The article is devoted to the Russian pre-revolutionary historiography of the system of public education among the Kazakhs in the 19th – early 20th centuries, therefore, in this article, the authors mainly relied on the works of pre-revolutionary Russian researchers devoted to the issues of education in Kazakhstan as a historiographic source. The article applied the basic principles of historical science: historicism and objectivity, as well as research methods of the science of historiography, such as analysis, synthesis, historical-comparative, retrospective, problem-chronological, actualization. They served as a key in highlighting the significant aspects of the pre-revolutionary Russian historiography of the enlightenment of the Kazakhs. Pre-revolutionary authors studied various aspects of the system of public education among the Kazakhs. The article deals with the Orenburg Neplyuev Cadet Corps, the Orenburg paramedical school, the School for Kazakh children under the Orenburg Border Commission, the Russian-Kazakh primary, second rural and Kazakh teachers' schools in the Orenburg, Ural and Troitsk steppe fortifications. The works cited in the article contain detailed information about the location of educational institutions, funding, number of students, age, social composition, classification, religious beliefs. Russian officials covered with particular interest the opening day of the Kazakh school at the Orenburg Border Commission, the funds allocated for it, the premises, children's clothing, food, etc. A significant part of the information about the education of Kazakh children in the Ural, Turgai and Orenburg regions was reflected in articles published in periodicals. Officials and researchers who studied the system of education among the Kazakhs in Tsarist Russia left behind a lot of valuable materials. These works are now a valuable historical source for researchers of the Kazakh education of this period. From this point of view, the works of pre-revolutionary authors do not lose their relevance and significance.

168-179

Authors: Valentina A. Ageeva, Marina E. Kolesnikova, Alexander Y. Nechushkin, Elena L. Shchukina

The presented article examines a significant problem associated with the consistent formation of a special model of Cossack education, which was carried out in the Oblast of the Don Army in the 19th – early 20th centuries. The authors show the inextricable connection of family and social education with the real effectiveness of the educational process, focused on the comprehensive training of the younger generation, loyal to local traditions and at the same time loyal to the imperial authorities. The source base used makes it possible to adequately reconstruct the various views on Cossack education that developed in the period under review, and the practical implementation of the chosen concept of specialized education. A systematic analysis of the historiographic tradition made it possible to identify and adequately assess controversial and debatable issues related to the imperial stage in the development of Cossack educational practices. Special attention is paid to the complex institutional interaction of family social and administrative everyday life, the organic connection of which determined the objective prospects of regional education. A significant section is devoted to the methodological support of educational practices, the main element of which, in relation to the chosen period, is specialized publications that cover in a popular form the cultural traditions and the historical past of the Don Cossacks. The consistent formation of individual and group perceptions of Cossack history and culture is considered as a significant factor in the natural evolution of the regional mentality, which was determined not only by zealous service to the Motherland, but also by the purposeful conservation of ideological stereotypes of a religious, social and intellectual nature. The author's interest is also directed to the authentic connection of the previous model of Cossack education with modern practices that do not fully take into account the accumulated experience.

189-198

Authors: Olga V. Natоlochnaya, Ruslan M. Allalyev, Alexey V. Dyuzhov, Svetlana V. Petrova

The article examines the system of public education in the Caucasus (the territory of the Caucasian Educational District) on the basis of extensive statistical material. This part analyzes the development of the system of public education in the period of 1900–1917. The source base for the study was the annual “The Reports of the trustee of the Caucasian educational district on the state of educational institutions of the Caucasian educational district”. These reports were published in the period of 1884–1914. They reflected data on the system of public education subordinate to the Ministry of Public Education. In conclusion, the authors state that the system of public education on the territory of the Caucasian educational district at the beginning of the 20th century continued to develop dynamically. For 14 years from 1900 to 1914 the number of educational institutions and the number of students increased by 2.5 times. The greatest successes were in the field of secondary and primary education, where the number of educational institutions increased by 3 times, lower education developed less dynamically. As for the gender balance among students, the female education during this period made a significant breakthrough in primary school, where the proportion of girls increased from 25 to 33%. At the same time, in secondary school by 1914, almost parity was already observed between boys and girls. All this testified, in the authors' view, that public education has firmly entered the way of life of the population in the Caucasus.

209-214

Authors: Bella A. Bulgarova, Victor V. Barabash, Natalia V. Poplavskaya, Maria Y. Lavrentyeva

The article attempts to consider publications devoted to military propaganda during the First World War, published in the “Propaganda in the World and Local Conflicts” journal. As materials, 12 articles from the “Propaganda in the World and Local Conflicts”journal were used, which are devoted to various aspects of the First World War. The journal “Propaganda in the World and Local Conflicts” is the only English-language scientific journal in the world that specializes in the history of military propaganda and covers the period from the middle of the XIX to the beginning of the XXI centuries. The journal's the columns are “Articles and messages”, “Weapons of propagandists”, as well as “Letters to the editor”. In methodological terms, the methods of content analysis and historical and chronological were applied in the work. The content analysis method allowed us to analyze all the articles from the journal “Propaganda in the World and Local Conflicts” and select those that corresponded to the topic of our study. In turn, thanks to the historical-chronological method, we examined the problem under study in its chronological sequence. In conclusion, the authors state that the topic of military propaganda of the period of the First World War is presented on the pages of the “Propaganda in the World and Local Conflicts”journal by twelve articles, which thematically can be divided into three groups: visualization as a source of propaganda, military propaganda as a problem and the weapon of propagandists. Each of them has a pronounced specificity. To the first group we attributed the publication of cartoons and documentary photographs in the materials of the periodical press of the period of the First World War, to the second – publications on the formation of the image of the enemy and the creation of their own patriotic image, and to the third – publications of a technical nature about the use of technical means by propagandists.

225-236

Authors: Abdibek Sh. Bimendiev, Mukhtar B. Kozha, Kanat Z. Uskenbay

The article analyzes the content of a little-known plan of the city of Turkestan in 1854 from the archive of the Russian Geographical Society in St. Petersburg. Russian Geographical Society in St. Petersburg in 2006–2008, two Kazakh researchers Dr. Abdibek Bimendiev and Dr. Kanat Uskenbay, during the identification and collection of photo-illustrative and cartographic material on the history and culture of Kazakhstan in museums, archives and libraries of Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation, discovered in the archive of the Russian Geographical Society in St. Petersburg an unknown plan of the city of Turkestan and its districts, compiled in Russian ten years before the arrival of Russians in Turkestan in 1854. The analysis of the content of the plan, sources and historiography of that period, as well as the modern study of the archeology of Turkestan, conducted by the authors of the study, testifies to the originality of the data of the discovered source. The authors conclude that the Turkestan plan of 1854 is of great historical value as a primary source for studying the historical topography of Turkestan from the late Middle Ages to the first half of the nineteenth century. The fortifications of the city and citadels, gates, bazaars, mosques, sacred places, gardens, irrigation canals, mills, bridges, roads are marked on it. The original names of individual historical objects are recorded in the plan. The document under consideration in the issue of the gates of Turkestan provides unique information.

248-257

Authors: Evgeniya L. Panova, Maria A. Ponomareva

The impoverishment of the nobility and the transformations of the social structure of Russian society in the 1860s–1870s led to need for young women to seek well-paid job and participate in a struggle for higher education. In addition, a significant shortage of educated midwives created a social demand for a wide range of qualified medical care provided by women. The foundation of the Women's Medical Courses (1872), and the Women's Medical Institute (1897) was the result of the united efforts of the Russian intelligentsia, first of all, the scientific and medical community of St. Petersburg. The article systematizes the facts reflecting the activities of the first female doctors N.P. Suslova, M.A. Obrucheva, V.A. Kashevarova-Rudneva, A.N. Shabanova, T.N. Tarnovskaya and others, as well as a representative of the scientific and medical community I.M. Sechenov, V.M. Tarnovsky, N.I. Kozlov, M.M. Rudnev, S.P. Botkin and others in the development of higher medical education for women in Russia. The main areas of public initiatives included fundraising, participation in scientific and state commissions, the creation of petitions and requests, the organization and conduct of studying process at courses for women. It is concluded that the successful implementation of projects in the field of higher medical education demonstrated a high level of self-organization among Russian medical community in the second half of the 19th century, which ultimately became a serious social force capable of solving urgent and complex problems of healthcare and medical education.

267-276

Authors: Oleg G. Alekseev, Ivan Y. Makarchuk, Vladislav Y. Panchenko, Mikhail A. Petrov

The article is devoted to one of the topics in the history of the banking and credit system of Russia in the 19th – early 20th centuries – bankruptcy of financial institutions. This issue is important, since both the own bankruptcy of credit institutions and their participation in the bankruptcy of other persons is transformed into changes in the commodity market, ultimately affecting the entire economic system of the country. The angle of the undertaken research is shifted to the poorly studied segment of private banks – mutual credit societies (1864–1917), focused on the small and middle bourgeoisie, urban and rural entrepreneurs. By the nature of their financial operations, they approached joint-stock commercial banks, served the same sphere of the economy (trade and industry). The main attention is paid to the analysis of the normative definition of the rights and obligations of mutual credit societies as a necessary condition for their effectiveness. Based on the achievements of modern historiography and a set of diverse sources, the authors of the article illustrate external (specific socio-economic conditions, a gap in the legal regulation of the banking and credit system) and internal (the propensity for adventures and speculative transactions of the heads of mutual credit societies, ignorance in the financial transactions of depositors) factors that, directly or indirectly, created a field for arbitrariness and abuse, resulted in the liquidation or bankruptcy of mutual credit societies.

287-297

Authors: Gulbanu I. Ishkalova, Amanzhol B. Kalysh

Russian scientists, travelers and officials of the 19th – early 20th centuries made a great contribution to the study of the history and ethnography of Kazakhstan. In a wide range of their studies, a special place is occupied by information about the traditional hunting of Kazakhs. However, their works, which are the main sources for the traditional hunting of the Kazakh nation, have not yet received due recognition, analysis and evaluation. This article attempts to analyze the works of Russian researchers of the 19thand early 20thcenturies, introduce the information contained in them into scientific circulation and reveal their scientific significance as sources for the traditional hunting of Kazakhs. The scientific source base of the work was also made up of previously unpublished archival documents of the Central State Archive of the Republic of Kazakhstan. During the studying works of Russian researchers and archival data, the source study method was used, which made it possible to analyze the available materials in more detail and qualitatively. As a result of studying the works of Russian researchers of the 19th-early 20th centuries, the authors identified the features of the traditional hunting of Kazakhs, as well as the evolution and transformation and its methods at the turn of the century.

309-319

Authors: Artyom Yu. Peretyatko

For the first time in the scientific literature, the article specifically examines the first project of creating cities on the territory of the Don Host.This project was proposed in 1867 by the ataman A.L. Potapov and the committee established to draw up regulations on zemstvo institutions in the Don Host Oblast.The article is based on archival sources from the State Archives of the Rostov Region (GARO). The article shows that within the framework of this project, it was supposed to found 10 cities, which were to be evenly distributed over the territory of the Don Host Oblast (at least one city in each district).The first cities to be founded were Novocherkassk, Uryupin and Tanais (in the Gnilovskaya stanitsa). The implementation of this project would lead to a completely different model of urbanization in the Don Host Oblast and would affect the social structure of the Cossacks. Cities evenly distributed over the territory of the Don Host Oblast would inevitably influence the surrounding stanitsas, introducing a new, urban element into the traditionally rural Cossack society. A.L. Potapov attached great importance to this project, and ordered to begin work on its implementation before the approval of the imperial authorities. By the beginning of 1868, the preliminary work of land surveyors had been completed. However, soon after that A.L. Potapov was appointed governor-general of Vilna. The new Don chieftain, M.I. Chertkov, did not show interest in the project of creating cities, and this allowed in 1871 a special commission chaired by the conservative official G.I. Bokov, to prohibit the creation of cities in the Don Host, thereby curtailing the project of A.L. Potapov.

330-337

Authors: Ruslan M. Zhitin, Alexey G. Topilsky, Maxim А. Oblitsov

The article provides a comparative analysis of the ecological and economic aspects of the rationalization of large farms in the Tambov province at the end of the 19th century. Based on the materials of a comparative historical analysis of the agrarian complexes of the Tambov region, the following questions are posed and resolved: along what lines did the transfer of new economic and environmental practices take place in the structure of large types of land tenure, what are the results of the formation of a rational culture of landowners, what are the features of land management in conditions of an increase in negative anthropogenic impact on local ecosystems. The relevance of the study is due to the need to study the socio-economic development of large estates undergoing the stage of accelerated modernization. Zemstvo surveys of the Tambov estates presented in the "Collection of statistical information on the Tambov province", the patrimonial archives of the largest landowners in the region – the Novo-Pokovsky estate of the Orlov-Davydovs and the Zemetchinsky economy of the Dolgorukys were selected as the main source. The study of the conditions for the successful management of Russian landowners made it possible to more fully reveal previously unknown aspects of the economic development of large estates, to characterize the specifics of the implementation of a rational function in the agricultural sector. Based on a wide layer of historical documents, the study summarizes the origins of landowners' rationalization, assesses the contribution of owners to the development of new forms of resource exploitation in the Russian province, analyzes the economic characteristics of such processes as technical and technological modernization, intensification of production, and an increase in yields. The article shows that the use of new tools and inverse crop rotations in private farms at all stages of agricultural production contributed to the formation of ecologically significant fertility, contributed to the rational use of the entire complex of land resources.

349-358

Authors: Roman V. Parma

The study is devoted to the application of the principles of network organization by the Russian revolutionary movement in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the practical experience of using the network structure in organizing the movement of Russian revolutionaries. The research methodology is based on descriptive, comparative, and structural analysis. The research sources were formed based on archival materials, including unpublished documents from the funds of the Special Section of the Police Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Central Committee of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, and the Main Military Court Directorate, as well as an extensive corpus of memoirs of contemporaries, participants, and opponents of the revolutionary movement. The analysis of sources showed that the network structure of the organization is formed based on the autonomous activity of the elements. Network structures for organizing underground activities were created by various revolutionary movements, including Narodnaya Volya, anarchists, social democrats, maximalists, socialist-revolutionaries, and Bolsheviks. The network organization corresponded to the needs, methods of struggle and the illegal position of the Russian revolutionary movement in the conditions of the suppression of political radicals by the authorities. The formation of "spider networks" allowed the revolutionaries to effectively ensure the "survival" of cells, solve problems associated with the risks of liquidation and the need for conspiracy, minimizing internal splits and social expansion. The network principle of organizing a revolutionary movement is recognized as optimal in the conditions of underground activity in the absence of a stable connection with the governing center and the use of repressive state measures. However, the organization of revolutionaries, built on the network principle, turned out to be unsuitable for seizing power, both because of the low degree of controllability of regional and local divisions, and the lack of effective mechanisms for coordinating their actions and consolidating resources.

368-377

Authors: Lyubov N. Shchankina, Irina A. Fedorova

The article is devoted to the activities of the second department of the Senate as the highest judicial institution for peasant affairs, which was carried out by a civil court and partly the management of the peasantry from the moment of its creation in 1884 until 1917. It was revealed that it included cases of different categories. In particular, the most important and numerous of them were land-based cases; the second largest and most important – with disputes over ownership; the third – volost and rural administration; the fourth - complaints against local peasant institutions; the fifth, the smallest – complaints about the decisions of the provincial presences to remove "harmful and vicious members of the community and provide them to the government". In addition to solving purely judicial tasks, this institution performed the function of interpreting laws, explaining the "true meaning of legalization" in line with the peasant topic. Such explanations by him, unlike the first department, were given exclusively on the initiative of ministers and provincial peasant affairs institutions. The authors concluded that such interpretations in the decrees and decisions of the second department had great socio-political influence throughout the Russian Empire, since they touched upon significant issues of the economic life of the majority of the peasant population, since they were aimed at preserving and strengthening the institution of the community, the interdependence of its members, and limiting the civil rights of the latter.

386-402

Authors: Anvar M. Mamadaliev, Varvara V. Bogdan, Natalia V. Svechnikova, Natal'ya V. Miku

This article is the second part in a series of works devoted to the analysis of the development of the education system in 1849–1917 in the Erivan province of the Russian Empire, and explores the period of 1885–1907. On the example of statistical data, the activity of secondary (gymnasium, progymnasium, teacher's seminary), lower (city schools) and primary (primary schools) educational institutions is considered; on the basis of these data, the conclusions are drawn about the peculiarities of the development of the education system in the Erivan province in the period from 1885 to 1907. The main source of this article is the reports of the trustees of the Caucasian Educational District, which contain detailed the statistical material on the work of all types of educational institutions. As the analysis of these materials showed, in general, the education system at the turn of the century in the Erivan province was developing very actively. This applies in particular to women's education: in secondary educational institutions, the number of female students exceeded the number of male students by almost one and a half times, which is unusual for the Caucasian regions; in the field of lower education during the study period (1885–1907) increased more than twice, in the field of primary education – ten and a half times. The growth of educational institutions was also relevant. Unlike other regions, the unprivileged classes – peasants and workers – were widely represented in education. Also, the development of the education system in the Erivan province in the specified chronological period was distinguished by a very strong volatility in the number of students, which practically did not correlate with the population of the region.

412-421

Authors: Aleksey M. Erokhin, Evgenii A. Avdeev, Sergej M. Vorobev

The article reviews the Russian peasant and military-Cossack colonization of the North Caucasus in the 19th century, its importance for the region. The authors focused greater attention on various aspects of the sociocultural interaction between Russian settlers and Caucasian mountain peoples. The methodology is based on a combination of historical and anthropological studies, analysis of ethnomigration, colonization –resettlement and sociocultural processes, frontier theory. Active Russian colonization changed the socio-cultural and ethnic landscape of the North Caucasus, contributed to the development of agriculture, industry and urban growth. Institutional and sociocultural exchange, the accession of the cultures of the Caucasian mountain peoples to the sociocultural matrix of the Russian state were being intensified. A unique frontier culture of the Caucasian borderlands was being formed. The natural sociocultural integration that took place between the Cossacks, Russian settlers and the Caucasian mountain peoples in the 19th century did not become a priority of state policy at that time. The majority of the mountain population remained outside the influence of Russian culture, was not included in the modernization and urbanization processes. This became a socio-cultural factor in the preservation of conflict in the region in the 20th century.

432-439

Authors: Anna V. Popova, Aleksandr I. Alekseev, Svetlana S. Gorokhova, Marianna G. Abramova

The article provides an analysis of some subjects considering the role of financial groups with vertical line of command directing to members of one clan (zaibatsu) in process of preparing Japan to Russo-Japanese war 1904–1905 as a key part of setting up the whole vector of development of Russian Empire’ politics in Far East. Authors distinguishes factors, which caused zaibatsu’s participation in preparing Japan to Russo-Japanese war, highlights main vectors of its activity during the pre-war period, and also distinguishes some consequences of the beginning of Russo-Japanese war for economic activity’s participants, like zaibatsu, its emergence, for example. Authors also analyses legal measures Japanese government took to develop a relation considering providing services and selling goods to zaibatsu, which were put to a thoroughtful consideration during Russo-Japanese war. In this article author provides an analysis of role of each classic zaibatsu had been running during preparation to the war between Russian Empire and Japan (so called “big four” zaibatsu) and what part they took in creating Japanese Imperial military forces, putting special consideration to its role in such vital sphere as shipbuilding and producing raw materials. Author seeks law government provided as one of the primary sources of effective organizing this partnership in case of reaching expansion purposes.

454-462

Authors: Konstantin N. Maximov

In the second half of the XIX – early XX century in the process of modernization of Russian statehood, national regions were also included, in particular the Kalmyk steppe (Kalmykia), as part of a multiethnic state. Taking into account the peculiarities of their development, social reforms, reforms of public administration, self-government, administrative-territorial structure and other spheres were singled out into separate, sequential stages in the implementation of the general modernization policy of the Russian state. The preparatory stage and reforms of public administration, administrative-territorial structure and other spheres of Kalmykia dragged on for almost half a century, in fact, until the beginning of the crisis in Russia. This part of the article examines the processes of modernization of the highest level of state administration of the Kalmyk steppe – the Administration of the Kalmyk people. As a result of the centralization of management, it was withdrawn from the provincial department, subordinated directly vertically to the Ministry of Internal Affairs in the status of a state institution of Russia with its own system of subordinate bodies – ulus administrations. Officials of state institutions of Kalmykia were integrated into the unified system of personnel policy of the country in accordance with the Table of Ranks. In accordance with the general trend in the state apparatus of Kalmykia, the number of officials increased, and its state administration was subjected to bureaucratization. The complex of reforms also included the administrative-territorial reorganization of the Kalmyk steppe, which led to the transformation of local self-government of Kalmykia into the general system of the state. There have been no significant changes in the judicial system. The estates of the judiciary of the Kalmyk steppe, in fact, remained in the hands of the executive branch. As a result of the reform of the management of khurul (church) institutions, the highest clerical ranks in status were equated with civil servants and allocated into a separate independent class group.

472-493

Authors: Nugzar K. Ter-Oganov

This article provides an analysis of the Anglo-Russian confrontation in Persia, as well as the policy of tsarist Russia towards this country for the period 1913–1917 through the lenses of political memoirs of the famous Russian diplomat, the Extraordinary Envoy and Plenipotentiary minister in that country, Ivan Jakovlevich Korostovetz' “Persian Arabesques". Of greatest interest is that part of the recollections in which their author appears before us as not only an active participant, but also as the creator of Russian politics in Persia. It covers his diplomatic activities in Persia in 1913–1915, during which, despite the efforts of the Foreign Ministers of Russia and England to smooth out the sharp corners in bilateral relations, especially after the outbreak of the World War I (1914–1918), the Anglo-Russian contradictions extremely aggravated. According to I.J. Korostovetz, he himself was to a large extent responsible for the deterioration of these relations. Moreover, all this happened against the background of the activity of the Turkish-German agents in Persia and their close alliance with the Persian nationalists, who complicated the life of the Russian and British diplomatic missions to the limit and threatened the interests of these countries. In the same part, the author of the memoirs tells about his dismissal in April 1915 from the occupied post by the Russian Foreign minister S.D. Sazonov, and how after few months, he got an appointment as a Manager of the Loan and Account Bank of Persia in Petrograd. Recollections of I.J. Korostovetz represent a critical rethinking of the foreign policy of tsarist Russia, accompanied by the traditional confrontation with England for dominance in Persia. Moreover, comparing the policies of Russia and England in this country, the author of the memoirs comes to the disappointing conclusion that the Persians were more disposed towards England than towards Russia because of the more aggressive policy of the latter.

504-514

Authors: Erlan B. Sydykov, Duman R. Aitmagambetov, Al'bina S. Zhanbosinova, Erlan E. Sailaubay

In the article, the authors view the issues of the history of the World War I, namely the stories associated with the deployment of prisoners of war of the German and Austro-Hungarian armies in Asian Russia, within the administrative-territorial boundaries of the Steppe, Turkestan General Governorship. Based on archival materials from the funds of the Central State Archives of Kazakhstanthe special statearchive of the Police Department introduces new facts that allow us to view the daily routine of prisoners of war, the resolving of social and housing issues, as well as placement and employment, including fragments of oral history that demonstrate how the prisoners of war themselves perceived the captivity, and the photographs discovered accidentally reveal previously unknown facts of visual history. Despite their deployment on the territory of Steppe and Turkestan Governorate-General of the Russian Empire, the issue of prisoners of war of the World War I did not receive an active research impetus due to a larger event, such as the national liberation movement of 1916. The work provides statistical data on prisoners of war placed in the specified territory, including the cities. Problems with accommodation of arriving prisoners of war and their resolution have been viewed, along with internal contradictions and confrontation among prisoners of war on the basis of ethnicization and the formation of a "Slavic community of prisoners of war" not without the help of public organizations of the Russian Empire. The authors revealed the structures of the everyday life of prisoners of war, showing the everyday concerns of captured officers and enlisted personnel. The military situation determined special conditions and legal norms in relation to the rules of residence and employment of prisoners of war, the regulation of which was controlled by additionally adopted orders and instructions of the governor-general. It should be noted that the everyday life of prisoners of war has been viewed through the prism of interaction with the host society, where patriotism was intertwined with empathy and support for arriving prisoners of war.

523-535

Authors: Alexandra P. Chervinskaya, Oksana V. Leonova, Alexey V. Isaev, Alexey V. Merkulov

Comprehension of the experience of the formation of the deputy corps in the conditions of intrastate political turbulence and the context of historical crossroads arouses our research interest. In this work, the authors study in detail the class status, political outlook and the process of including representatives of the Oryol province in the activities of parliamentary structures of the early 20th century (State Dumas of 1-4 convocations and the State Council). Within the framework of the outlined key vectors, the authors analyzed documents from the State Archives of the Oryol Region, biographical data of members of the State Duma and the State Council (1906–1917), reference and encyclopedic and memoir literature, periodicals, as well as materials from "Tauride" and "Murom" readings. As the main methodological base, the problem-historical method, the theory of delegation and the theory of agency relations are used, which allow considering the participation of individual citizens in the activities of parliamentary structures as representing the interests of the people in the context of a specific historical situation. In conclusion, the authors come to the conclusion that for all the controversy of the issue, the representation of various estates of the Russian provinces in the parliament influenced its socio-political configuration, the direction of legislative measures, and in general - the further fate of the state.

547-552

Authors: Violetta S. Molchanova

The article attempts to consider the life path of a member of the editorial board of the journal “Bylye Gody”, a prominent historian, candidate of historical sciences Vladimir Gavrilovich Ivantsov (1947–2022). The documents of Vladimir Gavrilovich Ivantsov were used as materials, namely: an autobiography (prepared by V.G. Ivantsov in 1997), a work book, diplomas and a certificate, a personal record sheet during his work at the USSR Academy of Sciences, lists of scientific papers and other documents. The work uses biographical, descriptive and historical-chronological methods, which are the main ones for conducting such a genre of research. The biographical method made it possible to extract the most important events from the life of V.G. Ivantsov. The descriptive method made it possible to gather disaggregated information from sources into a single text, and the historical-chronological method to construct a work taking into account the chronological sequence. In conclusion, the author states that Vladimir Gavrilovich Ivantsov has passed a long life and professional path, dedicating almost all his mature years to the service of history. He went all the hard way from a laboratory assistant to the dean of the Faculty of History and Philology and devoted a lot of time to the research work. His research interests included various issues of the pre-revolutionary history of the Caucasus, such as ethnography, military history, social development of tribes and demographic processes. Besides this, he was engaged in public scientific and organizational work, being a member of the editorial board of the journal“Bylye Gody”.

1594-1601

Authors: Olga A. Plotskaya, Lyudmila V. Sokolskaya, Elena N. Kaliakperova, Diana G. Alekseeva

Today, the interest of researchers in regional history has increased all over the world, especially to the history of the peoples of the Arctic zone of Russia. The purpose of this work is to study the regulatory potential of the positive and customary law of the Zyryans and Samoyeds in the use of land, water and forest resources in the XVII–XVIII centuries. The authors formulate the conclusion that the Arctic peoples under consideration have not lost their own identity, traditions and managed to preserve the regulatory force of customary law. In the XVII–XVIII centuries positive and customary law functioned in parallel on the territory of settlement of these peoples. The regulation of the sphere of nature management was aimed at preserving not only natural objects, but also the traditional system of life of ethno-local societies, as well as the established model of nature management. This trend appeared in the XV century. Since the XVII century, the legislator began to impose restrictions on the use of natural resources, legislatively allocating a list of protected, sovereign and other territories where the principle of freedom of use did not apply. By the end of the XVIII century, there is a tendency of mutual influence of the norms of positive and customary law in the field of environmental management. At that time, the customary law of the Arctic peoples supplemented the norms of positive law. The authors studied various historical documents, national folklore, mythological prose. An important source is archival documents, systematized in collections. Publications in the periodical press and pre-revolutionary normative legal acts of the Russian Empire systematized in the «Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire» (PSZ), are attracted.

1615-1623

Authors: Natalia A. Dushkova, Larisa I. Maslikhova

The article is devoted to the problem of the growth of entrepreneurial activity in Voronezh region as the result of shipbuilding. It manifested itself primarily in the construction of private metallurgical plants, cloth factories. The authors disclose state measures to support private owners, characterize the advantages of private enterprises over the state. Some attention is paid to the identification of the reasons for the conservation and further development of a wide range of fisheries along with manufacturing. A large place in the article is devoted to the process of expanding the entrepreneurial layer in trade. The social composition of Voronezh merchants was investigated, the fact of the increased specialization of the trading layer in the Petrine period was noted. The authors emphasize the special importance of agriculture during shipbuilding in Voronezh, which becomes the main branch of the economy of the Voronezh Territory. They identify three categories of the population that have shown entrepreneurial activity in this area and have significantly succeeded in their work. The work shows positive results from entrepreneurial activity, indicates the advantages gained by different categories of the population from this activity, shows the economic effect.

1638-1649

Authors: Bulat A. Aznabaev, Aleksey I. Kortunov

In the literature, there are conflicting interpretations of the Russian citizenship of the Bashkirs of the XVI-XVIII centuries caused by the assertion that the Bashkirs did not have a political structure, which was understood exclusively as a form of chiefdom or state. At the same time, a number of researchers at the end of the XX century noted that the political unity of the people is not always achieved through the formation of rigid forms that alienate the sovereignty of the communities. Bashkir society of the middle of the XVI – first third of the XVIII century is an example of the creation of a military polity without the power vertical that is customary for nomads. In the middle of the XVI century the tribal formations of the Bashkirs united into a horizontal structure, which in Russian official documents of the XVIII century received the name “Bashkir Horde”. The absence of an institutional elite in Bashkir society, represented by the Chingizids, who have the right to state power, determined the democratic character of the Bashkir polity. All decisions related to political existence (declaring war or concluding peace) were made at the yiyyn – “worldly gatherings” of Bashkir clans. The unification of the Bashkir clans into a single military structure was the result of an agreement with the Russian state, which obliged the Bashkirs to guard the southern border of their lands. In the south, the Bashkirs were opposed by nomadic chiefdoms and states (Kalmyks, Nogai, Kazakhs, Karakalpaks), then the Bashkirs were forced to create a single military structure, taking into account their specific social structure. The protection of its southern border is becoming a common concern of the entire Bashkir people, therefore, the most economically valuable territories located in the border zone have become the property of all Bashkir clans. The main test of the military polity of the Bashkirs passed during the massive invasion of the Kalmyks in the 20s and 30s of the XVII century. If the former rulers of Bashkiria, the Nogai and Siberian Sheibanids, were forced to recognize the power of the Kalmyks, then the Bashkirs, even having lost the steppe estates behind the Yaik, not only managed to repel the onslaught of a numerically superior enemy, but went on the offensive. In the early 60s of the XVII century Kalmyk leaders conditioned the acceptance of Russian citizenship by the cessation of the raids of the Bashkirs and the return of prisoners. However, in the 20s of the XVIII century, the military organization of the Bashkirs faced the threat of disintegration for the first time. The southern clans, who lost their estates beyond Yaik as a result of the advance of the Kazakhs to the north, supported Russia's intention to build a city on the border of the Ufa province. However, the majority of the Bashkirs saw the intentions of I.K. Kirilov's desire of the state to take control of the southern border. The Bashkirs took this step by the authorities as an intention to terminate the citizenship agreement of the middle of the XVI century, which guaranteed the Bashkirs unprecedented privileges in the Russian state.

1661-1671

Authors: Yerke T. Kartabayeva, Gulzhan S. Bedelova, Aitolkyn A. Toktagan, Nurgul N. Akpanbet

The proposed scientific article, based on the data of Kazakh and Russian archives, examines the political and social activities of the institute of batyrs who served in Western Siberia as part of the Russian Empire in the XVIII-XIX centuries. After joining the Russian Empire, there were a number of changes in the structure and direction of development of the institute of batyrs of Kazakh society. First of all, it is necessary to pay attention to increasing the political and diplomatic missions of the batyrs. The tsarist government intensified the political activity of the Kazakh batyrs of the West Siberian Steppe, involving them in various state and border issues. It must be recognized that at the previous stage, the activities of the Batyr Institute were limited exclusively to military purposes. In the XVIII-XIX centuries, Russian researchers who were in the Kazakh steppe for various reasons characterized the comprehensive development of the role of batyrs in society. During the analysis of the Russian archival data, we were convinced that the position of the Batyr institute in the system of power has changed. They successfully carried out a connecting activity between the common people and the ruling khan-sultans. Representatives of the Batyr Institute were able to effectively interact with the tsarist administration to resolve conflicts that occurred in the districts of the fortress lines. Also, state initiatives to resolve intertribal conflicts in Kazakh society and their elimination were significantly influenced by the authority of the batyrs in the public environment. Such batyrs as Bogenbai, Kabanbai, became advisers to the khan-sultans. One of the changes that took place in the institute of batyrs during this period can be called their ascent to the rank of the ruling elite of society. Having gained the trust of the tsarist government, the batyrs achieved the position of foreman, tarkhan.

1683-1691

Authors: Yulia G. Kokorina, Maсhach M. Vagabov, Vasily A. Rogozhkin

In this article, based on the consideration of a diverse set of literature, a systematic description of the policy of the House of Romanov and the Russian government in the XVIII – early XX centuries on the development of Scythian archaeology is given. The entire range of literature and sources used in this article is divided into three groups, which include works on the history of archaeological knowledge, works on state policy in the field of archaeology and directly works on Scythian archaeology. A review of the literature shows that despite the increased interest in the history of archaeological knowledge, the policy of the House of Romanov and the Russian government on the development of Scythian archaeology has not been specifically investigated. Under the "Scythian archeology" in this work, the study of the European Forest-Steppe, Steppe, Crimea and the Kuban is considered, although if we interpret this concept in the perspective of "Scythian-Siberian unity", it is necessary to expand the scope of the study and analyze the expeditions of Russian scientists to Siberia and the fate of the Siberian collection of Peter I. The attention of the Romanov House to Scythian archaeology was expressed in the personnel policy, which dictated the principles of choosing the leaders of the excavations of the richest Scythian mounds. They were initially military, and later – major scientists who occupied a high social position. The main role in the study of the Scythian mounds was played by the Archaeological Commission, called the Imperial Commission. The Russian government and the Imperial House personally spared no expense to research the Scythian mounds, archaeologists received government awards and ranks. An ambiguous situation developed with attempts to suppress predatory excavations of Scythian mounds by landowners, peasants and impostor archaeologists. In general, the experience of the development of Scythian archaeology on the part of the reigning dynasty and the Russian government seems useful today, when "black archeology" is flourishing on the territory of modern Russia and Ukraine.

1701-1709

Authors: Olga Y. Zhukovets, Elena K. Sklyarova, Yulia A. Sidorenko, Elena N. Butova

The article considers socio-political aspects of the evolution of scientific medical societies of Great Britain and Russia in the XIX – XX centuries. The authors investigate different socio-political processes and effects of the formation of scientific medical societies of Great Britain and Russia in the XIX – XX centuries using the comparative and historical-genetic methods of scientific research. The rise of the most scientific medical societies in Great Britain happened during the period of the epidemics, urbanization and the reign of Queen Victory. The founders of the most of societies were the members of parliament, the representatives of medical profession of the United Kingdom. In the XX century, scientific medical societies of Great Britain united in The RoyalSocietyofMedicine, and then got royal confession and support. Their progressive socio-medical ideas during the period of urbanization and epidemics were developed in Russian Empire, where progressive Russian doctors created the “Pirogov`s Society”. However, socio-political events of the period of Russian Revolution 1917 brought to the liquidation of Russian monarchy and this scientific medical society. Only after the disintegration of the USSR and communist system the “Pirogov`s Society” was reestablished in Russia.

1716-1727

Authors: Аndrii E. Lebid, Natal'ya A. Shevchenko

The article reveals the influence of representatives of Ukrainian «enlightened bureaucracy» on the processes of formation and development of higher education system of the Russian Empire in the XIX century, in particular, legal education on the example of the Moscow and St. Petersburg Imperial Universities. To this end, an attempt was made to systematically examine the life and career of P.G. Redkin, a native of Romny (Sumy Region), who was one of the representatives of Ukrainian «enlightened bureaucracy». Redkin's contribution to the development of higher education system, as well as his influence on the intellectual life of the Russian Empire is considered in this manuscript in several aspects. Firstly, it is educational activity of P.G. Redkin as an Extraordinary and Ordinary Professor, Head of the Chair of Encyclopedia or General Review of Law System of the Moscow Imperial University (1835-1848); Chair of Encyclopedia and History of Law Philosophy of the Saint Petersburg Imperial University (1863-1873), Rector of the Saint Petersburg Imperial University (1873-1876); Honorary Member of this University (1878). Secondly, it is public and state activity of P.G. Redkin as a founder and publisher of the first law journal in the Russian Empire, founder of educational community, popularizer of universal literacy and professional education of teachers, etc. Thirdly, it is the scientific activity of P.G. Redkin, the author of fundamental works on the history and philosophy of law, an honorary member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. It is shown that scientific, social, state and pedagogical activity of Redkin, Varadinov and other representatives of Ukrainian «enlightened bureaucracy» significantly affected not only the sphere of higher education and science in the Russian Empire, but also the system of state and public relations.

1737-1750

Authors: Valerii L. Muzykant, Galina N. Trofimova, Valerii D. Takazov, Almas Kalimoldaev

The work examines the civilizational mission of the Russian Empire in Central Asia in the XIX century on the basis of archival sources. The attention is paid to the main types of crimes, such as kidnapping, murder, robbery of merchant caravans, sea robbery, barymta, as well as the system of punishment for these crimes. The inventory No. 10 (1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th parts) of the State Archive of the Orenburg Region (Orenburg, Russian Federation) of the Fund No. 6 was used as materials, which presents the cases of the border department of the office of the Orenburg Governor-General. In conclusion, the authors state that in the first half of the XIX century, the Russian Empire in Central Asia faced a whole range of serious criminal acts, namely kidnapping and slave trade, murders, robbery of trade caravans and fishing vessels, nomad raids and barymta (abduction of horses and cattle). Only in the state archive of the Orenburg region about 2 thousand archival files were devoted to these issues. The illegal acts involved, especially at the initial stage, not only the nomads of the Kyrgyz steppe, but also the Kyrgyz who are part of Russia (the Inner Horde). Since 1820, Russia has been working tirelessly to spread literacy in the steppe, provide medical and humanitarian assistance, attract local people to service (first as postmen, then as guards for sultans and caravans, and then until entering the civil service after graduating from Russian educational institutions). Thanks to this, the steppe began to change, this process was long and complicated, but in general, by the 1870s, the number of criminal offenses in the region was minimized, and Central Asia was able to adopt many initiatives proposed by the Russian administration.

1762-1778

Authors: Aleksandr А. Cherkasov, Sergei N. Bratanovskii, Ludmila G. Zimovets

An attempt has been made to conduct a comprehensive historical and statistical study of the long-livers of the Russian Empire in the period of 1836−1914. In this part of the work, the period of 1900−1914 is analyzed, at this time, the male and female population of the Orthodox faith was recorded. As materials, we used the reports of the Chief Prosecutor of the Holy Synod on the spiritual department of the Orthodox faith for 1836−1914. The work is based on the basic principles of historicism, consistency and objectivity. The statistical method is of great importance in the work, which allowed us to analyze as fully as possible the available statistical data on mortality in the territory of the Russian Empire in the period of 1836−1914, as well as to reveal the important characteristic features. In conclusion, the authors state that the analysis of the statistical data for the dioceses made it possible to identify the territories where the maximum number of the long-livers was recorded for every thousand people among the dead. Thus, the most favorable territories were: the territory of the Caucasus (the Georgian exarchate, including the Vladikavkaz diocese, as well as the Astrakhan diocese); the territory of the Ukrainian dioceses (Tauride, Kherson) and the territory of the Asian part of Russia (the Far Eastern territories – the Blagoveshchensk diocese, in addition to the Omsk, Yenisei and Turkestan dioceses). Some other dioceses, for example, Tobolsk, Ufa and Samara, also had high rates. In general, we can say that these territories had a positive (climatic and geographic) effect on human life expectancy. Besides this, thanks to statistical data for the period from 1836 to 1914, the authors revealed that the maximum value of the long-livers among men was recorded in 1836 – 808 people (the earliest of the analyzed reports), subsequently, the number of male centenarians steadily decreased and by 1874 reached its minimum – 135 people. The minimum values for male long-livers were characteristic until 1881, after which a gradual increase began, which continued until the First World War (the maximum value among men in 1911 was 612 centenarians). The situation was similar for women in the period from 1850 to 1914. Thus, the trend of a decrease in the life expectancy of people in the world, in the Russian Empire, was not confirmed.

1789-1799

Authors: Olga V. Natоlochnaya, Ruslan M. Allalyev, Alexey V. Dyuzhov, Svetlana V. Petrova

The authors attempt to consider the systems of public education on the territory of the Caucasian Educational District in the period from 1848 to 1917. In this part of the work, the attention is paid to the period from 1848 to 1900. There were used as materials the annual “Reports of the trustee of the Caucasian Educational District on the state of educational institutions of the Caucasian Educational District”, which were published from 1884 to 1914. These reports published data on the public education system subordinated both to the Ministry of Public Education and, especially at the initial stage, on schools of other departments, for example, the Holy Synod. Due to the specifics of the work, the statistical method was widely used in methodological terms. Thanks to its application, we managed to systematize a variety of statistical information on different types of educational institutions (primary, lower and secondary), as well as to identify changes in the number of students in the Caucasus and pay attention to their gender balance. The authors come to the conclusion that the system of public education on the territory of the Caucasian Educational District consisted of secondary, lower, primary and private education. Various parish schools (Orthodox, Armenian-Gregorian, Jewish, Muslim) were not subordinated to the Caucasian School District and data on them were not considered in this work. The Caucasian Educational District, created in 1848, was a territory with scattered centers of public education with the predominance of primary schools. By 1879 there have already been more than 800 educational institutions in the Caucasus, of which 25 are secondary and 32 are lower, together with private ones. By 1900, the number of secondary and lower schools reached 55 and 84, respectively, and the total number of schools reached 1902, with 168 thousand students. Despite the obvious successes in public education, the gender imbalance and the infringement of girls' rights to primary education continued to be a significant problem.

1814-1825

Authors: Yuliya A. Lysenko

The article analyzes the process of creating a system of excise taxes in the Central Asian outskirts of the Russian Empire on the basis of historical sources of diverse origins, which were introduced into scientific circulation at first. It is noted that the goal of the excise reform in the Steppe Territory and Turkestan was to modernize and integrate this ethnoregion into the Russian economy, to increase its profitability. In the Steppe Territory, an increase in excise receipts to the state treasury in the second half of the 19th century was associated with the development, first of all, of the distillery industry. A number of factors contributed to this situation: permission for the free production of alcohol, unlimited trade in alcoholic beverages, the development of the raw material base of this industry and an increase in demand for products due to a sharp influx of the peasant population into the region. After the introduction the state wine monopoly, the size of excise taxes in the regions of the Steppe region began to decline at the beginning of the twentieth century. In Turkestan, the introduction of the provisions of the excise reform began later – in the 70–80s of the XIX century. This was due to the later involvement of the region in the modernization processes, the lack of demand for wine and vodka products, the orientation of government circles to the development of cotton farms. Nevertheless, by the end of the 19th century, as a result of the development of the railway network, the distillery industry in Turkestan, oriented towards the Russian market, began to bring significant tax revenues. State wine monopoly did not affect the region at the beginning of the twentieth century.

1835-1848

Authors: Igor I. Verniaev

The Justice of the Peace (hereinafter referred to as «JP») court existed in the provinces of the South-Western Land (Kiev, Volyn, and Podolsk) for 45 years from 1872 to the end of the empire. Multiethnicity was one of the main factors of functioning of the JP courts there. Staffing of JP courts became a challenge for the imperial judicial powers. JPs had to be professionals in the judicial sphere, to have knowledge of regional specifics, to remain loyal to the imperial center leading the mission of legal integration of the frontier. To what extent was it possible to comply with these criteria? To answer this question, the article turns to official documents and narrative materials, such as personal files of JPs, annual lists of judges, audit materials, memoirs, and periodicals. Their analysis indicates three interrelated processes that took place in the late 19th – early 20th century: 1) the JP's corps was becoming more and more democratic in its composition; more and more representatives of the urban and rural middle and lower classes were being appointed as JPs, while the share of nobles was decreasing sharply; 2) the professional level of the judicial corps was improving, the share of judges with higher legal education was rapidly increasing with regional universities, primarily the Kiev University of St. Vladimir, playing a great role in this process. 3) the share of JPs of Ukrainian origins started to increase in the 1890s; contrary, the share of Russians from inner provinces was on decline; so there was an intensive process of nativization of the judicial corps. Thus, the study demonstrates that at the beginning of the 20th century, a corps of professional judges had formed in the region. The majority of them were connected with the Ukrainian provinces in personal, educational, and career terms. The results of the changes are evaluated by the criterion of the dynamics of the demand for JP courts by the broad strata of the population in the region.

1857-1866

Authors: Lazzat S. Dinasheva, Murat M. Tastanbekov, Gulmira Y. Sabdenova, Tengesh S. Kalenova

The article is devoted to the analysis of the significance of the Orenburg-Tashkent railway in the socio-economic life of the Syrdarya region of the Turkestan region. This railway line is considered as a mechanism that opened the way for the entry of the region into capitalist relations. Most of the railway line passed through the territory of the Syrdarya region. Among the regions included in the Turkestan Region, the Syrdarya region stands out for its geographical and socio-economic character. This is due to the fact that there were very few cities and industrial centers on the territory of the region. The vast majority of residents led a semi-nomadic lifestyle. It was difficult for the peasants to get their goods transported to other consumer environments. It can be argued that this development trend has changed dramatically with the construction of the railway. Based on archival materials, an assessment of the activities of new railway stations and industrial facilities formed on the territory of the Syrdarya region is given. In addition, much attention is paid to the phenomenon of diversification of the labor sphere caused by the functioning of the railway. In the course of the research work, an objective approach to the factors of the construction of the Orenburg-Tashkent railway is revealed. As one of them, it is concluded that the factor of highway construction was carried out not because of competition between empires (as noted in many studies), but in order to involve the socio-economic isolated part of the empire in integration processes. Due to the activity of the railway, the export-import potential of the region has increased. The Syrdarya region has received ample opportunities for the export of salt, santonin, wool, dried fruits. In general, the railway line had a significant impact on the transition of the region from the old feudal relations to a partial agrarian-industrial form.

1877-1885

Authors: Oksana V. Klevtsova, Nikolay A. Zhirov

The article is devoted to the analysis of the situation in the field of literacy among the rural, mainly peasant population through holding public readings. The authors made an attempt to study the legislative framework, to study the state policy and recommendations on the methodology for organizing mass public readings. The relevance of the study lies in the poor knowledge of the out-of-school form of education in the Russian Empire, including within the framework of the Oryol province, in the period under study. Particular attention was paid to holding readings on the territory of the Oryol province, analyzing the demand for this area of work among the peasant population. In the course of the research, the following methods were used: general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, the principle of historicism, comparative historical, mathematical and other methods. As a result of the study, the reasons for the popularity of folk readings among the villagers were established. At the same time, there is a noticeable lack of consistency in the conduct of this work, a plan for the organization and dissemination of religious and moral education of young people has not been formed. The reasons that hinder this process are identified: a lack of funds, a meager material and technical base of libraries, a lack of qualified teachers. The state has shifted the responsibility to the local authorities and the public. At the same time, throughout the entire period under study, there has been a steady increase in interest among the peasant population in folk readings and books.

1898-1909

Authors: Andrey A. Avdashkin, Tatyana V. Raeva, Igor V. Sibiryakov

The article examines the images of China and the Chinese in the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries on the example of “Niva”journal. This journal published news articles, reports from the scene, portrait sketches, literary works on the “Chinese theme”, biographical and ethnographic essays. Texts and numerous illustrations showed the history of China, the way of life and traditions of its population to a wide audience. The authors came to the conclusion that the publishers, editors, and authors of the journal, as well as, probably, the pre-revolutionary Russian public failed to form a complete image of the Chinese and state of China. In the aggregate of various, sometimes mutually exclusive, ideas about them, depending on the Russian and world socio-political context of the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries certain elements were updated. This explained the volatility of public opinion in Russia in relation to China, the problem of “yellow labor”, gave dynamics and flexibility to Russian policy in the Far East and its representation in public space. The images of the state of China and the Chinese were multifaceted and dynamic.

1922-1934

Authors: Sergey N. Kastornov, Yulia Y. Ponomareva, Alexandra P. Chervinskaya, Oksana V. Leonova

The authors, based on the publications of the journal “Russkoe bogatstvo”, consider the views and assessments of legal-populist authors on the problems of parliamentarism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in Great Britain, France, Germany and Austria-Hungary. The study of the experience of Western parliamentarism by representatives of the socio-political thought of Russia is intensified at the beginning of the 20th century in connection with the formation of a multi-party system and a Duma monarchy in our country. The publicists of “Russkoe bogatstvo” considered it useful to use the experience of this experience in the process of forming a constitutional state in Russia that guarantees civil and political human rights. The legal-populist authors called for taking into account and adopting the positive experience of Western states, the political structure of which provided the working people within the framework of the existing system with real opportunities to defend their economic, political, ethnic interests and raise the standard of living. This was a typical point of view of the reformist populists, whose worldview contained both socialist and liberal elements. The experience of parliamentarism in Great Britain and France seemed to them more valuable in comparison with the experience of Austria-Hungary and Germany. The publicists of “Russkoe bogatstvo” were close to an objective assessment of the realities of the social and political life of Western countries in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and led their readers to the idea that the main direction of the state's development should be progressive, consist of socio-economic and political legal, not revolutionary transformations. The study shows that the study of the ideas of parliamentarism by legal populists still has its relevance from a practical and scientific point of view.

1947-1954

Authors: Tatiana A. Kattsina, Natalya V. Pashina, Ludmila E. Mezit, Natalya А. Goncharevich

The Elberfeld system, which originated in Germany's charitable community at the communal level in the middle of the 19th century, represented an innovative breakthrough in the organization of social assistance to the poor in the early industrial era. Thanks to a careful selection procedure for those in need, strict adherence to the principles of individualization and decentralization, it ensured the targeting of permanent and temporary assistance, a wide range of preventive and rehabilitation measures, including the formation of life skills, the ability to leave the care of society and independently support their existence. Elberfeld's experience in solving the problem of poverty was used not only in Germany, but also in the cities of Belgium, the Netherlands, France, Austria, and Switzerland. Many similarities with the German Elberfeld system can be traced in the organization of institutions for the care of the poor in the Russian Empire during the period of industrial modernization of the late 19th – early 20th centuries. In this article, on the basis of office materials, testimonies of contemporaries (lawyers, city public administration officials, charity functionaries), the application of general provisions on social support to those in need, developed by the practice of the Elberfeld system, is considered in Russian reality. The geography of the study covers Tomsk – the administrative, cultural and economic center of the south of Western Siberia.

1964-1971

Authors: Valeriy V. Suvorov, Lyudmila V. Klimovich

Far Eastern policy of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century outlined for the Russian authorities the tasks of providing everything necessary for the Pacific squadron, among which the most important was the receipt of an ice-free port. Searches were undertaken back in the 1880s, but they had no practical result and this issue remained unresolved until the mid-1890s, when it was re-identified in connection with the Sino-Japanese War. The Russian leadership coincided in their views that the use of Japanese ports for the repair and parking of the Russian fleet after the Sino-Japanese war became inconvenient, since Japan could stop it at any time. Maintaining the combat readiness of the Pacific Fleet in the presence of a port and a repair dock only in Vladivostok was a difficult task. In this context, the study of the development of the views of statesmen and the naval command regarding obtaining an ice-free port in the context of their understanding of the military-strategic and cultural-historical tasks of Russia acquires particular importance. At the same time, if the event history is well known enough, then the evaluative side, views and judgments of persons directly related to the solution of the issue of a non-freezing port need further research. Despite the study of the terrain and active discussion of the issue of an ice-free port, neither the naval command, nor representatives of various ministries were able to come up with a solution to this issue. The refusal to take decisive action on this issue was due to fears of a negative reaction from the European powers or Japan, with which it did not seem advisable to enter into an open conflict. It is significant that none of the departments of the state apparatus of the Russian Empire was able to take responsibility and resolve the issue of occupying the ice-free port. The delay in resolving this issue in the context of the provocations of Germany in 1897 and her occupation of the Chinese port of Kia-Chao caught the Russian government by surprise, which resulted in the unplanned occupation of Port Arthur, which, on the scale of the Far Eastern policy, became a turning point that changed the main political vector of “peaceful penetration”to the East, promoted by S.Yu. Witte.

1981-1995

Authors: Artyom Yu. Peretyatko

The article is devoted to the analysis of the document, which was not previously involved in scientific circulation, «Doklad sostoyashchego v rasporyazhenii voennogo ministra General'nogo shtaba general-leitenanta Maslakovtsa po voprosu o detsentralizatsii del Glavnogo Upravleniya Kazach'ikh voisk». Contrary to its name, this text proposed a complete restructuring of the administrative structure of the Russian Cossacks, with the granting of broad economic autonomy. It was prepared in 1900, when the War Ministry of the Russian Empire was concerned about the impoverishment of the Cossacks, especially in the Don Host. An authoritative government expert on Cossack issues, the former Orenburg ataman N.A. Maslakovets, said that the administrative structure of the Cossack troops should also contribute to the achievement of Cossack welfare. He proposed giving to the Host’s administrations broad economic autonomy and introducing elected delegates from the stanitsas to their composition, so that they defend the economic interests of the Cossacks. The most curious conclusion from the analysis of the text is that many ideas of N.A. Maslakovets coincided with the ideas of the Don opposition figures. The general, like them, believed that the well-being of the Cossacks with their complete submission to the imperial administration was impossible.

2005-2013

Authors: Stanislav E. Prokofiev, Pavel S. Seleznev, Aleksey V. Fedyakin, Viktor V. Titov

This work is devoted to the topic of changing the views of Russian monarchists on the strategy of ensuring the stability of the political and social regime of the empire in the period 1905−1917. The aim of the study is to identify the main vectors and trends in the evolution of the views of monarchists on the strategy of ensuring political stability in the Russian Empire in the designated chronological period. The source base of the work is formed by attracting materials from the pre-revolutionary periodicals, sources of personal origin and publications of office documents and program materials of political parties. The methodology of the work is built on the basis of a combination of synchronous and diachronic comparative analysis. It is concluded that during the period under review, the views of monarchists on the strategy of ensuring the political stability of the empire were actively evolving. Initially, they did not have their own views on this issue, delegating the function of determining the vector of its decision to the system of the current government. However, as the revolutionary crisis grew, the monarchists began to develop their own position on this issue. Initially, popular were the ideas of a partial limitation of the powers of the recently created parliamentary institutions or the restoration of “primordially autocratic principles” in the system of state administration. However, in the end, the point of view of moderate monarchists prevailed, insisting on the need to create mechanisms to cut off political radicals from participation in legislative activity. In the period 1907–1911 the monarchists promoted the idea of the need to combine moderate reforms with the conservation of social institutions that ensure the functioning of the patriarchal model of Russian society. At the same time, attention was focused on the fact that transformations in the socio-economic sphere should become a priority for the authorities: the transition to political reforms in the absence of an increase in living standards was seen as fraught with the beginning of new revolutionary uprisings. In the future, the monarchists moved to more radical positions. They proposed to rebuild the political and economic models of the organization of society in the spirit of corporatism. During the First World War, they actively discussed projects for the establishment of the post of a dictator, uniting in his hands the supreme powers in the civil and military spheres. Thus, the monarchists went beyond the traditionalist paradigm of autocracy. At the same time, their very perception of political stability was transformed. Initially it was seen as a static state corresponding to the “sacred past”. However, by the end of the period under study, monarchists perceived stability as a state of the political system that allows political and social systems to remain resistant to external and internal challenges through evolutionary transformations or the creation of new extraordinary institutions and forms of management or economic organization.

2026-2033

Authors: Irina N. Litvinova, Oksana A. Karagodina, Elena O. Danilova

Based on the materials of Tsaritsyn and partly his district, the specifics of the main forms and directions of charity in the Lower Volga province at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries are considered. The special role of entrepreneurs in improving the work of institutions in the areas of public care and care for orphans, as well as education and assistance to students from poor segments of the population is shown. To a certain extent, the philanthropic activities of public organizations and individuals in the field of healthcare in relation to the category of "babies", as well as rural residents in a lean year, are considered. A new source, introduced into scientific circulation, is analyzed in more detail – a report on the activities of the Tsaritsyn boys' shelter. The purpose of the work is to reveal the content of charitable practices in the field of guardianship and public education in a large district center of the Saratov province, to publish new information about the benefactor – a well-known merchant in the region A. N. Serebryakov and the orphanage opened by him. The materials of the article are necessary for researchers to develop a virtual excursion on one of the important topics – the social history of Volgograd.

2043-2052

Authors: Natalia P. Koptseva, Ksenia V. Reznikova, Yulia N. Menzhurenko

The article examines the possibilities of the materials of the journal “Cine-phono”to act as historical sources on the development of national cinema at the time of its formation. The discussions of the greatest interest for potential researchers, unfolding on its pages, were revealed: about the phenomenon of cinema, about its relationship with the authorities, about the reflection of the main current events in the development of cinematography, etc. by the residual principle. Analysis of the materials of the journal “Cine-phono” made it possible to single out in 1907–1916 three periods in the formation of provincial cinematography (1907–1908 cinematography mastered territories outside the boundaries of capital cities; in the 1909–1914s – active extensive development; decline in the number of references to provincial cities in 1915–1916 associated with the events of the First World War) and rank the regions depending on the level of development of cinematography. The most significant topics in the development of provincial cinema have been identified, these are general issues of the functioning of cinemas; political action in relation to cinema; education; emergencies; charity.

2062-2072

Authors: Pavel A. Merkulov, Svetlana V. Bukalova, Oksana V. Leonova, Nadezhda V. Mironenko

The article analyzes the "patriotic upsurge" that accompanied Russia's entry into the World War I. This phenomenon of public consciousness and mass behavior is considered within the framework of the pre-revolutionary evolution of the socio-political sphere in the Russian Empire, which demonstrated the paradoxical dynamics of the transition from the apparent unity of society and authorities to the predominance of anti-autocratic sentiments in the conditions of the external military aggression. The authors points out the weakness of ideological basis of patriotic moods of July-August 1914, which led to the predominance of the emotional component in them and determined the temporary limitation of this phenomenon. The content of the "moods of 1914" is analyzed through their objective external manifestations: patriotic processions, a surge of charity and volunteerism, riots of the mobilized. Each of these phenomena can only be explained to a limited extent by patriotic or "anti-patriotic" motivation. It is concluded that the initial period of the World War I in Russia was accompanied by contrasting manifestations of social activity and opposite emotions, reflecting the transition of society from a stable to an extreme status. The authors come to the conclusion that "patriotic upsurge" by its nature was an independent phenomenon, which allows us to consider it outside of the widespread three-stage periodization of the patriotic sentiments evolution in Russia during the World War I. This point of view removes the problem of the autocracy "guilt", which couldn’t use the potential of universal patriotic enthusiasm to mobilize Russian society to the total war.