Nanotechnologies in Construction: A Scientific Internet-Journal

18-44

Authors: Sergeev V.V., Zainullin I.I., Zeigman Y.V., Yakubov R.N.

Over the past five years, due to the macroeconomic situation, there have been significant changes in the different industries. The main changes concern the optimization of production and the need to increase the efficiency of technological processes. As for Russia, the changes caused significant impact on the oil and gas industry as a whole and led to reduced share of foreign technologies in oil companies’ portfolios. That mainly led to increased demand for domestic technologies and, as a result, to significant increase in the number of research and development (R&D) projects aimed at creating innovative developments and improving existing technologies. But any R&D process in heavy and production industries takes some time: on the average it takes 3–5 years to conduct laboratory, bench and pilot tests for a potential industrial launch after the results have been monitored.

77-90

Authors: Danilov V.E., Shinkaruk A.A., Ayzenshtadt A.M., Drozdyuk T.A., Frolova M.A.

Production of polyfunctional wood-mineral compositions based on modified wood bark and finely dispersed basalt is associated with the use of aqueous suspension that contains micro- and nanosized rock particles as a solid phase. In this regard, this paper presents the results of the studies focused on the aggregative stability of water suspension of finely dispersed basalt. The stability is associated with the electrokinetic potential of particles of the dispersed phase. The potential varies in dependence on the protolytic properties of the dispersion medium. Measurement of dimensional characteristics in the course of time was carried out with photon-correlation spectroscopy. It has been determined that when pH of the medium is in the range from 7 to 11 the suspension of finely dispersed basalt is aggregatively and sedimentation stable. The critical value of the zeta potential of particles of the solid phase, at which the electrostatic barrier of their interaction indicates itself, is 30 mV.

112-123

Authors: Maskova A.R., Aminova G.K., Karimov F.Ch., Sabitov I.N., Timofeev A.A., Mazitova A.K.

Plastic compounds based on polyvinylchloride (PVC) are used in various areas for the manufacture of a wide range of materials and products. This is due to the availability of raw materials, their low cost and extensive opportunities to modify their properties. Introduction of additives of various functional purposes (plasticizers, stabilizers, fillers, fire retardants, etc.) significantly changes characteristics of PVC. Ester compounds are the most suitable for plasticization. One of the basic requirements for ester plasticizers is their resistance to thermal oxidation. The oxidation stability of plasticizers can be increased by using of antioxidants from number of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds. Therefore, this work studied the stabilizing activity of the 1,2,4-triazine series for plasticized polyvinyl chloride by the chemo luminescence method.

184-200

Authors: Badikova A.D., Sidelnikov A.V., Shiriaeva R.N., Mazitova A.K., Sakhibgareev S.R., Latypov V.M., Zaitseva L.R., Abdulminev K.G.

The accumulation of waste products is an urgent problem of the industry. The recycling in the production of building materials is an important task worldwide. The authors of the paper studied the content of soluble silica in the composition of the aggregates of concrete made from industrial waste. It was found that the content of soluble silicon compounds is in the normal range, and the studied materials can be used as aggregates in concrete. These results make it possible to perform further research on the manufacture of concrete with high corrosion resistance to aggressive effects with the use of aggregates from industrial wastes.

20-37

Authors: Evdokimova N.G., Luneva N.N., Egorova N.A., Makhmutova A.R., Bayguzina Yu.A., Imangulova E.A.

To expand the range of modern and promising binders, the aim of the research was to design a promising technology for the production of polymer-containing bituminous materials obtained by different technologies: modification by polymers of roadside bitumen, compounding of deeply oxidized bitumen with modified polymers, tar. The objects of the studies were the road bitumen, deepoxygenized bitumen, light and heavy tar. Butadiene-styrene thermoplastic elastomer DST-30-01 was used as polymer modifier that allows achieving the desired particle size of the dispersed phase and creates an additional nanophase of the polymer and thus provides the required performance.The analysis of the properties of polymer-bitumen binders showed the advantage of the technology based on the compounding of deep-oxidized bitumen with modified polymer tar. There is an increase in the values of the maximum tensile force, cohesive and strength properties, adhesion index with a certain decrease in extensibility.

80-103

Authors: Kudryavtsev P.G.

Porous materials are formed from dispersed particles of various shapes. The porous structure of such materials is determined by the shape and nature of the packing of their structural units. As a model for the analysis of the structure of porous materials, model-packing units were selected in the form of spherical particles and fibers. Separately, the pore structure in foam-like regular porous materials was considered. It is shown that the pore volume in such packages grows with the reduction of the coordination number of the packed spherical particles. To study this regularity, the structural types of crystal lattices of various chemical substances were analyzed. Examples of such packages are most metallic elements and all inert gases, except for helium. These substances crystallize in simple structural types. All of them can be considered as packing of balls of identical radii.

125-143

Authors: Nazarov A.M., Latypova F.M., Araslanova L.Kh., Salmanova E.R., Tuktarova I.O.

The paper describes the research of efficiency of natural and modified sorbents used for purification of industrial sewage from ions of heavy metals (Fe, Cd, Zn, Cu, Cr). Sorbents of various structures are produced on the basis of waste of the mining and processing works (MPW), nonmetallic materials (montmorillonite, dolomite) and modified by humic compounds with thickness of applied layer from 50 nanometers to 100 microns. The choice of structure of the modified sorbents has been determined by the aim to use positive properties of all components as much as possible: their high sorption and regeneration properties. Besides, application of the humic compounds disengaged from peat and waste of brown coal on surface of sorbentscaused significantly increased adsorptive activity due to existence of broad set of groups and fragments in structure of humates. These groups and fragments (acid, amino-acid, spirit, carbohydrate, phenolic, amino-keto-alcohol, etc.) form complexes practically with all heavy metals. Use of three main specified components as a part of sorbents resulted in synergetic effect and also allows receiving the highly effective and at the same time inexpensive, rather universal materials with high sorption properties.

20-38

Authors: Makeev A.I., Chernyshov E.M.

The dust fraction of the granite crushing screenings is considered and evaluated as a carrier of microsize and nanosized components engaged in the structure formation of cement stone and concrete. The genesis of the pulverized fraction and the identification of its composition and specific properties are given. The paper also analyzes the nature of mechanical, mechanochemical, physical and chemical activity and the role of the pulverized fraction of screening in the processes of cement hydration and structure formation of cement stone. The microsized component is regarded as a filler in the cement that is a part of the fine-grained concrete mixture. The nanoscale component is analyzed as a silica-containing additive capable to provide nanomodification of the hydrated cement structure. Experimental data and quantitative estimates of the influence of the dust fraction on the hardening dynamics and the strength of fine-grained concrete are presented.

75-100

Authors: Kudryavtsev P.G.

This paper is a continuation of our series of papers devoted to the production of ceramic and composite nanomaterials based on various inorganic heat-resistant binders. The work is devoted to important aspects that determine the properties of such materials: micro- and macrostructure, and the chemical composition. These factors are of particular importance for the production of porous, heat-resistant materials. In this paper, the main types of porous heat-resistant materials are considered. Porous materials are the solids that contain voids in a sufficiently large amount, and the average size of individual voids is significantly smaller than the body size. The structure of porous materials is characterized by the following parameters: general or true porosity, closed porosity, open or apparent porosity, average pore size and size distribution function, specific pore volume, specific surface area, the degree of the material anisotropy, permeability.

120-137

Authors: Baikov I.R., Smorodova O.V., Kitaev S.V., Yerilin I.S.

Nanotechnology is currently the main mega-project in science in general and particularly in energy. According to experts of the modern scientific world, it is possible to solve global energy problems only with the help of a convergent NBIC-technology complex. One of the directions of nano-optimization of energy production processes is the use of fuel cells. Fuel cells are sources of electrical energy that produce the minimum amount of greenhouse gases due to the high efficiency of direct conversion of the chemical energy of hydrogen, hydrocarbons and other types of fuel through the electrochemical oxidation reaction.The most promising types of fuel cells for energy are solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC); their features are high operating temperature and versatility in the types of fuel used. The high temperature of SOFC entails both positive and negative aspects, but it is very difficult to single out a certain optimal temperature range for a particular fuel cell without experimentation.

166-180

Authors: Artamonov V.Yu., Ganiev S.R., Ismakov R.A., Kuznetsov Yu.S., Pustovgar A.P., Sultanov D.R., Shmirkov O.V.

The paper presents the results of complex studies of influence of wave technologies on physical and mechanical properties of fine-dispersed montmorillonite suspensions in laboratory conditions at Research Center for Nonlinear Wave Mechanics and Technology Mechanical Engineering Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. It is shown that wave processing by means of hydrodynamic flow type generators with tangential and radial channels and flattype generators with cylindrical bodies of flow resulted in substantially increased dynamic shear stress, the number of particles in the 1–2 μm solution has grown 2.5 times. This means that the wave processing of the clay suspension leads to increasing of the colloid fraction, and, consequently, to improvement of the suspension quality, to decrease in the clay powder consumption, and also to several times reduced preparing time, compared to conventional technology. It is demonstrated that the main contribution to achieve high efficiency of wave processing is made by nonlinear wave and cavitation processes that run in the flowing part of hydrodynamic generators.

20-36

Authors: Baikov I.R., Smorodova O.V., Kitaev S.V.

Today multilayer metal-plastic pipes manufactured by means of special technologies are becoming widely applied. The main advantages of the so-called nanocomposite pipes are the increased service life (up to 80–100 years) and high corrosion resistance. The paper considers energy aspect of application of nanocomposite pipes in utility systems. It was shown that due to the low roughness, even at the initial stage of operation, electric power consumption for driving pumps in nanocomposite systems is almost 1,5 times lower respect to steel pipelines. In the long term, due to the buildup of deposits in steel pipelines, the effect increases by an average of 8% for each subsequent year of operation.

94-106

Authors: Sergeyeva O.Yu.

The relevance of the topic of the article is that Russia has launched a largescale system program for the development of the economy of the new technological generation based on the industrial concept «Industry 4.0» through its digitalization and restructuring, using innovative tools and mechanisms. Cyberphysical systems (CPS) represent highly efficient technological processes that unite the real and virtual worlds in order to form a single networked space where «smart objects» communicate with each other. CPS are evolutionary followers of embedded systems. Cyberphysical systems play a leading role in solving problems related to the lack of natural resources, sustainable mobility and energy changes

127-137

Authors: Maskova A.R., Mazitova A.K., Aminova G.K., Rolnik L.Z., Faizullina G.F.

Polymer materials based on polyvinyl chloride (PVC) are processed in the form of multitudinous compositions. One of the main indicators in the processing of polymer compositions is manufacturability. It is known that in the processing of polyvinyl chloride compositions manufacturability is estimated by rheology of melts. The determine polymer processability the melt flow index (MFI) is the most widespread and almost universally used value. The melt flow index of the polymer material is the mass of polymer in grams extruded through the capillary at a certain temperature and pressure overfall in 10 minutes. It allows us to take decisions on the necessary conditions of processing the polymer composition and to determine the temperature limits of converting.

167-178

Authors: Latypova D.R., Latypov O.R., Bugai D.E.

The paper presents the results of the research that studied how the penetration depth of pitting corrosion in the surface structures of clad steel depends on the steel surface electrode potential. The tests were carried out on the stainless surface of the samples made from steel 09G2S/08X13, which is widely used in production of metal structures for the oil and gas industry due to its necessary mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. The operation process of this steel runs in the technological environment with high corrosivity.The influence of pitting components of the corrosive medium (Сl– и S2O3 2– ions) on the diffusion of oxidants and the development of local processes of destruction of a passive film is shown. It is noted that the maximum influence of the electrode potential on the development of pitting corrosion occurs in the area of secondary passivation. In this case, the depth of pitting can reach 180 μm.

21-41

Authors: Malkin P.

Despite the wide practical use of sorption methods and complexones in treatment of industrial wastewater, some problems are still to be solved in this field. These are the most significant: insufficient sorption capacity of materials, lack of reliable methods for regenerating sorbents and resource-saving ecology friendly treatment technologies with the use of sorbents as well as methods of utilization of heavy metals from waste by complex formation.An important factor affecting the behavior of heavy metals in the soil is the medium acidity. With a neutral and slightly alkaline reaction of the medium, hardly soluble compounds are formed: hydroxides, sulphides, phosphates, carbonates, and oxalates of heavy metals. When acidity increases the reverse process runs in the soil: hardly soluble compounds become more mobile, while mobility of many heavy metals increases.

63-85

Authors: Kudryavtsev P.G., Kudryavtsev N.P., Figovsky O.L.

Simple aluminum compounds are precursors for all processes for the production of nanocomposite materials based on aluminum oxides. The present work analyzes the state of Al3+ aluminum ions in aqueous solutions. The state of Al3+ions in aqueous solutions determines the mechanism and structure of the produced nanocomposites. The analysis of phase transformations in systems of aluminum salts, hydrated oxides and oxides is carried out. The main conditions to obtain final materials are determined on the basis on these data. An analysis of various methods used to prepare colloidal solutions of hydrated aluminum oxides has been performed. Such solutions are the main precursors in the production of nanocomposite materials based on aluminum oxides. The processes of obtaining alumina-sol by precipitation-peptization method which is one of the main methods were investigated.

114-130

Authors: Perikov A.V.

The author considers existing solutions for scientific, technical and social and economic problems in the area of engineering systems in residential buildings (energy, heating and water supply systems). The aim of the solutions is to provide safety living in such buildings. The application of nanotechnologies that can meet the safety requirements recommended by GOST 12.1.004 has been modelled.

157-170

Authors: Mazitova A.K., Aminova G.K., Maskova A.R.

The production of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) requires implication of a large number of plasticizers. Ester compounds are the most suitable for plasticization. Currently the existing range of industrial plasticizers does not satisfy a need of the polymer industry and it is of great importance to develop new plasticizers that meet modern requirements. Therefore, the elaboration of new ester compounds with effective plasticizing properties, is relevant and has not only scientific value, but also practical one.value, but also practical one. One of the basic requirements for ester plasticizers is their resistance to thermal oxidation. Accordingly, we considered the effect of oxygen at 150оC (the temperature of conversion of PVC-plastic compounds) on a wide range of oxyalated alcohol phthalates developed earlier. The first group consisted of aromatic alcohols, the second group – phthalates of oxyalkylated aliphatic alcohols.