NPunto

16

Authors: Corral Ardila, M

Cancer is a disease with a high prevalence in Spain. In addition, the course of this disease turns out to be very dangerous and difficult for patients who suffer from it. For this reason, many patients tend to suffer a strong emotional impact when knowing the diagnosis of it, also presenting negative emotional reactions, such as: denial, fear, stress, depression, insomnia, etc. Breast cancer, specifically, is the oncological variety that most develops in the female population and also has a high incidence in our country, producing a large number of deaths annually. For this reason, in this article, a bibliographic review has been carried out regarding the psycho-oncological and social aspects of breast cancer in patients, to know in depth how the experience of the disease affects the patients who have it and thus be able to look for some alternatives to improve their quality of life and alleviate the psychological, social and physical consequences that they may suffer.

21

Authors: Gutiérrez López, M.I

Borderline personality disorders are considered a major problem within mental health given their severity and their high epidemiology. The high dysfunctionality in their behavior derived from their severe difficulty of emotional regulation is a central feature of the disorder and is evidenced on numerous occasions in the form of self-destructive behaviors, being its maximum exponent suicide attempts. Borderline personality disorders involve high costs for health systems as well as for patients and their families themselves, especially if we consider that it is a disorder in which prolonged treatments and hospital admissions are usually performed when crises require it. It has also been reported that these patients are often hyperfrequenters of health services. Due to their characteristics, borderline personality disorders pose a significant therapeutic challenge. The complexity of its clinical expression, the high frequency of comorbid disorders and the presence of other elements that prevent the proper development of therapy, such as premature abandonment of treatment, make them often considered difficult patients and the therapy is seen by clinicians and therapists as complex and frustrating. Currently, psychotherapy is positioned as the first-line treatment for borderline personality disorders supplemented with pharmacotherapy aimed at reducing symptoms (1,2). Several psychotherapeutic models have adapted their intervention to limit personality disorders. Dialectical behavioral therapy is undoubtedly the treatment that has had the greatest expansion, being in the current literature frequent references to it. Other forms of treatment such as mentalization-based therapy or transfer-focused psychotherapy have received significant attention from the various authors. Regarding the effectiveness of psychotherapy in borderline personality disorders we find an encouraging situation that shows the benefits that the different therapies exert on improving the reduction of symptoms, reducing self-injurious behaviour or increasing functionality and interpersonal adjustment. Current evidence suggests that dialectical-behavioral therapy is the treatment of choice for borderline personality disorders, showing its effectiveness in both improving the symptomatology of boundary disorders(3) as in the reduction of self-injury and suicide attempts(4). Other therapeutic models such as transfer-focused psychotherapy, mentalization-based therapy or interpersonal psychotherapy, despite having an important place in the treatment of borderline personality disorders have been noticeably less studied compared to dialectical-behavioral therapy. Although the different authors find promising results in psychotherapy, it has been noted that the potency of the studies available to date is weak (3,5,6), so further analysis and study is recommended. The aim of this paper is to analyse new developments in the efficacy of psychotherapy in borderline personality disorders through a systematic review of the studies published in the last 5 years. It also seeks to know the predictors of therapeutic success as well as those that hinder therapy. A systematic review of the studies published in the last 5 years was carried out by searching for clinical trials present in PubMed, PsycINFO and The Crochrane Central Registrer of Controlled Trials databases. Following this review, there is a greater prevalence of studies focused on the analysis of the efficacy of dialectical-behavioral therapy, with the other therapeutic models being the object of less research production. In general, a benefit of psychotherapy is found in the treatment of borderline personality disorders. Some predictors of therapeutic change and abandonment of treatment were also discovered.

33

Authors: Urmeneta Roncal, C

Cancer is the leading reason for death from disease in children in developed countries, and the second most common cause of death in children over one year of age, with accidents being the first. Although cure rates in pediatric oncology have increased, their diagnosis continues to be a major crisis in the family nucleus. In addition to curing the disease, efforts should also be aimed at reducing the side effects and aftermath that the disease itself and its treatments may cause in the quality of life of children and family members. That is why the figure of the psychologist is basic for a good evolution and recovery.

19

Authors: Barrera Baena, P

The metabolic syndrome is a set of clinical-analytical entities that usually occur together have an impact on a substantial increase in cardiovascular risk and mortality for the patient. There is a consensus between the components of metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease. This article deals with the above and specifically affects the possible conditioning that chronic kidney disease can entail for treatments used in the control of metabolic syndrome.

25

Authors: Álvarez Muñiz, N

Problems such as obesity and eating disorders are increasingly common in the world. A few years ago they were just specific pathologies, however, nowadays their prevalence only increases. For obesity, new lifestyles have played a significant role: new technologies have replaced doing sport or non-sedentary activities during free-time. Moreover, children prefer to eat high-calorie and high-sugar foods instead of eating a healthier diet. For eating disorders, current lifestyle and new technologies have also played a part in prevalence increase. Teenagers spend a lot of time on the internet where they often find bodies that they think are ideal. This has an impact on their self-steem, diminishing it and leading them to consider changing their bodied with, in many cases, extreme behaviors. These pathologies are largely preventable. Therefore, it is important that all children and teenagers get a good health education, both in diet and healthy lifestyles.

5

Authors: Sánchez Lozano, J., Martínez Pizarro, S

Introduction: Labor pain is an important concern that pregnant women present at the time of giving birth. In recent years, plantar reflexology has been proposed as an adjuvant therapy to reduce said pain. Reflexology is a type of complementary medicine that uses the application of pressure to the feet with specific techniques. The objective of this review is to analyze the efficacy of plantar reflexology as an adjunct to relieve pain in childbirth. Method: A review of the scientific literature is carried out using the PubMed, Cinahl and Scopus databases. Studies conducted in the last eight years are selected, with full text and adequate methodological quality. Results: Plantar reflexology is an effective and reliable adjuvant in the management of labor pain. Regarding the duration of application of the therapy, it ranges between 20 and 60 minutes. The total number of participants in the review was 555 individuals. The instruments for pain assessment were the visual analogue scale (VAS) and the McGill Questionnaire. Conclusions: Plantar reflexology reduces the intensity of labor pain. It also improves other parameters such as the duration of labor, maternal anxiety, increases Apgar scores of the newborn, and increases maternal satisfaction with childbirth.

25

Authors: Delgado Baena, A

Today, anemia is one of the most important public health problems and although its prevalence has decreased, we should not underestimate that about 30% of the population suffers from some type of anemia. On the other hand, 2.5% of the total population presents hematic physiological values outside the statistical normality, as is the case of athletes, African-Americans or pregnant women, where the function of oxygen transport to the tissues is not diminished in said patients cases. In addition, the World Health Organization has collected data that reveals the most common cause of anemia, being iron deficiency or deficiency, especially in risk groups such as the elderly or women of childbearing age. To make a correct diagnosis by the laboratory, it is necessary to determine parameters such as the erythrocyte mass value and other values such as the erythrocyte count, hematocrit or hemoglobin concentration inside the red blood cell.

34

Authors: Pérez San Martín, S., Gómez Fernández, L

The aim of this article is to update knowledge in the study of microcytic anemias, the interpretation of both classical and novel blood count parameters and biochemical parameters used in the evaluation of anemias, the technological principles used by the different blood analysers and stress the importance of the pre-analytical phase to ensure the reliability and traceability of the results obtained.

20

Authors: Cruz Morales, R., Serna del Álamo, J.A

Coronary heart disease is the most important cause of death worldwide. Acute myocardial infarction is an acute coronary syndrome that is characterized by ischemia to a part of the heart muscle produced by the acute and total obstruction of one of the coronary arteries that do not feed Various studies consider that the lack of fiber consumption, diabetes, obesity, tobacco use, sedentary lifestyle, lack of exercise may be predisposing factors for the patient to suffer a heart attack. People who have suffered from this disease can be treated with drugs or catheterization, a technique that consists of breaking up the thrombus and preventing it from re-forming in that area. Thrombosis cases have increased during the COVID-19 pandemic.

23

Authors: Cubero Charco, B

When we talk about cardiogenic shock, we must know that it is a serious pathology, with multiple and varied etiology, with a difficult approach due to the extended tissue hypoperfusion state that can have fatal consequences since it quickly reaches the state of multiorgan failure if adequate treatment is not administered. Over the years, there have been quite a few advances in the knowledge of the physiopathology and development of CS, with the development of CS secondary to acute myocardial infarction being studied in greater detail, advancing with the incorporation of mechanical circulatory support devices to provide an alternative for people suffering from this condition. But it cannot be forgotten that it remains a pathology with a high mortality rate, which exceeds 50% in most cases, and requires an extraordinarily complex, specialized, and economically expensive treatment, which makes it impossible to access in all hospital centers. Like other cardiovascular pathologies, the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment depend on the underlying cause that leads to this critical state that is CS, but it also has another key factor in determining the above, which is the healthcare center where this pathology is treated. As it is such a specific and complex disease, the effectiveness of centralizing patients who suffer from it in hospitals with specialized equipment, trained healthcare personnel, and evidence-based action protocols has been demonstrated.

32

Authors: Bailo Lalaguna, A

Cardiovascular malaises are the leading cause of mortality in the world, and cardiac emergencies and arrhythmias constitute one of the most common causes of consultation and emergemcy intervention in emergency services in our country. In this article we will discuss them, their diagnosis, clinical manifestations and treatment. The objective of this article is to identify those pathologies who write a deadly ending if its treatment is delayed. Remembering the heart’s physiology will set the first stone to talk about these pathologies. From tachyarrhythmias to cardiogenic shock through lethal arrhythmias, and valvular and aortic pathologies.

17

Authors: Otero Somoano, Á

INTRODUCTION Musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) can include injuries and symptoms that affect any part of the body. They mainly affect the locomotor system, that meaning joints, muscles, tendons, ligaments, bones... MSDs are associated with a strong impact on society, rarely addressed, since it involves a huge use of health resources. In a study carried out by the National Commission for Safety and Health at Work, in Spain, this type of disorder was pointed out as the one that generates the highest rate of temporary disability (TI) in comparison with other diseases or ailments. On admittance to Rehabilitation Services for physiotherapy (because of MSD), a training plan must be carried out. This means therapeutic exercise the patient should carry out (self-treatment). The purpose of this program will be to determine the appropriate and most efficient physical activity according to the patient. The program should be adapted to different issues: the daily activities carried out by the patient before the illness; their work activity; situation of the injury; psychological situation of the patient regarding the acceptance of their own illness. The physiotherapist is be the person trained to properly develop the training plan, after making the timely assessment of the patient. Joints are the most important areas of connection of the locomotor system, allowing the mobility of the body. Shoulder joint is the junction between the humerus and the scapula (glenohumeral joint) together with the junction with the clavicle. It is formed by muscles and ligaments attached to both bones. The upper part of the scapula contains two formations called the acromion and the coracoid process. Between the humerus and the acromion is the subacromial space that contains a variety of tendons and muscles; this is a critical area in shoulder injuries. The shoulder is one of the joints with the greatest range of mobility in the human body (and possibly the most complex). Painful shoulder syndrome is a common musculoskeletal condition. It can occur due to intrinsic disorders of the shoulder (eg: caused by the anatomical structures of the shoulder) or extrinsic (also called referred pain), in which case there is no functional limitation. Definition should be: pain that is located in the shoulder region, unilateral or bilateral, and that appears with some movements of the arm. OBJECTIVES The main objective is to carry out a 6-month sampling of the most common referrals to the physiotherapy service in a Primary Care unit and to determine which MSDs are the most frequent. Secondary objective: create a training program to help restore health to these patients, based on exercises to regain joint range and strength. To do this, a bibliographic review of the most appropriate self-treatment exercises will be carried out for the lesions detected. METHODOLOGY For a 6-month period we perform random sequential sampling of patients between the ages of 18 and 65 referred to the unit. We determine which MSDs are the most common. With the results obtained, a training plan for the recovery was carried out for the patient. RESULTS Exhaustive review of the 523 patients referred was made. It was detected that the most common body areas affected by MSDs were the cervical area (cervicoarthrosis being the most common), the lumbar area (mechanical low back pain being the most common) and the shoulder joint (painful shoulder). CONCLUSION Identifying the most frequent MSDs in society can help to understand the need to take action in these areas, directing the work of the Primary Care physiotherapist towards timely and effective strategies that allow reducing the prevalence of these pathologies. This would reduce the duration and number of Temporary Disabilities (IT).

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Authors: Ruiz Martínez, C

INTRODUCTION Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in nursing staff. MSDs are a group of conditions that affect the muscles, tendons, ligaments, nerves and skeletal structures of the body, which can reduce a person´s functional ability. Nursing workers are particularly vulnerable to MSDs due to the physical and repetitive nature of their daily tasks, which can increase the risk of developing MSDs, especially if they are performed repetitively or under ergonomically unfavourable conditions. In addition, nurses also face a high emotional burden due to direct contact with patients and difficult situations, which can increase stress and the risk of developing MSDs. MATERIAL AND METHODS To conduct this literature review, a systematic search was performed in several databases, including PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL and Web of Science. The search was conducted using a combination of keywords and MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms. The following search terms were used: "musculoskeletal disorders", "nursing", "risk factors", "primary prevention" and "secondary prevention". In addition, reference lists of selected studies were reviewed to identify additional relevant studies published from 2018 to 2023 published in both English and Spanish. RESULTS The results evidence that musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are a common problem in nursing staff due to the physical and repetitive nature of their daily tasks. The prevalence of MSDs in nursing staff ranges from 50% to 90%. MSDs can have negative consequences on the quality of life, job satisfaction and productivity of nursing staff, which can affect the quality of patient care. Preventive and therapeutic strategies exist to prevent and treat MSDs in nursing staff, such as ergonomics training and education, implementing workplace safety policies and procedures, and making changes to the design of the work environment. Physiotherapy and occupational therapy are also effective in the treatment of MSDs in nursing staff. Female gender, older age and overweight are associated with a higher prevalence of MSDs in nurses, while nurses with higher levels of education and work experience are less likely to experience MSDs. Lack of time and resources for the prevention and treatment of MSDs in nursing staff is a common problem that needs to be addressed by employers and decision-makers in the health sector. CONCLUSION The prevention and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in nursing staff is a major concern due to the physical nature of the work they perform. The implementation of safe and ergonomic work programmes and policies, education and training in MSD prevention and treatment, as well as an improved safety culture in the workplace, are important to address this problem. The literature review suggests that coordinated and collaborative action between employers, nursing workers, decision makers and other health professionals is required to achieve a safe and healthy work environment for nursing staff.

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Authors: Antón Santos, B

INTRODUCTION Congenital muscular torticollis (CMT) is an idiopathic postural deformity of the head and neck, related to the unilateral contraction or retraction of the sternocleidomastoid muscle after an exaggerated elongation of the latter. When it is not treated or is treated late, we find the possibility of developing numerous sequelae with greater or lesser impact on the life and growth of children and adults. OBJETIVE The general objective of this work is to carry out an updated bibliographic review of everything we know about Congenital Muscular Torticollis with the latest studies and to group the different sequelae that can develop when muscular torticollis is not treated or resolved in time. MATERIAL AND METHODS This literature review performed a systematized search of articles in six online databases (Medline, SciELO, WOS, PEDRro and LILALCS). The following terms were used to carry out the search: Initially, “tortícolis”, “torticollis”, “tortícolis congénita” y “torticollis congenital”, and then further refine the search by adding other keywords to the search, “reflujo”, “reflux” “escoliosis”, “scoliosis”, “displasia cadera”, “hyp dysplasia”, “pelvis”, “pelvis”, “asimetría craneofacial”, “craniofacial asymmetry”, “plagiocefalia”, “plagiocephaly”, “mala oclusión”, “malocclusion”, “desarrollo psicomotor”, “psychomotor development”, “retraso neurodesarrollo”, “development delay”. I included all types of studies published since 2017 conducted in humans that discussed CCT and its long-term sequelae or comorbidities. RESULTS After searching different databases and other sources, 18 articles were selected for this review. These studies were chosen because, in addition to meeting the different selection criteria, they provided some information on the correlation that can be found between CCT and different anatomical or functional alterations over the years. CONCLUSIONS In general, there are few studies carried out since 2017 on the long-term impact of CCT. There are many previous articles on the relationship between CCT and certain alterations and dysfunctions that we observe during the growth of children and even in adults, and although they promote the need for verification and further research on the subject, I have not found a large number of articles in the last 5 years to be able to carry out this review with more objective data. Even so, I believe that with the data found and those already known, it is clearly evident that if CMD is not diagnosed and treated in time, it can trigger compensations that create other pathologies or syndromes that end up having considerable repercussions in pediatric and adult patients.