Bylye Gody

460-469

Authors: Vladimir G. Afanas'eva, Irina V. Voloshinova

Siberia's integration in the late 16th and first half of the 18th century proceeded in parallel with its settlement and economic development. First Poles and Jews took up residence here already in the second half of the 17th century. In the first half of the 18th century, Western Siberia witnessed Germans turning up as mining engineers and military personnel and first Gypsy caravans came. Over the 18th and 19th century, Western Siberia continued to be an environment for dynamic formation of various ethnolocal groups. Jews, Germans, Poles, Gypsies, Finns and others found themselves in the region as part of state migration campaigns or as convicts and political offenders sent here for penal servitude or exile. The diverse population mix required for the government to introduce and enforce legal regulations for rights and obligations. This gradually resulted in the formalized civil status of members of certain ethnolocal groups, which had an ethnic focus and was predominantly restrictive in nature. The outcome of the ongoing class policy was the registration of members representing ethnolocal groups under review mainly in the non-privileged social estates (sosloviye) (state peasants and townspeople (meshchane)). With the acquisition of a clearly defined legal status, Jews, Poles, Gypsies and others were able to engage in various types of economic activities, and this determined their economic “niches”. The scholarly paper is based on the materials of regulatory legal acts and documents collected in central and regional archives (Moscow, St. Petersburg and Tomsk).

482-490

Authors: Olga N. Naumenko, Evgeny A. Naumenko, Nadezhda K. Martynenko

The article analyzes a previously unknown calendar from the funds of the Perm State Art Gallery: the symbols have not been deciphered to date, scientists have not yet considered them in relation to the chronology. The calendar is depicted on a white scarf, which is on the shoulders and head of the Orthodox sculpture "Paraskeva Friday with the upcoming Barbara and Catherine". The sculpture dates from the XVII century, refers to the period of active Christianization of the Komi-Permian population and reflects religious syncretism. The treatment of the signs of the Glagolitic alphabet and the solar symbolism underlying the analysis. The symbolism is depicted in this version, which has no analogues in the culture of the Finno-Ugric peoples: this copy is the only one so far. The authors compared it with other well-known calendars of the Komi-Permian (for example, the calendar of hunters) and more ancient artifacts, which led to the conclusion: the calendar of the Komi-Permian women is depicted on the white Board of Paraskeva Friday. It regulated the reproduction of children, the favorable periods for conception and birth, including behavior during fasts of the Orthodox cult of the "Twelve Fridays". This conclusion corresponds to the religious meaning of Paraskeva Friday as "female intercessor", "grandmother-mid wife" and "mother and child". Only a part of the calendar is on this sculpture, which indicates that the calendar has an earlier origin, the Komi-Perms knew it and used it in everyday life. The symbolism of the calendar has a unique and complex character, it goes beyond the usual images. This may indicate that in the culture of the Komi-Perms of the XVII centuries its own writing was born.

502-512

Authors: Alexandr V. Alepko

The article discusses the activities of the spiritual missions of the Russian Orthodox Church among the aboriginal population of North-Eastern Siberia in the XVIII-XIX centuries. The role of Okhotsk, as the initial point of the Russian Orthodox mission on the shores of the Pacific coast of Russia, is defined. The role of the Orthodox clergy in the education of the Itelmen and the Ainu, as well as in the construction of churches and chapels in the Kamchatka Peninsula, is shown. The names of the outstanding spiritual pastors of the Russian Orthodox Church, who began the first Orthodox sermon among the aborigines of the Far East, were named. The issue of building the first Orthodox churches on the Chukchi Peninsula has been studied. There is revealed the problematic issues in the activities of Orthodox priests among the nomadic tribes of the Chukchi and Koryaks of the Anadyr and Gizhiga territorial districts. The importance of primitive beliefs: animism, totemism and fetishism in the daily life of the indigenous people of Northeast Siberia is shown. The special role of tribal pagan priests – shamans in the spiritual and everyday life of the peoples of the Far North is revealed. The opinions of russian and foreign government officials on the influence of pagan beliefs on the natives who adopted Orthodoxy are given. The role of Orthodoxy in uniting the aboriginal peoples of the North of the Russian Far East and introducing them to the Russian civilization is defined.

523-532

Authors: Denis N. Gergilev, Nadezhda L. Khait, Evgeny A. Akhtamov

The article covers the problems of formation of educational traditions in Yenisei region in Siberia by the example of Krasnoyarsk educational system. The article has been based on the materials of State historical archive, Russian state archive of ancient documents, State archive of Tobolsk and Krasnoyarsk State regional archival agency. The issue of distinctive features of Siberian educational institutions’ development has been emphasized in the article. The wide range of literature and sources has demonstrated the process of transition from home educational system to the system of initial and middle educational institutions. It should be mentioned, the first educational institutions were Latin schools. The major academic subjects were Theology, Latin and the Humanities. The article shows the peculiarities of formation and development of Latin school in Krasnoyarsk. The authors have collected the information concerning the people who had considerable influence on this process. It has been shown the formation of People’s School became the next step in development of educational institutions in Krasnoyarsk. The essential trait of educational program in People’s School was more secular character. On the whole, it should be mentioned that the forming educational system in Siberia was more democratic, than the educational system in European part of Russia. The article concerns the problems of first educational institutions: the lack of teachers, difficulties in material security.The difficulties in material security became the main reasons for closing the first schools in Krasnoyarsk. The authors have noted the role of theological seminaries in pedagogical specialists training. The authors have come to the conclusion that the basis of educational tradition in Krasnoyarsk was established in the period of Latin School.

542-558

Authors: Leonid A. Bobrov, Sergey Y. Kainov, Victoria V. Veselitskaya, Alexey V. Salnikov

The article deals with the spearhead (or 6313) from the collection of the State Historical Museum (Moscow). According to the Russian historian of the early XXth century, V. A. Gorodtsov, it was purchased "...in the Crimea, at the marketplace." The total length of the spearhead is 25.8 cm (including the length of the blade – 14.3 cm). The socket diameter is 3.4 cm. The weight is 226 gr. The socket of the spearhead is decorated with floral ornaments and the inscription: "Tokhtamysh Kerey Sultan the son of Mengli Kerey Khan". On the basis of typological analysis it was found that the sample is part of a small group of spearheads used by warriors in Eastern Europe of the XV–XVIII centuries. The study of the structure and inlay confirmed the hypothesis of I.V. Zaitsev that the spearhead belonged to Sultan Tokhtamysh (?–1742) – the son of Mengli Giray II (1678–1739), who twice occupied the Khan's throne (1724 – October 1730, September 1737–December 1739). The most accurate stylistic analogues of the ornament (made simultaneously with the inscription) are found on the Ottoman bladed weapons of the second half of the XVIIth – the first half of the XVIIIth centuries. For some time Tokhtamysh Kerey held the position of Nureddin, which formally was the third most important in the hierarchy of the Crimean khanate (after the Khan and kalga – heir to the throne). Taking into account that on the spearhead the Sultan is mentioned as the son of Khan Mengli Giray, the time of application of the inscription on the socket can be localized in 1724 – early February 1742 (the year of the accession of Mengli Giray II to the throne and the death of Tokhtamysh, respectively). It is most likely that this happened in 1724–1730, or in 1737–1739, that is, in those periods when the father of Tokhtamysh occupied the Khan's throne. The features of the image suggest that it could be inlaid by masters of the Crimean khanate or adjacent territories on the Ottoman model. In this case, the spearhead itself could be made a few years previously the specified dates. In favor of this it is evidenced by the fact that the inlay was applied to the surface of the sleeve after the latter was covered with oxides. The numerous through holes on the socket may have served not only for fixing it on a wooden shaft, but also for fixing the convex side metal strips ("pozhiliny") and (or) horsetail. Depending on the length of the shaft, the weapon could be used as a long or short peak. The use of it as a dart-Jarid, is possible, but unlikely. The spearhead (or 6313) is the first known example of a long-shaft stabbing weapon, which can be correlated with a complex of weapons of the aristocracy of the Crimean khanate of the mid 20s – early 40s of the XVIIIth century.

568-575

Authors: Evgeniy V. Kryzhko, Petr I. Pashkovsky, Nickolay N. Chemodurov, Timofey A. Charusov

The article considers the problem of the military aspect of the British Russophobia in the first half of the XIX century. It is established that in this period the foreign policy strategy of Great Britain was guided by the logic of the need to counter the growing military-political power of the Russian empire, demanding the development of appropriate ideological tools to give legitimacy to such a course and reach a public consensus on its implementation. Therefore, the British elites are beginning to develop and implement a large-scale anti-Russian information campaign, contributing to the emergence of the phenomenon of Russophobia, an important component of which was the military aspect. At the same time, the views of the military, on the one hand, seem to be rather restrained, reflecting the positive image of the Russian soldier, which was probably the result of the memory of the British-Russian allied relations during the Napoleonic wars. On the other hand, the first resident reports are being published on the possible directions of Russian aggression against British India and the need to neutralize this threat by diplomatic and military methods. Based on the analysis of a broad source base and numerous studies, it is revealed that in the period under review, the genesis and spread of Russophobic sentiments among the political elite of Great Britain and their projection regarding the foreign policy aspirations of the Russian empire in the context of their interpretation as a direct or indirect threat to British society, the state and Europe as a whole can be traced. Such imperatives, which emanated from the British officers, were directed to the formation of stable Russophobic attitudes among the population of Great Britain so that the people would support the government’s political line to increase geopolitical pressure towards the Russian Empire.

585-595

Authors: Aleksandr A. Cherkasov, Larisa A. Koroleva, Sergei Bratanovskii, Nugzar Ter-Oganov

The research paper examines the attempts by the Ottoman and Persian Empires to destabilize the situation in the North-Western Caucasus and Transcaucasia on the eve and during the Patriotic War of 1812. It focuses on countermeasures against the Turkish plans, taken by peaceful Circassian princes and Russian regional administration. With the use of new archival documents, we were able to reconstruct the picture of Circassian raids on the Russian territory in 1812–1814. The paper also retrace the picture of the Kakheti uprising and its orchestrating process considering Napoleon’s invasion of the Russian Empire. The sources used to prepare the work include archival documents stored at the State Archives of the Krasnodar Krai, Krasnodar, Russia, and the Central State Historical Archives of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia. A considerable part of the archival material has never been published before. In conclusion, the authors note that both Persia and Turkey strove to widely leverage the war between Russia and France to their own advantage. The consolidated efforts of the Russian administration thwarted the attempt by Turkish intelligence agents in Circassia to use the anti-Russian Circassian militia in combat operations against Russia. At the same time, Persia achieved impressive progress in destabilizing the situation in Transcaucasia. The uprising was led by Georgian Tsarevich (An heir apparent of a tsar) Alexander, and the region of the uprising comprised Kakheti. In the area, Russian troops had small garrisons that were to protect Kakheti and central Georgia from Lezgin attacks. It was them who fell victim to insurgents. In terms of the number of casualties among the Russian army soldiers, the uprising in Kakheti in 1812 can be described as the deadliest incident in Transcaucasia in the 19th century. At the same time, the Treaty of Bucharest and Treaty of Gulistan, which ended the Russo-Turkish (1806–1812) and Russo-Persian (1804–1813) wars, were the first diplomatic acts that legally formalized a fait accompli – the annexation of a large part of Transcaucasia to Russia.

605-614

Authors: Artyom Y. Peretyatko

I.I. Krasnov was a famous Don public figure, a hero of the Crimean War, one of the first Cossack poets. Besides this, he was author of a detailed diary for 1817–1821, a unique source about the life and moods of the educated minority of the Don Cossacks in the era of Alexander I. The fact of the essence of this diary is known to historians, but its detailed analysis has not yet been conducted, and this article attempts to fill this historiographical gap. The author shows that I.I. Krasnov was not like the image of the Don Cossack of previous years, characteristic of conservative historiography of the second half of the XIX century. The figure of the emperor had no sacred significance for him; religiosity of I.I. Krasnov was strong and sincere, but fairly free; art worried him no less, and perhaps more military service; finally, his relationship with girls appears far from chastity. The diary predictably contains sympathies for liberal ideas, and it explains why in the following decades the Imperial authorities tried to restore «patriarchalism» on Don, with caution regarding the development of education.

624-633

Authors: Rustam M. Begeulov

The article discusses the vicissitudes of the occurrence of the Karachay Duchy in the Russian Empire. In this process, clearly distinguishes two stages. The first of these covers the period from 1821 to 1828. At this time the Russian fortifications, and the posts were placed at the borders of the Karachay lands, but in the relationship of the two parties dominated the military component. The combination of various circumstances led to the fact that Ermolov period Karachay was the only ethnopolitical entities of the Central Caucasus, were not, de facto, political and legal space of Russia. In addition, the intensity of the Russian-Karachay of the relationship, Turkish propaganda and the search for external allies has led to the formation of Ottoman citizenship of Karachay, where he was nominally in the period 1826-28. The turning point in the history of Russian-Karachay of the interaction can be considered as 1828, when in the course of the outbreak of the Russo-Turkish war, the Russian command had a separate military operation to conquer the Karachay. Result of the defeat of the troops of the Karachay was the signing by the political elite of the Karachay first the oath of allegiance to the Emperor of Russia, not affecting, however, the traditional political system and the court. From this point it is possible to allocate the second stage of the integration process, covering the period 1828–1834. It can be described as a time of mutual accusations of violating the terms of the oath, particularly in paragraphs relating to the pass through the territory of the Karachay units non-peaceful highlanders and prevent Karachay for trade and other purposes for the line of fortifications. The main levers of pressure on the Karachay from the Russian military in 1831–1834, he began the economic blockade and expulsion from the region of the hostages, issued earlier by the representatives of the political elite. However, the growing mutual interest in each other led to the resumption of dialogue and the signing in September 1834 a new agreement on the Russian citizenship of Karachay. One of the main elements of the oath 1834, was the establishment of a Russian Governor and dealing with the economic issues that formed the basis for further development and integration of Karachay in Russia.

645-654

Authors: David I. Raskin

The article is devoted to the relationship of Nicholas I and the State Council in the first year of the emperor's reign. The memorandums of the General Assembly of the State Council were the main source of this research. Namely these documents were submitted to the emperor. Hisresolutions on memorandums served as the basis for the approval (or revision) of the decisions of the State Council. The resolutions of Nicholas I are an important source forstudying of his position on theimportant issues of legislation and management. They reflected the aspiration of the young emperor to delve into all the questions that were proposed for his consideration. These resolutions indicate that Nicholas I learned rather quickly the technique of government and the basics of the legislation of the empire, which he began to rule. They also testify to the confidence with which the emperor, who had no experience in government, began his activity. The role of the State Council in the period under review was very large, not only in the field of legislation, but also in the field of law enforcement, in the adoption of specific administrative and judicial decisions by the authorities. The article discusses the composition of the State Council at the time (for the period from the end of 1825–1826), the educational level, professional experience and age characteristics of the council members. During the period under review, members of the State Council were indeed the bureaucratic elite of the Russian Empire. The first steps of the joint activity of Nicholas I and the State Council largely determined the further interaction of the emperor and the supreme legislative institution of the empire. These steps became an important experience for Nicholas I.

668-676

Authors: Inna V. Anisimova

The article analyzes the formation of the customs system in the Central Asian imperial margins in the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries. In the 60s of the XIX century the customs service modernization of Turkestan and the Steppe Krai began, this modernization was carried out in five stages. The reforms envisaged the extension of the general imperial customs institutes, mechanisms and principles of the implementation of customs policy to the Central Asian outskirts. However, the customs system in the region already at the first stage of reforms (60–70s of the XIX century) acquired special features. The customs authorities were placed under the direct control of the Turkestan Governor-General, and the customs functions were carried out by military border detachments. This went against general imperial tendencies and led to a broad discussion of the problem at all levels of government. In the 80s of XIX century the existing system was transformed, customs institutions were removed from the competence of regional authorities, but the latter remained supervisory functions. At the end of the XIX century the customs system of the region, having passed the way from the allocation of three customs districts in the frontier zone, to their merger and the formation of the Turkestan customs district with subordination to the Department of Customs Duties of the Ministry of Finance, acquired stable contours. At the same time, the customs system of Turkestan and the Steppe Territory formed by the end of the XIX century had a number of significant drawbacks. The problems were associated with a lack of funding, a weak material base of customs authorities, and a low professional level of regional customs administration officials, which, in general, reduced the effectiveness of customs supervision in the Central Asian outskirts.

686-694

Authors: Natalia A. Dushkova, Alexander V. Perepelitsyn, Victoria A. Grigorova

The article analyzes the history of the development of outgrowing handicrafts in the territory of the Central Chernozem Region in the second half of the XIX century. On the basis of the unpublished material, the authors revealed unstable rates and scales of development of outgoing fishing activities, the dynamics of the ratio of agricultural and industrial waste, as well as the peculiarity of the remote work of the Central Chernozem region, due to regional characteristics of the region. The authors proved the significant role of the waste industries in the capitalization of the regional economy, which had a complex impact on the development of industry, agriculture, construction, the production of consumer goods, the development of peasant farms, the level of material well-being of migrant workers. The impact of the withdrawal on the peasant economy was of a contradictory nature.Positive manifestation was the possibility of obtaining additional income away from home. Profit was small, but it was an auxiliary means of maintaining the agricultural or commercial economy at an average level. The positive impact was also in raising the level of general and vocational education of small commodity producers, migrants, in expanding their outlook and general cultural literacy. The negative –was in the consequences of the absence of the home of the head of the family for a long period of time. Firstly, family relations deteriorated, its authority declined. Sometimes frustration between spouses led to parting, which indirectly, but also affected the demographic indicators in general. The long absence was not conducive to the proper maintenance of the peasant economy, since the wife and children could not always cope with heavy physical labor.

701-713

Authors: Goran Rajović, Evgeniy F. Krinko, Alla G. Vazerova, Milica Trailovic

In recent years, historians created a number of biographical works about figures of the Don Cossacks of the second half of the XIX century. These studies are an interesting and promising new direction in modern historiography. We have prepared their review so that do not mix with other, extremely numerous scientific articles of Cossack subjects. At the same time, we tried to determine which personalities in the history of the post-reform Don have been relatively studied, and which, on the contrary, leave room for further research. Finally, we paid special attention to the question of which approaches are used by various historians, and why there is an interest in the personality factor in the history of the Don Cossacks of the second half of the XIX century, manifested in recent years. The results of our research are the following conclusions: most of the personalities are chosen by historians to study based not on their real significance, but on the volume of archival materials remaining, and as a result the choice of these personalities is quite random (the only relatively developed category is Don atamans); most of the articles are written by several historians who are trying to get away from impersonality in the perception of the government policy of this period; Despite this, most of the work was written in 2010, which makes it possible to speak about real changes in modern Don historiography.

726-735

Authors: Vladimir N. Baryshnikov, Anatolii V. Smolin, Nikita O. Kozlov

The article is devoted to the analysis of the public opinion of the Russia during the Schleswig-Holstein crisis of 1863-1864. The Schleswig-Holstein question is considered one of the most difficult international relations in history, not only because it was part of the unification of Germany, but also because it was a part of the struggle of the European powers for economic and strategic leadership in the Baltic region. How and why were these events perceived by Russian society? The traditional source of public opinion research was the press. The greatest contribution to informing and discussing events in Denmark was made by such newspapers as Vest’, Den’, Golos, Moskovskie Vedomosti and other leading russian newspapers. The first part of article is devoted to the internal state of Russia by 1863-1864, including the conditions for existing of public opinion. Russian periodicals not only provided operational information, but also formed a definite view of events in Denmark. The second chapter is devoted to reflection of periodicals on the main events of the Schleswig-Holstein crisis of 1863–1864: the escalation of the Schleswig-Holstein issue in 1863, the beginning of the Austro-Prussian-Danish war in February 1864, the diplomatic efforts of neutral powers to stop the war, the policy of European states.

748-756

Authors: Vladislav I. Goldin, Flera Kh. Sokolova, Vladimir M. Kapitsyn, Alexandr E. Shaparov

The paper is devoted to the analysis of the contradictory processes of the Russian North development in the end of 19th – beginning of 20th century. The authors analyze the economic, social and cultural aspects of the regional life, existing problems and search of their solving, relations between the North and the Centre. The article discovers entwinement of archaic and modernization tendencies in the life of the region. The paper characterizes the changes in the North and in particular in Murman in the years of World War I when the region obtained an important strategic significance for the interrelations and transportation of cargoes between Entente countries and Russia. The authors examine the most important projects which were realized in the North during the WWI. It is pointed out the growing influence of the Entente countries and Great Britain first of all in the Russian North and in particular in the naval area. The paper analyzes the factors which heightened tensions in the region during the WWI and gives the explanation why different strata of the northerners welcomed the downfall of autocracy in February 1917 and believed for the revolutionary renewal.

766-778

Authors: Marina L. Galas, Pavel S. Seleznev

The article discusses the essence and the form of participation of the specialized public organizations and associations established in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, leaders of the provincial traffic, agricultural economists in the socio-political and economic life Russia to modernize agricultural complex and its foundation-farm, in solving social problems in rural areas. Presents statistics on the activities of the societies of agriculture, whose flagship scientific and applied development, formation of productive and social infrastructure, the socio-political activity was Moscow society of agriculture (MSA). The study questioned the relationship society’s credit structures. The growth of commodity-money relations, the need for cheap low interest credit to dealers, lawlessness, the need for combining funds for bulk purchases and sales have increased credit cooperation development. The analysis of legal support, institutionalization of the system of public finance in Russia during the period of historical development has been carried out. A special role in crediting innovations in the field of agricultural production and modernization of peasant farms was played by the Moscow People's Bank, which is also reflected in the article. The attention of the authors is drawn to the development of scientific thought of agrarians, leaders of the Moscow Union of Artists, Zemstvo-cooperative elite. The articles about zemstvo and agricultural societies/associations of the Moscow province, which were not only innovators in the modernization of agricultural production, but also interacted with the relevant organizations of European Russia, Siberia, abroad, with the central authorities and local government, are indicative for the disclosure of the topic. A significant contribution to the modernization of the peasant economy was made by the institutions of government and public agronomists-instructors. Agricultural school of MOSH carried out training of specialists of secondary special agronomic education. The authors of the article drew attention to the role of MOSH in the formation of the system of Zemstvo public agronomy, which included a wide range of agricultural activities, social and educational programs, provincial and all-Russian institutions. The experience of zemstvo provincial socio-economic, agro-technological, educational programs in the territory of European Russia and Siberia is generalized.

792-799

Authors: Alexander V. Ryazanova, Andrey A. Solovyev, Alexander V. Zakharov, Lyubov S. Solovyeva

The paper examines curricula and upbringing methods of Russian public education at the turn of the 20th century in the Province of the Don Cossack Host and The Kamyshinsky region of The Saratov Governorate. We have analysed various archives of male and female educational institutions such as gymnasiums, four grades, secondary, and church-based schools. The authors focused on specifics of popular educational as well as gender structure of school staff. According to archival documents, male education differed by greater number of subjects. We have also found that equal number of men and women worked as teachers in female instructions in the period mentioned above. On the contrary, male teachers almost absolutely prevailed at male secondary schools. We argue that the difference can be explained not only by economic and religious reasons, but values, methods, and goals of education must be taken into account. The analysis of several students’ records allows to state that popular education in the Russian Empire of the time was governed by the principles of rationality and statism, both of which associated with manhood. This is the rationale of male domination at secondary schools. On the other hand, the main purpose of female education was transference of socio-psychological and household skills. This educational goal can only be reached if female teachers comprise considerable part of school staff. It must be also mentioned that popular education in Russian province was not restricted to officially approved programs, but had its own features especially in the field of educational work.

808-820

Authors: Nicholas W. Mitiukov, Svetlana L. Bautina, Anatoly N. Loshkarev, Mayya A. Seliverstova

Izhevsk pond in the XIX – first half of the twentieth centuries was an important transport artery for the operation of Izhevsk plants, primarily for the connection of the plant with Volozhka and Koltoma. To reduce the cost and speed up the traffic at the end of the XIX century the first steamboats appeared on Izhevsk pond. On the basis of the meeting’s journals of the Economic Committee of Izhevsk Plants (the supreme center of economic management of plants) in 1892–1900, the reconstruction of the navigation history of Izhevsk pond in the last decade of the 19th century is carried out It’s shown that initially having no experience in river traffic management, the administration of Izhevsk plants gradually find the most optimal ways of managing. The coastal infrastructure is expanding, a network of marinas is being created at key points of the pond (Volozhka, Koltoma, plant’s dam, etc.). By the end of the 1890-s the Economic Committee received enough experience to recognize the preliminary conspiracy of firewood contractors for the plant at inflated prices. It finds the courage to abandon traditional contractors (Porsev and Bodalev) in favor of the new (Andreev). Appears and experience in the operation of the plant’s steamer "Izh". So, if initially the Economic Committee delves into all the details of hiring a crew, then in 1897 it transfers the functions of selecting half of the crew to the contractor, and after successfully navigating, and completely trusts the selection of the crew. In this case, the plants compensate for the costs of maintaining the crew. There are reserves to reduce the repair and construction of new factory barges. The key dates in the history of the plant’s steamer “Izh”, which, judging by the documentation of Izhevsk plants, were built according to the project of the plant’s steamer of the Votkinsk plant “Sharkan”, are defined. An analysis of the work done during traditional repairs of the plant’s steamer shows that, along with operational damages, there are signs of poor quality construction and even obvious factory defects (through fistulas in the body of the steam engine, patches in the boiler, etc.).

830-837

Authors: Vladimir B. Karataev, Semen I. Adinyaev, Svetlana F. Artemova, Aleksandr N. Volkov

The article deals with the dawn of aviation in the early XX century before the First world war. The attention is paid to the airplanes of the monoplane type, analyzed varieties of airplanes, especially their designs. There were involved as materials the specialized literature on the history of the development of airplanes, as well as reference and scientific literature. The study used a set of scientific methods: multi-factoriality and integration, chronology, typology, comparison, etc., which together provide the reliable results on the studied problem. For example, studying the experience of the development of world and national aeronautics, we paid attention to the features of their designs, which subsequently allowed the use of prototypes, both for civil and military purposes. In conclusion, the authors state that the development of monoplanes in the ХХ century, for the most part, took place in european countries. The first experiments of 1906 led after 2–3 years to a series of successes, among which there was the first flight over the English Channel and reaching a speed of 100 km/h. At the same time, there was an increased public interest to the aeronautics, all this in general created the necessary conditions for further improvements of monoplanes. Already by the beginning of the First world war, the accumulated experience was sufficient to apply airplanes effectively on the battlefield.

848-872

Authors: Anvar M. Mamadaliev, Andrey V. Venkov, Natal'ya V. Miku, Aude Médico

A series of articles is devoted to the analysis of the ratio of opposing linear (armoured) forces of the russian 1st Pacific and Japanese squadrons during the Russian-Japanese war of 1904–1905 before the start of hostilities, coverage of tactical and technical characteristics of armoured ships and the strategy of their use by the naval leadership. In work an attempt is also made to assess the chances of a victory for the 1st Pacific Squadron, taking into account its combat capabilities on the eve of a war in terms of a general battle. This article analyzes the tactical and technical elements of the main force of the fleet – battleships of the russian fleet: the squadron battleships "Tsarevich", "Retvizan", type"Poltava". It also gives a brief analysis of the Borodino-type battleships, which, although were not in the 1st Pacific Squadron, were created specifically for the Far East and confrontation with the japanese fleet.A few words are devoted to the squadron battleship "Knyaz' Potemkin-Tavricheskii" – a ship that did not participate and was not planned to participate in the Russian-Japanese war, but served as a prototype of the battleship "Retvizan".

880-891

Authors: Stanislav N. Sinegubov, Sergei P. Shilov

The article analyzes the reports of the russian naval agent A.K. Petrov from the governments of the Scandinavian countries to the General Marine Headquarters in 1908-1911 to assess Swedish military potential. The period was uneasy both in Europe and its Northern part. After the rupture of the Swedish-Norwegian union in 1905 and Petersburg's support for Oslo's striving for independence, the russian leadership was not well-informed the foreign military policy of Sweden. This was crucial for Russıan military-political strategy in the Baltic Region. The substantial part of A.K. Petrov' reports was not only about the fleet, but ınterestıng details about the land army's training in winter, physical training for commanders and men, cultivating sports in the army, organizing the lives of officers and non-commissioned officers, state support for the militia etc. The article indicates that the messages of 1909 were full of information about the army of the Scandinavian state. In the reports of 1910 and early 1911 they were adjusted and supplemented. On the whole, the following picture was formed on their basis: the Swedish armed forces, to a greater degree, especially the fleet, were focused on defence, and land forces were given priority in their development.

901-909

Authors: Roza S. Zharkynbaeva, Ardak Abdiraiymova, Akzhamal M. Urazbaeva, Ainura T. Suinova

At present, the history of women during the First World War is of great interest, when they became an independent and strong part of society under the influence of the impending threat, able to bear all the hardships of wartime on their shoulders. The article discusses the political and social consequences of the First World War, the impact on the status of women in the outskirts of the Russian Empire, in particular, in Governor-generalship of the Steppe and Turkestan territory. The main group of sources includes archival documents of the Central State Archive of the Republic of Kazakhstan (TsGA RK). The object of the study is the features of the socio-economic status of women during the First World War. The subject of research is the socio-political activity and mass protests of women, motives, the results of the speeches, the harsh measures of the authorities against women. Using the materials of the Central State Archive of the Republic of Kazakhstan as an example, the role of such factors as women's performances as economic need, high cost, shortage of essential goods, the important role of rumors, men's participation are shown. The causes, course, specificity, consequences of women's performances, growth of women's consciousness are analyzed.

5-19

Authors: Leonid A. Bobrov, Vsevolod N. Obraztsov, Alexey V. Salnikov

The article describes a riveted iron helmet (Inv. No. VO-1237) from the collection of the State Hermitage Museum (St. Petersburg), originally attributed as “Mongolian Shishak”. The typological analysis allowed to specify the dating and attribution of the head. According to the material of manufacture, the helmet belongs to the class of iron, according to the design of the crown, to the section riveted, according to the shape of the dome to the type of spherocylindrical. Overall height – 26 cm, diameter: 20.5 – 21.5 cm. Weight – 1.075 kg. The sill of the helmet is riveted of four S-shaped plate-sector sections, the joints of which are covered with narrow plates with a smooth edge and a longitudinal stiffener. The lining not only connects the elements of the crown to each other, but also strengthens the design of the head, protecting the most vulnerable parts of the dome - docking seams. An additional latch plates of the crown are a cap-shaped exposed and a convex rim along the bottom edge of the crown. A box-shaped visor consisting of a narrow horizontal plate – a "shelf" and a vertical "shield" is riveted to the front part of the helmet. Crowned with a helmet faceted tube for plume. Through holes are punched along the bottom edge of the crown, into which copper loops are inserted for fastening the barmitsa. However, as a protection for the ears and neck, at present, a pair of forged headphones and a headplate are used on the helmet. It was established that the helmet of VO-1237 belongs to a special group of Oirat (Dzungar, Kalmyk) helmets originating from the territory of the Volga region, the southern regions of Western Siberia, South-Eastern Kazakhstan, Western Mongolia and Tibet (14 copies). A distinctive feature of the helmets of the series is the riveted crown of the characteristic "pitcher-shaped" shape. It is very likely that in making helmets of such an unusual design, Oirat masters were inspired by the image of a Buddhist stupa (Kalm. "Suburgan"). In addition, a high-crowned helmet was clearly visible on the battlefield. In the course of a dynamic equestrian battle, such a helmet helped the unit's troops quickly determine the location of their commander, which probably facilitated the control of troops during the battle. Design features and design systems suggest that the sample of protective weapons was manufactured by Dzhungar or Kalmyk gunsmiths in the second half of the XVII th – mid-XVIII th centuries. As a combat head, a helmet could be used in a later period.

29-40

Authors: Konstantin S. Zaikov, Natalia S. Avdonina

The article focuses on little-known pages of the northern frontier history – the Russian-Norwegian borderlands, specifically the description of the ethnic and cultural space of the Eastern, Orthodox Sami (Skolts) group in the XVIII century. Through the wide range of sources, from the Russian and Norwegian archives, the authors reconstruct the boundaries of the territorial possessions of Sami groups, and the demographics of the Skolts’ pogosts. The authors explain that the status position of the village headman, as the administrative and political leader of the pogost among the skolts from the 18th century was growing. The headman served as the executive and judicial authorities of the pogost, which was encouraged by the Russian county administration. Economic activities of the Skolts could be wider than the administrative borders of the Siyits and vice versa. In this regard, the described boundaries of the pogosts in Norwegian and Russian sources is only a representation of local and regional authorities on the presence of fixed administrative and economic boundaries of collectives. This difference is due to the asymmetry in the perception of space by the semi-nomadic Sami population of the borderland and the Russian administration. The reconstruction of the demographics of the skolts demonstrates that during the XVIIIth century, there was a constant decrease in the population with the reduction of the fishing capacity, the elasticity of the economic borders and the gradual settlement of the skolts’ territories by the Norwegian Sami.

55-63

Authors: Anton K. Salmin

The article is devoted to the Kazan period of research of the member of the Second Kamchatka Expedition, professor of Saint-Petersburg Academy of Sciences J.G. Gmelin. In chronological terms, this refers to the period from October to December 1733. In a short period, he, as well as G.F. Miller recorded a unique material that has not lost its relevance so far. It is population of the territory, family composition, rituals and beliefs, food and clothing of local peoples. Language, beliefs were studied, meteorological observations were held. Reports on the obtained results, boxes with images of flora, fauna, and ethnographic exhibits were sent to Kunstkamera and the Academy of Sciences. There are few studies about J.G. Gmelin in Russian. This is explained by the fact that the main work “Reise durch Sibirien von dem Jahre 1733 bis 1743”, published in Göttingen in 1751-52, has not been translated into Russian so far. There is a reprint edition in German, implemented in 2009.For a short period J.G. Gmelin and his colleague G.F. Miller managed to study the daily life of the ethnic groups living in Kazan government thoroughly - the Cheremis, the Chuvash, the Votyaks, the Mordovians, the Tartars and the Russians. For example, the Chuvash field (all-village) praying was recorded for the first time by J.G. Gmelin. This happened halfway between Cheboksary and Kozmodemyansk in Ilyinskaya Pustynka. Here, travellers saw a horse tied to a tree, which was used to travel to a praying place. The participants of praying slaughtered a sheep and cooked the inners and ventricle, filled with fat, blood and cereals in the boiler. On the east side of the boiler there was a site fenced from all sides with sticks. The skin of the sacrificial animal was previously hung on the poles at the praying place. The traveller called his studies in Kazan government a pleasant duty.

72-82

Authors: Olga I. Golovanova

Through a prism of archival documents events in the Tyumen County in the period of people's movement under the general guide of Yemelyan Pugachev of 1773–1775 are restored. Being the border, the territory was between "world" and "war", and the population has been split into pros and cons. The author considers efficiency of the actions of local government which have found support from the main part, first of all, of urban population. In article the factors and circumstances which have allowed to keep general "silence" and accountability of the central power become clear. The value of the active armed forces which have beaten the main parts of insurgents in adjacent territories and also the local military units which have localized and the giving "Tyumen" rebels is emphasized. In article the attempt to comprehend a complex of actions for stabilization of a situation is given. The reactionary course of the Tyumen administration was shown not only in total repressions, but also in pardon. Archival material has allowed to restore earlier unknown historic figures and also to informatively add already known.

93-101

Authors: Vladimir N. Shaidurov

The industrial growth between the late 18th and 19th century was largely facilitated by advancing science, which led to the technical and technological revolution. For example, evolving chemistry crystallized into new industrial sectors, one of which was the soda production. Soda was an essential element for the textile, leather, glass and soap industries in this period. Soda was produced in the potash process in Russia before the 1780s. It was not until the late 18th century that Academician Erich Laxmann was able to achieve a commercial process for soda. However, the first soda plant was opened in the Russian Empire in Altai in 1864 by Prang brothers. Since the second half of the 19th century, Western Siberia was a major center in the soda production in Russia. The new sector formed in the environment of protectionist policies for soda plant owners, carried out by the government. This paper will examine some aspects of the history of the soda production in Russia, using the example of Siberia, i.e. sources and specifications of raw materials, history and business operations of soda plants as well as description of their respective owners. The work made use of documents from a range of Russia's central and regional archives and published results of field studies conducted by mining engineers in the late 19th century.

113-120

Authors: Dmitry V. Ovsjannikov

The article attempts to consider the spectrum of views of Muslim scientists (Ulama) of the Caucasus, the differentiation of which occurred against the background of the military-political events associated with the movement of the Sheikh/Imam Mansur. The resistance of the Russian empire by the Chechen societies, as well as the mountaineers of the Central and Western Caucasus, which took place from 1785 to 1791, served as a factor that had a noticeable resonance among the corporation of Islamic theologians. The key issue was the attitude to the struggle against Russia under the banner of Gazavat. The conclusions are based on the consideration of the social nature of the «clergy» in Muslim society. In particular, the regional differences of Dagestan, on the one hand, and Chechen societies, on the other, which are based on various historical forms of the social order, became an important reason why a number of Dagestan divines opposed Mansur’s leadership claims. In this regard, the reasons why Mansur, after military luck turned away from him, are considered, sought support not in neighboring Dagestan, where the positions of Islam were very strong, and Russia's influence is relatively small, but among Ossetian and Adyghe rulers of the Turkish orientation. All this is analyzed on the basis of the developments of domestic and foreign historiography, as well as a wide range of sources, including in Arabic and unpublished archival data.

131-137

Authors: Yu.Yu. Grankin, Yu.Yu. Klychnikov, S.S. Lazarian

The article reveals the circumstances of the appearance in the Northern Caucasus of Polish prisoners of war and exiles in the first half of the 19th century. The reasons that led to the use of the region for the resocialization of the population disloyal to the Russian Empire are considered. An appraisal of the steps taken by the administration to organize the process of sending Poles to the Caucasus and using their potential for the needs of the region is made. The consequences of such actions in the fate of the exiles are elucidated. The authorities had ponderable reasons not to trust the loyalty of the contingent under their arm, andtherefore the Poles were used not so much in the combat units as on the construction of fortifications, the construction of dams, the mining of stone, etc. Some Poles expected to flee to the "non-peaceful" mountaineers and with their help find freedom. But this often led to the new captivity for them, in much worse conditions, and they hoped to return to their homeland only with flight to the protection of the Russian army. Far from all the Poles who found themselves in the North Caucasus regarded the incident as a personal tragedy. For many, it was a chance to improve their financial situation and make a career in the service of the Russian Empire.

149-157

Authors: Yuri F. Katorin, Anatoliy P. Nyrkov, Olga V. Natolochnaya

This article describes some aspects of the history of the conquest of Central Asia by the Russian Empire in the 19-th century, described in detail the training expedition to capture Kokand fortress of Ak-Mechet, examines the forces of the parties, described in detail progress in the siege and storming of the fortress, the loss of detail parts, as well as the importance of capturing the fortress for the further advancement of the Russian Empire in Central Asia. Materials are of particular interest to participate in the expedition military sailors, who were not only the delivery of supplies and amphibious landing, but for the first time fired reconnaissance soundings, determined the speed of flow of the Syr Darya, researched the nature of DNA and made navigation and hydrographic description of river that had great significance for future expeditions.

166-175

Authors: Aleksandr А. Cherkasov, Sergei N. Bratanovskii, Larisa A. Koroleva, Vasiliy V. Tarakanov

The article deals with the russian expedition in Khevsureti in 1813 during the final stage of the Kakhetian uprising. The attention is paid to the circumstances of the capture of the village-fortress Shatili. The dates of the expedition from May 23 to June 15, as well as the distribution of losses of russian troops were specified. There were used as materials the results of field research on the territory of the village-fortress Shatili, conducted in September 2018. The documents published in the Acts collected by the Caucasian Archaeographic Commission are an important source. In conclusion, the authors state that the capture of the main refuge of the rebellious georgian prince Alexander – the village-fortress Shatili, occurred without assault. The authors hypothesized that the shatilians practically surrendered the fortress in order to avoid its destruction from the artillery fire of the russian army. The commander of the expedition, general Simonovich, reported to the commander-in-chief of russian troops in Georgia, general Rtischev, who, in turn, the emperor, about the complete destruction of the rebel fortress, misled his superiors. In an effort to preserve the fortress for the further protection of Georgia from the invasion of Lezgin, general Simonovich destroyed only the lower tier of defense, which was responsible for the defense of Georgia. In addition, the overlaps were burned in a small number of other towers, without destroying the towers themselves. Thus, the defense capability of the fortress was reduced only in a secondary area, which practically did not participate in the defense of the fortress against the invasion of Lezgins.

188-197

Authors: Tatyana G. Karchaeva, Denis N. Gergilev, Galina M. Luschaeva

The question of the presence of hereditary officials in the personnel structure of the administrative apparatus in remote areas of the Russian Empire is considered on the example of Eastern Siberia in the XIX – early XX centuries. Russian and foreign literature examined related issues about the supreme administration of Siberia. We analyzed new archival data about 1462 different-level civilian officials which served in the Yenisei province from 1822 to the 1917. The authors of this article found that hereditary bureaucracy took leading positions with the staffing of all categories of provincial and district posts, but at the same time there were different dynamics and different factors of their replenishment. The top general posts of the Yenisei province (governors, their deputies and heads of institutions for departments) were formed steadily at the expense of noblemen appointed from Central Russia. Among them, more than 50% took the form of employment in the field of public administration from their fathers and, when they were appointed to Siberia, increased their official status. Headquarters (advisers to the governor, department heads, special assignment officers, etc.) had a systematic increase in the presence of the hereditary bureaucracy in 4 times, the highest rate of which at the end of the ХIХ century reached more than 70% and was stipulated, as in senior officials, by the legislation that allowed more quickly move up the career ladder.The chief officers of table-heads, secretaries, clerks, etc., the lowest in the hierarchy, were originally half filled with hereditary civil servants, first visiting, and from the second half of the ХIХcenturyentirely by siberians of clerical origin who gained access to public service through education.

209-218

Authors: Goran Rajović, Evgeniy F. Krinko, Alla G. Vazerova, Milica Trailovic

In recent years, historians created a number of biographical works about figures of the Don Cossacks of the second half of the XIX century. These studies are an interesting and promising new direction in modern historiography. We have prepared their review so that do not mix with other, extremely numerous scientific articles of Cossack subjects. At the same time, we tried to determine which personalities in the history of the post-reform Don have been relatively studied, and which, on the contrary, leave room for further research. Finally, we paid special attention to the question of which approaches are used by various historians, and why there is an interest in the personality factor in the history of the Don Cossacks of the second half of the XIX century, manifested in recent years. The results of our research are the following conclusions: most of the personalities are chosen by historians to study based not on their real significance, but on the volume of archival materials remaining, and as a result the choice of these personalities is quite random (the only relatively developed category is Don atamans); most of the articles are written by several historians who are trying to get away from impersonality in the perception of the government policy of this period; Despite this, most of the work was written in 2010, which makes it possible to speak about real changes in modern Don historiography.

231-240

Authors: Petr K. Dashkovskiy, Elena A. Shershneva

The article is devoted to the problem of organization of life of Muslim communities in Western Siberia in the context of modernization of the agricultural sector of the country in the second half of XIX – early XX century. The Special interest of the state was caused by the involvement of foreign population of the Russian suburbs in the state system through the use of new political, administrative and economic methods. Agrarian reforms initiated in the second half of the XIX century, set one of the objectives of the creation of resettlement land fund for the purpose of further integration of the alien population in a foreign environment and the creation of a unified system of government. Since the second half of the XIX century tougher policy towards Muslim Nations that are part of the reforms, was to obey the laws, spread to all the peasant population. Discontent on the part of the foreign population of Siberia was caused by the process of their unification with Russian settlements, as well as the creation of volost offices on the principle of Russian volosts. The government sought to restrict the rights of the foreign population, prohibiting the acquisition of land in the property of persons not of the Orthodox religion. These measures were extended to the territory of the steppe region, which caused discontent among the traditional population of the region. The increase in the number of immigrants in Siberia forced the government to adopt a number of legislative acts regulating the allocation of land to both alien and alien population. At the same time, all measures to reform and organize the life of rural communities led only to the institutionalization of ethnic diasporas on religious grounds. In the end, the foreign population aspired to even greater unity and organization of spiritual life in the settlements where immigrants from the European part of the Russian empire appeared.

252-261

Authors: Artyom Y. Peretyatko

The article is devoted to the evolution of the land-use system in the villages of the Don and Kuban Cossack Hosts in 1860–1890. Based on the materials of the State Archives of the Rostov Region, the State Archives of the Krasnodar Region and the Manuscripts Department of the Russian National Library, the author concludes that at this time there was a transition from the “free” land-use system to a share land-use system. The first of these systems, traditional for Cossack Hosts, assumed that each Cossack smells as much land as he wants. Since most of the Cossacks before 1860 engaged in cattle breeding, this system worked quite successfully, but its consequence was the strengthening of social inequality in the villages: the Cossacks, plowing large areas of land, quickly enriched themselves. Under these conditions, the government tried to protect the poor Cossacks by allowing them to lease their share according to the law to non-residents. This measure and the increase in land shortage in the villages led to a gradual transition of the Cossacks to a share land use system. However, as a result of mass delivery of shares to nonresident, the landlessness of not separate Cossack households, but Cossackvillages as a whole began: by 1899 about 20% of the village lands of Don Cossacks were transferred to nonresident leases.

272-283

Authors: Vasiliy P. Zinovyev, Valentina I. Zinovyeva, Sergey S. Sulyak

The authors turned to the history of leisure coteries and societies of the Tomsk province in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries, the largest province of Russia in population. Public organizations, specially formed by their members to spend their free time with a specific purpose, were considered as leisure ones. Such organizations were state-registered music-literary-drama (societies, coteries), horseracing, hunting, sporting, photo amateur, artistic, for organizing folk entertainment, gardening, Esperantists, aviation enthusiasts, public urban, commercial, railway meetings and clubs. The main source of information for analyzing the activities of leisure organizations was the chronicle of public life in Tomsk province in 1880 – February 1917, which in turn includes information from the archives, periodicals, and historical researches. The chronicle is supplemented with information from local statistical reference and local history publications. The authors set the goal of identifying the role of leisure organizations in the public life of the population of the Tomsk province in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century. The classification of organizations by subject led to the following results: literary-musical-dramatic societies – 21, public meetings – 18, horseracing – 7, sports – 7, lovers of sports hunting and photography – 3, folk entertainment – 2, art societies, Esperanto lovers, aviation circles, gardening lovers – 1 each, 65 in total. It is two times more than it was thought in historical literature. The authors believe that in the Siberian province there were gradually going processes of constructing an urban society with a new forms of spending free time, different from the medieval cities and the peasant world. They included primarily prosperous citizens who were the initiators, organizers and sponsors of new forms of leisure. These are officials, persons of intelligent professions, entrepreneurs. The center of innovation was the provincial city of Tomsk, from which the innovations spread to district towns and commercial and industrial settlements. Firstly, the leisure was an entertainment, and then a creativity and intellectual way of development. Organized leisure covered a small proportion of the population of the province, but there was an obvious trend towards the formation of the traditions of the emerging industrial urban society. Soviet and modern leisure culture had its origins in pre-revolutionary urban culture.

296-305

Authors: Ekaterina S. Norkina

The Jewish community beyond the Pale of Settlement as a phenomenon have not received sufficient comprehensive scholarly attention. Typically, our knowledge of it is limited to the studies of history of some Jewish communities in different internal regions of the Russian Empire. In the presented article the Jewish community is a group of persons who considers everyday life staying in relations with coreligionists and Jewish tradition. This paper will fill this gap through a contextualized examination of how members of Jewish community stayed “Jewish” despite on high level of their success in the local Russian society. I show that the process of modernization of Jewish life touches even small Jewish community beyond the Pale by the example of small city in Russian province – Ekaterinodar. The study is based on the wide range of historical sources: official documental materials of the Russian imperial bureaucracy, private letters, Russian and Russian Jewish periodicals, Jewish metrical books, ethnographical notes printed in Hebrew. The author came to the conclusion that it is more correctly to use word “society”, but not “community” regarding Jewish society of Ekaterinodar or any similar society in internal Russian city. The Jewish community in its classical definition have not existed there by the beginning of the XXth century.

314-324

Authors: Mikhail V. Gribovskiy, Alexander N. Sorokin

The article is devoted to the norms of corporate ethics that have developed in the Russian university environment of the late XIX – early XX century. The study, carried out by the method of situational analysis (case method), is based on materials extracted by the authors from the russian (State Archives of the Russian Federation, the National Archives of the Republic of Tatarstan, the Central State Archives of Moscow) and foreign (State Archives in Warsaw, State Archives of the Odessa Region) archives. It is emphasized that the university lecturers of pre-revolutionary Russia were a rather cohesive professional community, and the forms of manifestation of professional identity consisted in their active participation in the discussion of the "university issue", attempts at self-organization, and the existence of similar ethical principles on which the value system of the university person was based. Development by an University of corporate ethics rules, following them were an integral part of this system of values. The following norms of behavior developed in the Russian university lecturer environment of the turn of the XIX–XX centuries are distinguished: manifestation of nobility towards colleagues, observance of subordination, demonstration of mutual respect, scientific objectivity, striving for scientific truth, prevalence of university interests over personal ones. It is concluded that the presence of similar ideas about corporate and scientific ethics, written and unwritten norms of service at the university, facilitated the infusion of the professor into the new lecturer collegium when moving to a new university, and the observance of ethical standards helped to correctly resolve the sensitive issues that arose at work.

337-347

Authors: Nursan Alimbay, Gulmira U. Orynbayeva

The traditional Kazakh village of the nomadic mode of life functioned as a structure-forming “block” of the community – the main form of self-organization of the ethnic group, the process of reproduction of conditions and means to a normal existence in pre-industrial society. Unsurpassed sources for the study of the traditional Kazakh village, its economic, social and cultural life are the studies of pre-revolutionary Russian authors – scientists, government officials, etc. These works, written by highly skilled specialists of their time, provide diverse and extremely important information that helps modern historians restore the picture of the life of nomadic and semi-settled Kazakhs in that post-reform period (late XIX – early XX century). At the same time, the most representative sources giving a complete picture of the life of the nomadic village among the Kazakhs are, undoubtedly, the published results of the statistical commissions researching the territory of Kazakhstan (“Materials on Kyrgyz Land Use...” and others). Therefore, more attention was paid to this particular group of sources. Published materials of expeditions organized by the royal administration in the second half of the XIX century – the first decade of the XX century, contain well-organized statistical information and very serious analytical materials on such key indicators of Kazakh society as “social structure”, “property relations” about land use in nomadic environment, mediated by ownership of livestock, “subsistence system", "traditions (methods and strategy) of environmental management", "relationships with alien population", "dynamics of the political structure of nomadic society in the historical context ", etc.

357-365

Authors: Yulia A. Zherdeva, Elena I. Sumburova, Margarita V. Cherkasova

The article is devoted to the problems of reconstruction of the social memory based on the key events of the Russian history of the beginning of the XX century. The authors propose a method of reconstructing “family memory”, considering the autodocumentary texts of one family as a single “family archive” - a virtual repository of family memory modeled by the modern digital environment. Combining the memorial texts of the Russian noblemen Butorovs and Tatishchevs into one “family archive”, the authors restore the key components of their common memory. The study made it possible to see how the central component of the noble family values – the family estate – in wartime becomes the personification of a peaceful personal refuge, and during the period of emigration is perceived as a “lost paradise”. Concepts of education turned out to be closely interwoven into the system of gender identifications: in male texts, they set the movement of the future professional life, and in female texts, they give cause for regrets. Analyzing the attitude to power, the authors note the disappointment in the sacredness of imperial power among the younger generation of the family, and the nostalgic idealization of the royal power of the older generation.

380-394

Authors: Anvar M. Mamadaliev, Andrey V. Venkov, Natal'ya V. Miku, Aude Médico

The series of articles is devoted to the analysis of the ratio of opposing linear (armored) forces of the russian 1st Pacific and japanese squadrons during the russian-japanese war of 1904-1905 before the start of hostilities, coverage of the tactical and technical characteristics of armored ships and the strategy of their use by the naval leadership. Also, the article attempts to assess the chances of winning the 1st Pacific squadron, taking into account its combat capabilities on the eve of the war in terms of the general battle. The materials for the preparation of the article were the pre-revolutionary, soviet and modern historiography. Traditional for the russian historiography the principles of historicism, scientific objectivity and consistency formed the methodological basis of the study. In the process of work the historical-comparative method was used, which allowed the authors to consider the military fleets of the warring parties through the prism of comparison of tactical and technical characteristics. This article analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of the linear forces of the russian and japanese fleets based on their conceptual tactical and technical characteristics.

406-412

Authors: Vladimir B. Karataev, Semen I. Adinyaev, Svetlana F. Artemova, Aleksandr N. Volkov

The article deals with the dawn of aviation in the early XX century before the First world war. The attention is paid to airplanes – type biplane, analyzed varieties of airplanes, especially their designs. There were involved as materials the specialized literature on the history of the development of airplanes, as well as reference and scientific literature. The study used a set of scientific methods: multi-factoriality andintegration, chronology, typology, comparison, etc., which together provide the reliable results on the studied problem. For example, studying the experience of the development of world and nationalaeronautics, we paid attention to the features of their designs, which subsequently allowed the use of prototypes, both for civil and military purposes. In conclusion, the authors state that the development of biplanes in the early XX century was transient. The developments were carried out simultaneously in Europe and in America. At the same time, there was an increased public interest to aeronautics, all this in general formed the necessary conditions for the creation and further development of modifications of airplanes. Already by the beginning of the First world war, the considerable potential was accumulated, which allowed in wartime to equip airplanes with weapons and effectively use a new type of troops on the battlefields.

423-436

Authors: Irina V. Pashchenko, ElenaY.Chuklina

The article discusses the consequences of a hurricane in the Eastern Azov region on February 28, 1914. It became one of the most widespread and tragic natural disasters in the southern regions of the Russian Empire in the early twentieth century. The storm in the Azov Sea began on February 28 and caused severe flooding. Hydrometeorological services recorded information about the approaching disaster. But it was not used to take the necessary measures. Coastal populations were not promptly notified of flooding. As a result of the hurricane, almost the entire eastern coast of the Azov Sea was flooded with water. There were about 500 people killed in the Kuban Region and in the Province of the Don Cossack Host, and more than 1,000 people were injured. Losses amounted to more than 1 million rubles. To overcome the negative effects of flooding, Victims Assistance Committees were established. They were created at the local level from among the most respected public figures. First of all, the committees, as public agencies, collected funds, handed out money, clothes, products to the victims. Representatives of the authorities and members of the imperial family also provided funds for assistance. It was necessary to restore the dwellings and property of thousands of people, to resume the work of fishing factories, to re-sow crops. The work of the committees was widely reported in the periodical press of that time. At the same time, the local administration has often been criticized for inaction. Materials for the article were documents from the funds of the State Archive of the Krasnodar Territory, as well as publications in the press of that time. The authors identify collisions in the assessment of events in official documents and the media.

447-455

Authors: Pavel V. Ulyanov

The First World War (1914-1918) is an illustrative historical example of the conduct of centralized and large-scale propaganda of the “image of the enemy” in many participating countries. In modern science, when studying propaganda during the First World War, researchers believe that in each participating country agitation was of the same type and had more similarities than differences. In Great Britain, Russia, Germany and even in France, central bodies were created, responsible for mass agitation, leaflets were distributed, rallies, demonstrations and military parades were held. However, the researchers do not take into account the fact that each country is distinguished by its specificity, which greatly influences the formation of the “image of the enemy”, considered as the content of propaganda information. At the same time, the “image of the enemy”, disseminated by means of campaign materials, was distinguished by certain features and was formed under the influence of various kinds of factors. In this regard, I would like to consider the issue of similarity and difference of images on the example of such distinctive and different from each other states, such as the United Kingdom and the Russian Empire. Therefore, in this article, the author compares the experience of propaganda of the “image of the German conqueror” in Great Britain and in the Russian Empire. His task is to highlight the common and distinctive features of this image, which was distributed among the population of the two countries during the First World War. As a conclusion, it should be said that despite the presence of similar methods and goals of propaganda, its content had distinctive features, which only underlines the identity of a particular country.

1334-1346

Authors: Aleksandr А. Cherkasov, Vladimir G. Ivantsov, Michal Šmigeľ, Sergei N. Bratanovskii

The article analyses the process of transformation of the institution of the slave trade in the Caucasus in the IV–XIX centuries.There were used as materials a variety of sources and special literature on various aspects of the research topic. The authors came to the conclusion that the slave trade in the Caucasus had its own characteristics and stages determined by the development of the historical process with a significant role of external factors. So, in the period of influence of Byzantium the slavery in the Caucasus with its components was relatively undeveloped. The situation has changed fundamentally with the fall of Byzantium, after which a stream of slaves flooded from the Caucasus into the Ottoman Empire. The development of the slave trade in the Caucasus has had the undeniable negative consequences: as a result, the export to slave markets of the best in their qualities of men, women and children; the initiation of feudal strife and the organization of raids to capture prisoners. However, the slave trade has become an important economic component in the relationship of the Ottoman Empire with the highlanders of the Caucasus and their political orientation towards Istanbul.

1354-1365

Authors: Aleksandr A. Kudrjavcev

The death of Ivan the terrible and the accession to the Russian throne of first his son Fyodor Ivanovich, and then Boris Godunov, did not make significant changes in Russian policy in the Caucasus. Moscow continued to support the tsars of Eastern Georgia, and its diplomatic ties with the rulers of Transcaucasia were involved in the highlanders and Cossacks of the North Caucasus. In its geopolitical plans of the Imperial administration relied on the Terek Cossacks and the mountaineers of the Northwest Caucasus, seeking at the same time military and political measures to attract shamkhalov Tarkovsky, which controlled the territory of the Caspian region R. Sulak to the river Ullu-tea. The latter were the main allies of the Crimean khanate and Turkey. In this, one of the most difficult in the history of Russia in the periods of end of the XVI – early XVII centuries, when actively brewing, and then came the development of a deep crisis of the time of Troubles, when the Russian government particularly acute was the question of the state and its territorial integrity, the highlanders and the Cossacks of the North Caucasus was among the supporters of the legitimate government and supported the Royal Governor on the Terek and Astrakhan. Later, after the accession to the throne of Mikhail Fedorovich, they unanimously sided with the new Russian dynasty, which refused to support the self-styled contenders for the Russian throne. However, at the beginning of the XVII century, in the midst of turmoil in the сentral regions of the state, the Terek Cossacks, unlike the Grebensky Cossacks, along with significant masses of the don, Zaporozhye, Volga, Yaitsky Cossacks, were involved in the turbulent events of the Russian state of this time and actively participated in the Russian turmoil, leaving a bright trace in the historical events of this period. The attempt of ataman Zarutsky and Marina Mnishek at the final stage of the troubles to raise a rebellion in the South of Russia did not find support from the Cossacks and mountaineers of the North Caucasus, who came to defend the Romanov dynasty

1376-1387

Authors: Larisa V. Tataurova

In the period of XVII-XVIII centuries in Western Siberia system of settlement structures around the cities and stockade towns had been formed. Villages were founded by service men from military garrisons, who were obliged to farm as well. The consequence of those processes was formation of the population’s historical ecology, which included life support system. The system’s main elements were settlements and dwellings, food and costume sets. Their existence as final products, which provided the existence and development of human groups, was connected with functioning of various household crafts. Those handicrafts produced means of production and materials necessary for house construction, cooking and clothes making. Market economy based on specialized handicraft trade working for sale was only founding in that period. Despite a mention in written sources about artisans’ presence in the cities, their production organization did not go beyond the domestic craft. The author obtained archaeological materials during the excavations of Russian settlements of XVII-XVIII centuries in the Omsk Irtysh Region. The materials with results of interdisciplinary research allowed author to approach the reconstruction of handicraft occupations of the rural population and analyze their role in the formation of the basic elements of the life support system. On the base of archaeological collections of the rural settlements Anan’ino and Izyuk was considered forging, pottery, shoemaking, bone carving, cooperage, and weaving, spinning production. The methods of knitting with bone needles were also reconstructed. Author revealed role of domestic made items among the goods brought “from Russia” and made for sale by proficients.

1397-1405

Authors: Olga N. Naumenko, Evgeny A. Naumenko

The article considers the process of socialization of Roma in Siberia through the transformation of caste representations on the basis of the synergetic approach. The authors believe that in Siberia this process is faster than in Russia as a whole because of the climatic, social and cultural characteristics of the region. As a result a group of "Siberian Gypsies" appeared which is fully integrated into society and preserved the traditional culture. The research is based on the analysis of two groups of caste norms in the culture of Siberian Gypsies of the XVIII –at the beginning: providing income by lawful (earnings) and illegal. The second group has the role of a "safeguard mechanism" to prevent the infiltration of foreign influence into the caste system. The activation of this mechanism is a natural phenomenon and indicates the weakening of the first group of caste norms. The authors project the conclusions to the current state, showing that in the Russian conditions the activation of the "safeguard mechanism" is uneven. The article emphasizes that culture of Gypsies is the only one in Russia, which preserved archaic caste ideas, characteristic of a completely different civilizational space. The study of the interaction of these norms is important not only for Russia but also for India, which is now trying to transform its caste system.

1417-1426

Authors: Anatoly S. Skripkin

The article is a systematic historiographical review of the authors’ works engaged in the study of historical and archaeological sites of the Lower Volga Region. The article consists of the references to the documents, reports and materials of the domestic archaeological organizations. It also includes the archaeological expeditions and the archaeological collections obtained during the excavations of burial mounds and settlements on the territory of the Lower Volga Region. The brief conclusions of the archaeological and analytical works’ later researchers for two centuries of the study of this region have been made in this article. The article shows the genesis, evolution and formation of the archaeological researches with the creation of all the necessary elements of the scientific approach in the study of the past in the Low Volga Region. The author of the article considers that the first prepositions for the excavations with the cognitive purposes include the study of A.V. Tereshenko according to the Tsarevsky settlement in 1843-1851. This researcher kept the diary records of the excavation process and made the drawings of the open objects. There were began the works on the mapping of the archaeological sites and developed the basic requirements to the process of the archaeological excavation by the end of the XIX century. The archaeologists began to keep the diary notes, made the situational plans and the drawings of excavated objects. The archaeological researches of the Lower Volga Region to be carried out systematically and scientifically in the XX century. The author of the article also points to the fact that the Lower Volga Region presents the unlimited opportunities for archaeologists to study the ancient and medieval history of the South of Russia. These places consist of the archaeological monuments of all ages since the Stone Age to the Middle Ages, and many of them are waiting for their researchers.

1436-1455

Authors: Badma K. Salaev, Danara A. Suseeva, Tamara S. Esenova, Nadezhda S. Dzhambinova

The article analyzes the process of adaptation of the Kalmyks who voluntarily joined the Russian state in 1609 into the Russian society of the XVIII century. Sources were numerous official letters of the Kalmyk khans and their contemporaries in "tod bichig" ("clear letter", the old Kalmyk script) addressed to representatives of Central, regional and local authorities, settled in the National Archives of the Kalmyk Republic. The results of the analysis allow us to conclude that the Kalmyks have become aware of themselves as an integral part of Russia since their voluntary entry into its structure. The official letters reveal the mechanism of gradual adaptation of Kalmyks to life in the new geopolitical conditions, successful integration of the Kalmyk people in all spheres of life of the Russian society of the considered era – both internal (economic, political and cultural life) and external (participation in wars against enemies of the Russian state). Drawing a panorama of the life of the steppe people in all its diversity, the documents describe the relationship between the Kalmyk and Russian peoples in military, social, commercial, economic activities, in interpersonal communication. Interethnic relations of the Kalmyks in the fight against common internal and external enemies can be described as fraternal, as characterized by mutual assistance of peoples in the protection of the territory, military campaigns. Such were trade, cultural and family relations established by the Kalmyks with different peoples in the period under consideration. Vocabulary,phrases and style of the documents that were reviewed indicated the formation of consciousness of the Russian citizen which was common for the Kalmyks of the XVIII century.

1471-1482

Authors: Sergey M. Sayadov

The article is about one of theinsufficiently explored aspects of russian-armenian cultural and literary connections — the armenological work of the russian writer S.N. Glinka. S.N. Glinka was one of the prominent representatives of the conservative-nationalist trend. The admiration for republican ideals, the hatred of slavery, despotism with the idea of the inviolability of the existing world order, and sincere devotion to the autocracy were peacefully coexisting in his ideology. These features of S.N. Glinka's worldview appeared in his works on armenian history. In S.N. Glinka‘s works on armenian subjects a great attention was paid to the armenian nation’s contribution to the world history and culture, the fight for freedom and independence oftheir homeland. Armenian history was first considered from the inception of the armenian statehood to becoming an Armenian region a part of Russia in Glinka’s works. They detail the history of russian-armenian links, issue of the emerging of therussian orientation of the armenian liberation movement. He was one of the first in the russian prerevolutionary historiography to give a high assessment and stress the historical significance of the entry of Eastern Armenia into Russia. Essentially he discovered Armenia, its history and culture for the russian reading public of that period, contributed the formation of the scientific foundations of the russian school of armenology and was the first representative of this school. The article attempts to historiographical analysis of the problem "S.N. Glinka-historian of the armenian people" on the basis of a wide range of publications of pre-revolutionary, soviet and modern periods. According to a number of authors, including S.G. Areshyan, E. A. Hakobyan, works on the history of the Armenian people. Glinka were the best of all his works of historical subjects.

1492-1498

Authors: Goran Rajović, Dmitry O. Ezhevski, Alla G. Vazerova, Milica Trailovic

The article deals with the tactical and strategic techniques used by general Zass during his service in the Caucasus. The attention is paid to intelligence, counterintelligence and sabotage activities, as well as aspects of information war. The source base of the article consists of documents of the state archive of Krasnodar region (Krasnodar, Russian Federation), some of which were first introduced into scientific circulation. In methodological terms the study was carried out using the historical and comparative method, which allowed to identify the general and special in the activities of russian military leaders in the Caucasus. In accordance with the principles of historicism, objectivity and chronology, the events were considered in their historical sequence with the involvement of various materials. The authors conclude that the tactical and strategic techniques used by General G.Kh. Zass during his service in the Caucasus were entirely aimed at depriving the enemy of the initiative. For this purpose, the intelligence, counterintelligence and sabotage measures were widely used. General Zass gave great importance to the spread of misinformation and rumors, and used methods of psychological influence – intimidation. All of this was intended to force the highlanders to stop the practice of raiding on the russian territory, having achieved this significant success, he became one of the most active and respected generals of the russian army.

1507-1517

Authors: Nugzar Ter-Oganov

In the XVIII century in Georgia, where serfdom was the main form of socio-economic life, the georgian jews, as well as serfs of other nationalities, consisted of three categories of serfs: royal, landowners and church-monastic. All three categories of serf jews paid taxes in cash and in kind. The georgian historical documents of the study period indicate that the royal and landlord serfs sought to convert to serfdom, which was due to the fact that the church serfs received some relief in paying taxes. At the same time, all aspects of economic and personal life, as well as the legal status of serf jews, were regulated by the georgian orthodox church. In addition to agriculture, the georgian jews basically engaged in horticulture and viticulture, mainly engaged in small-scale trade, as well as national industry and handicrafts. They were obliged to pay taxes and carry a number of duties, namely to carry military service: to serve in the army of the land − "lashkari", as well as in the permanent army of the king Erekle II − "morige jari" or "morige." Despite some legal restrictions of the legal order, in practice, members of the georgian-jewish community enjoyed the same rights as their christian compatriots. Moreover, georgian jews had an unprecedented right in the history of the jewish diasporas to own christian servants. In the letters of sale the georgian jews appear in the role of both sellers and buyers of land. The documentary material allows us to speak about the existence of large Jewish land tenure in Georgia.

1530-1537

Authors: Sergey I. Degtyarev, Vladyslava M. Zavhorodnia, Lybov G. Polyakova

The article is dedicated to Nikolai Vasilievich Varadinov (1817–1886) – one of the first law professors of the Russian Empire, an eminent civil law scholar, and historian of jurisprudence. The biography of N.V. Varadinov is briefly represented. The authors paid the main attention to the analysis of his scientific works devoted to various aspects of civil law. Most of these studies were of an applied nature. In these works, Nikolai Varadinov pointed the genetic unity of the law of European nations; emphasized the need to study law in conjunction with the historical development of society, considered that it was necessary to refer to the progressive values of Western jurisprudence, taking into account national traditions and peculiarities.

1552-1565

Authors: Mikhail S. Belousov

The article examines key episodes of political struggle in the Decembrist movement both inside and between the Northern and Southern societies in 1823-1825. The course and results of the Petersburg meetings of 1824 are analyzed on the basis of “Notes” of S.P. Trubetskoy from the collection of I.A. Shlyapkin. It is shown that the meetings not only did not contribute to the consolidation of secret societies, but rather became the culmination of the pressure of P.I. Pestel to the northerners. All his initiatives were rejected. A new interpretation of the development of the Southern Society in 1825 is given. Interaction of S.P. Trubetskoy with the leaders of the Vasilkovsky society contributed to the isolation of P.I. Pestel. During this period, the views of S.P. Trubetskoy undergo changes, and he begins to support the idea of a peripheral insurrection. Another important collision is the relationship of S.P. Trubetskoy and K.F. Ryleeva. The study of this plot leads to the conclusion that S.P. Trubetskoy was disappointed by the changes that had taken place. K.F. Ryleev evoked his antipathy and could not be perceived as an ally in the implementation of political plans. But the situation changed as a result the death of Alexander I and the beginning of the interregnum. The presented analysis leads to the conclusion that the reason of the defeat of the Decembrist uprisings should be sought not in subjective factors, but in the character of the ideological split that existed in a secret society.

1575-1583

Authors: Gulmira S. Sultangalieva, Zhanna K. Dyussembekova

The article reveals the process of introduction the distance system on the territory of the Kazakhs of the Orenburg region and the appointment of the distance chiefs for almost forty years (1831–1868). It was important for the Russian administration to force the integration of the Kazakh Steppe into Empire by creating a fractional territorial administrative structure of governance, strengthening the influence of Russian power in the Steppe, since in the first half of the XIX century Orenburg region served as bridge for the advancement of the Russian Empire in Central Asia. Distant system gave the ability to systematically record the number of tents and the number of Kazakh people in the depths of the Steppe and collect tent taxes from the local population and regulate the relationship between border residents and nomads. The article is based on archival documents extracted from the Central State Archive of the Republic of Kazakhstan and historical literature.

1592-1600

Authors: Svetlana Khubulova, Boris Koibaev, Zalina Sosranova, Alan Tsarikaev

The article is devoted to the role of the church press in the socio-cultural and political life of the Terek region of the second half of the XIX century – early XX centuries. ROC took an active part not only in missionary and teaching activities, but also included in educational, charitable and journalistic activities. For the first time, a regional diocesan seal became the subject of study. An analysis of the materials published on the pages of the Vladikavkaz diocesan statements allows us to state that the latter possessed sufficient potential of a consolidating platform, and in different periods could achieve this status. The materials introduced into scientific circulation give an idea of the process of the formation of the local church printed organ, the problems of its development, and also allow reconstructing the role of diocesan statements in the formation of the cultural space of the Terek region, the formation of the church intelligentsia of the region. The authors' collective was not permanent, new people were often invited, who could reasonably represent public opinion. An analysis of the materials of the Vladikavkaz diocesan lists made it possible to establish that the authors of the articles were not only clergymen, but teachers, journalists, public figures, which speaks of the public interest in this printed publication. A feature of the local diocesan statements was that along with the all-Russian functions, it performed additional, related to the ethno-confessional diversity of the region. As it was established, the Vladikavkaz diocesan lists performed several tasks simultaneously: first, the Orthodox clergy of the diocese consolidated; secondly, they strengthened the ties between the clergy and the believers, and third, mediated relations between the church and the secular world.

1612-1624

Authors: Bakhytgul T. Tuleuova, Lyzzat K. Shotbakova, Gulnara M. Smagulova

The article considers the formation and development of the system of school education in the Kazakh steppe in the context of the educational policy of the Russian Empire in the second half of the XIX and beginning of the XX centuries. Based on archival materials, various documents and scientific literature, the stages of formation and development of the school system of the Kazakh population are analyzed. The process of formation of the educational system is considered by the example of a nomadic society Akmola and Semipalatinsk regions, which constitute today the territory of Central Kazakhstan. Detailed in-depth analysis of archival data and documentary materials makes it possible to say that the formation of school education was complex, including various forms of organizing the education of Kazakh children, such as boarding schools, gymnasiums, Russian-Kazakh schools, and aul schools.The ultimate goal of the educational policy of the Russian Empire in the Kazakh steppe was, on the one hand, the commitment to bring out Kazakh children from the influence of Muslim ideology, on the other hand, the upbringing in Kazakh children a love for the Russian Empire as their homeland. In addition, educating of Kazakh children has of a purely pragmatic nature, since one of the goals of creating schools for Kazakh children was to train personnel for the administrative structures of the Russian Empire.

1632-1643

Authors: Artyom Y. Peretyatko

The article is devoted to the problem of alternative ways of development of the Cossacks in the middle of the 19th century, which poorly understood in Russian historiography. Author uses little-known archival materials from the manuscript department of the Russian National Library and the Russian State Historical Archives, some of which are involved in scientific circulation for the first time. The Orenburg Hosts became a " polygons for reforms " because its local elite supported moderate reforms, fearing that otherwise the government could begin to completely eliminate this Cossack Hosts (appeals to this really sounded). However, by the middle of 1870 it became clear that these reforms (based on the conscriptional service system) did not meet expectations. In these circumstances, the Ministry of War turned to the experience of the disloyal Don Hosts, giving representatives of its elite to develop an alternative draft of the military service of the Cossacks, based on the traditional general military service of the Cossacks. This project was supported by the atamans of the Caucasian Cossack troops and the commander of the Orenburg military district, which predetermined its victory. But decade later it emerged that both the "Orenburg" and "Don" versions of the reforms had a common flaw: the economic press was too heavy for the Cossack economy.

1656-1665

Authors: Andrey A. Linchenko

The article reveals the features of the evolution of ideas about Western Slavdom in the works of Russian national conservative panslavists of the second half of the XIX century in the context of their ideas about the creation of the All-Slavic Union. Based on works by N.Y. Danilevsky, R.A. Fadeev, I.S. Aksakov, A.A. Kireev and K.N. Leontiev it was concluded that a significant transformation of the images of the Western Slavs in the 70s – 80s compared with the work of the 60s. The point of view is substantiated that the key significance in the transformation of attitudes towards the Western Slavs was associated with the interpretation of the religious foundations of the future unification and foreign policy changes of the late 70s – the first half of the 80s of the XIX century. In this regard, the deepening contradictions between the most prominent representatives of national-conservative panslavism became the reason for the polar assessments of the role and place of the Western Slavs in the planned all-Slavic union. The most opposite assessments were observed in the views of representatives of the "All-Slavic" (I.S. Aksakov, A.A. Kireev) and "Byzantine" (K.N. Leontiev) directions of Russian panslavism. These assessments are analyzed in the context of the evolution of the attitude toward Western culture in the 60s–80s. XIX century. All this allows us to talk about the ambiguity of the images of Western Slavdom, not only in the Russian social thought of the post-reform period as a whole, but also among representatives of the national conservative camp, in the views of Russian conservative panslavists.

1674-1683

Authors: Nikolaj A.Mininkov, Ludmila V. Mininkova

At a boundary of the 19-20th centuries the regional geography has gained development. It became one of popular branches of complex humanitarian and geographical knowledge. During this period fundamental works on regional geography appeared which belonged to Russia and its territories, including to Area of army of Donskoy. In major works on regional geography of this time in popular form questions of history of Don in connection with questions of his demography, ethnography, economy and settlements were stated.These essays and sections draw attention to the features of the history of the land of the Cossacks as its indigenous population, the changes in different spheres of internal life that took place during the historical development. The focus of the essays-the man, his culture, the processes of formation of the craftsman and warrior man of modern times, taking place under the influence of gradually developing modernization processes. Essays and sections are not devoid of some historical inaccuracies. The emergence of such literature at the turn of two centuries testifies to the growing public interest in the geography and history of countries and regions and the General humanization of culture, in which the problem of man on earth occupies an increasingly prominent place.

1695-1702

Authors: Pavel A. Sungurov

Siberian region since ancient times was famous for its riches. Undoubtedly, the main wealth of Siberia is people who lived there and live there. If we characterize the economic riches of Siberia in historical retrospect, we should say that they have often been modified, at present it is oil, gas, and other fossil resources. At the beginning of the XX century one of the main riches of the region was butter making. Few people know the scale of Siberian buttermaking, and, as a consequence, the colossal revenues that the state received when exporting this product. Since the middle of the XIX centuryin the process of intensive development of the industry included all new and new areas of the Siberian provinces, the key ones were: Kurgan, Tobolsk, Ishim, Tyumen, Tarsky, and other districts (later counties). The most powerful factor in the development of butter making was the construction of the Trans-Siberian railway. Butter, as a perishable product, without the possibility of urgent transportation, it was simply pointless to produce, it was for this reason that the butter industry and the railway in the region developed in parallel. In the last decade of the Russian Empire, butter production will finally become part of the strategic industries, as evidenced by the establishment by the Department of Agriculture in 1908 of special positions of instructors, designed to promote the development of artisanal butter production in all corners of Siberia. In the article, using various groups of sources, an attempt was made to thoroughly consider Siberian buttermaking, presented economic indicators of butter production, key areas of product production, studied the problems of livestock development, indicated the socio-economic transformations that took place in the territories involved in the production of butter.

1712-1724

Authors: Denis G. Yanchenko

The article examines attempts at administrative reorganization of the Chinese Eastern Railway after the conclusion of the Portsmouth Peace Treaty of 1905. The military high rank officers sought to maintain control over the road and intended to restore the lost positions in the region. The formal reason for this could be the transportation of goods and troops, ensuring the road safety, but at the base it was a desire to return the undermined influence on the Far Eastern affairs. The materials of the Russian State Historical Archive (RGIA) reflect the struggle on this issue among the military and political elites. After the defeat and the conclusion of the Portsmouth Peace, the definition of the further strategy seemed to be the prerogative of civilian agencies (the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs), not the military, but this did not happen because of the resistance of the military. Minister of Finance V.N. Kokovtsov did neither plan to renounce the influence on the Far Eastern affairs, nor to entrust the control of the border guard in Manchuria to the military. Quite a logical move by the minister was an indication of foreign policy obligations as a fundamental principle. For a short time, in the conditions of the Duma monarchy in Russia, local governmental structures appeared in Harbin and a part of the settlements. New internal political conditions of the Duma monarchy and preparation for war in Europe forced the government to adjust the goals and objectives in the Far East. The projects, which were discussed by the Russian government, for the Russian order were quite liberal at the beginning of the 20th century. Russian population did not receive additional privileges, and the state authorities of Russia did not officially participate in the formation of public administration. It gave the complete dependence of the Society of the CER from the Ministry of Finance.

1734-1743

Authors: Anvar M. Mamadaliev, Andrey V. Venkov, Natal'ya V. Miku, Aude Médico

The article is devoted to the analysis of the ratio of opposing linear (armored) forces of the russian 1st Pacific and japanese squadrons during the russian-japanese war of 1904-1905 before the start of hostilities, and the coverage of the tactical and technical characteristics of armored ships and the strategy of their use by the naval leadership. There were used as materials the pre-revolutionary, soviet and modern historiography. The published documents as well as materials of personal origin, such as memoirs, memoirs and diaries have also been applied. The principles of historiography, scientific objectivity and consistency, which are traditional for russian historiography have made the methodological basis of the research. In the process, the problem-chronological method was used, which allowed to consider the topic of the study in chronological order, paying attention to the issues related to the preparation of the russian-japanese war, as well as the situation in the foreign political arena. Also, the paper attempts to assess the chances of winning the 1st Pacific squadron, taking into account its combat capabilities on the eve of the war in terms of the general battle. This article discusses the diplomatic situation before the russian-japanese war and analyzes the strategic plans of the parties for its conduct.

1752-1765

Authors: Andrey Yu. Dvornichenko, Aleksandr E. Kotov

The authors of this article analyse the latest russian historiography of the Great Russian Revolution of 1917 and related events: the First World War and the Civil War. They take mainly journal scientific publications for the “jubilee” of the Revolution in 2017 and 2018. It is clear that the jubilee “set” of academic literature more prominently marked disagreements, and at the same time, the weak points of the historiographic field, which had emerged much earlier. In the foreground there are theoretical questions: what caused the social explosion in Russia, could Russia avoid the revolution, the eternal Russian question "who is to blame" and many others. An important role in the latest discussions plays the estimation of the modernization of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century, its nature, prospects and role in the actual revolutionary events. The most vivid example of these disputes is the ongoing discussion around the concept of B. N. Mironov. In the series of attempts to find the causes of the revolution two deserve intent attention: the discussion organized by the editorial board of the magazine "Rossiyskaya Istoriya" about the monograph written by V.P. Buldakov and T.G. Leontieva, as well as a survey of historians opinions which by the compilers of the "February Revolution" miscellany had been undertaken. In recent years, also continued attempts to place the Russian revolution in the global context and most importantly, there are numerous publications devoted to particular aspects of the “great upheavals”: individual social strata and groups, imperial and post-imperial regions. Of particular interest is the question of the role of monarchical groups in the Revolution and the Civil War. The study of the “history of concepts” and “policy of memory” has been developed rapidly in recent years - and in this context there are some important latest publications devoted to the perception of the revolution by contemporaries and descendants. In general, modern historiography intensively accumulates material, preparing the site for a further successful start in the race for scientific truths.

1774-1783

Authors: Viktor N. Razgon

In the article, based on the analysis of the materials of the agricultural census of 1917, the strategy of economic adaptation of unauthorized migrants in the Altai District during the Stolypin reforms is disclosed. One of the elements of this strategy was a more extensive economic use of arable land (mostly leased) compared to old residents and legal migrants. If the old residents half the arable land were left under the reservoir and the fallow, which in general corresponded to the traditional for Siberia system of agriculture, more than 2/3 of the arable land was occupied by unauthorized migrants under crops. The strategy of economic adaptation of unauthorized settlers included active occupation of handicrafts that were scarce in Siberia (tailors, shoemakers, carpenters, etc.), as well as the use of such a method of survival in new natural and geographical conditions and the accumulation of funds as hiring for work in households of old-timers. The author have come to the conclusion, that although the strategy of unauthorized migrants was dominated by the motives of survival, the growth in the economic capacity of their farms, as the residence time increased, indicates a positive dynamics of the process of their integration into a new habitat.

884-914

Authors: Leonid A. Bobrov, Amet-han A. Sheykhumerov, Alexey V. Salnikov

The article analyzes the materials of european, russian, ottoman and crimean-tatar written sources of 15th – mid-17th centuries containing information about spears and javelins of crimean tatars and nogai. In the texts written in Latin language this weapon is referred as "hasta", in English – as "lance" or "horseman's staff", in Italian – as "lanza", in Russian – as "kopye" i.e. spear, etc. The term "kopie" is usually used in the works of Polish authors of 16 – first half of 17 centuries as well, as later the Kalmyk term "dzid" is. It is known that the Crimean Tatars used various types of stabbing long-shafted pole weapons for close and distant combat. There are no descriptions of Tatar spears in the most part of written sources. Only Giles Fletcher draws the attention of readers to the similarity of Tatar spears (horseman’s staff) with the bear spear "with which they hunt bears". Thus, some Tatar spears could have a wide-bladed spearheads. Important changes in the warfare of the East European nomads occurred in 15-16 centuries due to various reasons – military and political as well as economic ones. Comparing to the warfare of the Golden Horde of 14th century, the importance of mounted armored spearmen significantly decreased in the warfare of the Crimean Khanate of 16th century. So many contemporary authors did not consider it necessary to include spears in the list of the main weapons of Crimean Tatars (Paolo Giovio, Marcin Bielski, Andrzej Taranowski etc.), and some of them even directly denied that Turkic nomads of the region possessed the spears (Siegmund Freiherr von Herberstein, Michalon Lituanus, Blaise de Vigenère). Although spears were still in use by Tatars throughout the whole period mentioned, they were not used widely (in some periods one might say even insignificantly). In general, the stabbing long-shafted pole weapons were significantly inferior in popularity to bows, sabers and, possibly, crushing weapons (maces, clubs, basalyk, «maslak» etc.). The most part of spearmen in the troops of the Crimean Khanate of 16th century consisted of wealthy Tatar warriors and some militiamen. There is no information regarding the special detachments of spearmen in the Crimean-Tatar troops. Even now there is no reason to consider not numerous spearmen to be the significant factor of the hit-and-run tactics of the Crimean-Tatar cavalry of 16th century which used bows and sabers. Spears became more important in Tatar armies in the first half of 17th century by some degree but they still were not spread widely so they were not noted by many contemporaries again. Tatar-Nogai spearmen attracted some attention of contemporaries in the Battles of Berestechko (1651) and Warsaw (1656), but in the battle of Konotop (1659) they were practically invisible. Important changes in the weaponry of the Crimean Khanate started in the early 1660s. Judging from the materials of written sources, Tatars started to adopt spears en masse as the result of centralized state policy as it was necessary to withstand the Kalmyk (Oirat) cavalry, whose warriors used stabbing long-shafted pole weapons widely.

931-939

Authors: Olga N. Naumenko, Evgeny A. Naumenko

The article is devoted to the process of penetration of Islam into the life of Ob Ugrians from the point of view of their cultural and historical psychology. The authors rely on the theory of "poor living environment", proving that in the most difficult climatic conditions the human resource of Ob Ugrians was spent exclusively on survival, and it did not allow them to dynamically develop the existing elements of culture and create new ones in accordance with the level of their spiritual needs. Development proceeded on the "principle of complementarity", when the components of other cultures were borrowed, assimilated and accepted as their own. The authors believe that Islam became one of such important donor cultures due to the coincidence of a number of worldview with the Ob-Ugric culture and active missionary activity of the medieval Muslim States. In the XVII – early XX centuries, the process of the spread of Islam continued through the contacts of the Ob Ugrians with the Siberian Tatars, including through the conclusion of marriages. In the context of the Christianization of the XVIII – XIX centuries, the characteristics of Islam in the culture of the Islamized groups of Ob Ugric peoples began to die out, but partially preserved to the present time. However, the centuries-old influence of Muslims was so strong that some groups of Ob Ugrians disappeared, merged with the Muslim population of the region. The authors project the historical experience on the current situation, paying attention to the numerous facts of the marriage of Khanty and Mansi with Muslims who migrate to Ugra from the CIS countries and seek to gain a foothold in a new place, using social protection and the system of benefits provided to the families of indigenous small peoples of the North. This facilitates ethnic assimilation processes and poses a threat to the Ob-Ugric culture and identity.

949-958

Authors: Olga P. Tsys’

The main sources of income of the parish clergy of the Tobolsk North in the XVIII – early XX centuries are considered in the article. It is pointed out that under conditions of prevalence among the parishioners of aboriginal, newly converted to Christianity, the lack of suitable land for parishes, traditional sources of financing for European Russia were closed or restricted: payment for the use or leasing of arable land and haymaking, requisitioning, donations of wealthy parishioners. The clergy had to find additional sources of existence, among which traditional trades and trade were named. The weakness of control over the state of affairs in the rural outskirts created opportunities for abuse by some of the clergy in relation to the indigenous population. It is noted that the improvement of material security for the northern clergy was due to the gradual increase in the state funding of the parishes of foreign parishes. There is a replacement of cash payments by kind. At the same time, the attempts of the clergy to obtain ownership of their own fisheries were invariably rejected. The authorities realized the importance of the rural clergy as one of the most important links between the aborigines and the rest of the world, the bearer of traditions that ensures the integration of the local population into the Russian socio-cultural space. The clergy saw in the state's assistance the only opportunity to raise their level of prosperity in the absence of alternative sources of income. It is concluded that by the end of the period under consideration the amount of salaries received from the treasury for the abbot was quite sufficient to sustain life at an acceptable level.

970-979

Authors: Stepan V. Dzhundzhuzov, Sergey V. Lyubichankovskiy

The imperial policy of acculturation pursued the goal of integrating the alien population into the Russian economic and sociocultural space. In the presented research this process is considered on the example of structuring of the power elite from representatives of the feudal-tribal nobility among the Stavropol christened Kalmyks. It manifested itself both in the formation of the military-bureaucratic status of the Kalmyk managers, and in the imposition of standards for a settled way of life. The sources for the study were materials from the funds of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts (Moscow), the Russian State Military Historical Archive (Moscow), the State Archives of the Orenburg Region (Orenburg).Part of the archival materials used in the article were S.V. Dzhunzhuzovym prepared and provided for publication in the thematic collection "Volga Stavropol Kalmyks...". The information contained in them allowed us to build a canvas of historical events, in the context of the development of which the empire defined and improved the methods of its acculturation impact. The situational approach and the historical comparative method used in the course of the research made it possible to show and compare the changes in the legal position of the feudal-serving nobility of baptized Kalmyks, depending on the political strategy used by the government in a certain period. In our opinion, the management elite, formed from Christian-dominated owners and zaisangs, was used by the empire as a kind of subordinate mechanism in establishing control and management over ordinary Kalmyks.For a little more than a century of the existence of the Stavropol Kalmyk settlement, the attitude of the government to the representatives of the Kalmyk nobility has undergone drastic changes – from elevation and support to total deprivation of all special rights and privileges.

992-1008

Authors: Olga B. Belikova

Drawing on archaeological materials, the article looks into issues associated with tobacco consumption in the south-eastern periphery of Western Siberia, more specifically, in the taiga region of Chulym (the Chulym River which is the right tributary of the River Ob). It provides an analysis of eight birch bark tobacco boxes – found on 18–19th century sites – that were used by the aboriginal population of the region, namely, the Chulym Turks. These boxes are designed for storing crushed tobacco or tobacco mixtures. Tobacco smoking known to be present in Europe since the late 16th century had become widespread in Russia by the early 17th century. According to scientific literature, the indigenous population of Siberia was largely introduced to tobacco in the 17th century (A.V. Shapovalov believes that this most probably took place in the period from the 1610s to the 1630s). The Chulym Turks are thought to have encountered tobacco and smoking accessories in the 17th century at the earliest, through the Selkups from the neighbouring Narym Ob region. From written ethnographic evidence it is known that by the 1770s the Chulym Turks had become familiar with smoking in great numbers. From the 18th to the 19th centuries, birch bark tobacco boxes started to appear in their everyday life and ritual practices and were most definitely part of female burial rites. The study presented in the article revealed that these Chulym Turks’ tobacco boxes were all executed in a much similar style as far as their shape and design are concerned. The six tobacco boxes, ornamented with symbols of agriculture and fertility, were identified to be clearly of Russian origins. Thus, this set of Western Siberian artefacts constitutes a relic of 18–19th century Russian birch bark craftsmanship. The origins of the remaining two undecorated tobacco boxes are presumably Russian as well. Russian tobacco boxes such as these acted as objects of exchange between Russian merchants and the Chulym Turks.

1019-1027

Authors: Vladimir G. Ivantsov, Yurii N. Makarov, Lyudmila G. Zimovets, Natal'ya A. Shevchenko

The article analyzes the process of involving Mingrelia in the historical and legal space of the Russian Empire on the basis of published documents and materials, which are the main sources on the topic of research, surveys and reminiscences of eyewitnesses of the events that took place, as well as materials of the scientific literature. The identification of features of this process in Mingrelia in comparison with neighboring Imeretia and Guria took an important place. The attention is drawn to the reasons for the temporary length and complexity of the transformation of the management system in Mingreliya from its administrative autonomy to its limitation and abolition.

1037-1045

Authors: Ivan A. Ermachkov, Larisa A. Koroleva, Natalia V. Svechnikova, Jasmin Gut

The article considers the role of general Ermolov in the organization of public health service in the Caucasus. Emphasis is given to the characteristic features of the epidemiological situation in Imereti and other coastal areas of the north-westernCaucasus. There are used as materials the archival sources of the central state historical archive of Georgia (Tbilisi, Georgia), as well as scientific and reference literature. "Acts collected by the Caucasian archaeological commission" are of great significance in the work. While solving thetasks there were used thegeneral scientific methods (system analysis, concretization, generalization). The specification of particular aspects is of particular importance in the study, namely the detailing of historical episodes allow authors to model a complete picture of events. For example, this refers to the complex process of establishing therussian military presence in the Caucasus, which in turn made it possible to choose the location of troops, taking into account the climatic situation. The authors come to the conclusion that by the time of the announcement of general Ermolov – the commander-in-chief of russian troops in the Caucasus, the russian sanitary service has accumulated a wealth experiencein the region. This practice has been gained in terms of epidemics of plague and a number of other diseases and allowed to take more effective and timely measures to minimize losses. And actively anti-epidemic measures were carried out thanks to the position of general Ermolov. However, it is necessary to understand that in many respects the concern of general Ermolov about the personnel of the russian troops was due to the fact that the formation of the russian military presence in the region had already been completed and the troops had more freedom to choose the cantonment sites.

1061-1073

Authors: Pavel A. Merkulov, Anatolii L. Eliseev, Dmitrii V. Aronov

In the history of the formation of the state youth policy in Russia a special role belongs to the XIX century. This century, which included several epochs in the history of the country, became decisive for the formation and development of such an important regulator as the state youth policy. At the beginning of the twentieth century it was one of the secondary directions of social regulation, bearing all the signs of the varieties in social policy. As a result of the systemic reforms of Alexander II, the state youth policy received a powerful boost for renewal in the society, developing at a faster pace in all spheres of social, political and economic life. Eventually, Russia entered into a full-fledged state youth policy in the twentieth century. I see it as a unity of the three basic elements – youth, as a separate social group identified by the state, a specialized legal and regulatory framework and a system of interrelated government bodies (for the 19th century general competence). Analysis of all three components of the state youth policy of Russia until 1917 allows us to work out the criteria for its periodization, as an integral part of the social policy of the state as a whole. It shows the existence of a clear goal-setting in the activities of the state authorities in shaping the regulatory and administrative-management component of the youth policy with respect to the student, working and other categories of youth, to trace the dynamics of changes in the context of the general political situation in the country.

1084-1091

Authors: Evgeniy V. Kryzhko, Petr I. Pashkovsky, Sergey I. Natalevich

The article considers the problem of geopolitical interests of the British and Russian empires in the process of the «Great Game» in Turkestan in the first half of the XIX century. It is established that the UK's approaches were based on the principle of freedom of one's own actions in the international arena, maintaining the balance of power, understanding of India's strategic importance and the need to protect against the Russian expansion of the Central Asian region that borders with India and is important in the military-strategic and trade-economic aspects. It is substantiated that the Russian empire proceeded from an understanding of its geopolitical characteristics of the largest land power, which determined the imperative of territorial expansion in order to prevent possible attacks from outside. Strengthening of Russian positions in Central Asia allowed to limit and control the influence of Great Britain in the region, and subsequently – gave an opportunity to gain access to the Indian Ocean. Based on the analysis of a broad source base and numerous studies, it is revealed that the methods of realizing of the geopolitical interests of the parties coincided in many respects, which was manifested at the beginning of the XIX century in the form of diplomatic missions of both empires to the Central Asian region in order to gather information about the moods of the local population and elites. It is shown that the result of the strengthening of Russia's position as a major supplier of industrial goods to Turkestan becomes activation of the British penetration into the region. At the same time, competition between empires took the form of an open military-diplomatic confrontation. Strengthening Britain's expansion in Central Asia in the early 1840s threatened Russian interests in the region, which actualizes the need for Russia to use military-political methods of rivalry.

1101-1110

Authors: Vladimir N. Shaidurov

In the early 19th century, Russia incorporated Bessarabia that was home to both sedentary and nomadic Gypsies. By the 1810s, Russia already had accumulated its own experience of sedentarizing Gypsies. In 1828, the territory of the Bessarabia Region became the target of another campaign launched to bind Gypsies to land. The experience obtained could be later leveraged in other regions of the Russian Empire. The government allocated land to Gypsies, provided them with money to buy seed grain, agricultural tools and implements, timber to construct housing and farm buildings. However, the campaign failed. In the paper, we will review the campaign in terms of its key events, identify the role of the central government and local authorities in the way they put the campaign into operation and formulate the outcomes of the effort. The primary material for the paper includes documents of the Russian and Moldovan historical archives, which are introduced for the scholarly use for the first time.

1119-1124

Authors: Goran Rajović, Dmitry O. Ezhevski, Alla G. Vazerova, Milica Trailovic

The article discusses the outbreak of plague in the Caucasus, which took place in 1835-1839. The attention is paid to the circumstances of its occurrence, localization and adoption of anti-epidemic measures. The archival documents of the state archive of the Krasnodar region (Krasnodar, Russian Federation) served as materials for the preparation of the study. The special literature and scientific publications reflecting these issues were also used. The methodological basis of research were the principles of objectivity and historicism, assuming an unbiased approach to the analysis of the problems, critical attitude to the sources, making judgments as a result of the analysis of a set of facts or phenomena in the development context and the historical setting. For example, the analysis of a set of facts revealed the reasons for traders’ interest in hiding information about the presence of plague in their regions. The authors conclude that the plague in the Caucasus in 1835-1839 had a pronounced local character. Almost non-stop plague in Turkey and Persia was brought with smuggled goods to Abkhazia and Cherkessia. The anti-epidemic measures of the Russian administration in the Caucasus made it possible to quickly detect the source of infection and take measures to prevent the spread of plague to other territories, including the internal regions of the Russian Empire. However, the preservation of the plague foci in the neighboring russian territories is not allowed until January 1839 to remove the strict quarantines at borders and within the territory of the Caucasus.

1140-1148

Authors: Peter P. Rumyantsev

The article is devoted to the investigation of the financial provision of gendarmerie supervision over the private gold mining industry in Siberia in the middle of the 19th century. In article such questions are also considered as identification of material needs of gendarmerie officials in the matter of financial support for their activities; to point the ways for solving that issue; to identify the relationship mechanisms between different levels of government officials in solving that issue. The sources for the article were primarily the gendarmerie agency documents, which are stored in the central and regional archives of Russia. The research is based on the application of such historical methods as narrative, historical-genetic and comparative-historical. As a result of the research, the author came to the following conclusions. An analysis of the financial support of gendarmerie supervision over private gold mining industry in Western and Eastern Siberia demonstrates the interests of various departments that differently looked at the essence of that supervision and saw the tasks for the agents of that supervision in their specific way. The gendarmerie corps together with the general-governors of Western and Eastern Siberia saw gendarmes as the executives of the government policy of supervision over the gold mining industry in Siberia. They believed that the gendarmerie officers should not feel lack of support to carry out their direct official duties, and also should be independent of gold miners. The Ministry of Finance, on which the allocation of funds for travel expenses to the gendarmerie officials depended, did not consider that the latter fulfill the most important governmental task, so they do not need additional appropriation of funds. In the process of this confrontation between the departments, the position of gendarmerie won, because it was supported by the Tsar himself, and the gendarmes subsequently received enough money to travel around the gold mines. The result of these trips was a large gendarmerie documentation on the situation in the gold mining industry, which is an important historical source.

1159-1165

Authors: Vladimir B. Karataev, Polina Yu. Grosheva, Ludmila V. Shkvarya

The article deals with the history of development of controlled aerostats (airships) in the XIX – early XX centuries. Emphasis is given to three main modifications of airships: with a rigid, semi-rigid and semi-soft body. There were used as materialsthe specialized literature on the history of airships, as well as reference and scientific literature. The study applied a set of scientific methods: multifactority and integration, chronology, typology, comparison, etc., which together provide reliability of the results on the problem under study. So, for example, studying the experience of developing controlled balloons, the authors paid attention to the features of their designs, which allowed the airships to be used for civil and military purposes. The authors concluded that the dynamic development of airships in the XIX – early XX century led to the creation of several types of products with a rigid, semi-rigid and semi-soft body. Each of the modifications had its pluses and minuses. If the product with a rigid body was more suited to the needs of civil aviation due to the need for stationary hangars, the balloons with semi-rigid and semi-soft shells were more practical and could be deployed in the field quickly. This predetermined a fairly wide use of the latest on the fronts of the First World War.

1175-1185

Authors: Igor V. Kryuchkov, Natalia D. Kryuchkova

The interaction between Russia and Austria-Hungary inthe field of economics, tourism, science and education in the last third of the XIXth – the beginning of the XXth century is considered in the material. The migration flows between two neighbouring Empires are analyzed as a separate issue. The article touches upon the interest of Vienna and St. Petersburg in growing links in these areas. The archive material, diplomatic documents, the contents of periodical press, statistic data and memoirs serve as historical sources for studying the given issue. Finally, the authors come to the conclusion that regardless intense political conflicts erupted between Russia and Austria-Hungary, a cross-cultural dialogue, economic links and migration flows are being actively developed between two Empires. The priority growing links of Russia with the Austrian half of the Habsburg Empirethat was ahead of Hungary in economic and cultural terms and where Slav population played a greater role insocio-economic, political and cultural life of the society is underlined in the article. Non-political contacts aren’t being reduced afterthe Balkan crisis in 1908 that put Russia and Austria-Hungary in a difficult situationbeing a threat to the beginning of the war. The given fact was manifested with good reasonin the first half of 1914.

1195-1202

Authors: Sergey A. Ikonnikov

In the second half of the XIX – early XX century the problem of material security of parish clergy drew attention not only priests and bishops, but also representatives of the secular public. Orthodox priests played an important role in life of the Russian Empire. Meanwhile, materials of the Special commission on affairs of orthodox clergy had shown that the vast majority of priests was dissatisfied with the material security. The problem was that donations for private services were extremely unstable. Priests and deacons have been forced to be humiliated before parishioners, to demand a payment for commission of sacraments. Many priests considered that establishment of a salary could solve material problems. In the article on the basis of archival documents and published sources the state salary is considered as a source of material security of parish clergy. The state tried to enter a salary throughout Synodic period. However the author comes to a conclusion that government measures had superficial character and weren't real steps to improvement of a situation. The state had no financial resources and couldn't appoint a salary to all clergymen. The government allocated churches only small sums. In 1913 less than a half of parishes of the Central Black Earth's dioceses earned a salary. The problem of providing clergymen with salaries hasn't been solved.

1216-1223

Authors: Irina V. Pivovarova, Yulia V. Putilina, Yulia V. Zubareva, Anvar M. Mamadaliev

The specialized historical magazine "Russian antiquity", which was published from 1870 to 1918, regularly placed on its pages materials that in one way or another affect the Siberian theme. At the same time, the image of Siberia was often revealed through publications of materials about specific people or mythological characters – people from Siberia or living (actually or presumably) some important period of their life in the Siberian region. Decembrists, their wives, elders, historians, archivists, well-known statesmen, representatives of the clergy and even robbers, in one way or another glorified the Siberian region, often represented its peculiar symbol associated in the perception of the professional historical community, as well as a simple readership, with the image of Siberia. In general, we can say that the editors and authors of the "Russian antiquity", judging by the frequency of placement of relevant materials, were in constant search of a certain ideal image – public, state, spiritual figure, who made a special contribution to improving the life and life of Siberians, coverage of regional issues and current problems, romanticization of the image of Siberia as a "remote" region and at the same time – rich in spiritual and material terms, the most important part of the country.

1237-1247

Authors: Irina N. Litvinova, Oksana A. Karagodina

The article presents the material about famous people – the germans of the Volga region, who have achieved major success in social and entrepreneurial activities, which became the property of regional and russian history. Similar material about the Volga germans was collected by agents of the publishing company "I. Brendel and P. Zinner "(Germany) in the Saratov province in the summer of 1914 for the future almanac. In due time because of events of World War I the book didn't appear in Russia. However information on the influential territorial and city public figures, representatives of the intellectuals, merchants, honourable citizens and large handicraftsmen of the german nationality who have made a powerful contribution to development of economy and socio cultural life of Lower Volga area is of interest and today. Authors analyze documentary data on personnel from the position close to agents of the German publishing house. In article bases of private enterprise and individual undertakings of the former colonists in the Saratov region of the beginning of the 20th century reveal. The diligence and thorough approach to economic activity the russian germans actively contributed to the development of flour-grinding, manufactory, oil milling, brewing industries in the region, also innovative types the practician for representatives of the business world of Volga German are revealed. The names of the first former colonists who deserved recognition of the state in the form of appropriation of hereditary honorary citizenship were determined.

1258-1269

Authors: Artyom Y. Peretyatko

The article is devoted to the realization of the all-russian project of the official history of the Cossacks in 1902-1908 on the Don. The author shows that this project, which is considered unsuccessful and which is almost forgotten, in fact allowed the creation of books that have become regional scientific classics. But it did not happen on the Don. The main obstacle for the study was the necessary for preparatory work to collect historical sources. The note "About the Organization of Historical Works in Cossack Hosts" required such work, but it was not clearly regulated in this document. As a result, I.P. Popov, who was originally charged for writing the Don history, and a commission of members of the Don statistical committee, which tried to draw up a work plan later, failed to effectively organize the collection and systematization of documents. And in 1908 the general meeting of the committee decided to attract professional historians for this work. It referred to the fact that nothing had been done at last six years. The author comes to the conclusion that, despite all the shortcomings of the government project, it created certain prerequisites for writing the first full-fledged history of the Don army, but these premises were missed because of mistakes by the local administration and those amateur historians who were involved in her work.

1278-1286

Authors: Elena M. Redkina, Alexander B. Khramtsov

In article the main directions of development of out-of-school education in Western Siberia in 1905 – february, 1917 are considered. The contribution to this work of provincial and city managements, private (public) initiatives is noted. The forms of actions of out-of-school education which have gained development in Siberia are allocated, their group is given: lecture, library and publishing, museum and excursion, art and esthetic and sports. Out-of-school education has gained uneven distribution in the territory of the region: in the large cities (Tomsk, Novonikolayevsk, Tyumen, Tobolsk, Kurgan, Barnaul) various forms, in small settlements – only separate have been presented. Among characteristic features – not readiness special techniques, lack of accurate dominants of development of out-of-school activity which general direction can be considered developing. She has served as an auxiliary view of education and self-education of the population and also means of fight against addictions. Thanks to it leisure of youth was filled, the sociocultural horizons of semiliterate people were broadened.

1296-1306

Authors: Orazgul H. Mukhatova, Gulzhan B. Tleubekova, Nurgul N. Kurmanalina

In the late XIX – early XX century, Tsarist Russia actively pursued a policy of resettlement in the Kazakh steppes. A lot of work to improve the socio-economic status of resettled peasants was carried out by the authorities. One of such works is educational or educational activities. This fund contains the data reflecting the work carried out by the department in the field of education. On the basis of these documents, it is possible to determine the direction of the tsarist government’s policy in the Semirechye. The basis of the article is the documents of the head of resettlement department of the Semirechye region of the Main Directorate for Land Management and Agriculture (19th Fund), which are kept in the Central State Archives of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The fund manages the documents of the state employees on the activities of the Semirechye resettlement institution. Among them there are: circulars, instructions, orders, journals, minutes, reports, reports, references, recommendations. The largest source base in the fund is reporting data and personnel documents. The enlightening activity of the Russian Empire in the Semirechye began with the construction of schools and churches, as this work was associated with religious and educational affairs. Several institutions participated in this process: the Ministry of Public Education, Resettlement Department, Special Committee, Semirechye Regional Committee, Uyezd Committees, Turkestan Diocesan Committee, etc. The funding were also allocated by the Great Synod, Alexander III fund, and from the pocket of the common people. As a result, at the beginning of the XXth century in Semirechensk many schools, churches, parishes were built, in addition there worked mobile churches. Thus, the tsarist government strengthened its educational activities in this region.

1321-1329

Authors: Boris V. Kolesnikov, Olga Yu. Redkina

In 1916-1918 there is a peak of activity of the Czech and Slovak movement for independence and creation of their own state. During that period, political struggle was connected with military units’ formation in the Entente countries and USA. There were Czech and Slovak emigre communities and prisoners of war contingents in these countries. This article is devoted to consideration of the Czech and Slovak national movement in the USA during the World War I. First of all, actions of M.R. Štefanik, member of the Czechoslovak National Council, when he visited USA, for activation of the national movement, are analyzed. Basic problems, which faced Czech and Slovak organizations in the USA before and after their joining the War, and difficulties on a way to military units’ formation there, are studied. M.R. Štefanik’s tactics on decision of military and national issues of Czechs and Slovaks in America is specified. The article shows the way how his activity assisted Czech and Slovak organizations in the USA to recognize the political line of T.G. Masaryk. It proves M.R. Štefanik managed to convince his American countrymen that future of Slovaks as a substantive nation was possible only if they would be allied with Czechs and through creation of common state of both nations. Furthermore, peculiar attention is drawn to problem of relations between the national organizations and federal government. It is concluded about specific features of volunteers recruitment process in the USA for the Czech-Slovak military units. These legions had to serve as a base of the Czechoslovak republic’s army and earn international recognition.

1140-1173

Authors: Leonid A. Bobrov, Viacheslav P. Zaytsev, Sergey P. Orlenko, Alexey V. Salnikov

In the splendid and rich collections of the Armoury Chamber of the Moscow Kremlin Museums is stored a unique East Asian helmet currently inventoried as OR–2057. Over the past two hundred years, images and brief descriptions of this item have been repeatedly reproduced in various works from military history to philology. However, the helmet OR–2057 has not yet been the subject of independent scientific weapons research. The purpose of this paper is to provide a detailed description of the construction and decoration of the helmet OR–2057, as well as to confirm its dating and attribution. The complex research and analysis of material, written and pictorial sources made it possible for us to clarify the dating and attribution of the helmet OR–2057, as well as the circumstances of its receipt into the Armoury Chamber of the Moscow Kremlin. The first mentions of the helmet in the Russian service documentation are connected with the embassy of Stepan Grechenin and Bazhen Kartashev sent to Ombo Erdeni Khong Tayiji (Badma Erdeni Khong Tayiji), ruler (Altan Khan) of the Khotogoid people, and his spiritual mentor Erdeni Dai Mergen Nangso, a lama of Tibetan origin. This embassy lasted from August 28, 1636 to April 23, 1637 (all dates are in Julian calendar). In the course of negotiations, in early February (presumably on February 4), 1637, Lama Erdeni Dai Mergen Nangso presented the helmet in question (as well as some mail and plate armour, and vambraces) as a “tribute” to Tsar Michael I of Russia. On October 28, 1637, the helmet was deposited in the treasury of the Kazenny Dvor (Treasury Court), and then in the Armoury Chamber of the Moscow Kremlin. Based on our research we discovered that the helmet was made within the tradition of weapon-making from the late Jurchen (early Manchu) period in the second half of the 1610s to the mid-1630s at one of the workshops of the Later Jin (1616–1636) state. Thus, the helmet in question can be attributed as a late Jurchen or early Manchu helmet of the reign of Nurhaci (1559–1626) and Hong Taiji (1592–1643). The privilege of wearing a helmet with such decorations at the time of the Qing Empire (1636–1912) was granted (according to the Huangchao liqi tushi) only to representatives of a narrow stratum of the Manchu and Mongolian aristocracy — the “princes of blood” of the first and second ranks, that is, the qinwang and junwang (the bearers of the second and third most high titles in the Qing Empire). This allows us to suggest that the helmet OR–2057 could be originally made for one of the representatives of the highest nobility of the late Jurchen (early Manchu) state, whose social status was close to or equivalent to the status of persons who received the titles of qinwang or junwang during the Qing time. Thus, the helmet OR–2057 is one of the earliest known helmets to be of Late Jurchen (Early Manchu) manufacture that can be dated with a high degree of reliability and correlated with the armament of the Later Jin state’s aristocracy. The latter fact predetermines the exceptional scientific value of the helmet in question as a reference for the dating and attribution of Later Jin and Qing helmets of the first half of the 17th century from museums and private collections in Russia and other countries.

1184-1193

Authors: Vladimir D. Puzanov

As a result of reforms of Peter I, the Russian army became regular. However, in many provinces of the Russian Empire groups of experienced people in the old services were not disbanded. In the XVIII century, the number of militias grew, and in Siberia were formed whole regiments of peasant population, which had rarely been involved in military Affairs in the Russian state. The territory of formation of the first discharge units of Cossacks were two western districts in Siberia – Ishim and Yalutorovsk. By 1751 there were 1400 discharge of the Cossacks of the peasants and the commoners – 800 people in Yalutorovsk district and 600 people in Ishim district. In 1744 the military forces of Siberia were subordinated to the chief commander of the Siberian corps, which was subordinated directly to the Military Board. The chief commander of the corps was appointed major-General Christians Kinderman. In 1751 the General Kinderman began the formation of the 10 regiments of Cossacks discharge each of 1000 men. 4 of them were formed in the East in the Kuznetsk, Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk and Yenisei districts and 6 in the West – in Tobolsk, Tyumen and Verkhoturye, Yalutorovsk, krasnoslobodska, Ishim districts. As a result, by 1752 Kindermann was able to form 10 regiments and 5 teams, numbering 9630 soldiers and 515 commanders, in total 10 145 discharge of the Cossacks. The Senate allowed the military authorities of Siberia to start discharge of the Cossacks, but proposed to send them from their villages on the line only in special cases. However, the military authorities tried to turn the discharge service of the Cossacks into the regular.