Bylye Gody

1063-1074

Authors: Artyom Yu. Peretyatko

The article is devoted to the analysis of the significance of the Russian historical journal «Bylye Gody» for actual Cossack studies. «Bylye Gody» is not a specialized journal for Cossack studies. But the original place of publication of the journal (Sochi) contributed to the establishment of contacts between the journal and the historians of the South of Russia, for whom the Cossack studies is traditional. Therefore, analyzing whose articles about the history of the Cossacks were published in the journal «Bylye Gody», one can understand the significance of this journal for the scientific community of the South of Russia. The article examines publications in the journal «Bylye Gody» about the history of the Cossacks and publications of recognized Cossack researchers on other topics from 2006 to 2021. It is shown that Cossack topics played an increasing role as the journal's authority grew (the first articles about the history of the Cossacks were published in 2010, in 2010−2014 publications about the history of the Cossacks have repeatedly opened issues, and since 2018 Cossack topics have been presented in each issue of the magazine). It is concluded that for the Cossack researchers of the South of Russia journal «Bylye Gody» are a kind of «exhibition platform». The journal presents most of the scientific centers of the region, in which the study of the Cossacks is conducted. Often the authors of published materials are leaders of scientific schools/organizers of science. However, each of these centers published a relatively small number of articles about the history of the Cossack. Cossack studies publications on the in the journal «Bylye Gody» make it possible to form a fairly adequate picture of the study of the history of the Cossacks in the South of Russia. In addition, the journal periodically publishes materials about the history of the Cossacks, researchers of the history of the Cossacks from outside the South of Russia, including fairly significant figures.

1087-1097

Authors: Anton M. Tuzin, Marina V. Danilina, Irina A. Guseva, Yilmaz Bayar

The article discusses experience of struggle against epidemics of infectious diseases in Russia from the Moscow state to the beginning of the XX century. This experience is analyzed through a retrospective of the fight against the plague epidemic in the Russian Empire at the end of the XVIII century and the cholera epidemic in the middle of the XIX century.The main phase of struggle against infection diseases has begun in Russia in the middle of the XIX century only. Russia has got an experience of such situation late enough. Since the earliest times of its history Russian approaches for the fight against epidemics in both the bureaucratic and medicine spheres has been extremely backward and only in the 18th century the situation began to change for the better. But even after reforms of Peter the Great the fight against epidemics was conducted ineffectively, which was supplemented by the global problems in understanding the nature of various infectious diseases. Thus we have to agree involuntarily with Soviet sources, despite a certain degree of their ideological bias that the fight against cholera, as well as with all diseases, was possible in pre-revolutionary Russia only after a radical change in the political system and broad social reforms.

1106-1115

Authors: Bulat A. Aznabaev, Aleksey I. Kortunov

Since the Bashkirs in the XVI-XVIII centuries. did not possess statehood, the concept of their contractual citizenship to Russia still evokes well-founded criticism. In foreign and domestic historiography, two points of view have developed, one of which denies the existence of any bilateral agreement between the Russian state and the Bashkirs, the other considers these relations from the position of feudal vassalage. However, none of these interpretations can explain the phenomenon of the Bashkir uprisings of the XVII-XVIII centuries, during which the Bashkirs did not create their own state. As a rule, the insurgents' demands were limited to appeals to observe patrimonial rights and not violate their religious freedom. To resolve this contradiction, the authors considered it necessary to introduce into scientific circulation the materials of the Bashkir embassy in 1733. In the process of their analysis, it was possible to establish that contractual relations with Russia were concluded not by individual representatives of the Bashkir tribal structures, but by a single political structure, called in official documents the "Bashkir Horde" ... This polity solved exclusively foreign policy tasks. She was responsible for organizing the protection of the southeastern borders of the Ufa province and regulating relations with the Russian state. Within this polity, tribal associations did not form any hierarchical structure crowned by the figure of a khan. For this reason, the most acute conflicts between the Bashkir communities (land litigation and criminal offenses) were submitted to the supreme power of the state. Thus, the Bashkir Horde could exist only as an autonomous union within the empire. However, in the first third of the 18th century. Bashkir unification is going through a political crisis caused by a wide influx of agricultural migrants from neighboring provinces. The Bashkir volosts could not come to a common decision on the issue of accepting migrants. The exacerbation of the internal conflict in the Bashkir Horde was facilitated by the capture by the Yaik Cossacks in 1725 of the salt deposits on the Ilek, which were traditionally considered the property of the entire Bashkir people.

1124-1131

Authors: Sergey S. Belousov

The article examines the activities of landowners aimed at creating settlements in the North-Western Caspian region in 1765-1861. The author analyzes the goals, content and results of the landowners ' resettlement policy, shows the role of the state in it, examines the history of the creation of landowner settlements, the geography of the places of emigration, the influence of the natural factor on the process of resettlement and on the formation of the economic profile of new settlements. The study showed that the resettlement activities of landowners were initiated by the state authorities, which sought to use their human and material resources to solve the problem of settling a sparsely populated region. The results of the landowners' migrations, however, did not meet the expectations of the authorities. The landowners founded a small number of settlements with a small population. The landowners directed their main efforts not to the creation of settlement infrastructure and centers of agriculture and cattle breeding, but to the development of fishing, which in the natural conditions of the North-Western Caspian region turned out to be more profitable. As a result, at the beginning of the XIX century, the authorities abandoned the policy of attracting landowners to settle the North-Western Caspian region. Landowners' settlements were located exclusively in the coastal areas of the Caspian Sea and in the Volga River basin. There were no landowners and settlements on the territory of the Kazakhs and Kalmyks, whose land rights were protected by Russian legislation.

1141-1152

Authors: Evgenij V. Il’in, Victoria Berednikova, Tatiana E. Sokhor

The article examines the history of the creation of the "unknown soldier" concept from a retrospective point of view, identifies the main stages of its modeling and organization of semiotic space. The formation of the concept in the public mind took place over several centuries, starting with the era of Peter I, when European culture was introduced into the patriarchal Russian state. In historical researches devoted to major Russian military events, the concept of the “unknown soldier” was poorly marked by the transition from a memorial temple as gratitude to God for the granted victory, to a monumental sculpture that unites the religious and secular fixation of historical memory. Many different works have been written about the problem of perpetuating and preserving the memory of the defenders of the Motherland in the late XX — early XXI centuries, however, the domestic scientific community did not address the history of the emergence and development of the concept of “unknown soldier”. The lack of a clear framework in the definition of the concept under study actualizes this topic, contributing to its comprehensive study. The innumerable victims of the Great Patriotic War caused cultural self-reflection in Russian (Soviet) society in relation to nameless heroes, which led to the need to create the concept of “unknown soldier”, to form a semiotic space around it and to introduce the concept into state ideology.

1162-1170

Authors: Maсhach M. Vagabov, Abidat A. Gazieva, Vasily A.Rogozhkin

In the article, on the basis of the comprehensive use of the literature and sources at our disposal, a systematic study of the history of the construction and functioning of the fortifications of the Left Wing of the Caucasian Cordon Line in the context of the military-political subordination of the region is carried out. Having carried out an analytical analysis of the complex of sources, literature, and historical concepts at the research disposal, we made an attempt to systematically study the influence of cordon fortifications and fortresses in the Eastern Caucasus on the military-political subordination of the region during the Caucasian War. In addition, we are making an attempt to classify the methods of military and political subordination. The study attempts to reveal the role and significance of the fortifications of the Left Wing of the Caucasian Cordon Line in the subordination of the territory of the Eastern Caucasus to the Russian Empire in the 19th century, as well as to show the evolution of the regional management system during the Caucasian War. The topic of the history of the creation of cordon lines in the Eastern Caucasus, the goals and objectives of their construction is poorly covered in the scientific literature. To achieve the designated research goals and objectives, the use of the value approach was of great importance. This approach allowed not only to develop a certain attitude and assess the processes under study, but also contributed to the franking of historical events, using such scientific categories as “place”, “role”, “meaning”, “experience”. Cordon fortifications and fortresses were the conductors of the Caucasian policy in the Russian Empire in the Eastern Caucasus. Until the 30s of the XIX century, the tsarist administration of the Russian Empire mainly used the tactics of military conquest of territories by means of punitive operations to subjugate the territories of the Eastern Caucasus. The harsh methods of military subordination were gradually replaced by methods of political control, the dissemination of Russian legislation and orders. It is worth talking about political development only in those territories that were initially subordinated by force of arms, and only after a lapse of time, by means of acculturation, everyday communication and trade and economic contacts, did they become mentally closer to Russia. On the border territories, to the cordon Lines, colonization was actively carried out, first military, then civil, which also contributed to the military-political subordination of the region. The personal factor was of great importance in matters of military-political subordination of the Eastern Caucasus, the managers changed, transformed the internal vector of the Caucasian policy, changing it depending on their ideas about the conquest of the region. During the 19th century, the tactics of military subordination of the region began to evolve and transform into the military-political development of the region, with the predominant use of military resources, which was due to the ongoing Caucasian war.

1181-1190

Authors: Michail G. Тarasov

The article is devoted to the participation of the Cossacks in the unsuccessful crusade of the Russian troops in the Khiva Khanate in 1839–1840. Organized and led by the Orenburg military governor, General V.A. Perovsky, the expedition was to ensure the elevation of a ruler loyal to Russia to the Khiva throne. Due to the specific conditions – the need to make huge transitions in the winter steppe, the main Russian detachment was cavalry units, most of them from the Ural and Orenburg Cossack troops. Incorrectly chosen time for the expedition, abnormally unfavorable weather conditions, as well as mistakes in the organization led to its failure. The death of the majority of pack and riding animals necessitated the termination of the campaign, and then the death of a significant proportion of its participants from cold and disease. In these circumstances, the Cossacks participating in the expedition showed themselves from the best side, actually preventing the death of the Russian detachment. The article discusses in detail the participation of the Cossacks in the preparation of the expedition, in particular in the organization of intermediate strongpoints. The composition of the Cossack units, their placement in marching columns and in parking lots, management, participation in hostilities, the implementation of military-police functions are considered in detail. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the factors that contributed to the relatively successful actions of the Cossacks during the campaign, their effectiveness in resisting the extreme natural and climatic conditions of the campaign, the number and reasons for the relatively low mortality rate of the Cossacks during the expedition. The article, in particular, analyzes the features of the weapons and uniforms of the Cossacks, their combat tactics. Considerable attention is paid to the moral and psychological state of the Cossacks during the campaign.

1203-1210

Authors: Ekaterina V. Bykova, Konstantin N. Tarasov

The article examines the issue of the reflection of Old Believers' themes in Russian socio-political journalism of the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. The source base of the research is made up of materials from Russian newspaper and magazine periodicals. The views on the Old Believers of representatives of the main directions of the ideological and political spectrum of social thought in Russia of the specified period (conservatives, liberals, soil people, revolutionary and liberal populists), as well as publicists – adherents of official Orthodoxy and the Russian Orthodox Church are analyzed. The assessments by publicists of different political directions of the historical potential, socio-cultural heritage, social and political protest potential of the Old Believers are compared. The dynamics of the development of domestic socio-political journalism dedicated to the Old Believers for the period of the end of the 1850s is revealed – 1905. It was established that during the second half of the 19th – early 20th century. The Old Believers were in the sphere of attention of all political forces of Russian society, and each direction of the social movement interpreted the split based on its own doctrinal provisions. Most representatives of the social movement are beginning to perceive the split as an important social, cultural and even political factor in the historical renewal of Russia.

1225-1232

Authors: Bakyt Zh. Atantayeva, Raushan D. Akhmetova, Gulnur A. Abenova, Toty A. Kariyeva

The research of the historical experience of population movements in border areas is based on an analysis of the causes and consequences of frontier migrations, which are the result of socio-economic and political changes in the Central Asian region during the period under study. This article analyzes the issues of changing the nature of frontier migrations in the border area of the Russian state and Qing China in the 19th century. The article presents documentary sources from the archives of some countries (Russia, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan). These sources show that the rapprochement of the possessions of Russia with the possessions of the Qing Empire in Central Asia dictated the need to establish a clear Russian-Chinese border and clarify relations and priorities in the region. The article is based on a study of state treaties and agreements between the Russian Empire and Qing China. These treaties established the rules of trade in Central Asia, which determined the rules for crossing the border and processing trade documents. Some of the articles of the treaties concerned measures against illegal migrants. An analysis of state treaties and agreements of the second half of the 19th century,including the St. Petersburg Treaty of 1881, as a result of which permanent nomadic routes and the resettlement of clans were disrupted, is important for understanding the meaning and directions of frontier migration of the region's population. In conclusion, the authors state that the specificity of frontier migrations of the population is due to the state division of border territories and the development of trade between two neighboring countries in Central Asia in the second half of the 19th century.

1246-1254

Authors: Anna Geifman

This article analyzes the city of St. Petersburg, Russia’s imperial capital, as a psychocultural setting conducive for the upsurge of political extremism. The new type of radicalism, which emerged around the turn of the 20th century, targeted the existing sociopolitical establishment and cultural conventions, rather than specific political leaders or institutions; the revolutionaries’ aim was to uproot the entire traditional way of life. The article scrutinizes the emergence of St. Petersburg as the embodiment of the country’s historical and cultural inconsistencies and contradictions, as well as the city’s uncanny development. Psychologically, its “as-if” setting and experience contributed to the undermining of the customary way of life not only in the capital, but also across the empire, for which St. Petersburg defined cultural tends and modes of behavior. The article examines the reasons why Russian radicals intentionally choose St. Petersburg to be the “cradle of the revolution.” Few, if any of them, however, were conscious of the fact that, due to its impact on the inhabitants’ mentality, the city was a genuine player in Russia’s prerevolutionary politics and a potent subversive agent.

1267-1276

Authors: Elena A. Loktionova

The article highlights the historical aspects of activities related to the training of personnel of penitentiary institutions. The measures taken by the State in this area were designed to improve the moral and professional level of penitentiary workers. The time frame of the study covers the period of the XVII –early XX centuries, which is due to the circumstances that influenced the content of the prison system in Russia. In fact, during this period, the foundations of the education of penitentiary workers were born, which have been preserved to this day. Turning to history in this case will allow us to see the original meaning and significance of this activity. The article is intended to draw attention to the importance of this issue and show the historical connection between the goals and tasks facing penitentiary institutions and those who implement them. The source base was made up of legal acts indicating the implementation of state measures, as well as materials from the archival funds of the State Archive of the Kursk Region, which made it possible to see and analyze the results of local transformations. Of particular importance is the assessment of contemporaries, presented in the materials of a scientific and journalistic nature. The issues of training prison officers were actualized in the middle of the XIX century due to the fact that the prison from a place of isolation of criminals began to be reorganized into a penitentiary-type institution. In this regard, it became necessary to develop a model of a prison employee who meets the new requirements and conditions of activity. In fact, this resulted in a number of changes in the course of reforming the prison system, such as the reorganization of positions, salary increases, the establishment of a uniform uniform, the introduction of a system of incentives and penalties, information and explanatory work, etc. The concepts of education or educational influence on prison staff were not openly proclaimed. They were, as it were, implied as the final result of the successful implementation of these measures. The use of educational means of influence was a component of the process of general professional training of personnel.

1288-1298

Authors: Vladimir A. Miroshnik, Sergey V. Ivlev, Oksana S. Krasilnikova, Christina Yu. Markova

The article analyzes the zemstvo reform of 1864 and its positive role in the formation of the Russian local selfgovernment. The views of various researchers on the system of local selfgovernment in Russia are presented. The authors give an objective assessment of the reform. The formation and development of the local selfgovernment is important in the Russian state policy, and it is an urgent research topic. Studying one's own historical experience of local self-government is of particular importance. The study is based on the study of the document −"Regulations on provincial and district zemstvo institutions on January 1, 1864" and a complex of archival sources, including archival materials from the history of regions such as the Kemerovo region. This makes it possible to assess the impact of the zemstvo reform in different parts of the Russian Empire, the unevenness and inconsistency in the organization of zemstvo institutions on the ground, the specifics of their activities in different territories of the country. The study provides a historiographic review of the Zemstvo reform, including pre-revolutionary, Soviet and post-Soviet historiography, analyzes opinions on the effectiveness of the Zemstvo self-government. Attention is drawn to the established stereotype in the negative assessment of the Zemskaya reform, including due to the dominant criticism of the reform in Soviet historiography. In the article, the authors assess the reform of 1864, to a greater extent, not from the organizational and legal side, but from the point of view of the role of zemstvos in improving the economic and economic situation of Russia in the 19th century. The authors note the significant role of zemstvos in improving the situation in almost all social spheres of the state: culture, education, health care, communication, etc.

1308-1315

Authors: Alexey G. Topilskya, Ruslan M. Zhitin

This article examines the formation of electoral organizations of Rusyn political forces in the second half of the XIX – early XX century. Their necessity was determined by the desire to overcome the predominance of Polish parties in the traditional curial system of representation of the Habsburg monarchy. The ensuring both the nomination of candidates for deputies to the Sejm and the Reichsrat, and their conduct of the election campaign, required coordination of efforts between various movements of Russo-Ukrainian politics, primarily Russophile and Ukrainophile forces. Since the curial system in the cities guaranteed that Polish and Jewish voters would win the majority of votes, initially the efforts of Russo-Ukrainian political parties were focused on rural residents as a category with a predominant East Slavic population. Using the examples of the election campaigns of 1897 and 1907, the interaction of Rusyn (mainly Russophile, Ukrainophile and radical), Polish (Ludovce) and Jewish (Zionist) political parties in the struggle for the promotion of deputies is analyzed. Attempts to counteract Russian-Ukrainian organizations through the press and the submission of petitions and interpellations in the Austrian Reichsrat to falsifications during election campaigns are considered. The party composition of the Sejm and the Reichsrat is analyzed. Based on the material of the evolution of political parties, the adaptation of their underlying ideas to the interests of Ruthenian-Ukrainian voters, as well as the change in these interests in connection with Ruthenian-Polish and Ruthenian-Jewish relations, is characterized. The activity of the factions of the Ruthenian-Ukrainian deputies in the Austrian Reichstag and the Galician Sejm is shown, their interaction with both Ruthenian-Ukrainian deputies from Bukovina and representatives of other lands of the Habsburg monarchy is considered.

1326-1345

Authors: Aleksandr А. Cherkasov, Sergei N. Bratanovskii, Ludmila G. Zimovets

The article attempts a comprehensive historical and statistical study of the question of the centenarians of the Russian Empire in the period of 1836−1914. This part of the work analyzes the time of 1876−1900, when the male and female population of the Orthodox faith was recorded. The attention is paid to the number of centenarians, namely, persons whose age has exceeded 101 years, their places of residence, as well as the proportion of the number of centenarians to the total population. As materials, we used the reports of the Chief Prosecutor of the Holy Synod on the spiritual department of the Orthodox faith for 1836−1914. The work is constructed using the basic principles of historicism, consistency and objectivity. The statistical method is of great importance in it, which made it possible to fully analyze the available statistical data on mortality on the territory of the Russian Empire in the period of 1876−1900, as well as to detect important characteristic features. Besides, the use of this method made it possible to identify territories with a large number of centenarians. In conclusion, the authors state that by 1900, the territories with a large number of centenarians were clearly defined. In the European part of the Russian Empire, these were the territories of the Caucasus (Georgia and the Astrakhan diocese), the territories of Little Russia (the Taurida and Kherson dioceses) and Great Russia (the Podolsk diocese). The remaining territories belonged to the Asian part of Russia: the Yenisei, Turkestan, Ufa, Irkutsk and Tobolsk dioceses. In 1876−1900, the territory of the Yenisei Diocese became the leader in longevity in the Russian Empire, the territory of the Georgian Exarchate took the second place. The Top 5 also included the Turkestan, Podolsk and Tauride dioceses.

1362-1372

Authors: Maxim I. Bogachev, Ekaterina A. Nazirova, Nadezhda I. Shelkopliasova

The article is devoted to the problem of bankruptcy of public banks in provincial Russia in the 80s of the XIXth century. On the example of the "Tula city public, I.D. Sushkin, bank", the process that covered a significant part of the city public banks at this time is considered. The reasons for the mass phenomenon were the absence of necessity for the Russian business of a variety of forms of credit institutions, a shortage of banking specialists. The new banking sector of the economy had no work experience yet, there were gaps in regulatory law, and control by supervisory authorities was insufficient. The main sources of the study were the documents of the State Archive of the Tula region and the memories of the participants in the process. Using the source analysis and historical-comparative, analytical, system, typology methods, the authors restored the chronology of the bankruptcy procedure. The reconstruction was carried out based on the legal norms of this period. The bank was one of the eleven municipal public credit institutions opened in the Tula province in order to resolve financial issues of local governments. Due to objective and subjective reasons seven banks were soon closed. The incompetence and self-confidence of the managers, lack of responsibility, manifested in the investment of resources in poor-quality assets, their inability and unwillingness to assess the creditworthiness of borrowers, led to the liquidation of this credit institution. The authors established the role of the creditors ' meeting, sworn trustees, private attorneys, Bankruptcy Management, the Tula District Court, and the Moscow Court Chamber in the bankruptcy procedure. In conclusion, the authors determine the contribution of the "Tula City Public, I.D. Sushkin, Bank" to the formation of the institution of lending in provincial Russia in the 80s of the XIXth century.

1381-1398

Authors: Aleksandr A. Kartskhiy, Sergey A. Tyrtychnyy, Mikhail G. Smirnov, Mariya D. Zhulidova

The article analyzes the experience of transporting oil and oil products in the second half of the 19th century. Carried out a comprehensive analysis of the prerequisites for the creation of specialized vessels for the transportation of oil - tankers. Made a comparison with the American experience of oil transportation in the 19th century. For the first time in Russian historiography, the authors attempt to show a multifaceted comprehensive approach to the problems of oil transportation by water transport in the Russian Empire. At the same time,analyzed the negative experience of competing with foreign companies in the oil production markets in the Transcaucasia. The work shows that in conditions of weak logistics and long routes, the only economical means of transporting oil turned out to be water transport, which predetermined the scientific and technical development of specialized vessels - tankers. Simultaneously, it is proved that with an inconsistent state policy in relation to foreign capital in the oil markets of the Russian Empire, national companies will not be able to develop in conditions of the dominance of foreign competing companies on international markets. The article analyzes various examples of the non-competitive struggle of foreign oil companies to seize the domestic market. The article examines the origin and subsequent development of tanker transportation in chronological order – from the first primitive schooners with sealed compartments to the creation of high-speed steamers with pumping systems and a tank protection system. For the first time in the research of tankers of the 19th century, the authors studied the scientific, technical, economic, logistic and financial reasons for the development of the private tanker fleet in Russia in the aggregate.

1409-1420

Authors: Olga L. Protasova

The relevance of this work is due to the need to study the experience of political socialization received by the leading representatives of Russian democratic parties in the late XIX – early XX centuries. The nature of the events of a socio-political nature that took place in the Russian Empire during this period is to a large extent consonant with what is observed in modern Russia: this is the growth of civic consciousness and activism, the noticeable democratization of the political (especially the opposition) elite, the emergence and formation of political and public organizations. Using the examples of biographies of prominent figures of democratic socialism in Russia at the beginning of the twentieth century, the main factors of a social and demographic nature that contributed to the choice of one or another ideological and, as a result, organizational and party orientation of representatives of socially active youth of the modernization period are shown for the first time in a complex. The regularities of the formation of political preferences of future politicians are revealed. It is noted that inter-party rotations in this environment were not mass, but individual, and the political self-determination of representatives of the parties of democratic socialism was, as a rule, conscious and firm.

1433-1442

Authors: Liudmila M. Medvedeva

The article deals with the role that the Chinese Eastern Railway (CER) played in the implementation of the Russian strategies at the late 19th – early 20th centuries. Based on published and archival materials it provides a glimpse of the aspects of Russia’s foreign policy as well as conditions and factors affecting the construction and operation of the railway. It gives attention to the relations of Russia with the countries competing for spheres of influence in China and Korea and provides an assessment of material resources involved in the construction and maintenance of the railway as well as that of its freight operations. The analysis of the impact that the railway had on the colonization of the territory and the development of the productive base and trade in Manchuria is proposed. The public attitude of Russia towards the situation in the CER zone is shown. Conclusions concerning the appropriateness of the construction of the railway on the territory of Northeast China and its consequences are drawn. It is noted that the expectations for the CER as a tool of political and economic expansion of Russia had but a non-lasting effect and eventually failed. Russia’s trade and productive capacity against the leading and growing economic and financial systems of other countries lagged behind in terms of dynamics and scale. As a result of the short-sighted policies pursued by the government and erroneous prioritizations, the Russian Far East lost viable opportunities to develop available resources and achieve socio-economic growth. Losses that Russian suffered in the East in the early 20th century made the tsarist government to adopt more considered strategies in the region.

1454-1462

Authors: Elena G. Guschina, Tatiana T. Titova, Adelia I. Khairullina, Elena V. Frolova

The authors investigate the fairs and bazaars of the Kazan province of the second half of the 19th century in this article which is based on the analysis of the materials of the newspaper "Kazanskie Gubernskiye Vedomosti." Their investigation considers the development of fairs and market trades. In addition to that, they identify the features of the location as well as the functioning of fairs and bazaars. The authors analyze their role as a center of social interaction of different categories residents of the province. The authors concluded that bazaars and fairs had different forms of holding (duration, scale, goods, timing and infrastructure) and were oriented towards different consumers. The bazaars were held weekly and played an important role for the local community, while the fairs were held once a year and were focused on large scale trade and a greater number of visitors, which included other regions. In contrast with the bazaars, the fairs played a more important role in public life in the form of special cultural centers. These venues encouraged interaction of different participating social groups. Fairs and bazaars were perceived by the majority of visitors as a holiday and a desirable form of recreation, which was facilitated by the infrastructure and cultural and entertainment program of these sites.

1473-1481

Authors: Natalia P. Koptseva, Yuliya N. Avdeeva

The article reviews the materials of the journal “Nauchnoe obozrenie”, which is a reliable source on the history of economic and socio-cultural development of the Russian Empire. The periodical press is one of the recognized historical sources containing the description of economic, political, social, religious, and cultural processes. The analysis of the methodology associated with the source value of periodicals indicates the validity of the choice of the journal “Nauchnoe obozrenie” as a source on the history of the development of the society of the Russian Empire at the end of the XIX century. The analysis of publications of 1898−1900 is made. The classification of publications by their subject is given: the materials of publications contain a large number of issues of an economic and industrial nature, as well as reflect geographical, environmental, physical-biological, anthropological, and philosophical data that either describe and supplement existing research by scientists, or are unique and accompanied by original author's judgments. It is worth noting that many publications reflect the research of not only Russian, but also German, French, Italian and Polish scientists, whose ideas and discoveries, in one way or another, were included in scientific discussions and influenced the further development of certain areas of scientific knowledge at the world level. The issues of the journal “Nauchnoe obozrenie” of 1898−1900 contain historical material that is valuable for the study of the history of the development of the Russian Empire, which was formed under the influence of many internal and external factors and discoveries. The journal also allows you to determine the course of the history of world civilization as a whole. Until now, the materials of this periodical have not been taken into account in historiography. This defect must be corrected, and the historical essays of the journal must be recognized as an important source for the study of the history of the development of the society of the Russian Empire.

1491-1500

Authors: Vladimir N. Denisenko, Marina A. Bereznyatskaya, Anastasia V. Denisenko, Yuliya V. Yurova

The article considers the journal of military events “Voina s Yaponiei” (“War with Japan”) as a historical source on the history of the Russian-Japanese war of 1904−1905. As materials for the preparation of the work there were used 35 issues of the weekly illustrated journal “Voina s Yaponiei”. In methodological terms, the work is based on the principle of historicism and objectivity. A great attention is paid to the method of source analysis, since the studied journal is considered as a historical source. The principle of historicism allowed us to consider the studied events in their historical sequence, and to achieve objectivity, the authors considered all issues of the journal “Voina s Yaponiei”. In conclusion, the authors state that the weekly illustrated journal “Voina s Yaponiei” was one of the first attempts to create a journal of military events of the period of the Russo-Japanese war in the Russian Empire. The period of the journal's existence was short, about 6 months (from June 13 to December 31, 1904) and during this time 35 issues of the journal were published. The journal had several permanent headings: stories, the history of military affairs, military review, as well as news from both the Russian and Japanese sides. Besides this, the journal also published materials of personal origin – notes and memoirs of war correspondents, soldiers and sailors. Throughout the entire period, the journal published well-known Russian writers, among whom were I.A. Lyubich-Koshurov, N.A. Turgenev, P. Krasnov and others.

1511-1518

Authors: Elena V. Vititneva, Evgeny A. Akhtamov, Galina M. Lushchaeva, Natalya V. Pahomova

The article examines the role of National University named after P.I. Makushin in the educational system of Tomsk at the beginning of the 20th century. The article based on educational legal acts, the regulations of National Universities, annual proceedings dedicated to P.I. Makushin, as well as social and political journalism. In the first place, the National University was analyzed as a phenomenon. The authors have analyzed the history of private higher education, the history of transition from private classes to a special educational organization. The authors have emphasized the goals and project of National University in comparison to the actual situation in educational process. It has been revealed that the phenomenon of National University can be considered as an alternative to the state educational institutions of higher education and as a new phenomenon of urban culture. It has been revealed that despite the fact that educational goals have not been achieved in its entirety, the National University has had a significant impact on the development of educational system and cultural life of Tomsk. The National University became truly National since its lecture rooms were open not only for privileged, but for lowborn classes. The students could attend training sessions, as well as libraries, laboratories, exhibitions. As a result the National University has a significant impact in the cultural life of Tomsk.

1527-1532

Authors: Timur A. Magsumov, Teymur E. Zulfugarzade, Mikhail B. Kolotkov, Sergei B. Zinkovskii

The article discusses the technical means of propaganda during the First World War. The attention is paid to the French, German, British and American experience in delivering propaganda literature to the enemy's territory. There was used as sources the specialized literature on the history of military propaganda during the First World War. In methodological terms, the principles of objectivity and consistency were applied: the first allowed us to impartially consider the sources on the research topic, the second made it possible to analyze the technical means of delivering propaganda literature from different countries participating in the conflict. Summing up, the authors come to the conclusion that during the First World War, the propagandists of the opposing sides relied on the fact that the leaflets caused minimal rejection from the enemy. To this end, the propagandists refused to deliver leaflets using artillery ammunition (since artillery shelling had a negative psychological effect on the enemy) and after several alternative attempts (scattering leaflets with a tailwind from an observation tethered balloon, as well as a kite), they opted for a specially designed unmanned balloon, the range of which could reach 200 kilometers deep into enemy territory with a tailwind. Such a range of action was quite sufficient for psychological impact not only on the fortified areas of the front line, but also the concentration camps and the population located in the rear.

1542-1551

Authors: Ksenia A. Tishkina

Based on a wide range of sources, the article examines the process of employment of refugees in the cities of Siberia during the First World War. The massive influx of forced migrants which included mostly women, children, and people who lost their ability to work (the elderly and the disabled) to the Siberian region began at the end of the summer of 1915. Refugee families preferred to settle in cities and on rare occasions moved to the countryside. The main source of income for forced migrants was benefits from the state. In the cities, there were Committees for Assistance to Refugees, as well as various public organizations that provided assistance to forced migrants, provided them with employment. One of the most demanded urban occupations were laborers and servants. Under the Committees for Assistance to Refugees, there were labor offices, whose employees were involved in looking for vacancies. Employment of refugees was hampered by difficulties associated with poor knowledge of the Russian language, difficult natural conditions, unwillingness to work for low wages, general psychological stress against the background of past events, etc. In the labor market, the main competitors for forced migrants were prisoners of war, whose work was valued much lower. Local departments of national public organizations took part in the employment of forced migrants. They organized special workshops (mainly shoemakers and sewing), in which they provided jobs to needy tribesmen. Despite a number of ongoing activities, the problem of employment of forced migrants in Siberian cities was not fully resolved.

1560-1567

Authors: Olga V. Natоlochnaya, Ruslan M. Allalyev, Vladimir A. Svechnikov, Svetlana V. Petrova

The article deals with the issues of planning the blockade of the Bosphorus by the Black sea fleet during the 1916 campaign of the First World War. The special attention is paid to the calculations of the elements of force, as well as the ratio of the Turkish and Russian fleets. The study was carried out on the basis of previously unpublished documents of the Russian state archive of the navy (St. Petersburg, Russian Federation).Previously, these documents were not published. The plan for the blockade of the Bosphorus, which was prepared by Captain 2nd Rank B. Tyagin on July 1, 1916 at the Sevastopol roadstead, is important in the work. In methodological terms, the study is based on the basic principles of historical research, namely, the principles of objectivity and reliability. The problem-historical method, which allowed us to consider the planning of the blockade of the Bosphorus in the context of the specific historical situation that developed in 1916 is of great importance in the study. In conclusion, the authors state that, according to the planning of the operation to blockade the Bosphorus, it was assumed that it would be conducted by the Black sea fleet in three shifts. The blockade was to be accompanied by a barrier of the Bosphorus against submarines and surface vessels. It was to be preceded by serious secret and ship reconnaissance, as well as simultaneously active operations against submarines throughout the Black sea and the defense of the coasts and the fleet from submarine attacks in ports and the sea. The involvement of hydroaeroplanes in reconnaissance, fighter and bomber activities should have been sharply increased; new units have been formed to combat enemy submarine bases; civilian vessels have been re-equipped and equipped to perform military tasks. If we take into account the volume of available resources of the Black sea fleet on the Caucasian theater of operations, then the forces that the fleet had were quite sufficient to fulfill the task of blockading the Bosphorus.

452-460

Authors: Denis A. Lyapin

In the 1640−50s, to protect the southern borders of the country, an extensive complex of fortifications was erected, which was called the "Belgorod Line". The study of its history is of great interest to the scientific community. Recently, scientists have been studying this structure a lot. They want to understand how the construction process took place and the accompanying social and military transformations were carried out in the South of Russia. The author of the article focuses on the behavioral models of the local population. These are personality traits necessary to help people cope with everyday difficulties and realize their life attitudes, norms and values in certain conditions. This important topic remains outside the attention of the scientific community. The article provides various examples of the behavior of service people: proactive participation in hostilities, their inherent paternalism and collectivism, the prevalence of public interest over private interests in their environment, the peculiarities of the mentality and world perception of the population are considered. The actions of people were determined by general ideas about service as the most important category of social life. In this regard, an important feature of human behavior was his initiative and perception of his interests in the context of actions for the benefit of the whole team. The team was more important than the person. In conclusion, it is concluded that the models of human behavior that existed in the 17th century contributed to the successful construction of the Belgorod line, they made a person feel part of various social groups and be guided by a single goal. War was perceived as an integral feature of the general world order. Thus, the effective construction and functioning of the fortresses of the Belgorod line was directly related to the behavioral models of the local population.

471-482

Authors: Marina L. Berezhnova

The article describes the possibilities of obtaining ethnographic data on Russian inhabitants of the Tara Irtysh Land from The Tarski uezd Inventory Revision Book of 1701, which authorized the poll tax-paying of the citizens. This book is one of the few remained records of that type composed in Siberian uezds in the XVII – the early XVIII centuries. Highlighting the data out of the source that is not expressed in the text explicitly but can be revealed while employing quantative methods in analysis of the information is of utmost importance. Census registration was conducted by households. Only breadwinners were described according to strict form that included the name, the patronymic name, ancestry, place of living, rank, emolument. It also contained the information on those who was a landman, who was a landowner, the taxes and the size of the tithe arable land were also defined. In inventory revision books the following data were included: male relatives that lived in the family, house serves (if they were). The number of cattle in the family, land holdings was indicated. The information on Russian inhabitants of from The Tarski uezd Inventory Revision Book were given in accordance to settlements: the town of Tara, villages and slobodas. Sociology and history science have a great experience of large-scale records analysis. The article features various possible approaches to the research and by means of the example of the analysis of four settlements of different types the possibilities of the usage of quantative methods are described. The following correlations were analyzed: social stratum – parenthood status, ancestry – parenthood status, social stratum – settlement size. The most demonstrative were the results of the analysis connecting ancestry and social stratum.

496-505

Authors: Timur H. Aloev, Yulia V. Bunkova, Osman A. Zhansitov

This article attempts to identify one of the modes of overcoming the internal political conflict in Kabarda through a comparative analysis with the initiatives system of the Russian government to overcome the collision destructive for its interests in the neighboring principality. The work reveals the main attitude of the Russian side towards Greater Kabarda in the period after the conclusion of the Belgrade Treaty of 1739. Though before that Russia showed a desire to preserve the unity of the political elite of the principality as a guarantee of effective opposition to the Crimean expansion in the region, then from the end of the Russian-Ottoman war of 1735–1739St. Petersburg's goals in relation to traditional partners are undergoing changes. The task of the Russian foreign policy department was to maintain the situation of competition between the two groups of Circassian princes. As the Baksan party was the most consistent counterparty of St. Petersburg since the mid-20s. of the XVIII century, the stake was placed on it. In the spring of 1747, one of the pillars of this group, the feudal Misost clan, was forced to leave the principality. Thus, the stability of Russian influence in the affairs of the “barrier” principality came under threat. This prompted the Russian leadership to try to restore a status-quo acceptable to its interests. The trendsetters for restoring the internal political balance in Kabarda were also the triad of Tlekotlesh clans – Kundet, Tambi (y) and Anzor, dissatisfied with the destabilization of the political system and possessing sufficient ideological and military-political resources to force the dominant princely alliance to agree to the return of the exiles.

527-534

Authors: Natalia Ye. Goryushkina

The article is dedicated to the excise doctrine of N.S. Mordvinov. Within the context of this doctrine a special system of conditions, institutions, relations that could ensure the functioning of a new procedure for collecting alcohol tax is outlined. Mordvinov suggested to transfer state distilleries to private persons, not to hamper production with extra regulations giving rise to abuse, to make alcohol turnover free, to collect excise duty immediately at the time of the sale of alcohol, to allow the export of alcohol abroad, but to limit the number of drinking establishments in the Empire. He assigned the key role in the establishment and maintenance of the new excise system for Russia to the government. Mordvinov's excise views were ahead of his time and were considered by contemporaries as remote from reality. The program developed by him was not accepted for implementation, Finance Minister D.A. Guryev settled upon the state monopoly on the production and wholesale of wine and E.F. Kankrin, who later headed the financial department, preferred time proved tax farm. The excise system, introduced only in 1863, was based on that very principles set forth in Mordvinov's works a few decades earlier. The study of the excise concept of a prominent statesman and public figure of the second half of the 18th – first half of the 19th century is extremely important for understanding the prerequisites, meaning and purpose of wine reform, and serious problems in organizing the sales of alcohol in modern Russia determine the practical significance of the article.

543-555

Authors: Abilseit Muktar, Ruslan Zhusupov, Ulzhan Akhmetova,Serikzhan Ismailov

This article examines the socio-political and diplomatic activities of the Kazakh khan of the Middle Zhuz Bukey Barakuly with the Russian Empire from the 80-s of the XVIII century to the 20-s of the XIX century. On the basis of documents found in the archives of the Russian Federation, topical economic and political issues related to the history of the Kazakh Khanate, the Russian Empire and Central Asia were presented. The presented archival documents provide evidence on the role and contribution of Bukey Khan in the development of international trade relations. His activities to ensure the security of the passage of trade caravans and embassies through the territory of the Kazakh Khanate allowed Russia to expand trade relations with Kokand, Bukhara, Tashkent, Kashgaria and Kyrgyzstan. These circumstances led to the expansion of trade in the fortifications located in the border zone of the Kazakh and Russian lands. Another feature of this article is that on the basis of the archival documents used, it is possible to consider in detail the social structure of the Bukey Khan embassies, their goals and routes adopted in the capital of the Russian Empire, St. Petersburg. In particular, it describes the measures taken by Russian officials and the political elite of Bukey Khan to strengthen trade ties with Central Asia. In addition, this article provides information about the socio-economic and political situation in the Kazakh Khanate and Central Asia in the late XVIII – early XIX centuries, as well as the impact of these political conditions on the development of the trading system.And all this proves the success of Russia's policy in Kazakhstan and Central Asia at the beginning of the XIX century.

572-586

Authors: Anatoly I. Agafonov, Vladimir P. Trut

The article examines the patronage of the Russian Emperor and the heir to the throne over the Don Guards Cossack regiments and the presence of the Don Guards Cossack military uniform in their wardrobe in the XIX – early XX centuries in the context of the formation and development of the institution of honorary patronage over military units in the Russian Imperial Army. The appointment of the honorary chiefs of the Life Guards of His Majesty's Cossack Army, the Life Guards of His Highness the heir of the Tsarevich of the regiments and the Life Guards of the 6th Don Cossack Battery of His Majesty's Highest personages clearly demonstrated the special patronage of the members of the imperial family to the Cossacks and contributed to the establishment of a special regimental form of Cossack military uniforms, which were distinguished from the uniforms of the Guards, combat and other regiments of the Russian army by a special cut, special appearance and color, aiguillettes, uniform uniforms. fittings and some other elements of a military uniform. The chiefs were required to wear the uniform of their units, took part in their events, in military shows, divorces, parades, the arrival of the guards in St. Petersburg and services in the capital. The military uniform occupied an important place in the government's policy towards the Cossacks, turning them into a military service class, and forming a special socio-ideological image of the "tsar and the Cossack". The emperor and the heir Tsesarevich, who was the August ataman of all the Cossack troops of the country, were represented by the warriors of the Cossacks as one of the military and social pillars of the autocracy. Through the uniform, the ideas of a strong unity of the sovereign and the Cossacks were carried out, the Cossack class mentality was brought up, a certain type of thinking of the Cossacks was created not only as famous soldiers, but also as loyal servants of the state and the emperor, A great influence on the development of the institute of honorary patronage and the development of the Cossack military uniform of the Highest persons was exerted by their visits to the Land of the Don Army (the Don Army Region), participation in Military circles and various events.

594-601

Authors: Natalya P. Matsakova, Ludmila V. Okonova, Daglara V. Amaeva

Currently, there is an aggravation of the environmental situation in the South of Russia as a result of increased anthropogenic and man-made impacts on the environment. In this regard it is important to study historical experience of the environmental policy of the Russian Empire. One of its most important areas was environmental protection in regions with special natural conditions. Astrakhan province, especially the Kalmyk steppe, belonged to one of the most arid, low-water and treeless regions of the empire, in which the fight against desertification, wind and soil erosion, and water scarcity was an important necessity for the development of the region's economy. The main purpose of this article is to study the main stages and directions of the Russian government's policy on afforestation in the Kalmyk steppe of the Astrakhan province in the XIX century. A wide range of archival documents and works of pre-revolutionary and modern authors have been used to study the history of raising the question of the need for afforestation of the Kalmyk steppe, the reasons, goals and stages of deforestation measures of central and local authorities as a means of improving the efficiency of agriculture and an example of environmental policy. Afforestation activities in the Kalmyk steppe were closely linked to other areas of government policy, in particular, to the policy of settling Kalmyk roads in the Astrakhan province. The authors of the article paid special attention to the reasons for the failure of afforestation measures at the time under consideration, which required a more balanced scientific approach to this problem. It should be noted that measures for the construction of protective forest belts are extremely relevant for the republic at the present time.

610-619

Authors: Andrey V. Bedrik, Artyom Yu. Peretyatko, Margarita V. Finko, Olga I. Shafranova

The presented article is devoted to a comprehensive description of the Don diaspora communities of the 19th century, which functioned together in a single socio-economic, political and cultural space of the historical region. The team of authors analyzed the historiographic tradition that characterizes the synchronous development of the Don ethnic diasporas in the context of the systemic modernization of traditional social institutions. The comparative approach allows us to imagine the immanent features of regional ethnic communities that took shape during the previous era and were transformed under the specific influence of the imperial authorities and the Cossack environment. The source base includes both a variety of official and expert statistical data and unpublished documentary materials that reveal the features of regional administrative practices. The daily life of diaspora communities is considered in the general cultural context of a developing region that forms a new model of collective identity.

629-640

Authors: Аndrii E. Lebid, Natal'ya A. Shevchenko

The article analyzes the features of the religious life of the Ukrainian provinces of the Russian Empire in terms of schismaticism and sectarianism in the first half of the 19th century. The source for the study of this issue was the 8th volume of the «History of the Ministry of Internal Affairs» by N.V. Varadinov, where numerous archival data, documents, as well as scientific works were used to study the issues of the religious development of the Russian state during this period. An extensive bibliography of the issue is given, especially of pre-revolutionary authors who specialized in the study of sectarianism and schismaticism. Based on the statistical reports contained in the work, the number of schismatics in the Ukrainian provinces was calculated for 1826−1827, 1837, 1839, 1841, 1846, when, in fact, the reports were submitted to the Ministry. As a result of calculations, we found that the largest number of schismatics in the overwhelming number was recorded in the Chernigov province. In general, their numbers were unevenly distributed across all Ukrainian provinces. It has been established that in the period from 1826 to 1846 there is a general decrease in the number of schismatics on the scale of the empire, while in the territory of the Ukrainian provinces its increase, on average by 27%. As a conclusion, a hypothesis was formulated that to those given as N.V. Varadinov, and other sources, data on the number of schismatics in the Russian Empire during this period should be treated with skepticism, due to objective circumstances and conditions that do not allow to accurately establish the number of sectarians.

652-660

Authors: Tatiana V. Gryaznukhina, Alexander G. Gryaznukhin, Larisa F. Malyutina, Evgeny A. Akhtamov

Liberal ideas and values have attracted a lot of followers in political circles and society at large, which proves the importance of the topic selected for our study and reveals the need for comparing the values of the19-th century Russian liberals and their ideological successors. The subject of this work is the development of liberal ideas in the post-reform Russia. Intelligentsia were the stalwart proponents of liberal views. Most of them shared Western-European values and strived to adapt them to the Russian environment. The analysis of the views of the main representatives of the liberal movement allowed us to understand their position regarding some essential social and political issues. These views on the main problems, for instance, the future of the peasant community in the post-reform Russia, differed radically, which led to a lack of unity among the liberals. We analyse the reason why liberalism failed to play a decisive role in the movement of Russia towards democratic reforms. The lack of unity of views among the proponents of liberalism, their inability to come to an agreement with the government and meet the advocates of other political trends halfway prevented them from increasing their influence in society and reduced the number of their supporters. The article also discusses the role of liberal press and its most vivid representatives in shaping the public opinion. Our comparison of the views of Russian liberal intelligentsia and Siberian liberals led us to the conclusion that both groups had common views on themain issues of social and economic development of the country. However, the specific nature of the development of Siberia was a reason for certain peculiarities in the views of its inhabitants.

669-688

Authors: Aleksandr А. Cherkasov, Sergei N. Bratanovskii, Marina A. Ponomareva, Ludmila G. Zimovets

The authors make an attempt to provide a comprehensive historical and statistical study on long-livers of the Russian Empire in the period 1836−1914. In this part of the work, the period 1850−1875 is analyzed. At this time, the male and female population of the Orthodox faith was recorded. The attention is paid to the number of long-livers, namely persons whose age exceeds 101 years, their places of residence, as well as the specific weight of the number of long-livers to the total population. There were used as materials the reports of the chief prosecutor of the Holy Synod on the spiritual department of the Orthodox faith for 1836−1914. The work is based on the underlying principles of historicism, systematics and objectivity. The statistical method is of great importance in this work, which allowed us to analyze the available statistical data on mortality in the Russian Empire in the period 1850−1875, as well as to identify important characteristic features. Besides this, the use of the statistical method made it possible to identify territories with a large number of long-livers. In conclusion, the authors state that despite the inclusion of information about women in the statistics since 1850, the number of long-livers on the territory of the Russian Empire continued to decline, partly this trend began in the 1840s, continued in the 1850s and 1860s, and reached its minimum value in the first half of the 1870s. The number of persons who reached the maximum age also decreased, while in 1836−1849 long-livers were recorded in the age range from 160 to 165 years, in 1850−1875 the maximum age was in the range from 145 to 150 years. In 1850−1875, the territory of the Georgian Exarchate became the leader in longevity in the Russian Empire, which was replaced by the Caucasian Diocese. The Top 5 also includes three dioceses of the Asian part of the Russian Empire (Tomsk, Irkutsk and the newly formed Yenisei), as well as the newly formed Tavrichesky Diocese of the European part of Russia.

699-716

Authors: Anvar M. Mamadaliev, Dmitrii V. Karpukhin, Natalia V. Svechnikova, Larisa A. Koroleva

A series of articles is devoted to the study of the education system in the Kutaisi province of the Russian Empire in the period from 1846 to 1917. This article examines the period from 1885 to 1900. As the main source, the authors used the annual “Reports of the trustee of the Caucasian educational district on the state of educational institutions” of the Ministry of Public Education for 1885−1900. The methodological basis of the research is both special historical methods (historical-comparative, historical-system, historical-statistical (quantitative/mathematical), and general scientific methods (synthesis, analysis, generalization, classification and categorization). Besides the dynamics of quantitative indicators for students, the paper analyzes statistics on such criteria as the ratio of students in male and female gymnasiums and progymnasiums by national composition, confessional, class and gender characteristics (the last criterion is only for applicants for secondary education); to study objectively the dynamics the “cross-sections” are taken at three points of the chronological period indicated by us: 1885 (lower), 1893 (middle) and 1900 (upper). The article also analyzes the dynamics of the number of secondary (gymnasiums, progymnasiums, real schools, teachers ' seminaries, etc.), lower (urban and craft/industrial schools, mountain schools, nautical classes) and primary (state/public urban/rural schools) educational institutions. According to the results of the study, the authors draw conclusions about the dynamics of the development of education in the designated years; in particular, the number of students in secondary and lower educational institutions increased almost 2,5 times, primary – 3 times, with the largest percentage of growth falling on female students. The total number of educational institutions has increased almost 2 times.

726-737

Authors: Victor V. Barabash, Bella A. Bulgarova, Natalia V. Poplavskaya, Liudmila B. Terechik

The history of education in the Russian Empire remains a controversial and politicized topic. If in Soviet times the achievements of the imperial system were ignored,now, on the contrary, there is a certain idealization of it. This article attempts to look at the education system of the Russian Empire as a set of regional education systems, between which there were serious differences. To achieve this goal, statistical data on 5 provinces and 2 Cossack regions were analyzed, and it was concluded that in the middle of the XIX century, indeed, we can talk about different educational systems in the regions of the empire. At the same time, both organizational differences were noted (for example, in some regions, the schools of the Ministry of State Property were more important for the spreading of literacy in general than the schools of the Ministry of Public Education), and qualitative differences (the proportion of children attending schools, even in regions not affected by the Caucasian war, fluctuated several times). As a result, if in some regions (Vologda province, Orenburg Cossack army) educational institutions were already in all significant settlements, then in others – there were very few of them (less than 30 in the area of the Don Army and less than 10 in the Tiflis province).

750-759

Authors: Sergey V. Vinogradov, Igor V. Turitsyn, Yuliya G. Eshchenko, Elena V. Saveleva

The authors show the role of labor migration as an important tool for the development of the outlying territories of the Russian Empire, on the example of the Volga-Caspian fishing region. In this article proves that it became possible to quickly develop the natural resources of this region, after the abolition of serfdom and the formation of a free labor market. Peasants rushed to the fishing industry in the hope of earning money from the agrarian overpopulated central and Volga provinces. Some of the labor migrants settled in Volga-Caspian fishing region, becoming workers in fish enterprises, fishers, and entrepreneurs. On the basis of the collected materials, the authors proposed original judgments proving that during the period under study, the fishing industry of the Volga-Caspian fishing region became the main supplier of fish products for the main industrial regions of the country under the conditions of the beginning of industrialization. The article analyzes a set of state documents of the 1860-1880s, contributing to the rapid development and development of the Volga-Caspian fishing region. This study carried out on the basis of a large array of archival documents that make it possible to better understand the organization of labor migrants in the fisheries in 1861-1914. Most of the documents from the funds of the State Archives of the Astrakhan Region are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.

777-785

Authors: Tatiana I. Khizhaya, Tatiana V. Chumakova, Mikhail S. Stetckevich

The paper analyzes home studies of the 19th – early 20th centuries, dedicated to religious non-Orthodox movements in the Russian Empire – the Molokans and the Russian Judaizers. The topicality of the work stems from both insufficient research of the history of these movements in modern religious studies and the extreme lack of works dealing with the pre-revolutionary historiography of the problem. The study reveals the presence of a rich and multifaceted literature on Molokans and Subbotniks, which was created by the officials, church authors, scholars, public figures and private observers. The authors considered diverse aspects of the sectarian movements, so that their works are an important source for the research of Russian religious dissenters and at the same time – a serious contribution to the development of religious studies in Russia. Historiographic analysis traces the formation of the terminology denoting religious dissidents. At first sectological discourse clearly lacked clarity and relevance in the names of the movements as well as in different currents within them. Subsequently the meanings of various terms were clarified, but till the end of the 19th century some researchers still hadn’t been strictly distinguishing both religious movements and their designations. The social status of the authors, their professional activities, political and cultural preferences, sometimes ethnic identity determined (though not always directly) the diverse discourses of perception of religious nonconformists. They varied from intolerance to outright sympathy. During the period under consideration the evolution of concepts of the sectarians as well as interest in them correlated with socio-political and religious processes in the country and also with changes in social and research paradigms.

799-811

Authors: Galya A. Alpyspaeva, Gulmira Zhuman, Sholpan N. Sayаhimova, Lazzat Т. Jumaliyeva

The article considers one of the important aspects of the state-confessional policy of the Russian Empire in the late XIX – early XX centuries, associated with the solution of the "Muslim question". The autocracy's policy towards Islam is interpreted in the context of analyzing the content of bills and proposals proposed by officials for reorganizing the management of the spiritual life of Muslims in the Steppe regions and Turkestan Territory. The author analyzes the reasons for the aggravation of the "Muslim issue" in the region under the influence of the rise of the all-Russian Muslim movement, the appeal of Muslims with petitions to change the situation in the 60-90s of the XIX century the order of managing their religious life. The development of projects to reform the system of governance of Muslims in the region was conditioned not so much by the desire of the regional administration to satisfy the demands of Muslims, as by the concern about excessive influence on the spiritual life of Muslim-Kazakh Tatars and Central Asian Sarts. The proposed projects, which had the main goal of establishing control over Muslim communities, were primarily aimed at weakening and eliminating this influence. They did not express the whole essence of the confessional policy of the autocracy, but certain provisions contained constructive proposals, the implementation of which would weaken the acuteness of the issue. The conclusion is substantiated that a peculiar civil-military management system in the Steppe regions and the Turkestan Territory, the rivalry between ministries and departments for influence in the regions, bureaucratic procedures for the adoption of bills determined the specifics of the imperial confessional policy towards Muslim-Kazakhs and the failure of projects on the "Muslim issue ".

821-828

Authors: Anton K. Salmin

There are sort of two subjects in the article: 1) traditional festivals and rites, 2) N.I. Ashmarin’s views on these ethnic identity phenomena. However, they are analyzed in the article as a single cross-cutting issue. Therefore we can say that the headlined subject has more than once brought up in different published works in connection with the study of traditional festivals and rites of the Chuvash people. However, their place in N.I. Ashmarin’s works is considered for the first time. The purpose of this study is the system analysis of the aforesaid objects of the traditional ethnic culture. Theyareratedasethnicidentitymarkers. N.I. Ashmarin, though being mainly a linguist, always relied on pieces of folk traditions. In the course of work in Kazan and Cheboksary he, through his disciples, collected a vast fund of materials studied in the article. Those manuscripts are now stored in the Scientific Archive of the Chuvash State Institute of Humanities. It is noted in the article that the most important elements of N.I. Ashmarin’s heritage are the youth open festivals Vaiya(Вӑйӑ), village-wide purificatory acts seren(сĕрен) and hĕr aki(хĕр аки), evil eye removal rites (mainly for children), anaemia protection rite, wedding, funeral and commemorative rites. The author hopes that the researches will draw the two aspects from the article: N.I. Ashmarin’s scientific interests and the traditional festivals and rites of the Chuvash people. In the article, they are shown in the form of synthetic analysis. This is the relevance and novelty of the research. In addition, N.I. Ashmarin’s works promote the ethnological understanding of daily ritualized life of the Chuvash people.

840-849

Authors: Yuliya A. Lysenko

The article analyzes the policy of the Russian Empire in relation to the traditional economy of the Kazakhs of the Steppe region in the 80s years of XIX – the beginning of XX century. It is marked that bourgeois transformations accompanied by mass relocation of peasants to the Steppe region and creation of commodity agricultural economies demanded considerable land resources. Therefore, the mass settlement was seen as the main mechanism of transformation of the Kazakh nomadic farms. The transition of nomads to agriculture was seen as a natural and progressive process. During numerous interdepartmental discussions at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, an opinion was established that the settling should be carried out naturally, under the influence of new objective economic conditions caused by mass migration of peasants and withdrawal of pasture lands from the Kazakhs for land resettlement of migrants. Thus, the expediency of increasing the scale of resettlement flows to the Steppe region was recognized. The regional administration, as a whole, recognizing the regularity of transition of Kazakhs to a settled way of life, called to refuse mass settling of nomads and mass spreading of agriculture among already settled ones, mainly because of the limited land resources coming for farming. Therefore, the regional officials connected sedentarization with intensification of cattle breeding and development of an industry for processing livestock products in the region. The mass settling of Kazakhs in the beginning of XX centuries, reorientation of their farms on the market with application of various agricultural tools, gave reasons to believe that the chosen course on sedentarization turned out to be correct.

861-871

Authors: Lyubov N. Shchankina, Irina A. Fedorova, Oksana V. Egorova

It is devoted to senatorial revisions of the second half of the 19th century, which were divided into three groups in terms of tasks and significance: 1) due to the introduction of the Judicial Charters of 1864 on the territory of the Russian Empire; 2) related to specific instructions of the government and problems at the level of local administrations; 3) the most important audits organized in order to strengthen the state mechanism of autocracy, combat the liberation movement, purge the local apparatus, clarify the facts of execution and bribery. It was revealed that during inspections by senators, multiple violations were found in the field of provincial and county administration; incompetence, inactivity and lack of system in the work of officials; ignorance of the current domestic political problems of the Governor-General; lack of work on peasant reform; failure to comply with the requirements of the law; abuse of power; extreme slowness in the processing of cases. It is emphasized that, since these events left a significant array of historical information of a statistical nature and research material about the provinces being examined (including the number of the population, its employment, moods, the causes of social processes, etc.), the source base of scientific work on this issue can be significantly expanded. It was concluded that there was a strong side of senatorial audits, which consisted in a clear regulation of their implementation, recorded by numerous instructions. At the same time, despite the private positive results, namely the cleansing of the state apparatus, the prosecution of stolen officials, etc., such measures, as a rule, did not have serious political consequences. The exception was the revision of Manasein 1882−1883, the result of which was the reorganization of the Polish and judicial system of the Baltic provinces.

881-888

Authors: Nicholas W. Mitiukov

In the first half of the 1880s, the Votkinsk plant, having fulfilled the last order of the Maritime Department (“Geok-Tepe” steamer), faced the problem of re-profiling the shipbuilding industry. Taking advantage of the "oil boom", he began the production of offshore (roadstead) and river liquid barges, eventually building about two dozen of them. But the records management documentation of the Votkinsk plant does not allow identifying the names of the built vessels, which appear under the conventional names like "Shibaev's barge" or "Richter's barge". Identification is necessary for the reconstruction of the further career of ships and to identify how much they are in demand or not in demand. A comprehensive analysis of office-work and operational documentation (registers and lists of ships) made it possible to determine the names of built non-self-propelled ships. As a result, it turned out that by the time of the revolution, many non-self-propelled tankers built in Votkinsk were concentrated in the fleets of the largest Russian oil carriers (“Nobel Brothers” and “Mazut” companies). This proves the relevance and efficiency of courts, since monopolists would not buy out bad products. Most of the Votkinsk tank barges survived the revolution and the civil war, and some worked until the end of the Great Patriotic War, which proves the high quality of the Votkinsk vessels.

898-907

Authors: Mukhtar B. Kozha, Arnabai A. Nurzhanov, Igor Krupko

The article analyzes the manuscript of N.I. Veselovsky “Description of the ruins and ancient cities on the road from Kazala to Tashkent”, stored in the Russian State Archives of Literature and Art. Information obtained by N.I. Veselovsky during a trip in the fall of 1884 is given in comparison with the data published by other researchers, which makes it possible to assess the scientist’s contribution to the history of the archaeological study of the region. N.I. Veselovsky was a pioneer in the study of the Korkut-ata mausoleum and the ruins of the medieval city of Sygnak, the Mir fortress. The orientalist stood at the origins of archaeological research of the Otrar settlement, conducted excavations in Sauran and described the monuments of Sairam. His description of the mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasavi and other artifacts of Turkestan has not lost its value. Conducted by N.I. Veselovsky, the accounting and description of numerous monuments and antiquities of South Kazakhstan have not lost their significance in our time. Some of the monuments described by him have over time completely collapsed or changed so much that for the whole complex of antiquities in the Syrdarya region the manuscript of N.I. Veselovsky is the only source of information for us. In historiographic reviews on the history of the archaeological study of Kazakhstan as an integral part of the Russian Empire of that period, it is necessary to take into account the contribution of N.I. Veselovsky.

917-926

Authors: Svetlana S. Gorokhova, Anna V. Popova, Marianna G. Abramova, Pavel V. Nikitin

The article is devoted to the study of certain aspects of the socio-economic structure of the Russian Empire in the last decades of the XIX century. Realizing the complexity of the tasks to reflect all relevant characteristics of the social development of the state within one scientific article, the authors, have focused on: the status and level of technological development of the country; the development of large domestic industry; the specifics of the formation of the working class (proletariat), which was virtually unknown in agrarian Russia, its place and role in the renewal of the socio-economic sphere of public life and the state-legal development of the Russian Empire; the formation of a separate social cluster of women workers; the use of child labor in factory production and its significance for the development of industrial relations. The article reflects the main directions of the state policy of that period, aimed at achieving the competitiveness of the Russian economy in the world market. The authors conclude that the state policy of the tsarist government, as well as the measures taken by manufacturers and breeders in large-scale industrial production to strengthen the industrial development of the country, were significant and, of course, positive.

936-947

Authors: Elena A. Brukhanova, Oksana I. Chekryzhova

Siberia in the XIX century was unalterably called the "krai of exile", which was due to the need to solve a state problem – the colonization of the outskirts. The forced relocation significantly influenced both on the structure of the region's population and on the economic and cultural development of the territories. By the end of the XIX century the largest convict prisons of Siberia remained only in Tobolsk and Irkutsk. In view of this, the study of various aspects of the exile system and penitentiary institutions of Siberia is relevant for historical research. The article presents the analysis of prisoners in Tobolsk prisons as a special social element of the urban population at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. It is worth noting that at this period four penitentiary institutions of all three categories existing at that time in the Russian Empire were located in Tobolsk: a prison castle, which also acted as a transit prison, two hard labor prisons and a special sections of prisons. The primary and statistical materials of the First General Census of the Russian Empire in 1897 were the main source of data. The census forms preserved unique and fairly complete information about prisoners of all prisons in Tobolsk, which made it possible to consider in detail a number of socio-demographic indicators of prisoners: sex and age, marital status, religious confession and mother tongue, social and professional identification data, migration and/or routing of convicts. A comparison of the general characteristics of the inhabitants of prisons and the urban population on materials of the 1897 census confirmed the significant influence of prisoners on the socio-demographic «portrait» of the city according to a number of indicators such as the number of male employable population, Mohammedans, immigrants from other gubernias. In our opinion, this should be taken into account when conducting various directions of historical research. Thus, the prisoners, according to the indicators, can be considered as a separate social group of the urban population in Siberia at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries.

960-968

Authors: Konstantin N. Maximov

In the second half of the XIX - early XX century in the process of modernization of Russian statehood, national regions were also included, in particular the Kalmyk steppe (Kalmykia), as part of a multiethnic state. Taking into account the peculiarities of their development, social reforms, reforms of public administration, self-government, administrative-territorial structure and other spheres were singled out into separate, sequential stages in the implementation of the general modernization policy of the Russian state. The preparatory stage and reforms of public administration, administrative-territorial structure and other spheres of Kalmykia dragged on for almost half a century, in fact, until the beginning of the crisis in Russia. This part of the article examines the processes of modernization of the highest level of state administration of the Kalmyk steppe – the Administration of the Kalmyk people. As a result of the centralization of management, it was withdrawn from the provincial department, subordinated directly vertically to the Ministry of Internal Affairs in the status of a state institution of Russia with its own system of subordinate bodies – ulus administrations. Officials of state institutions of Kalmykia were integrated into the unified system of personnel policy of the country in accordance with the Table of Ranks. In accordance with the general trend in the state apparatus of Kalmykia, the number of officials increased, and its state administration was subjected to bureaucratization. The complex of reforms also included the administrative-territorial reorganization of the Kalmyk steppe, which led to the transformation of local self-government of Kalmykia into the general system of the state. There have been no significant changes in the judicial system. The estates of the judiciary of the Kalmyk steppe, in fact, remained in the hands of the executive branch. As a result of the reform of the management of khurul (church) institutions, the highest clerical ranks in status were equated with civil servants and allocated into a separate independent class group.

981-989

Authors: Zarema Y. Emtyl, Saniet R. Zhane, Anna S. Bochkareva

The article presents a comprehensive research of evolutionary processes taking place in the development of a Islamic education of the North Caucasus nations in the beginning of XX century, based on a review of a wide range of issues, starting from conditions and prerequisites of evolutionary processes and evolving through specific actions to implement educational tasks, with respective reaction from the official authorities. The authors link evolutionary development of Islamic education to introduction of mundane subjects in spiritual schools’ learning process, application of modern teaching methods in pedagogical practice, and to the fact that teaching came to be delivered in native language, as were the textbooks, and to the start of teaching the history of North Caucasus nations. The research made by the authors make possible to conclude that new progressive processes in the development of Islamic education of the North Caucasus highland nations became evidence of national identity and new cultural needs on the rise. These reasons brought about the nationalization of Islamic education not only in terms of student community but, more importantly, the contents of training programs. Despite the counterproductive attitude of Russian authorities and the old clergy to emerging new Islamic education of the North Caucasus highlanders, the efforts of the new clergy supported by progressive public figures were gradually turning the confessional education into the national one.

1000-1007

Authors: Sergey I. Degtyarev, Ivan M. Romanyuk, Jasmin Gut, Lyubov G. Polyakova

Using newspaper materials of Right-Bank Ukraine at the beginning of the twentieth century. and theoretical developments of domestic and foreign experts, the authors investigated one of the little-known aspects of the history of the First World War – the role of the mental state of the population in the formation of public attitudes at the beginning of wartime – a historical phenomenon that entered science under the name of the "spirit of 1914". During the post-reform period, the region experienced a trend characteristic of European countries and Russia – an unprecedented spread of mental illnesses among the urban population, the most famous of which was neurasthenia. This disease was caused by the impact of rapidly developing modernist processes on the psyche of the townspeople. Correspondingly, this process affected the Right-Bank Ukraine – the leading region in terms of urbanization in the Russian Empire, where in 1897 a specialized medical institution was created by the government. The authors investigated the statistics of suicides in Kiev, which both indicated the dynamics of the growth of neurotic diseases among urban residents in the pre-war years, and testified to the opposite in the initial period of the First World War. According to the authors, this effect occurred due to the specific property of neurasthenia to instantly concentrate the early senselessly wasted human energy with lightning speed and direct it into the mainstream of the extreme historical moment that is being experienced – the declaration of war. It was the finding of neurasthenics in the process of internal emotional rebirth that contributed to their pro-war moods.

1016-1023

Authors: Tatyana G. Karchaeva, Mikhail D. Severyanov, Galina M. Lushchayeva, Anna S. Zhulaeva

This article tested the facts of the material support of civilian officials in Eastern Siberia during the First World War (Russian period). The actual salaries, material privileges of local managers examples on the documents from the State Archives of the Krasnoyarsk Region and the Irkutsk Region, who served about the institutions of the Yenisei and Irkutsk provinces from 1914 to 1917. Archival sources were formular lists and personal files of officials of provincial and district institutions, demanding statements for the salaries of employees, lists of extracurricular employees, documents of official correspondence, travel to the place of vacation or treatment. Materials of the local Siberian periodicals made information about the changes in the financial situation of the administrative apparatus during the First World War. The historical sources and literature, conclusions revealed the preservation of state guarantees for local officials during a difficult period for the country. Firstly, it was additional money to the salary: canteens, apartments, office expenses, Siberian service. The most effective material aid for officials in the Yenisei and Irkutsk provinces was money for the Siberian service, which, by the way, was received only by employees in full-time positions, provided that they had served here for at least five years. In turn, payments for clerical expenses were focused on categories of positions with a traveling nature of work, and apartment money from 1914 to 1917. weren’t paid to anyone (no cases of their payments were found). At the same time, the amounts of canteen money issued in remote areas and in Central Russia were the same and equally proportional to the salary. Secondly, material privileges in service were also retained during the war years. However, Siberian officials from 1914 to 1917. they practically did not go outside Siberia on vacation and for treatment; they preferred to teach children in local educational institutions. Newspaper notes report that there have been no significant additions to the pay of officials in the face of war inflation and increased workload. The supplements were intended for full-time officials and were of a compensatory nature. During the First World War, the reprieve from the army was interesting for local officials. However, in the Yenisei and Irkutsk provinces, the staffing staff changed frequently and the number of civilian employees from 1914 to 1917. grew. They were funded by leftovers, and women were recruited to these positions in the context of military mobilization. The wives of free-hired scribes drafted into the army received their salaries and canteens for their husbands in full.

1033-1049

Authors: Olga V. Kolpakova

The article is devoted to the review of the activities of the pastor of the Penza diocese during the First World War. In addition to performing his direct pastoral duties related to the satisfaction of religious and moral needs, making efforts to educate citizens in the spirit of devotion to the church and the fatherland, the pastor carried out a lot of duties of a national and public nature. The range of duties of the pastor during the First World War expanded, new requirements were imposed on his activities. He was not only a performer of the sacraments, divine services and the leader of his flock, but also a "clerk" and accountant (for the church economy), an employee of credit and savings and loan institutions. Parishes of the Penza diocese, led by pastors, had to take a broad part in the collection of donations. In the parishes, with the beginning of the war, the collection of allowances for the benefit of families called up for the war was started. The pastors provided assistance to the sick and wounded military personnel, and provided guidance on their preparation for reception and care.

15-24

Authors: Vasily S. Semenov, Olga V. Semenova

The article examines the characteristic features and state of the system of protection from water elements, relief of its consequences and assistance to victims in the South of the Russian Empire. The materials for the article were gleaned from the funds of the State Archives of the Astrakhan Region and Krasnodar Territory, most of which are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, as well as from the periodicals of the period under study. The study analyzes specific situations, organizational and managerial measures to prevent and protect against floods using the example of the Astrakhan province, as well as the organization of assistance to victims of the 1914 hurricane in the Kuban region. The authors made conclusions about the insufficient legislative regulation in the Russian Empire of measures to combat the water element, rescue and restoration work and assistance to victims. The weak participation of the central government in the development of a system for preventing disasters and stopping their consequences, which was built mostly on public funds and initiatives, was noted. The key areas that required state participation were highlighted: the construction of capital coastal protection structures, the creation of a centralized fund to help victims of the disaster, the formation of a specialized rescue service.

33-46

Authors: Marina L. Galas, Pavel S. Seleznev

The scientific paper explore the institutionalisation of the business, social and political activities of Russians in the 18th and early 20th centuries. Entrepreneurial activity of women of different classes is associated with the process of becoming their legal personality. In this process, the role of a woman in marriage-family relations was formed, property relations (relative to ownership, inheritance), in the civil-legal system, in the economic sphere, in the system of power and government at all levels. Attention is drawn to the educational and educational role in society of economically active Russian women. The charity work of Russian women entrepreneurs is shown. Statistics on the business activities of Russian women are presented: on the structure and industry composition of women's entrepreneurship, on the volume of production of enterprises, factories managed by Russians, share participation in various areas of the economy, production, the dynamics of the number of factories and enterprises owned by women. The socially oriented entrepreneurship of Russian women is considered. The authors analyzed the main areas of the women's movement related to the struggle for civil equality, equal opportunities in the labor market and employment, social guarantees, labor protection, supporting of mother-hood and child population. As part of the study's theme, the authors analyzed of the activities of women's civil society institutions. The forms of interaction between women's public organizations and the executive and legislative authorities in Russia are shown. The attention is drawn to the cooperation of such public organizations with the extranational women's movement. Multifaceted scrutiny of the topic allowed to show the importance of the women's movement for the development of economic, social, legal and management systems of pre-revolutionary Russia.

56-63

Authors: Sergey I. Degtyarev, Mykola S. Nazarov, Lyubov G. Polyakova, Jasmin Gut

Based on archival materials and other documentary sources, the authors studied the history of the little-known Ukrainian peasant-cossack Kunits family, who lived on the territory of the Konotop Cossack Hundred of the Hetmanate (eventually – Konotopsky uyezd of Chernihiv province). It was found out that the representatives of this family were peasants at the beginning of the XVIII century, but over time, probably, they were able to pass into the cossack state. After the final incorporation of the Hetmanate into the empire, the russian government made active attempts to reformat the social structure of the population of Ukraine on the russian model. A large stratum of Cossacks was dissolved in almost all social groups. But many of its representatives were given the opportunity to serve in state institutions in lower positions. A large number of cossacks took advantage of this. This gave them the opportunity to occupy a relatively comfortable niche in the social structure of the Russian Empire. The representatives of the Kunits family clearly illustrate this. According to the authors, the reconstruction of biographies of ordinary representatives of society, including small officials, makes it possible to more objectively assess certain historical phenomena and processes. In this case, some aspects of the development of the bureaucratic apparatus in the Ukrainian lands within the Russian Empire at the end of the XVIII – first half of the XIX centuries are clarified.

74-84

Authors: Alexander B. Khramtsov

The article considers the results of studying the basic problems of social life arising in the process of settlement of the population, the formation of stable traditions, crafts and crafts in the southern villages of the Trans-Urals of the late XVIII – early XX centuries. Three periods of historiography were highlighted: pre-revolutionary, Soviet and modern. In each of them basic works are studied, their characteristics are given, fragmentation of works is shown. The scientific novelty of the work is associated with little knowledge of the process of resettlement and the specifics of rural crafts, where, under the influence and enrichment of different cultures, a special figurative system of folk applied art has developed. A review of historiography allowed the author to formulate promising directions for further study of the topic: highlighting the main stages, features and patterns of the resettlement process; a comprehensive typology of rural settlements in the south of the region; Identification of rural crafts, handicrafts and traditions; a study of the specifics of folk crafts, their evolution, the causes of the decline of some species; introduction into scientific circulation of new sources on the topic: archival documents, museum collections, materials of field surveys, periodicals, maps of areas; creation of a regional tourist route in the southern settlements of the Tyumen region. The results obtained during the study can become a theoretical basis for popularizing traditional culture and spiritual and moral education of young people.

97-109

Authors: Timur A. Magsumov, Teymur E. Zulfugarzade, Aleksey A. Korolev, Elena V. Krasnenkova

The article deals with the problem of the Nogais flight from Circassia in 1793–1839. The attention is paid to the causes of migration, as well as the influence of the Circassian slave capture and slave trade on the demography of Nogai families. The main source on this issue is the collection of documents “The Circassian Slave Narratives”, which was published in October 2020 in a special issue of the journal “Bylye Gody”. This collection includes 1.2 thousand archival documents from the State archive of the Krasnodar Krai (Krasnodar city, Russian Federation). In total, due to the data of this collection, in the period from 1793 to 1839, 897 Nogais left Circassia according to incomplete data. The methodology is represented by a set of general and special methods of historical research. The content of the sources and their features determined the application of the statistical method used to account the Nogais who fled from Circassia, as well as to determine the generic ties and the number of people in one Nogai family. The analytical method was also used to systematize and evaluate general information about the Nogais and the reasons for their migration. In conclusion, the authors state that the “The Circassian Slave Narratives” is a valuable source on the history of the Nogai people in the late XVIII – first half of the XIX centuries. In the late XVIII – early XIX centuries, the Nogais fled from the territory of Circassia, and were subjected to violence by the local population. About half of the families of the Nogai fugitives were abducted and killed, which predetermined the attempts of their departure on the territory of Russia. It is important to explain that the flight of the Nogai communities continued until 1808, and after that there were few cases of flight of the Nogai people who were abducted on the Russian side

118-125

Authors: Andrii E. Lebid, Andriana M. Kostenko, Natal'ya A. Shevchenko

The article analyzed one of the most important sources on the history of the Russian Empire of the middle of the XIX с. − «History of the Ministry of Internal Affairs» N.V. Varadinov – Doctor of Law and Philosophy, the brightest representative of «enlightened bureaucracy». The considerable heuristic potential of this source in the political, economic, social, spiritual and cultural life of the Russian State during this period is noted. It is established that the history of the Ministry of Internal Affairs by N.V. Varadinov describes in the period from 1802 to 1855, singling out in it three periods: the period of formation of the ministry according to the manifesto of Emperor Alexander I, the period of transformation of the ministry (1810) when some of its functions were transferred to other agencies, and the third period when the basic functions and competencies of the Ministry of the Interior were almost formalized. It is noted that the most important part of N.V. Varadinov’s research is the 8th, an additional book in which the scholar explores religious issues, in particular issues related to the spread of splintering in the Russian Empire and government policies concerning it. The historian explores the history of the «split» on the example of the «sect» of the iconoclasts, khlists and others. The distinguishing feature of N.V. Varadinov’s work is factual accuracy, direct work with archival materials of the Ministry itself and other departments.

138-145

Authors: Viktor V. Titov

The presented study is devoted to the study of the specific and factors that hindered the effective implementation of the policy to promote the imperial form of national-state (all-Russian) identity in the Grand Duchy of Finland during the reign of Alexander III. The purpose of this study is a comprehensive assessment of the factors that acted as obstacles to the successful spread of imperial identity in Finland during the reign of Alexander III. The source base of the work includes materials from the State Archives of the Russian Federation (from the funds of the Police Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs) and the Russian State Historical Archives (from the funds of the Department of General Affairs of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the office of the Minister of Internal Affairs and the personal fund of the Minister of Education I.D.Delyanov). The methodology of the work is built through a combination of elements of descriptive, structural and comparative analysis. The author comes to the conclusion that already by the beginning of the reign of Alexander III, the policy of his predecessors led to the emergence of a situation in which the implementation of a comprehensive program for promoting imperial identity in Finland was fraught with undermining Russia's internal political stability. Favorable conditions were formed for the development of Finnish nationalism, first in a cultural and then in a political form. The Grand Duchy turned out to be economically isolated from Russia to a large extent. At the same time, the growth in living standards due to the benefits provided to Finland, along with the creation of a mass education system, contributed to the formation of outgroup discrimination against other subjects of the empire. Traditional institutions for the spread of identity (school, army, church) were isolated at the regional level. The situation was aggravated by the preservation of the image of the “Russian enemy” in the cultural memory of the Finns. As a result, the emperor was forced to choose a course of limited reforms, at the expense of refusing to fully integrate the border region, ensuring the stability of the state.

159-168

Authors: Aleksandr А. Cherkasov, Sergei N. Bratanovskii, Marina A. Ponomareva, Ludmila G. Zimovets

The authors made an attempt to carry out a comprehensive historical and statistical study of the long-livers of the Russian Empire in the period of 1836−1914. This part of the work analyzes the period of 1836−1849, when only males of the Orthodox faith were registered. The attention is paid to the number of the long-livers, namely to persons whose age has exceeded 101 years, their places of residence, as well as the proportion of the long-livers to the total population. There were used as materials the reports of the Chief Prosecutor of the Holy Synod for the Spiritual Department of the Orthodox Confession for 1836−1914. The work is structured using the basic principles of historicism, consistency and objectivity. The statistical method is of great importance in the work, which allowed us to analyze as fully as possible the available statistical data on mortality on the territory of the Russian Empire in the period 1836–1849, as well as to reveal the important characteristic features. In conclusion, the authors state that in the period of 1836−1849 among the deceased long-livers of the Russian Empire were: one person under the age of 165, one under 155, two under 150, seven under 145, two under 140 and 15 under 135. Overall, in the Russian Empire at the indicated time, more than 4.7 thousand people overcame the milestone of 101 years. The regions with the largest number of long-livers were in the European part of Russia (the Caucasus and the Chisinau-Kherson region), and one region in the Asian part of Russia – the Tomsk diocese – was also in the top 5 leaders.

182-190

Authors: Alexey A. Kiyashchenko, Dmitry V. Naumov, Dmitry S. Gudov, Svetlana R. Gubaeva

The study of social mobility and social lifts of the 50sof XIX century – early XX centuryis an urgent scientific problem of Russian history. The preparation and implementation of the great reforms of Alexander II led to the transformation of all spheres of public life, deeply affecting the estate system of the Russian Empire. The ensuing intensification of emancipation, leading to the evolution of inter-social relations, activated social lifts, stimulating both vertical and horizontal mobility. In this article, a team of authors analyzes the transformation in the second half of the 19th century of the main estates of Russia: the nobility, merchants and clergy, which were the final (or intermediate) goal for the transition of representatives of less privileged corporations. The structure of this work is based on the principles of social ranking of the three specified estates in terms of their attractiveness for the transition. On the basis of this principle, methods of transition to the nobility, merchants and clergy, as well as the rights and obligations of newly entered individuals arising in connection with this transition, are consistently investigated. Based on the quantitative data of official sources, a conclusion is made about the mass character of the merchant's transition to the nobility, despite government measures aimed at complicating such a transition, at the same time, a regularity is drawn about the relative stability of the spiritual class, while softening the restrictive framework for its entry. At the same time, the team of authors analyzes the gradual erosion of the estate framework during the last third of the 19th – early 20th centuries. and, in parallel, accompanied by this process, the interpenetration of moral norms, values and ideas inherent in the representatives of these estates, which, in turn, simultaneously contributed to the formation of the class structure of Russian society, instead of the de facto collapsing estate system.

200-209

Authors: Vladimir V. Blokhin

In this article, V.V. Blokhin analyzes the worldview of Alexander Herzen and Nikolai Mikhailovsky, their projects for the social reconstruction of post-reform Russia in the second half of the 19th century.Scientific interest in the theorists of populism is caused by the similarity of their socio-political concepts, which are based on the ideas of liberal socialism. In modern Russian historiography, interest in the typology of trends in democratic thought is growing from year to year.In modern Russian historiography, interest in the typology of trends in democratic thought is growing from year to year. Modern researchers give priority attention to reformatory socialism, in which the right and left, conservative trends are distinguished. The author believes that Herzen and Mikhailovsky expressed an unorthodox liberal-socialist trend in populism.Based on scientific journalism and memoirs, the author compares the socio-political views of Herzen and Mikhailovsky. The common foundations for theorists of liberal socialism are personalism, the idea of personality as the goal and meaning of progress. If Herzen formulated his doctrine of personality, relying on the philosophy of Hegel and the teachings of Saint-Simon, then Mikhailovsky – on the ideas of Proudhon. The philosophy of the Enlightenment with faith in man and a rational social structure became the theoretical prerequisite for the social theory of the populists. Being people of a critical and free mind, both Herzen and Mikhailovsky viewed progress as a contradictory and unfinished process of gradual changes in society. They were decisive opponents of violence in history, believing that the state as a historical institution had not yet outlived its usefulness, and therefore believed in the reform potential of the autocratic power.The reformism of Herzen and Mikhailovsky was based both on the conservatism of the peasantry, who did not want to follow the revolutionaries, and on the unpreparedness of young people for revolutionary activity, their ignorance of the people. The idea of the intrinsic value of an individual and his freedom, of the priority of social reform over the revolution, of the struggle for political freedoms are the constituent components of liberal socialism, to which both Herzen and Mikhailovsky belonged.

222-230

Authors: Nicholas W. Mitiukov, Anatoly N. Loshkarev, Yurii N. Makarov

The article concludes the cycle of works devoted to the reconstruction of order numbers of the shipbuilding shop of the Votkinsk plant. Based on the office documentation of the Votkinsk plant, a list of objects was compiled for which work was carried out in the period 1860−1867. These were orders from the Russian military department with a small number of ships for their own needs. In the Ship's Lists of 1864, 1879, 1881 and 1904 the products of the Votkinsk plant of the reform period were identified and compared with the list drawn up according to the office documentation. During the comparison, it was found that barges No. 30 and 31 of the Astrakhan port are 75-foot barges built by the plant for the Sveaborg port, which were transferred to the Caspian, probably during the hostilities with the Kokand Khanate. The resulting combined list of products from the Votkinsk plant was combined with the numbers of orders received. From which it was concluded that the bulk of the orders was received in 1859-1860 and was aimed at modernizing the auxiliary floating facilities of the Baltic Fleet. As a result of the orders received, the Votkinsk plant was able to survive the reform period relatively painlessly. Subsequently, he was forced to re-profile for private orders. The equipment produced in Votkinsk during this period made it possible to radically re-equip the capacities of the Kronstadt and Petersburg ports, and some of the ships produced during this period even participated in the Great Patriotic War.

244-252

Authors: Maria S. Sergeeva, Evgeniya L. Panova

In modern European historiography, the name of Dr. Joseph-Antoine Roussel and the device for blood transfusion he invented are commonly associated with the studies of the revival of transfusion in medicine in the 1870s. The discussion about the clinical application of transfusion methods, developed in the medical community during this period, was mostly confined to the technical issues: who should become a blood donor (animals or humans), which blood should be transfused (whole or defibrinated), and which method and device was better to use. Roussel was a proponent of transfusions of whole, unaltered venous human blood. The history of Roussel’s device is presented in this article as an example of one of the first successful marketing campaigns, which was actively introduced into medical practice in the middle of the 19th century. Based on archival documents, articles, evaluations and reviews of the doctor’s contemporaries, the authors have attempted to reconstruct the circumstances which determined the success of his “transfuser” among numerous competitors in the mid-1870s. Roussel’s strategy was based on the needs of military field surgery, the development of means and methods of scientific communication, and the expansion of social interest in scientific and technical discoveries and inventions. The key elements of Roussel’s advertising campaign were accessible and open demonstrations of the device for professionals, his reliance on the support of influential representatives from both the aristocracy and the professional community, and popularization of the device among ordinary people. As a result, in the 1870s Dr. Roussel managed not only to organize an international clinical trial of his device “in experiments on patients” with the involvement of the leading European and Russian doctors, but also to arrange the supply of his own device to the armies of Austria-Hungary, Russia, and Belgium.

262-269

Authors: Galina I. Sinko, Vladimir N. Shaidurov

After the suppression of the January uprising of 1863, the anti-Polish policy in the Russian Empire intensified. Many participants of the uprising ended up in hard labor, in prisons and in exile. The degree of the rebels ' guilt determined the severity of the punishment. In the Novgorod region, which was located between the two capitals, people who did not pose a great threat to security, relatives of exiles, participants of the uprising who had already served many years of hard labor and exile in Siberia were exiled. Persons with a special social status could serve their exile in Novgorod. Such an exile in Novgorod was the bishop of the Roman Catholic Church, Vikenty Theophilus Popel. The peculiarity of the Polish events of 1863‒1864 was that in the mass armed uprising organized in the North-Western region of the Russian Empire, there was a pronounced religious component. The Catholic clergy led the ideological struggle against the imperial power, actively carried out propaganda, using clerical methods of mobilization. The exile of Bishop Popel to Novgorod (1868‒1875), who did not take an active part in the uprising, was not punitive, but isolated in nature, and therefore limited the bishop's ability to communicate with the Catholic clergy and flock. The article deals with the actual topic of the influence of a historical event on the life of an individual on the example of Bishop Popel. The consideration of the conditions for serving the exile by priest F. Sidorovich allows us to conclude how the social and confessional status of the exiled influenced the repressive nature of the measures of influence on him by the state.

281-287

Authors: Igor A. Tropov, Sergey I. Podolskiy, Sergey V. Lyubichankovskiy

The article examines the contribution of the scientists of the Mining Institute to the study of the mineral resources of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century to the early XXth century. For the first time, we present the results of a comprehensive analysis of the scientific, theoretical and practical activities of such prominent representatives of mining in post-reform Russia as K.I. Lisenko, I.F. Schroeder, L.I. Lutugin, N.S. Kurnakov and others. On the basis of published materials and using archival sources, it is shown that scientists of the Mining Institute were at the forefront of scientific developments in the fields of exploration, production and use of mineral resources (oil and coal mining, potassium salt production, etc.). Their high scientific potential was in demand by the state, which often acted as the initiator of scientific research on the mineral resource base of the Russian Empire. Scientists of the Mining Institute, being experts in mining, acted at the same time as popularizers of science, undertaking this work both though the meetings of various public organizations and though publishing in periodicals. A high level of scientific training, ensuring continuity in the development of scientific schools, exceptional diligence, and striving for a combination of scientific achievements and production practices have all determined the significance of the results obtained by the scientists of the Mining Institute, which became an important basis for further study of the mineral resource base of Russia and, in general, for the development of the Russian economy.

296-306

Authors: Zhanna V. Petrunina, Galina A. Shusharina, Roman A. Gromov

Zheltuginsky issue arose with the beginning of the active development of gold-bearing deposits by Russian and Chinese subjects in northern Manchuria, which led to the emergence of a large illegal mine settlement. The chronological framework of the study covers the period from 1883 after the first miners appeared on the Zheltuga River and ended in 1886 with the burning of the winter quarters of the Zheltuga Republic. Amur California was able to emerge due to insufficient control on the Russian-Chinese border and the undevelopment of northern Manchuria. In 1883–1886, the activities of workers in Zheltuga led to the creation of an independent social and political entity, which had an impact on the economies of both states. The events on the Zheltuga were examined by authors from the point of view of the development of Russian-Chinese relations at the end of the XIX century, from the standpoint of studying the organization of life in a territory where there was no obvious interference of state power, and the development of intercultural interaction between the Russian and Chinese peoples. The authors analyzed issues of organizing the labor of a mine worker in the last quarter of the XIX century. The resulting picture of the events of 1883–1886, which took place on the Zheltuga, supplements the image of Russian mine workers and become an example of the organization of people's lives. The source base of the research was materials from periodicals, official documents and works of contemporaries of the events. The authors come to the conclusion that the interest of people in consolidating themselves in almost uninhabited territories is possible with the assistance of state authorities and fair distribution of income. In this case, trade relations, infrastructure will receive an additional impetus, the population will consolidate, and, ultimately, the authority of the state itself will be strengthened.

316-323

Authors: Maria A. Ponomareva

The article is about actual new methodological approaches, various types of worldview of the local nobility are considered in the new socio-economic and political conditions. The main attention is paid to the subjects of the memoirs of S.Y. Trubetskoy, A.A. Kornilov, as well as the autobiographical notes of V.V. Rozanov, liberal periodical press. On the basis of new methodological approaches, the question of self-identification of the Russian local nobility is raised. The review of the current modern historiography on the problem is carried out. It defines the basic methodological approaches and methods: micro-historical approach, narrative modeling. The analysis of sources was carried out using comparative-historical, historical-typological and historical-biographical research methods. Several worldview types of the Russian local nobility of the XIX-XX centuries are revealed, their distinctive characteristics are given: «new local nobility» (A.A. Kornilov); «local bison» (S.E. Trubetskoy, A.A. Shcherbatov); «enterprising type» (Kubrin); «philosophical» (V.V. Rozanov). The proposed classification is determined by family traditions, the way of life and way of family life, the existing environment.

332-342

Authors: Vladislav F. Antonov

The presented article is devoted to the organization and principles of fiscal institutions in pre-revolutionary Russia. The study shows the historical and legal conditionality of a number of legislative acts that ensure the flow of monetary incomes to state institutions, and analyzes scientific approaches to the essence and purpose of tax payments in the period under review. Legislative acts reflecting and consolidating the evolution of tax legislation of the pre-revolutionary period are studied successively. Due to the wide range of historical documents, the specifics of collecting individual tax payments and fees have been analyzed. The theoretical aspects of the system of fiscal institutions are highlighted, and the system of financial bodies dealing with taxation issues is reviewed. The analysis of historical sources shows a balance of revenues and expenses maintaining the activities of state institutions. It is emphasized that the tax legislation of the pre-revolutionary period was based on the need for the participation of all social classes in the formation of the revenue side of the budget. The primary focus is on the specifics of the regulatory framework in the field of tax regulation, as well as on the interaction of state bodies in the implementation of the fiscal function. The peculiarities of the tax system in pre-revolutionary Russia were manifested in the centralized management of public finances which were intended to solve the most important state issues. The characteristics of legal acts regulating the procedure for collecting taxes and fees are provided. The study is based on a wide range of historical materials reflecting the organizational and legal issues of financial institutions in pre-revolutionary Russia.Illustrated by specific legislative acts, the socio-economic content of certain types of taxation is revealed. The system of legislative acts is studied in connection with the political and economic situation of the period under review.

357-364

Authors: Tatyana G. Karchaeva, Alexander G. Gryaznukhin, Tatyana V. Gryaznukhina, Nikolai R. Novosel'tsev

This article tested the facts of the disunity of the socio-political views of local officials at the beginning of the 20th century. It’s previously unknown to historical science. Territorial boundaries are defined by Siberia as a remote territory of the Russian Empire, characterized by greater class heterogeneity among civil servants than in European Russia. Thus, the last governor of the Yenisei province, Ya. G. Gololobov, before his appointment to Siberia, was a member of the “Soyuz 17 October party”, a deputy of the Third State Duma of the Russian Empire, a hereditary nobleman, but openly opposing conservatism in the system of government. He had many supporters of his ideas in the parliament. The reasons for the formation of his socio-political views were ideological principles, which consisted in the need for changes. On the basis of archival materials, it has been proved that officials in Siberia (natives of the peasant and bourgeois environment) were more susceptible to tendencies characteristic of the oppositional mass consciousness of the early 20th century. For example, the stories of an employee of the notary office of the city of Kansk (M.D. Yudin) and a clerical employee of the Yenisei Provincial Administration (A.F. Ilyushin), who committed crimes against the order of administration, but were not brought to the appropriate legal responsibility for unknown reasons, are shown. The first of them, a peasant by origin M.D. Yudin participated in the shooting at Gorodovoy of the Kansk district police in 1910. M.D. Yudin was sentenced to short-term arrest. He was listed in the police structures as a politically unreliable person. He was involved in revolutionary sabotage; however, he continued his career and in 1916 even served as a notary of the city Kansk. The second, official A.F. Ilyushin was the tradesman of the city of Achinsk. He outraged the state flag of the Russian Empire publicly in 1908. He told slogans of proclamation of the revolutionary events of 1905–1907. He tried unsuccessfully to continue his career in the Tomsk province, but he managed to recover in the staff of the Yenisei provincial administration. Archival data indicate that AF Ilyushin worked in the system of public administration until 1919. The top officials of the Irkutsk Governor-General saw the reasons for the disunity and opposition of political views among officials in the low level of salaries. The statistics presented in the article from the reports of officials of the interdepartmental meeting proves that the remuneration of civil servants does not correspond to the requirements of the time in the conditions of the high cost of the beginning of the 20th century.

375-383

Authors: Viktor N. Razgon, Dmitry N. Belyanin, Anton V. Razgon

Based on the analysis of the materials of the all-Russian agricultural census of 1917, the article characterizes the role of craft activities in the adaptation of immigrants who settled in the Altai region during the implementation of the Stolypin reforms. The involvement of settlers of the Stolypin period in crafts was wider than that of old-timers and migrants of earlier times, which reflects the important role of crafts in the process of adaptation of migrants to the new natural and social environment. Hiring for agricultural work and handicrafts were the main economic activities of the settlers outside of agricultural occupations on their farms. The crafts of the Stolypin settlers were less technically equipped than those of the old-timers and in the vast majority of cases did not go beyond small-scale handicraft production. Most of the settlers-artisans combined crafts with agriculture, but there was also a significant layer of professional artisans who were not engaged in land cultivation, who arrived in Siberia in the expectation of increased demand for their services in a region with a weak development of the manufacturing industry. Stolypin settlers were included in extractive industries (hunting, fishing, beekeeping, collecting wild plants) to a much lesser extent than the old-timers, which indicates their still weak adaptation to the new natural environment.

392-403

Authors: Pavel A. Merkulov, Svetlana V. Bukalova, Oksana V. Leonova

The article presents a comprehensive description of the main trends in the development of the social assistance system in the Russian Empire during the World War I (1914−1917) as a part of the fundamental problem of the evolution the role of the state in the management of social sphere. It is argues that the concept of "social policy" is applicable to the researched period, and charitable activities are considered as an element of a pluralistic model of social policy. The authors note that during the World War I, state social guarantees were established, detailed and legislated for certain categories of the population, which can be combined with the concept of "war victims". It were families of conscripts, soldiers ' orphans, refugees, and war invalids. The article describes the mechanism of social guarantees realization by the public organizations activity. It was peasant self-government, local self-government and their national units, major Russian charities semi-formal character, i.e. under the auspices of the members of the Imperial family, and numerous local charities. The authors concludes that the "supporting structure" of this system was the Supreme Council for the care of families of conscripts, which performed organizational and administrative functions and financed specialized committees and commissions subordinate to it, as well as charitable organizations and institutions. The all-Russian Zemstvo Union and the all-Russian Union of Cities, which were interested in expanding the participation of local governments in the implementation of state social policy, tried to create an alternative to it. According to the authors, the multi-subject nature of the social assistance system, typical of the Russian Empire, can mobilize society's resources for assistance to war victims more flexibly and effectively.

413-419

Authors: Goran Rajović, Ivan S. Denisov, Diana I. Stepanova, Igor А. Gordeev

The article deals with the entry of Romania into the First World War on the side of the Entente, the military operations of the Romanian army and the creation of the Romanian Front. The considerable attention is also paid to the numerical composition of the troops of the Central Powers and the Entente. As a source, the documents of the Russian state archive of the Navy (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation), which are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, were used, namely, the fund 716 – Naval Headquarters of the Supreme Commander (Stavka). In conclusion, the authors state that although Romania's entry into the war led its army to defeat and forced Russia to significantly lengthen the front, introducing the entire 9th army into Moldova, and then transferring up to 20 infantry and 10 cavalry divisions from other fronts, this allowed to form a new – the Romanian Front. Nevertheless, this had a positive significance for the Russian army, since the enemy sent part of his troops from other fronts and part of his new formations, up to 30 divisions in total, to a new theater of operations. Moreover, 23.5 divisions initially operated against the Romanian armies, that is, Romania's entry into the war drew off the enemy's free forces, which could otherwise be used to conduct operations on other fronts against the Russian army or the allies.

2280-2291

Authors: Tatiana I. Pelipenko

The article is devoted to main tendencies of women’s studies and gender history of GDL in soviet and postsoviet historiography. The author shows the specific features of these national schools. In Russian historiography, for example, Great Duchy of Lithuinia very often is only an object for comparativistic researches of Russian native history. Ukrainian and Byelorussian gender studies are related to scientific problems of national identity and cultural collective memory. The point of view to the historical development of GDL as a part of common European processes is typical for Polish or Lithuanian researchs. As we can see, these attitudes have great influence to gender studies’ development. The author tries to find out how all these tendencies are able to specify subjects of gender researchs. The analysis of the most significant gender researches is also included.

2305-2314

Authors: Vladimir A. Nemtinov, Alexander A. Gorelov, Yulia V. Nemtinova, Andrey B. Borisenko

At present, virtual reality and augmented reality are among the most promising technologies being implemented in museums. Virtual trips to memorable places allow experiencing history in an interactive form; they attract the audience and promote interest in museums and, accordingly, strengthen their cultural and educational functions. The article briefly reviews biographical information about the most prominent representatives of Chicherin family – famous figures of the Russian diplomatic service, as well as the history of the Karaul estate in the Kirsanovskiy district of the Tambov region and Chicherin’s houses in Tambov. Based on available historical materials the authors created a virtual museum of historical sites of the Tambov region associated with representatives of Chicherin family. The museum is a collection of virtual three-dimensional reconstructions of objects of Chicherin’s family estate in the village of Karaul, as well as spherical panoramic images and videos taken in the Chicherin’s house-museum in Tambov. Reconstruction of objects of cultural and historical heritage belonging to Chicherin family was carried out using the software for visualization of architectural projects Twinmotion. Images, videos, and panoramas created by Twinmotion were then used to create a virtual tour in 3DVista Virtual Tour environment. The virtual tour is a multi-platform one and can be viewed in any modern WEB browser, both on a desktop computer and on a mobile device, without downloading any additional programs, players or plug-ins. The use of modern immersive technologies in creating such a museum contributes not only to restoration and preservation of historical memory of Chicherin family, but also to the development and popularization of local history and museum activities, especially among the younger generation.

2324-2335

Authors: Alexey B. Krasnov

The present study is devoted to a special period in Russian history associated with the overcoming of the negative consequences of the Time of Troubles by the Russian state and the transition to the development of economic relations on a market basis – through the development of entrepreneurship and commodity-money circulation. The peculiarities of this period were not only the fact that this process was carried out under the leadership of a new reigning dynasty, but also the fact that, due to the lack of sufficient forces to restore and develop the economy, it began to actively involve private individuals in this kind of activity, providing the latter with such exclusive legal regimes that made it possible to combine the conduct of actual economic activity with the simultaneous execution of certain public powers. Such legal regimes and instruments, first of all, should include the process of transferring by the state to the mercy of various fiscal fees, enterprises that bring stable income and other areas of activity, as well as endowing individuals with special benefits and advantages when organizing various industries in a certain territory or a unique, previously not mastered production. Such preferences, provided to individuals, as a rule, were indicated in special legal documents issued by the highest state authorities and were originally called letters of gratitude, and later – privileges. It was the letters of commendation and privileges that contained benefits, preferences and special public powers of private individuals, granted to them "in a targeted way" for doing business under the auspices of the Russian state, that became the formal legal basis for the institutional development of economic interaction between a commercial initiative and the state.

2346-2355

Authors: Yevgenia M. Lupanova, Leonid S. Nazarov

There are many different rulers in a number of various museums. However so far they are hardly ever conceived as significant items for researches. This fact can be explained by the lack of related experience. Special problem can be the attribution and description of the ruler when it is the only one in some, for example, memorial museum. M.V. Lomonosov’s museum in MAE RAS (Runstkamera) stores comparatively large collection of rules, that can be used as a base of study, comparison and elaboration of common recommendations. The results of the research are as follows. The division value in mm does not always provide important information, as it does not lead us to any conclusions about region, sphere of usage or basic system of measurements. The inner divisions of inches into 10 pieces turned out to be quite exotic for 16-19th centuries. Division into 12 sections was more wide-spread. Rulers had extensive use – in drawing, charting, artillery, navigation, measuring the weight of liquids, engineering, architecture and many others. The study leads to one more important conclusion: the countries with uncomfortable adjustment of small units with bigger ones (11 inches in the foot of Amsterdam and so on) were the most liable to the metric system introduction.

2365-2376

Authors: Sergey I. Degtyarev, Mikola A. Mikhaylichenko c, Lyubov G. Polyakova

The article analyzes the features of the acquisition of the rights of the Russian nobility by representatives of the Cossack foremen of Slobodskaya Ukraine in the first decade after the publication of the "Charter to the nobility" in 1785. The most common algorithms for proving the nobility are considered among the Cossack foremen of Sloboda Ukraine. The authors determined the specific features of the nobilization process on the territory of the former Ukrainian Cossack regiments, which distinguished it from similar processes on the lands of the former Hetmanate. The work is based on handwritten sources that are stored in the funds of the Central State Historical Archive in Kyiv, the State Archives of the Kharkiv Region and the Central Scientific Library of Kharkiv National University named after V.N. Karazin. Particular attention was paid to the study of the noble genealogy book of the Kharkiv governorship. Analysis of sources confirms that for holders of Cossack ranks from a sotnik (centurion) and above it was not difficult to obtain the rights of the Russian nobility. Many representatives of the former Cossack foreman and their descendants took advantage of this. The authors highlighted a specific feature of the nobilization of the former Cossack foreman of Sloboda Ukraine. When local representatives of the Cossack foremen proved their rights to hereditary nobility, they rarely appealed to the Polish gentry origin. This way of proving one's noble origin was more characteristic of the Cossack elite of the former Hetmanate.

2385-2395

Authors: Gulbanu B. Izbassarova

The article is devoted to the fate of Kazakh sultan Kaipgali Ishimov, who descended from the older branch of sultans of the Abulkhayr house and faithfully served the Khan of Bukeyev Horde Dzhangir. Sultan's activity fell on the imperial period, at one of the turning points of the early XIX century, when the khan's sacral power and the status of Genghisids significantly changed. K. Ishimov was at the head of the Kazakhs' movement against the policy of Khan and the Russian Empire. It was he who led the exodusof Kazakh clans to the Trans-Ural Horde. During the period under review, the Kazakh khans became appointees of the Russian administration, and those who did not agree with the policy of the empire sought refuge in Khiva, hoping to maintain their influence in the Steppe. The article examines the role and significance of the Khiva Khanate in the fate of the Kazakh Genghisids.

2409-2426

Authors: Anvar M. Mamadaliev, Dmitrii V. Karpukhin, Natalia V. Svechnikova, Aude Médico

The fourth part of the series of articles is devoted to the problem of the development of the education system in the Caucasus at the end of the Russian Empire, that is, during the reign of Nicholas II after the adoption of the law of May 3, 1908, which changed the approach to the primary education system. Thus, the chronological framework of the study is 1908−1917. The geographical scope is limited to the territory of the Tiflis governorate, but statistics are also provided and a general analysis of the situation in the education system of the Caucasian district as a whole is made. Such documents as the Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire, acts of the Caucasian archeographic commission, reports of the Trustees of the Caucasian educational district for 1908−1914, etc. were used as sources. The article also examines the conflicting opinions about the law of May 3, 1908 in Russian and foreign historiography. The paper provides statistics on the average (male and female gymnasiums, real and technical schools and teacher's seminaries) and elementary (lower technical school, higher primary and city schools, mountain school, elementary and industrial schools, procedural courses, classes, and women's vocational schools, etc.) educational institutions (as Tiflis province and district) based on criteria such as the number of schools, classrooms, employees and students, the value of the library collection (both fundamental and student libraries of educational institutions), as well as the amount of funding for each type of institution. Separate statistics contain tables on the gender ratio of students, as well as class, religious and ethnic distribution. It also highlights the advantages and disadvantages of the governorate's educational system in comparison with other regions of the Caucasus educational district, as well as its individual educational institutions. Based on the analysis of statistical data, the conclusions are drawn about the development of the education system in the district as a whole, and in the Tiflis governorate in particular, as well as about the problems and achievements that were achieved by the administration and the government during this period.

2437-2442

Authors: Aleksandr А. Cherkasov, Sergei N. Bratanovskii, Ludmila G. Zimovets, Marina A. Ponomareva

The article deals with the problem of kidnapping by Circassians on Russian territory in the period of 1812−1815. The work “The Circassian Slave Narratives (A Documentary Collection)” was used as materials. This collection was published under the editorship of doctor of historical sciences A.A. Cherkasov in September 2020 on the pages of the Russian historical journal “Bylye Gody”. The collection consists of 1.2 thousand documents of the State archive of the Krasnodar Krai (Krasnodar, Russian Federation). Methodologically, the statistical and chronological methods were widely used in the work. The statistical method allowed us to estimate the scale of child captivity, while the chronological method allowed us to consider this problem in its chronological sequence. Using these methods, the authors were able to calculate the percentage of people who were ransomed or escaped from Circassian captivity and to make estimates on the number of those people whose fate remained unknown. In conclusion, the authors state that cases of kidnapping by Circassians from Russian territory were recorded from 1795 to 1862. During this time, at least several hundred children were kidnapped, only from the Russian side. The child abduction was economically profitable for kidnappers in Circassia, since the cost of children on slave markets in Circassia exceeded the cost of an adult and healthy man by three or more times. At the same time, the capture of a Cossack, for example, posed a significant danger to the attacker, since he was trained in the use of cold weapons and was a much greater burden in delivering the prisoner to the Circassian side. It is also important to note that the slave traders valued both boys and girls equally. Because of the high price of children, most of the captured children were immediately sent to the slave markets and sold to the Turks. This fate befell 78 % of children abducted by Circassians in the period of 1812−1815.

2456-2463

Authors: Timur A. Magsumov, Teymur E. Zulfugarzade, Aleksey A. Korolev, Elena V. Krasnenkova

The article deals with the system of public education in the Orenburg Cossack army and Orenburg province in the pre-revolutionary period. This part of the paper analyzes the period of 1900−1913. Various statistical materials were used as sources. First of all, these are the documents of the Russian state historical archive (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation) that were introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. Besides this, the address calendars and commemorative books of the Orenburg province for different years, as well as statistical reviews of the Orenburg province were attracted. The statistical method is widely used in this work. So, the authors made samples from a statistical array of various reporting documents: the number of military schools, muslim and parochial schools. This made possible to calculate the average number of students per military school, as well as to identify the ratio of gender balance in different educational institutions. In conclusion, the authors state that the system of public education on the territory of the Orenburg Cossack army, despite the existing problems, more harmoniously covered both men and women. This was reflected in the percentage of literate people in the army, and by 1914 it was the population of the Orenburg Cossack army that was the most literate of all the Cossack troops of the Russian Empire – 60.9 %. As for the entire territory of the Orenburg province, in the period of 1900–1913 there was an active increase in the network of secondary, lower and primary educational institutions. In terms of gender balance among students, parochial schools have made great progress: the percentage of girls in them has reached 39. The regional specifics of the Orenburg province consisted in the presence of a fairly large number of muslim schools (colleges, medresse, mektebas), where the percentage of girls studying was traditionally insignificant. In general, taking into account all factors, by January 1, 1915, out of 182 thousand school-age children, 107 thousand children were covered by the school, and this work was actively continued.

2471-2484

Authors: Aleksandr A. Kartskhiy, Sergey A. Tyrtychnyy, Mikhail G. Smirnov, Mariya G. Dolgikh

The article analyzes the experience of creation and industrial development of Baku oil fields in the middle of the 19th century and provides a comprehensive analysis of the factors that ensured the accelerated development of oil fields on Apsheron. A comparison is made with the American experience in the development of the oil industry of the 19th century. For the first time in Russian historiography, the authors make a multifaceted comprehensive analysis of the formation and development of the oil industry in the Russian Empire, which should be considered a unique property of the formation of the oil industry in the Russian state. The paper shows that the role of the state and large industrialists has still been insufficiently studied, and the scientific and technical development of oil fields in Baku fields did not only lag behind foreign competitors, but also surpassed them in a number of indicators. A number of well-known historical myths related to the development of new technologies in the oil industry are revealed. The article examines the development of the oil industry in chronological order – from the first historical mentions of Apsheron to the world's strongest oil industry creation of oil production rate in the area of Baku.

2495-2504

Authors: Аndrii E. Lebid, Anatolii V. Honcharenko, Natal'ya A. Shevchenko

The paper examines the potential of the "Journal of the Ministry of Public Education" as a source on the history of higher education in the Russian Empire in the 19th – early 20th centuries. Based on the analysis of the materials of the journal (announcements about the defense of dissertations), the issues of scientific certification of personnel in Russian universities are analyzed. The structure and thematic focus of the journal is analyzed. It is indicated that in many respects they were determined by the personality of the editor and the minister of public education, their vision of the journal's mission. In this context, the trajectories of the evolution of the journal for the entire period of its existence are revealed: polythematic journal; scientific and pedagogical; pedagogical; official bulletin; scientific journal. As a result of the study, an insignificant amount of information was found about the defense of master's and doctoral dissertations – only 13 records, and then only about the defense of master's theses in two Russian universities – Moscow and St. Petersburg. It was established that the announcements about the defense of the dissertation were published not in the main part of the journal, but in the news section, which provided information about a number of secondary "incidents". The way things are going with the coverage on the pages of the journal of issues of scientific certification makes it impossible to objectively assess it and make conclusions about the number of defended dissertations for master's and doctoral degrees in universities of the Russian Empire, being guided exclusively by this source. It has been suggested that more complete information on this issue can be made public on the pages of official heralds, scientific notes, news of universities, and other documents of the Ministry of Public Education. In general, the significant potential of the "Journal of the Ministry of Public Education" is noted as an informative, educational and consultative source on the history of education in the Russian Empire.

2514-2521

Authors: Sergey Rudnik, Anton Mokeev, Regina-Elizabeth Kudryavtseva

In the first half of the 19th century, an industrial advance began in the leading countries of Europe, as well as in the Russian Empire. The mining and processing industry, which formed the fuel and energy complex of national economies, developed intensively. New deposits of natural resources were discovered and old ones were actively used. The need for qualified specialists led to much attention being paid to the system of mining education. The main mining educational institution in Western Europe was the famous Freiberg Academy, which has always been distinguished by a high level of teaching in technical subjects, as well as its excellent material base. Productive cooperation with this mining academy was supported by representatives of the St Petersburg mining institute – the main technical educational institution of the Russian Empire. These relationships laid the foundation for international cooperation on this issue for many years to come. The European system of mining education in the first half of the 19th century was represented by a large number of national mining schools, but these educational institutions worked most seriously and productive in Germany and France. Ural academies are a good example of Russian regional mining schools of this period. This article is devoted to the history of the creation and functioning of Russian and Western European mining schools in the first half of the 19th century. The features of the administrative structures of these educational institutions, such as their admission requirements, how their courses were structured, and what the graduation requirements were considered. A comparative analysis is offered of the organization of the educational process in German and French mining schools, as well as in domestic mining engineering schools. The main historical sources for this article are materials from the Russian State Historical Archive (RGIA).

2531-2545

Authors: Nicholas W. Mitiukov, Anatoly N. Loshkarev, Yurii N. Makarov

Over its more than 250-year history, the Votkinsk state-owned plant has repeatedly carried out important tasks of state importance. One of them was shipbuilding, which lasted for about a hundred years. In this work, the list of shipbuilding orders, consisting of 412 items, was reconstructed. It was found that, apparently, in the 1880-s the plant conducted double numbering of orders – of the military department and private ones, which predetermined the duplication of numbers for about one and a half dozen positions. Analyzing the departmental affiliation and the typical composition of orders, four stages of the existence of shipbuilding in Votkinsk are identified. Stage 1 (1848–1879) is characterized by the predominance of orders from the War Department over the rest. The production of ships in Votkinsk was organized exclusively for military purposes, which it successfully did. During this period, non-self-propelled ships prevailed, and of the most important tasks, the Aral flotilla was completed and the floating craft of the Kronstadt and St. Petersburg ports of the Baltic Fleet were radically re-equipped. During stage 2 (1880–1913), a complete reorientation was made to private orders and more intelligently capacious products (steamships, motor ships). Since the Votkinsk plant retains the status of a state enterprise, under the guise of unprofitable shipbuilding, the fact of state subsidies for domestic river carriers is hidden. This was of the greatest importance at the beginning of the oil boom in the Caspian Sea, as well as the development of waterways on the rivers of Siberia and Far East. During World War II, stage 3 fell (1913–1929), when there was a complete reorientation to defense needs. The main customer of the plant is the Ministry of Industry and Trade and the War Department. Due to the massive construction in this period, non-self-propelled vehicles again predominate – barges and ground scows. Votkinsk products carry out a complete re-equipment of technical facilities at strategically important points – the Volga-Caspian canal and the Arkhangelsk port. Stage 4 (1930–1946) is characterized by the degradation of the Votkinsk shipbuilding industry.

2554-2562

Authors: Sergey A. Safronov, Larisa Yu. Anisimova, Mikhail D. Severyanov

The article is devoted to Alexander Petrovich Nikolsky – a public and political figure of the Russian Empire in the second half of the XIX – early XX century, one of the ideologists and developers of the Stolypin agrarian reform. The author focuses on the analysis of the evolution of A.P. Nikolsky's views on the peasant community. Nikolsky, adhering in the late 1870s to socialist views on the reform of peasant allotment land ownership and calling for maximum socialization of communal land, over time, changed his views on this issue and moved to the opposite point of view – supported the creation of a private individual peasant economy. Moreover, if at the first stage of its evolution, A.P. Nikolsky allowed the preservation of the peasant community, although in a reformed form, then at the last stage (at the beginning of the twentieth century) he called for its complete elimination. At the same time, A.P. Nikolsky suggested effective steps to rescue the peasantry from landlessness, with which they would be encountered as a result of destruction of the community. A.P. Nikolsky also advocated allowing free migration beyond the Urals and called for reform of Russian legislation so that it does not interfere with this process. Having appeared for two months in 1906 as the chief Manager of land management and agriculture, A.P. Nikolsky took certain steps in this direction. The first Russian revolution of 1905−1906 shifted P.A.'s political views. After becoming a member of the State Council, he began to adhere to the right center, but nevertheless actively participated in the reform processes of that time.

2572-2579

Authors: Elena V. Vititneva, Mikhail D. Severyanov, Natalya V. Pahomovа, Anna S. Zhulaeva

The article analyzes the characteristics of the relationship between students and professors in the higher education organizations in the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th to early 20th centuries. The aim of this article isn’t just to find the features of the relationships, but the main idea is to determine the influence of these features to the system of the higher educational system in Russian Empire. As the historical sources in the article were used the sources of personal origin – students’ memoires, diaries and letters from different regions of Empire, university funds of the archives: GARF (State Archive of the Russian Federation), GATO (State Archive of the Tomsk Region), GA RT (State Archive of the Republic of Tatarstan), and the documents connected with higher education (the university charter, university office management documents). It was identified, how a university teacher important for the students in the prerevolutionary period. It was revealed 2 main trends in the development of the relations between students and professors: leading to conflict situations and causing cooperation and friendship. The prevalence of one of the trends directly depended on the form of realization of the political course. During the implementation of the liberal political course relations in a university were in harmony. At the same time, when implementing a reactionary policy, relations became worse. Also, it was identified, how the quality of higher education depended on relationships between professors and students in the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th to early 20th centuries.

2588-2597

Authors: Oxana P. Kolomiets

The article is devoted to unique historical materials – the diary entries of the second head of the Anadyr district, and subsequently of the prominent Russian statesman Nikolai Lvovich Gondatti. The Gondatti Archive is kept in the funds of the Chukotka Heritage Museum Center. The documents are handwritten originals of the official's notes. In addition to the diary entries of Nikolai Lvovich Gondatti (1860–1946), fragments of his correspondence with the teacher from Markovo village Afanasy Ermilovich Dyachkov (1840–1907) have been preserved. The uniqueness of these documents lies, first of all, in the fact that they are written in a simple, living language. The diary was kept by a man who, by the will of fate, ended up in Chukotka as an official-administrator. N.L. Gondatti wrote about everyday trifles, everyday administrative affairs, leisure time, anxieties, accidents, personal experiences, and often took travel notes. The records also found a place for his observations as a naturalist and ethnographer. The diary consists of the author's daily entries from May 7, 1896 to October 18, 1897 (except for the period from June 18 to September 1, 1896, since this notebook is not available). The entries in the diary vary in volume and content: sometimes the author made only notes about the weather, sometimes he recorded the most important events, on some days he wrote down rather voluminous and informative stories of the interlocutors and his own reasoning on various issues. The article contains selected extracts from the diary of 1896–1897, grouped by specific topics.

2609-2621

Authors: Artyom Yu. Peretyatko

The history of the Jews of the Don Host Oblast has not been sufficiently studied. In particular, professional scholars and amateur local historians did not specifically investigate the attitude of local authorities towards Jews. This article is the first attempt to investigate the policy of the administration of the three Don atamans of the late XIX century (M.I. Chertkov, N.A. Krasnokutsky and N.I. Svyatopolk-Mirsky) in the «Jewish question». Unpublished manuscripts about the history of the Jews in the Don region are drawn into scholarly circulation. They written by N.A. Maslakovets (assistant to N.A. Krasnokutsky and N.I. Svyatopolk-Mirsky for the civilian part) and P.S. Baluev (head of the office of N.I. Svyatopolk-Mirsky). The author shows that the Don Host Oblast for a long period of time, although for various reasons, was in a unique position, located outside the Pale of Settlement, but at the same time having a dynamically developing Jewish diaspora on its territory. Moreover, each ataman pursued his own policy towards the Jews, and their anti-Semitism was consistently increasing. M.I. Chertkov was quite loyal to the Jewish diaspora. N.A. Krasnokutsky displayed moderate anti-Semitism based on the fear that the Cossacks would lose economic competition to the Jews. N.I. Svyatopolk-Mirsky was distinguished by radical anti-Semitism based on the irrational demonization of Jews.

2631-2639

Authors: Igor A. Tropov, Sergey I. Podolskiy, Sergey V. Lyubichankovskiy

The article examines the role of representatives of the Auerbach dynasty of engineers in the development of mining in the Russian Empire in the second half of the XIXth − early XXth centuries. For the first time the main directions of Auerbach’s professional activity − science, rationalization, entrepreneurship and public education – were comprehensively researched. On the basis of archival sources and published materials, it has been proved that A.A. Auerbach and V.A. Auerbach, as representatives of the Russian engineering and technical intelligentsia, played an extremely important role in the development of scientific knowledge about mining, in the improvement of mining production, in the formation and development of stock corporations in the Urals and southern Russia, in the popularization of mining education and in the solving of social issues associated with the protection of the interests of mining workers. It is shown that the representatives of the Auerbach dynasty of engineers were characterized by the following features: a high level of education, exceptional diligence, the ability to achieve a set goal, a desire to combine scientific achievements and production practices, an openness to everything new and advanced, a readiness for critical understanding and the use of foreign experience in the development of mining, taking into account changes in the conjuncture of the Russian economy, and a significant personal contribution to the development of science, enginery and technology in mining. Scientific works and practical developments made by A.A. Auerbach and V.A. Auerbach became an important basis for the further development of mining in our country.

2651-2660

Authors: Igor V. Zozulya, Anastasia A. Kondrashova, Maxim S. Trofimov

The article is devoted to the analysis of the pre-revolutionary judicial system in the administrative-territorial formations of the North Caucasus based on the materials of the Highest reports of regional chiefs and governors of the last quarter of the XIX – early XX centuries. The authors offer a detailed description of the regional and all-Russian judicial system and legal proceedings typical of the post-reform period after the final annexation of the Caucasus to the Russian Empire. A special feature of the region's development was the combination of customary law and Russian legislation, the simultaneous operation of which was supposed to facilitate the gradual integration of the entire population into the unified legal space of the country. The proposed study shows the activities of Ekaterinodar, Vladikavkaz and Stavropol district courts, magistrates' courts, mountain verbal courts, village and volost courts, as well as Zemstvo district chiefs who replaced magistrates. Statistical data on the growth of criminal offenses and the number of convicted persons in the first years after the introduction of Judicial statutes in 1864 and in the dynamics for the twenty years from 1894 to 1914 are given. One of the main objectives of the article was to trace the transformation of socio-political views of the leaders of the local administration of the Kuban and Tersk Cossack regions and Stavropol province through their assessment of the criminal situation and the role of law enforcement agencies, including the courts, in stabilizing social and economic life in the region.

2671-2678

Authors: Yuliya A. Lysenko

The stages and features of the formation of the financial and tax authorities of the Turkestan General Governorship from the moment of its creation in 1867 to the revolutionary events of 1917, which led to a radical transformation of the political system of the Russian Empire are highlighted at the article. The main sources during the preparation of the article were the materials of two senatorial audits of the Turkestan Territory, the first one – under the leadership of F.K. Girs, took place in 1881, the second one – under the leadership of K.K. Palena – in 1908. The author was able to reveal that until 1886 the structure of the region's financial and tax authorities did not correspond to the general imperial structure. This was due to the territorial remoteness of the Turkestan Territory from the political center of the country, its recent annexation to the Russian Empire and, and a result was that wide financial freedom of regional power was controlled by the Governor-General. Since the end of the 80s XIX century there was a desire of the imperial authorities to unify the structure of the financial and tax authorities of Turkestan,to bring it to the general imperial standards, to limit the financial powers andthe autonomy of the governor-general.The evolution of the financial and tax system was also significantly influenced by the processes of its integration into the general imperial economic space, the formation of new sectors of the economy, and the active development of trade. Not least importantance for this process played the fact that since 90s of the 19th century, the government set a course for increasing the profitability of the region.The profitability required improving the structure, functionality and efficiency of the tax institutions of the Turkestan General Governorship. As a result, in 1917 the regional financial and tax system was represented by the following institutions of the Ministry of Finance, and later, since 1905, by the Ministry of Industry and Trade: treasury chamber, exchequer chamber, tax inspection, excise and customs authorities, regional mechanics.

2688-2697

Authors: Lyubov N. Shchankina, Irina A. Fedorova, Ilya V. Tyurin

The article is devoted to the activities of the body of the highest court specially created in the Senate to consider the most important political cases that used to fall within the competence of the 1st branch of the 5th department of the Senate. The special presence of the Governing Senate was established on June 7, 1872. From the moment of creation until the 90s. XIX century. this institution survived two independent stages.During this time the institution survived two independent stages. The first covers 1874–1879, when cases on charges of revolutionary propaganda prevailed. The trials were constantly monitored by the Government, and the practice of the court showed a tendency to reduce the procedural guarantees of the defendants. In most cases, the cases of the Special Presence were heard in public meetings, official records were issued, the defendants 'speeches were usually of a propaganda nature and generated a wide political resonance in society. The second stage, 1881–1890, is connected with the movement of people organized into the party «People 's Will». At this time, there was a decline in the revolutionary situation and the government changed its political course to a new, highly reactionary one. In the practice of the presence of this time, publicity and publicity were effectively abolished, and competition was severely limited. All the sentences handed down in the cases of the People 's Islamic terrorists were as severe as possible. According to historians, even the military court during this period was «... much more humane than the court of gentlemen senators». Until the revolution of 1905–1907, the special presence of the Senate existed nominally and was eliminated only by the February Revolution on March 5, 1917.

2708-2719

Authors: Konstantin V. Taran, Ruslan M. Allalyev, Vladimir A. Svechnikov, Vladimir G. Ivantsov

The paper examines the combat operations of the Sochi detachment of the Russian army on the territory of the Sukhumi military department during the Russian-Turkish war of 1877−1878. The attention was paid to the activities of the Mahajirs on the Turkish side, as well as the relationship between Russian troops and the local population on the territory of the Sukhumi military department. The authors used the materials of periodicals. It is particularly necessary to note the newspaper “Kubanskie oblastnye vedomosti” on the pages of which a significant amount of information from the front was published, as well as the newspaper “Russkiy Mir”. The official chronicle was published in the main journal of the naval department “Morskoi sbornik”, as well as published collections of documents. Methodologically, the authors applied the principle of historicism, which made it possible to analyze the pre-revolutionary sources and historiography, which reflected the theme of the Russian-Turkish war on the Caucasian theater of military operations in 1877−1878. Besides this, the descriptive method was widely used, which made it possible to revive the picture of hostilities and endow it with numerous details without which the picture of hostilities would be incomplete. The problem-chronological and historical-comparative methods were also used. The authors came to the conclusion that it is necessary to consider the hostilities of the Sochi detachment in the Sukhum military department in conjunction with the operational situation in Abkhazia and take into account the historical aspects that influenced the relationship between the local population and the Russian administration. Ultimately, due to the changing in the operational and tactical situation on the main theater of war, the secondary Caucasian theater of military operations was curtailed by Turkey, which led to a decrease in anti-russian sentiments among the peoples of the North Caucasus, as well as a gradual restoration of socio-economic development on the Black Sea coast of the North Caucasus.

2729-2741

Authors: Natalia V.Nikiforova, Ilya V.Sidorchuk

The article is dedicated to temporal ideas of Russian engineering community in the nineteenth century, their ideas about the future of electrical technology and its ability to transform the country and society. The article also covers the ways in which engineers treated time and worked with it within electrotechnical engineering education. The discussions among the engineering community covered concrete technical questions, and at the same time involved broader issues of social meanings of technology and had an apparent temporal perspective. The electrotechnical education, that was under transformation at the turn of the XXth century, conveyed to students the ideas about the status and perspectives of electrification. Laboratory became the new space of technical education where students elaborated various skills important for the new engineering profession – precision measurement, work with different devices, as well as practical corporeal skills. In the lab students also learned to work with time – to distribute, plan and control, these skills can be considered a prehistory of contemporary project management. Electrical engineer was becoming a new cultural hero who knew how to make a working machine, but besides this challenged himself to coordinate the development of technology with social development.

2756-2764

Authors: Zulfira S. Zyukina, Dmitry S. Sknarev, Yulia A. Voropaeva, Natalia V. Poplavskaya

The work analyzes the prerequisites and preparation of the bill “Rules on parish schools” dated June 13, 1884. The main source in this work is the “Rules on parish schools”, which were approved on June 13, 1884 by Emperor Alexander III. The actions of these rules extended on the territory of the Russian Empire, except for the Riga diocese and the Grand Duchy of Finland. The great importance in the work is given to the “Draft statute on parish schools and an explanatory note to it”. The principle of historicism was used in the work, thanks to it all events were considered in a historical sequence. This made it possible to look at the picture of the events taking place as an integral phenomenon, taking into account the specific historical situation. The problem-chronological method is of great importance in the work, which allowed us, while analyzing the complex process of preparation and legislative implementation of the “Rules on parish schools”, to abstract from neighboring events and consider the studied process in its chronological sequence. In conclusion, the authors state that the “Rules on parish schools” published in 1884 became an important milestone in the formation of an extensive network of primary educational institutions of the Russian Empire. With 1884, there was given the substantial resources and government support to the parish education of the Russian Empire, which made it possible, from almost home education of peasant children, to proceed to the implementation of a planned educational process with the consolidation of the status of a parish school on a par with schools of the Ministry of Public Education.

2777-2789

Authors: Sergei T. Gaidin, Galina A. Burmakina, Ruslan V. Pavlyukevich, Tatyana G. Sheremetova

The article is concerned with the efforts of state bodies to economically develop Siberia. The work took place under the state's modernization policy aimed at transforming an agrarian country into an industrial power. Therefore, the mobilization capabilities of state government bodies for the settlement and development of Siberia depended on the success of its long-term financial and economic policy. The Ministry of Finance had been able to stabilize the financial system by converting the country's monetary system to gold parity, attracting foreign loans, and comprehensively using other budget replenishment sources. It promoted entrepreneurial activity, attracted foreign investments and technologies to Russia, and developed measures to destroy the peasant community, the existence of which hindered the country's modernization process. Accumulating financial resources, developing industry and railway transport, the state began to construct the Siberian Railway and transfer the population from the European part of the country. Siberian Railway Committee used the planning principles in its work. It coordinated the efforts of various ministries and departments that made it possible to connect Siberia with the European part of the country and develop its economy under the all-Russian and international division. This created the conditions to accelerate the modernization process associated with the peasant community destruction and Stolypin's resettlement program. The state was interested in the creation of strong resettled peasant farms and considered the resettlers as a force capable to destroy the subsistence farming of the old residents. The construction of the Siberian railway and resettlement population influx led to the traditional industries development in Siberia and the creation of new ones related to the maintenance of railway and water transport. The specialization of Siberian peasants in dairy farming made butter manufacturing a branch of export production activity. The economic development of Siberia made it possible to accelerate the modernization not only in the European part of the country but also in the Siberian region.

2798-2808

Authors: Boris N. Mironov

In Imperial Russia, almost all major non-Russian ethnic groups had their representatives in power structures − in central and local executive bodies, in the courts and in law enforcement agencies, since 1905, in legislative institutions, although in most cases the number of nominees from an ethnic group did not correspond to its population size. In some cases (Jews), this was due to direct discrimination, but more often it was due to a low level of culture, lack of knowledge of the Russian language, lack of professionals, and other factors not directly related to ethnic inequality. You needed the appropriate competence and at least at least a basic education and knowledge of the Russian language in order to participate in the management. As a result, citizens that are more educated also had a higher chance of entering the service of government structures, regardless of ethnicity. Ethnopolitical discrimination in the Empire was not so significant as to be the main cause of the 1917 revolution and the collapse of the Russian Empire. In the first decade of Soviet power, ethnic inequality in the formation of government bodies and power structures decreased, but was eliminated, respectively; the participation of non-Russians in government increased, but has not yet become adequate to their number. As the index of ethnopolitical representativeness shows, the inequality was not yet completely eliminated up to 1926: the index increased from 0.61 to 0.79 for all non-Russian peoples as a whole in 1897–1926, but did not reach 1,00, that is, the democratic norm. This reduction in inequality can be considered significant, but it cannot be called a qualitative leap in overcoming ethnic discrimination.

2817-2825

Authors: Sergey J. Suschiy

The following article examines the geodemographic dynamics of the population of the Don and the North Caucasus at the end of the imperial period. It determines the ratio of natural growth and migration, evaluates the influence of various factors on demographic processes, including wars prosecuted by Russia at that time. It is concluded that the southern regions (except Dagestan) were distinguished by increased natural population growth, which was supplemented by a large-scale migration inflow in the Kuban and Terek regions, as well as in the Black Sea governorate. As a result, the population of the entire macroregion grew at a rapid pace (from 7 to 10.17 million people in 1901−1904). The Russo-Japanese War and the Russian Revolution of 1905−1907 almost did not affect the demographic dynamics of the southern regions. The negative impact of the First World War was more perceptible. By 1917, the conscription into the field army reduced the size of the existing population of the macroregion by 1-1.2 million people (by 10-12%). But at the same time, hundreds of thousands of refugees and prisoners of war settled within the Don and the North Caucasus. Irrecoverable and sanitary casualties of the mobilized regional contingent, even according to incomplete statistics, exceeded 340 000 people. However, untilthe beginning of 1917, the macroregion maintained a steady natural population growth, which more than enough compensated for the irrecoverable battlefieldcasualtiesof servicemencalledinto the army from the Don and the North Caucasus.

2835-2844

Authors: Alexandra S. Kuzmenko

Today, the study of migration remains as relevant as in the last century and, in a few last years, even more actual. The resettlement crisis, covered not only Europe, but also most countries from Mexico and Indonesia to Ukraine and Syria, has boosted interest in the political component of migration among the expert community. At the same time, the previous historical experience of mass forced migration during the First and Second World Wars is expected to be especially valuable due to its uniquenessfor modern processes. These conflicts have revealed unexpectedly massive cross impact of forced resettlement both on politics and nation. As a matter of fact, migration affected on attitude towards not only the Government, but also political parties, public organizations and other active political subjects. Nevertheless, the influence of such processes on the migrants themselves used to escape researcher’s attention. Eastern Siberia in that case is assumed to be indicative region as a result of the fact that it was the receiving territory for such human wave. Forced migrants appeared in the area were potential social base for political powers in the region. Considering the reasons and conditions of their movements Siberian active subjects could use them as an effective recourse in their political struggle. But how successful were they in such attempts? What hurdles did they meet on that way? Were forced migrants active and political experienced or inert and inefficient? The purpose of this paper is to find answers to these questions. The author determines and characterizes certain aspects of political moods of forced migrants, caused by world military conflict. The article analyses the level of political activity/inertia of these different groups. Eventually the author defines reasons of these processes and makes a conclusion about a forced migrant’s political behaviour.