Advances in Human Biology

1-6

Authors: MR Haranadha Reddy, Vimala Manne, Ranjit Manne, NVS Sekhar Reddy, John Koshy, Sri Harsha Konuru

Background: Patients seeking correction of dental or dentofacial deformities also present with concomitant soft tissue deformities like decreased lip length, increased or decreased lip thickness, inadequate vermillion show etc. Correction of skeletal or dental deformities alone may not achieve appreciable results unless a focus is made on the correction of soft tissue deformities during the treatment planning. Soft tissue deformities that exist with the skeletal or dental deformities may be self-corrected by Orthognathic surgery/Orthodontics or combination of both. But in many situations adjuvant procedures to the perioral structures may need to be performed to get the optimal overall results. This can be accomplished by dermal fillers, Botulinum Toxin A injections or by surgical soft tissues procedures.

13-19

Authors: Sthitaprajna Lenka, Nikil Jain, Rajat Mohanty, Dhirendra Kumar Singh, Minkle Gulati

Aim: Inferior dental anaesthesia via the direct intraoral approach, mandibular conduction anaesthesia via extraoral landmarks (Gow-Gates) and mandibular conduction anaesthesia via the tuberosity approach (Akinosi) were evaluated using pain during injection, aspiration test, pinprick, depth and frequency of anaesthesia, onset and duration of anaesthesia. Materials and Methods: 120 patients of both sexes, aged from 16 years to 50 years undergoing mandibular molar tooth extraction were included. They were randomly designated into 3 groups with regards to the applied technique of mandibular anaesthesia. Each patient was given injection of 2 ml of 2% lignocaine with adrenaline (1:80,000) using 2ml disposable syringes and a 25 gauge, 1.5 inch needle. Results: Classical inferior nerve block showed greater incidence of pain among the applied techniques. Positive aspiration was most frequently observed with classical inferior nerve block. The onset of anaesthesia was found to be slower with Gow-Gates technique while duration of anaesthesia was longer. Mandibular conduction anaesthesia via the tuberosity approach did not show any particular advantage over the other two techniques in this study. Conclusions: After using Gow-Gates method, it was found that the Gow-Gates technique is a highly successful alternative to the conventional inferior nerve block with regards to increased success rate, constancy of landmarks, decreased positive aspiration rate, decreased incidence of complications such as trismus, the advantage of one injection to anaesthetize a greater area supplied by the mandibular nerve, longer duration of anaesthesia and less amount of pain experienced during injection.

26-30

Authors: Shrudha Potdar, Nagesh Lakshminarayan, Siddana Goud R

Objective: Emblica officinalis fruit is used in Indian traditional medicine since ages as an antimicrobial agent. Review of literature yielded a paucity of studies related to the effect of Emblica officinalis fruit extract against Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans, so the present study was designed. Our aim was to determine the antimicrobial efficacy of ethanol, acetone and distilled water extracts of Emblica officinalis against Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans. Materials and Method: Extract of Emblica officinalis in ethanol, acetone and distilled water were obtained by cold maceration. The crude residue was obtained by evaporation at room temperature. The antimicrobial efficacy of Emblica officinalis in all extracts were assessed against oral microorganisms by finding out zone of inhibition and minimal inhibitory concentration. Results: Emblica officinalis in ethanol, acetone and distilled water were found to be effective against Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans by highest zone of inhibition being 38 mm for acetonic extract of emblica officinalis against Enterococcus faecalis. Minimum inhibitory concentration of ethanolic and acetonic emblica officinalis extracts for Candida albicans was established at 0.09% and distilled water extract at 1.56%. Minimum inhibitory concentration for ethanolic extract of emblica officinalis for Enterococcus faecalis was 3.12%, acetonic extract of Emblica officinalis was established at 0.39% and distilled water extract of emblica officinalis was established at 12.5%. Conclusion: Emblica officinalis could be considered as an effective antimicrobial agent. The antimicrobial activities can be enhanced if the phytoactive components are purified and adequate dosage determined for proper administration.

37-40

Authors: LR Surendra, Y NarendraNath Reddy, E Sivaprasad Reddy, D Ramaraju, T Yehoshuva Reddy

The Mandibular first molar is the tooth that requires root canal treatment most often. It usually has two roots with two canals mesially and one or two canals distally. A mandibular first molar with more than four canals represents a rare anatomical variation, especially when the three canals are found in distal root. With increasing reports of aberrant canal morphology, the clinician needs to be aware of this varied anatomy. This case report discusses endodontic management of 2 rooted mandibular molar with 3 distal canals (disto-buccal, middle- distal, disto-lingual) and 2 mesial canals.

44-50

Authors: Devanand Shetty, Suyog Dharmadhikari, Arvind Shetty, Ranjeet Bapat

Periodontal therapy has developed beyond the scope of the treatment of periodontal pathoses. Periodontal plastic surgery consists of the reconstructive procedures designed to enhance the both function and esthetics. Deficient ridges pose a severe problem to the restorative dentist in restoring the natural form, function and esthetics of the prosthesis replacing the natural dentition. Depending upon the severity, location of these defects and the prosthetic option chosen, hard and soft tissue ridge augmentation or non-surgical approach or a combination may help to address them. The present clinical report describes a soft tissue ridge augmentation of a localized ridge defect in maxillary aesthetic region using onlay interpositional graft followed by fixed partial denture.

56-59

Authors: Ramesh Pandey, Shefali Sharma, Mastan Mukarrab, Santosh Kumar

Background: A 13 year old boy presented with gradual poor grade in his school performance. Parents of the boy were worried because of his deteriorating academic performance and physical appearance. Patient was subjected to thorough clinical examination and Radiological examination and was found to be having features and findings consistent with Crouzon Syndrome. The patient was properly counselled and was lost to follow up after 6 months due to his social and economical constraints.