Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research

7-14

Authors: Michael Tsatiris, Kiriaki Kitikidou

In this paper the annual bioethanol production at a bioethanol plant in relation to the cultivating area with sweet sorghum and to the land’s yield was estimated by the building a Mamdani-type fuzzy inference system using the Fuzzy Logic Toolbox Graphical User Interface (GUI) Tools of Matlab (Intelligent system). Data for this study were collected by research papers. This industrial unit will contribute to the local development as it can provide jobs for a great part of the rural population for the cultivation of sweet sorghum. The cultivation of sweet sorghum is one of the new promising energy crops for bioethanol production and it constitutes a way out from the problems that the agricultural sector faces nowadays. In this paper an ideal solution was estimated which is formulated as follows “the bioethanol plant absorbing the sweet sorghum’s production of a cultivating area of 39,700 acres and having a mean land’s yield in the order of 3,150 liters bioethanol/acre/year would produce 124,000 tons of bioethanol annually”. Such a vast area of land would offer a complementary occupation to a significant number of young farmers for the cultivation of sweet sorghum which will probably be well subsidized, will provide economic motives to the planters, support the agricultural economy and sustain the population in the countryside.

22-32

Authors: George M. Tetteh, Patrick Adu-Gyamfi

Petrographic and geochemical investigations have been done on rocks that host the Homase gold deposit located in the northwestern part of the Ashanti Belt in the Birimian of Ghana. The hanging wall and footwall of the gold mineralised zone are made up of phyllite and biotite-chlorite schist with tonalite intrusion in the hanging wall whilst the ore zone is composed predominantly of sheared phyllite and biotite-chlorite schist which are frequently characterised by chlorite, quartz and carbonate alterations. Metamorphism is in the lower greenschist facies. Whole rock geochemical analysis of major oxide concentrations in wt% shows significant variation in total FeO (5.12-7.25 in host rocks and 8.32-17.68 in ore zone). Arsenic content is higher in the ore zone (293.9-4471 ppm) than in host rocks (5.3-114.1 ppm). Probable protoliths for the phyllites and biotite-chlorite schist which have undergone considerable shearing are calc-alkaline basalts which were emplaced in a continental arc environment.

40-48

Authors: Michael Tsatiris, Kiriaki Kitikidou

In this paper the annual electricity’s generation at a electricity’s generation plant in relation to the cultivating area with giant reed and to the land’s yield was estimated by the building a Mamdani-type fuzzy inference system using the Fuzzy Logic Toolbox Graphical User Interface (GUI) Tools of Matlab (Intelligent system). Data for this study were collected by research papers. This industrial unit will contribute to the local development as it can provide jobs for a great part of the rural population for the cultivation of giant reed. The cultivation of giant reed is one of the new promising energy crops for electricity’s generation and it constitutes a way out from the problems that the agricultural sector faces nowadays. In this paper an ideal solution was estimated which is formulated as follows “the electricity generation plant absorbing the giant reed’s production of a cultivating area of 8,080 acres and having a mean land’s yield in the order of 8.79 tons dm/acre/year would produce 15,000 KW of electricity annually”. 71,010 tons dm of giant reed annually should be consumed (burnt) for the operation of an electricity generation plant of 15 MWel (15,000 KW) which would serve the electrification of 15,000 residences. 8,069 acres cultivated with giant reed are required for the production of this amount of dry biomass. Such an area of land would offer a complementary occupation to a significant number of young farmers for the cultivation of giant reed which will probably be well subsidized, will provide economic motives to the planters, support the agricultural economy and sustain the population in the countryside.

60-67

Authors: Idris A. Lateef, Afiss E. A. Kareem, Olufemi A. Odeniyi

An internal combustion engine is one in which combustion of mixture (air-fuel) burn internally. It contain different parts which are to relate together to have required engine efficiency. Among these parts is the piston which contains the piston ring that maintains a perfect seal between the cylinder wall and the piston. The dimensional relationships of the piston rings determines the degree by which they seats in the groove of the piston thereby determine the efficiency of the compression of the engine which affects the output of the engine. Visual basic computer code was developed for computation of piston ring axial thickness corresponding to the piston ring gap. Aided by the developed software, the relationship between piston ring axial thickness and piston ring gap was computed. Results obtain for case studies examined by varying the angular coordinate of the ring, showed that piston ring gap increases with piston ring axial thickness. The numerical results were processed with the Microsoft Excel package, which yield a relationship of the form, where a, and bare real characteristic values of a particular problem.

78-85

Authors: Amr Abdelhady

This study suggests an alternative path to transport the cobalt device after irradiation in open-pool-type reactor from the reactor core to the cobalt cell. The cobalt transport process in current path depends on using heavy shielded cask, 1500 Kg weight, under water surface of spent fuel storage pool which may cause a missile impact of spent fuel accident (Falling of heavy load into spent fuel storage pool). To avoid using the shielded cask, an alternative path is suggested depending on transporting the cobalt device through the hot cells of the reactor; the testing and the cobalt cells. The expected radiation dose rate rise associated with the alternative transport path must be evaluated at positions which the worker will be found during transport process. MCNP simulation code was used to determine the dose rate levels along the suggested transport path; over spent fuel storage pool water surface, and around testing and cobalt cells. The calculated results show rise in radiation dose levels more than the permissible dose rate limits around testing cell. Suggested procedures are presented in this study to decrease the received dose by worker found around testing cell during transport process. The results obtained using MCNP5 were validated by comparing them to those obtained using Microshield5.05 code. Results of these comparisons are presented and discussed.

102-110

Authors: Aniayam B. Okrinya

We construct a simple mathematical model on kidnapping. Its features mimic the dynamics of an infectious disease. It accounts for the interaction between kidnappers and susceptible humans leading to their abduction for the main purpose of ransom payment. The model consisting of a system of ordinary differential equations describes the evolution and propagation of kidnapping as a crime in human society. In what seems to be a new approach to mathematical criminology, the model divides the human population into susceptible humans, kidnappers and kidnapped victims. The analysis includes establishment of a 'crime propagation number', C_(p_n ), in which a C_(p_n )<1 guarantees a kidnap free state that is locally and globally asymptotically stable. The analysis shows that reducing the recruitment rate of kidnappers and increasing the rescue rate without any causality on the part of kidnapped victims will lead to eradication of kidnapping in society.

117-130

Authors: Ferdaous Sitel, Asmaa Fakih Lajri, Benlahcen Rijal Leblad, Hassan Er-Raioui

This study, based on qualitative and quantitative analysis of the phytoplankton population, aims to compare the environmental conditions between four different ecosystems: M'diq Bay; Corniche Martil; Foum l'Oued and Targha (western Moroccan Mediterranean coasts) during the one-year cycle (June 2013 - May 2014). The results obtained show a spatiotemporal variation in species composition. This variation highlights the importance of hydrodynamic factors on the geographic structure of phytoplankton communities at the four study sites. Throughout the period, the dominance of diatoms followed by dinoflagellates is well marked. The species of dinoflagellates (Gymnodinium sp. Gymmodinium catenatum sp., Pentapharsodium sp., Gyrodinium sp., Heterocapsa sp. Scriptiellasp., Prorocentrum sp.) and diatomic species (Chaetoceros sp. Thalassiosira sp. Leptocylindrus sp. Pseudonitzshia sp. Nitzschia sp. Asterionella sp. Skeletonema sp. Guinardia sp.and Pleurosegma sp), dominate the algal population. These species differ according to the month and the sites. Discriminant analysis (SFM) of the data (nutrients and dominant species) makes it possible to identify perfect seasonal discrimination. At all study sites, the seasonal pattern is observed. Winter and fall are characterized by high nutrient inputs, but despite this nutrient richness, algal biomass is low. On the contrary, spring and summer are characterized by a depletion of the environment in nutritive elements following the assimilation by phytoplankton of the gold of the summer and spring flushes.

139-145

Authors: Agbo O. Kelvin, Eze C.L., Abam T.K.S., Orudukobipi Asime

The magnetic susceptibility signature technique have been shown to be successful in the characterization and prediction of key petrophysical properties in suits of classic reservoirs in some North Sea oil and gas fields and suites of carbonate reservoirs in the Middle East oil and gas field; however, none of such work has been done in the oil and gas reservoirs in the Niger Delta using the magnetic susceptibility signature technique. This work presents the characterization of Uzek oil and gas reservoir in the Niger Delta Basin using magnetic susceptibility signature techniques. Volume magnetic susceptibility measurements (SI unit) were taken from core plug of this reservoirs using MS2E Bartington Instrument and processed using Bartsoft software to obtain the magnetically derived illite content (%) and afterward correlated with the core permeability obtained from routine core analysis (RCAL) technique to determine the coefficient of determination for each reservoir and compute the magnetically predicted permeability (mD) from the regression equations. The volume magnetic susceptibility of UZEK oil and gas reservoirs ranges from 1.01574 SI units to 1180.554 SI units. The magnetic derived illite content (MDI) ranges from 3.85% to 300.03%. The magnetically predicted permeability (MPP) ranges from 12.83 (mD) to 3927.57 (mD). It was observed that both the volume magnetic susceptibility (SI unit) and the magnetically derived illite content(%) increases with burial depth while on the average, a 2% increase in the later results to a 54% decrease in permeability (mD).

155-161

Authors: Fatimah Suleiman Gaya, Mbaga, Yohana Vandi

Forecast is vital to every business organization or government and for every significant management decision. Decisions can be improved if more is known about the future events. In this paper, we discussed a better forecasting model that will predict the passenger traffic at Yola Airport. We used the Box-Jenkins Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) methodology to build the ARIMA model for forecasting airport passenger traffic for Yola Airport. Yola airport’s future passenger traffic is predicted to maintain a growth trend for the ember month the following year, although a slight downward trend is seen from the forecast. This downward trend may not be unconnected to the case of insurgency (Boko Haram activities that was going on at the time of this research) in Adamawa state.

170-176

Authors: Okirie, Faith Uchendu, Ukpaka, Chukwuemeka Peter

Palm oil extract was study to determine the possible chemical compounds present in it as well as to examiner the usefulness of these compounds in the production of calcium stearate. The palm oil used for this studywere sourced within Rivers State metropolis. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) was used to analyze the elemental composition of the palm oil. Gas chromatogram (GC) was used to analyze the chemical composition of the palm oil for the purpose of characterization. The GC analysis revealed the presence of the following component parameters, which include C8 component, lauric acid (C12), myristic acid (C14), palmitic acid (C16) Behenic acid (C20), stearic acid (C18), oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2), magaric acid (C17). The conversion for possible utilization of agricultural waste such as palm oil residues is important in not only protecting the environment but also in minimizing the cost of disposal, conservation of palm oil residues for other purposes and reduction in the conversion into the production of calcium stearate in Nigeria for economic diversification is a welcome development. The research demonstrates the usefulness of palm oil in the production of calcium stearates.

185-192

Authors: Okure UE, Dagde KK, Ukpaka CP

This research work was carried to examine the composition and the characterization of oil extracted from Hura crepitan and Luffa cylinderica seeds using n-hexane as solvent. The two varieties of the seed was subjected into Soxhlet extractor mechanism with the aim to extract oils from the two varieties of seeds study. The extraction was carried out at different particle sizes of the given rang 0.425mm,1.00mm, 1.80mm and 2.80 mm and the process was conducted at various times interval of 20min, 30min, 40min, 50min, 60min and 80 min; at various operating condition of temperature ranging from 30oC to 60 ºC with an incremental step of 10oC. The separation process was then carried out to separate the oil from the solvent (n-hexane) in the oil-solvent mixture, obtained from the extraction process. The production of the oils were examined and characterized to determine the physicochemical properties and their suitability for industrial applications.

203-206

Authors: Mahbubeh Sarani, Ahmad Ghanbari, Alireza Sirousmehr

In order to study the effect of nanobiomic manure on agronomic and biochemical characteristics in intercropping of sour tea with cowpea, an experiment has been conducted as split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Research Farm of Agriculture Center of Zabol University in Zahak during the growing season of 2015-2016. The factors studied in this study include bio-fertilization of nanobiomic as the main plot in two levels of use and non-use of bio fertilizer and different levels of intercropping in five levels: sole sour tea, sole cowpea, 50% sour tea + 50% cowpea, 75% sour tea + 25% cowpea and 25% sour tea + 75% cowpea were as sub plot. Analysis of variance showed that the effect of nanobiomic and intercropping on all characteristics was significant.

220-223

Authors: Mahbubeh Sarani, Ahmad Ghanbari, Alireza Sirousmehr

Biological manures term refers to fertile materials that involve one or more beneficial soil organism within a suitable preservative. In fact, this manure includes different types of microorganisms. In order to study the influence of nanobiomic manure on characteristics in intercropping of hibiscus with cowpea, an experiment has been conducted as split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Research Farm of Agriculture Center of Zabol University in Zahak during the growing season of 2015-2016. The factors studied in this study include bio-fertilization of nanobiomic as the main plot in two levels of use and non-use of bio fertilizer and different levels of intercropping in five levels: sole sour tea, sole cowpea, 50% sour tea + 50% cowpea, 75% sour tea + 25% cowpea and 25% sour tea + 75% cowpea were as sub plot. Composite soil sampling was made in the experimental area before the imposition of treatments and was analyzed for physical and chemical characteristics. Analysis of variance showed that the effect of nanobiomic and intercropping on leaf nitrogen non significant and significant respectively. Effect of nanobiomic and intercropping on grain nitrogen and grain protein was significant.

234-240

Authors: E. Batista, S. Sánchez, M. Lacort, R. Ferreira, Z. Ribeiro e A. I. Ruiz

In this article, we analyze international concerns about the environment, in particular the current policy of the United Nations, indicating in particular what Brazil is doing; but in order to achieve a healthy environment, not to polish and to achieve that the results reach the environment with concentrations of acceptable pollutants. Here we present a model through a system of differential equations that simulates the elimination of pollution; this system is simplified if the behavior of the trajectories is studied and conclusions are drawn regarding the state with which the results come out to the environment. In particular, the case is treated in which the matrix of the linear part of the system has a unique value null and the remainder with negative real parts.

247-251

Authors: Digima Mustapha, Ibrahim Mustapha, Mala U.M. Bakura, Modu Abbagana

This paper describes the effect of replacing some metal part with dielectric in the design of klystron cavity in order to reduce losses and improve general efficiency of the cavity resonators, this will also save large amount of power since klystron are Megawatt device. SUPERFISH modelling package was used in designing the dielectric klystron cavity, with a starting frequency of 1.2GHz. The findings have shown that a piece of dielectric material with stable temperature and with high permittivity can act as microwave resonator with even better Q-factor, shunt impedance (Rsh), Geometric shunt impedance(Rsh/Q), frequency etc.

260-263

Authors: Masood Shahmirileji, Hamid Reza Ganjali, Hamidreza Mobasser

Environmental impacts and reduced the quality of agricultural products. Currently, alternative fertilizers such as bio fertilizers have been considerably considered to reduce these adverse effects. One of the pillars of sustainable agriculture is the use of bio-fertilizers in agro-ecosystems with a view to eliminating or significantly reducing the use of chemical inputs. In order to investigate the effect of mycorrhiza fungi and phosphorus fertilizer on yield and yield components of corn, a factorial experiment was conducted in a factorial experiment in a completely randomized block design with three replications in Saravan. In this experiment, different levels of mycorrhiza inoculum in two levels of A1 (mycorrhizal inoculation, so as to be approximately 1 to 2 g for each seed soaked with seed) and A2 (no mycorrhizal inoculation) as the first factor and the amounts different levels of phosphorus fertilizer in six levels of non-use of phosphorus fertilizer as control (B1), 50 kg / ha pure P / ha (B2), 75 kg P / ha (B3), 100 kg P / ha (B4), 125 kg P / ha, (B5) and 150 kg p / ha (B6) were fed from ammonium phosphate fertilizer (46% pure P). The results showed that inoculation of mycorrhiza and phosphorus fertilizer had a significant effect on all traits.

270-277

Authors: Michael Tsatiris, Kiriaki Kitikidou

In this paper the annual biodiesel production at a biodiesel plant in relation to the cultivating area with soybean and to the land’s yield was estimated by the building a Mamdani-type fuzzy inference system using the Fuzzy Logic Toolbox Graphical User Interface (GUI) Tools of Matlab (Intelligent system). Data for this study were collected by research papers. This industrial unit will contribute to the local development as it can provide jobs for a great part of the rural population for the cultivation of soybean. The cultivation of soybean is one of the new promising energy crops for biodiesel production and it constitutes a way out from the problems that the agricultural sector faces nowadays. In this paper an ideal solution was estimated which is formulated as follows “the biodiesel plant absorbing the soybean’s production of a cultivating area of 272,000 acres and having a mean land’s yield in the order of 147 liters biodiesel/acre/year would produce 40,000 tons of biodiesel annually”. Such a vast area of land would offer a complementary occupation to a significant number of young farmers for the cultivation of soybean which will probably be well subsidized, will provide economic motives to the planters, support the agricultural economy and sustain the population in the countryside.

285-294

Authors: Raquel P. F. Guiné

Consumers are now more aware of the interconnection between the concepts of enjoyable foods and foods with beneficial health properties, so that the market of foods more linked to health promotion has greatly expanded. In this work, the possible acceptance of the consumers towards innovative jams with the inclusion of functional ingredients was evaluated. For that, a questionnaire study was carried out on a sample of 400 participants during the period from November to December 2016. The questionnaires were applied in the central region of Portugal by direct interview after verbal informed consent and only to participants aged 18 years or over. The results obtained showed that 80% of the participants enjoy jams, 76% of them produce them at home and only 24% usually buy them. Most participants consume functional products (74%), and appreciate differently the various possible ingredients added in the jams, recognizing as particularly important the raspberry, strawberry, orange, pear, mango and honey, also recognizing as important the seeds (chia, poppy, sesame). Regarding the introduction of the ingredients in jams, those that caused more strangeness, due to their originality in this type of food, were acerola, goji berries or seeds. In conclusion, the study showed that selling jams with functional ingredients may be a good strategy, but it is important to carry out sensory tests to verify the acceptance of the products towards the type of ingredients used.

299-306

Authors: Oyelami S, Adeboye B

At present, ethanol has regained support for use in cars. It is used directly or blended with gasoline. In comparison to other alternate fuels, ethanol is renewable, produced domestically and provide economic benefits. Hence the interest in the design of an ethanol distillation plant in other to produce ethanol, which is environmental friendly fuel. Although, there has been a great resurgence in ethanol production and use as fuel, many challenges are still to be overcome before there is a wide spread, use and production of ethanol. In tropical region, such as Brazil, the viability of the use of ethanol as fuel is no longer a question because ethanol generates far more energy than needed to operate the ethanol plants. For countries like Brazil and U.S. who have promoted ethanol production, they have achieved greatly. Thus the need for the promotion in Nigeria. In this work, various local ethanol distillating plants were visited, workers interviewed, limitation of the examined plants discovered and worked on leading to the design of a better plant.

315-320

Authors: Abdel-Mola K. Mebed, Abdel Kareem S. Hussen, Usama M. Abdul-Raouf

The date of this study, growth parameters (Dry weight, optical density and total photosynthetic pigments), total carbohydrates, total proteins and total lipid contents of stressed Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cultures were followed for 7 days. The growth parameters (Dry weight, optical density and total photosynthetic pigments), total carbohydrates and total proteins contents of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cultures were significantly increased, when the algal cultures subjected to lower and moderate concentrations of CoCl2. But, under relatively higher concentration of CoCl2 all these parameters were significantly decreased. On the other hand the total lipid contents were significantly increased when the algal cultures subjected to lower concentrations of CoCl2. Under moderate and higher concentration the total lipid contents were significantly decreased. When the stressed Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cultures treated with 200 ppm thiamine (V.B1), Dry weight, optical density and total photosynthetic pigments), total carbohydrates, total proteins and total lipid contents of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cultures were significantly increased, when the algal cultures subjected to lower and higher concentrations of CoCl2.

330-338

Authors: Mohammed A. Al-Neami, Zeena W. Samueel, Marwah M. Al-Noori

The behavior of laterally loaded piles can be studied in the laboratory on small scale models. The research was conducted and investigate through a series of twenty eight tests on single pile and pile groups at various spacing .This research presents the behavior of pile model embedded within cohesionless soils of different relative density arrangement and different pile group configuration under lateral load movement rate equal to 2.5mm/min acted at pile cap and at different spacing to outer diameter of pile S/D=3, 4, 5. The load-displacement diagrams and bending moment with respect to depth were drawn to study the effect the density of sand and how it effect on bending moment and lateral load level during the test. It was found that the lateral load level and bending moment of piles increases with increase the sand relative density and with increase of S/D of pile group.

344-352

Authors: Olufemi Ayodeji Odeniyi, Taiwo F. Igbaroola, Afiss E. A. Kareem, Bukola Oyeladun Makinde, Nurudeen Lawal

Grid Computing affords its users the opportunity to find and share data. However, due to the variation of data and the presence of large amount of data on the grid, some of the data do not get to their destination completely in real time thereby reducing the quality of service delivered unto the users. This work therefore addresses this challenge by dividing data into packets and then evaluates its performance in data transfer. Four quality of service metrics were adopted and simulated in the MATLAB simulation environment namely, one-way delay, bulk transport capacity, packet loss ratio and Internet protocol packet delay variation metrics. The outcome of the simulations was translated into graph to reveal the details which shows that the presence of these metrics in data transfer on the grid will increase or decrease the quality of service delivered to the grid users and that breaking up of data is efficient in data transfer.

359-394

Authors: Edisson Sávio de Góes Maciel

In the present work, a study involving a spectral method to solve the reactive Euler and Navier-Stokes equations submitted to a magnetic field is performed. The Euler and Navier-Stokes equations, coupled with the Maxwell equations, in conservative and finite volume contexts, employing structured spatial discretization, on a condition of thermochemical non-equilibrium, are studied. The spectral method presented in this work employs collocation points and variants of Chebyshev and Legendre interpolation functions are analyzed. The symmetrical algorithm of Maciel is used to perform the reentry flow numerical experiments, which give us an original contribution to the CFD community. The Mavriplis artificial dissipation model is applied. The “hot gas” hypersonic flows around a blunt body, around a double ellipse, and around a reentry capsule in two-dimensions are simulated. The Euler backward integration method is employed to march the scheme in time. The convergence process is accelerated to steady state condition through a spatially variable time step procedure, which has proved effective gains in terms of computational acceleration (see Maciel). The reactive simulations involve Earth atmosphere chemical model of five species and seventeen reactions, based on the Saxena and Nair model. N, O, N2, O2, and NO species are used to accomplish the numerical comparisons. The work of Gaitonde is the reference one to present the fluid dynamics and Maxwell equations of electromagnetism based on a conservative and finite volume formalisms. The results have indicated that the Chebyshev collocation point variants are more accurate in terms of stagnation pressure estimations in the viscous case. Errors inferior to 8.00% were found for this parameter in the viscous case, being 0.48% the best result. The Legendre collocation point variants are more accurate in terms of the lift coefficient estimations. Moreover, the Legendre collocation point variants are more computationally efficient and cheaper.

431-470

Authors: Edisson Sávio de Góes Maciel

In the present work, a study involving a spectral method to solve the reactive Favre averaged Navier-Stokes equations, coupled with a turbulence model and the Maxwell equations, is performed. The Favre averaged Navier-Stokes equations coupled with the Maxwell equations, in conservative and finite volume contexts, employing structured spatial discretization, are studied. Turbulence is taken into account considering the implementation of five k- two-equation turbulence models, based on the works of Coakley 1983; Wilcox; Yoder, Georgiadids and Orkwis; Coakley 1997; and Rumsey, Gatski, Ying, and Bertelrud. For the magnetic formulation, the Gaitonde model is implemented. The Euler backward integration method is studied to march the scheme in time. The spectral method presented in this work employs collocation points and variants of Chebyshev and Legendre interpolation functions are studied. The “hot gas” hypersonic flow around a blunt body in two-dimensions is simulated. The convergence process is accelerated to steady state condition through a spatially variable time step procedure, which has proved effective gains in terms of computational acceleration (see Maciel). The reactive simulations involve Earth atmosphere chemical model of seven species and eighteen reactions, based on the Blottner model. N, O, N2, O2, NO, NO+ and e- species are used to perform the numerical comparisons. The results have indicated that the Chebyshev collocation point variants are more accurate in terms of stagnation pressure estimations. For the studied problem such errors are inferior to 3.68%, being 1.93% the best result. The Legendre collocation point variants are more accurate in terms of the lift coefficient estimations. Moreover, the Legendre collocation point variants are more computationally efficient and cheaper.

480-484

Authors: Xu-dong ZHU, Zhong-liang LU

Coal mine dust has great harm to mines and miners. To understand the latest developments in coal mine underground dust removal technology in China, to interpret the development trend of coal mine dust removal, and to use the method of reviewing a large number of coal mine dust prevention and control methods, chemical suppression dust from adding wetting agents. , foam dusting, personal protective equipment in three aspects, combined with the results of relevant researchers, analyzed the latest developments and superiority of coal dust underground dust research, and from the development of traditional dust removal technology and promote the use of new technologies The prospective analysis of the development trend of coal dust removal technology shows that China's coal dust removal technology has already found a suitable road for the sustainable development of coal mines in China.

499-510

Authors: Waliu O. Mufutau, Olumayowa A. Idowu, Rufus A. Jokojeje, James Taiwo

The results of wind data analysis carried out to determine wind energy potential of Abeokuta and Ijebu-Ode, Ogun state, Nigeria is presented in this work. Fifteen years (2000 to 2014) monthly mean wind speed data at a height of 10 m obtained for the two sites was subjected to the 2-parameter Weibull statistical model. Power densities at extrapolated heights were found for Abeokuta and Ijebu-Ode and are classified according to Bastille-Pacific Northwest Laboratory Classification Scheme. The result showed that average monthly mean wind speed at height 10m for Abeokuta ranges between 2.90 and 4.0 m/s, while for Ijebu-Ode, it ranges from 2.8 to 4.2 m/s. Seasonally, the mean wind speed for Abeokuta ranges from 3.5 m/s (for dry) to 3.3 m/s (for wet), while for Ijebu-Ode it ranges between 3.6 m/s (dry) to 3.5 m/s (wet). The wind power density and Energy density were found to respectively range between 14.94 to 39.20 W/m2 and 130.86 to 343.39 kWh/m2 for Abeokuta and 13.00 to 44.61W/m2 and 113.87 to 390.78 kWh/m2 for Ijebu-Ode respectively. The respective mean annual values of the most probable wind speed and wind speed carrying maximum energy were gotten to be respectively 3.5 m/s and 4.4 m/s for Abeokuta and 3.8 m/s and 4.4 m/s for Ijebu-Ode. Based on extrapolated wind power density values for the two sites and in accordance with wind power classification scheme, the study concludes that wind speed characteristics viable for power generation can be assessed at heights higher than 350m above ground level.

528-537

Authors: Charles Kennedy, Gbinu Samuel Kabari, Terence Temilade Tam Wokoma

This research work evaluated the effectiveness in the used of lime and costus afer fibre (Bush sugarcane bagasse fiber ash (BSBFA) in single and combined actions as soil stabilizer to improve its properties. Considering the fact that Niger Deltaic soils fall short of the minimum requirements for such applications on Specifications for road pavement structural materials (after FMW 1997). Compaction test results of maximum dry density (MDD) at 100% soil and lime + bagasse fibre ash treated soils of laterite and clay are, MDD increased from 1.640kN/m3 to 1.73kN/m3 (clay) and 1.803kN/m3 and 1.838kN/m3 , OMC results at 0, 2.5% to 10% increased from 12.93% to 14.37% (clay) and 11.79% to 12.405% (laterite). CBR results of soil + lime + bagasse fibre ash (BSBFA) at 100% soils, 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5% and 10% of lime + BSBFA, increased from 7.6% to 17.8% (clay) and 9.8% to 32.2% (laterite). UCS results of soil + lime + BSBFA treated soils of clay and laterite at additives inclusion percentages range of 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5% and 10% of lime and BSBFA increased from 78.6kPa to 223kPa (clay) and 155kPa to 299.1% (laterite) at optimum inclusion percentage of 85% (soil) + 7.5% (lime) + 7.5 (BSBFA). Beyond this specified percentage combination, crack was noticed and strength. Consistency limits results of soil + lime + BSBFA treated soils of clay and laterite, LL increased from 56.1% to 58.8% (clay) and 39% to 46.7% (laterite), PL increased from 22.4% to 28% (clay) and 22% to 27% (laterite), IP decreased from 33.7% to 30.8% (clay) and 17.7% to 15.8% (laterite). Entire results showed tremendous strength increased in soil properties with the inclusion of additives.

542-548

Authors: Jarrah Al-Abdali, Hussein M. Maghrabie, M. Attalla

In the present paper, experimental study is performed to investigate convective heat transfer of nanofluids through a circular tube. The Nusselt number of the Al2O3–water nanofluid flowing through a pipe of 2 mm, 4, mm, 6 mm, and 8 mm inner ID and 1 m in length. Experiments are conducted with 50 nm size Al2O3 nanoparticle with a volume fraction between 0.1 %, 0.2 %, and 0.3 % and Reynolds number between 2500 and 12500. Experimental results emphasize the heat transfer enhancement with the increase in a Reynolds number or nanoparticle volume fraction. Experimental measurement also shows the considerable increase in the Nusselt number with high nanofluid concentration of base fluid.

557-568

Authors: Rita A. Daniel-Umeri, Kugbere Emumejaye

Thin films of CuS were successfully deposited on glass substrate using two simple and low cost Solution Growth Methods: chemical bath deposition (CBD) and Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption Reaction (SILAR). The chemical bath composition was made up of CuCl2.2H2O solution, SC(NH2)2 , TEA, NaOH and NH3 solution . For the synthesis of CuxS thin film using the SILAR method, the cationic precursor was 0.1M CuSO4.5H2O complexed with NH3, while the anionic precursor was 1M SC(NH2)2 . All depositions were carried out under room temperature. The deposited films were characterized using 752N England UV-VIS spectrophotometer in the wavelength range, 200-1000nm. The optical and solid state properties of the as deposited films were studied. The results shows that both methods used for the deposition have similar effect on the aforementioned properties of CuS thin films deposited. However films deposited using the chemical bath method was found to posses higher values of these properties, except for the transmittance. The values of direct bandgap for films deposited using chemical bath deposition (CBD) is in the range, 2.2-2.5eV. While the values for films deposited using Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption Reaction (SILAR) is in the range of 2.5-2.8eV. The properties exhibited by these thin films show that they can possibly be used in solar energy conversions and in some opto-electronic devices.

578-585

Authors: Salih ÇELİK

This study was designed to increase the efficiency of grafted-rooted vine production. Grafted-rooted vine production is usually done by using of Omega grafting-machine. All around the callus formation remains small and weak because the length of cambium which Omega grafting-machine makes on the joint surface of scion and rootstock is not enough and a firm grip does not occur between the scion and the rootstock. This condition reduces the efficiency of vine production up to 20-25%. To eliminate those problems a grafting machine which works with a rotating disc-shaped blades system has been developed by us. In the preliminary experiment, the quality of first class rooted vine increased to 55-60 %. This grafting machine provides a firm grip between the rootstock and the scion by making desired depth and length of intrusion and ridge; though the length of contact surface of cambium of rootstock and scion is 6 cm in the standard grafting machine, this length reaches to 16 cm by making 2.5 cm depth and length of intrusion and ridge by the new grafting machine. This is important in increasing efficiency of 1st class saplings as well as increasing callus formation. This new grafting machine can also be used for grafting of rooted fruit rootstocks such as apple and walnut. In this research, the usability of the new motorized grafting machine which works with a disc-shaped circular knife, which was developed to increase the efficiency of 1st class grafted-rooted vine production, was compared with Omega grafting-machine.

598-602

Authors: Djibril Sow, Astou Diokhane, Macodou Thiam, Alan Carter

The aim of this study is to improve the proprieties of the mixtures of laterite. Thus, we conduct this study related to the mixtures of laterite and cement for their use as building material. The lateritic formations represent the most abundant economical materials resources available in tropical and equatorial Africa. We have determined by experiments the mechanical and thermal properties of cement modified laterite specimens. This work enabled us to determine the optimal blend according to their thermo-mechanical properties. The interesting results obtained show that the integration of mixtures of laterite and cement in building materials are great opportunities to reduce the cost of social housing. It also improves the thermal comfort.

614-621

Authors: Charles Kennedy, Tamunokuro Oswald Amgbara, Letam Leelee Prince

The research work investigated the geotechnical properties of an expansive soil of failed highway and stabilized with composite cementitious material. The Deltaic soil ( laterite) was collected at failed portion of Odioku road in Ahoada West L.G.A of Rivers State. The soil was classified as A- 2 -7 on the AASHTO classification scheme. Its natural characteristics based on preliminary investigation show that they fell short of the minimum requirements for such applications on Specifications for road pavement structural materials (after FMW 1997). Hence, there was need for stabilization to improve their properties. Laboratory tests such as Natural Moisture Content, Consistency Limits, Compaction, California Bearing Ratio (C.B.R.), and Unconfined Compressive Strength (U.C.S.) were carried out on the samples of untreated soils and treated soils with stabilizers (Cement, Lime and Bush Sugarcane Bagasse of Fibre and Ash (BSBF). The soils were treated with 3.75 %,5.5 %,7.25 % and 9 % cement and lime with variations (BSBF) ranging from 0 %, 0.25 %,0.5 %,0.75 %, and 1.0 % by weight of soils. Compaction results obtained of Optimum moisture content (OMC) and maximum dry density (MDD) of clay soils + cement + bush sugarcane bagasse fibre (BSBF) reinforced soils at combined actions to soil, cement, lime and BSBF combined percentages.OMC of Soil + cement + BSBF treated soils increased from 11.79% to 12.992% and Soil + lime + BSBF treated soils increased 11.79% to 14.32% , lime treated samples with higher values of 10.2% against cement treated samples. MDD of soil + cement + BSBF treated soil increased from 1.803kN/m3 and 1.868kN/m3 and soil + lime + BSBF treated increased from 1.803KN/m3 to 1.841kN/m3, with higher differential value 1.467% of cement to lime treated samples. CBR test results of soil + cement + bagasse fibre (BSBF) increased from 9.8% to 90.84%, and soil + lime + bagasse fibre (BSBF) increased from 9.8% to 46.81% with differential value of 94.06% of cement to lime treated samples and with an optimum inclusion percentage ratio of soils 92% + cement 7.25 + BSBF 0.75%. UCS results of soil + cement + BSBF increased from 155kPa to 1015kPa while soil + lime + BSBF increased from 155kPa to 356kPa, with 185.1% higher in cemented to lime treated samples. Entire results showed the potential of using the cement / lime and BSBF in combined actions to stabilized and strengthened failed and new roads.