Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research

7-10

Authors: Bala G. Gosup, Bala S. Dafur, Simon N. Deshi, Joseph S. Datit

This study examined the economics of ram marketing in Pankshin Local Government Area of Plateau State, Nigeria. Data used were collected through structured questionnaire from two different markets purposively. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics and gross margin analysis. The results revealed that majority (42%) of ram marketers were within the age range of 21-30 years. Most (60%) of the traders were male, 90% of the ram marketers in the study had acquired formal education. The result also indicated that most (50%) of the ram marketers were married, 44% had marketing experience ranging from 1 to 5 years. Gross margin analysis showed that total cost of ram was N 14,145.00, while total revenue of a ram was N16, 735.00. Net income was found to be N 2,590.00 and return per naira invested was N 1.18. There is possibility for increased profit in the study area if major constraints such as inadequate market information and price fluctuation are addressed by both the government and marketers.

21-28

Authors: Effiong E.E., Sheidu Sumaila Onimisi, Duru Priscilla N.

The detailed dynamic modelling, and simulation of a continuous binary distillation column is presented. The dynamic behavior was also represented in mathematical form. Given the model equations, MATLAB codes were written for the dynamic simulation of the column. The model considers a mixture of two (2) components (ethanol and water) separated in a 14 trays column. The effects of changes in relative volatility, feed concentration and reflux ratio on the column were monitored with MATLAB. When the relative volatility was decreased by 40% the product purity were badly affected with concentration value of about 0.7mol/dm3 and the bottom product increased to about 0.3mol/dm3. Upon examining the effect of change in reflux ratio on the system. It shows that change in reflux ratio affect the rectifying section more than the stripping section of the column. The decrease in reflux reduces the purity of the top product with little or no effect on the bottom.

36-46

Authors: Nda A.A., Idi-Ogede A.M., Musa M.A., Yakubu S.O., Masaya A.H.

Water covers about 70% of earth surface and it is a valuable natural resource that is very vital for the existence of fishes and other aquatic organisms. In contrast to high water quality, contaminated water has adverse effects on fishes which include diseases, oxygen depletion, mutagenic defects, blockage in the digestive system, secretion of toxins and reduction of respiratory potential of fishes. There are many sources of water pollution causing threat to aquatic organisms, these include: oil spillage, agricultural, domestic and industrial waste. These pollutants affect the physico-chemical characteristic of water and its biological components. Thus, negatively affecting the quality and quantity of fish stocks. Chemical and biological indicators are used to screen the health of aquatic environment. Measures such as financial penalty, imprisonment to act as deterrent, enacting water discharge permit law may reduce perpetual deterioration of aquatic environment. To protect aquatic environment and fishes that are affordable and cheapest source of animal protein from pollution, water bodies should be freed from contaminations so that fishes and human who depend on them can remain healthy.

53-63

Authors: T.T.T. Hien, L.B. Dung, N.P.D. Nguyen, T.D. Khanh

The genus Amanita is one of the genera which is diverse in shapes, colors, species and biological characteristics. The species are valuable in medicine and nutritious for human health. However, there are some species belonging to this genus are toxic, especially the species belonging to Amanita Dill. Ex Boehm. The investigation of the species was carried out in Chu Yang Sin national park. The results showed that 15 species of Amanita Dill. Ex Boehm were recorded: (1) Amanita abrupta; (2) Amanita amanitoides; (3) Amanita caesareoides; (4) Amanita caesarea; (5) Amanita cokeri ; (6) Amanita concentrica; (7) Amanita flavoconia; (8) Amanita levistriata; (9) Amanita multisquamosa; (10) Amanita pantherina; (11) Amanita phalloides; (12) Amanita pilosella, (13) Amanita solitaria; (14) Amanita subcokeri; (15) Amanit vaginata .Within 15 species were identified, eight species were newly added to the list of predominant fungi in the Central Highlands of Vietnam included: Amanita abrupta, Amanita amanitoides, Amanita concentrica, Amanita flavoconia, Amanita levistriata, Amanita multisquamosa, Amanita pilosella, Amanita solitaria. Most of the collected Amanita species showed bright colors with a base or fungal rings. They live in areas with high moisture (>85%), at altitude from 800 – 1200 m above sea level, annually occur from June to November and are saprotrophic on soil, under tree shades, especially coniferous, semi-evergreen trees and on greensward or shrubs.

69-71

Authors: M. N. O. Sadiku, S. R. Nelatury, S.M. Musa

Volunteer computing is a scheme in which volunteers provide computing resources to projects. It exploits large amounts of geographically dispersed resources on the Internet to solve complex problems. Individuals, organizations, academic institutions, businesses, and the general public may volunteer the use of their computers. System based on volunteer computing enables users to volunteer their computers by simply visiting a web page. This paper provides a brief introduction to volunteer computing, it benefits, and challenges.

81-90

Authors: Michael Tsatiris, Kiriaki Kitikidou

In this paper the annual heat’s generation at a district heating plant in relation to the cultivating area with black locust and to the land’s yield was estimated by the building a Mamdani-type fuzzy inference system using the Fuzzy Logic Toolbox Graphical User Interface (GUI) Tools of Matlab (Intelligent system). Data for this study were collected by research papers. This industrial unit will contribute to the local development as it can provide jobs for a great part of the rural population for the cultivation of black locust. The cultivation of black locust is one of the new promising energy crops for district heating and it constitutes a way out from the problems that the agricultural sector faces nowadays. In this paper an ideal solution was estimated which is formulated as follows “the district heating plant absorbing the black locust’s production of a cultivating area of 2,615 acres and having a mean land’s yield in the order of 3.2 tons dm/acre/year would produce 4,000 KW of heat annually”. 8,369.12 tons dm of black locust biomass should be consumed (burnt) annually for the production of a thermic power of the district heating plant in the order of 4 MW (or 4,000 KW) to meet the needs for space heating and water heating for a community of 400 dwellings. 2,615 acres cultivated with black locust are required for district heating of these dwellings. Such an area of land would offer a complementary occupation to a significant number of young farmers for the cultivation of black locust which will probably be well subsidized, will provide economic motives to the planters, support the agricultural economy and sustain the population in the countryside.

101-104

Authors: Mehmet Ali SEVIK

Onion (Allium cepa L.) is an important Allium crops cultivated throughout the world, but significant reductions in quality and yield have been documented for onion production due to the many viral diseases associated with the crop. Surveys were conducted in Samsun province to determine the occurrence of onion viruses including; Onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV), Garlic common latent virus (GCLV), Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV), Leek yellow stripe virus (LYSV), and Shallot latent virus (SLV). Onion leaf samples were collected from three districts of Samsun province and tested by Double antibody sandwich-Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA). OYDV was only detected in Samsun province (6%) in the current study, but the GCLV, IYSV, LYSV, and SLV were not detected in samples from onion plants.

110-118

Authors: Zhili WANG, Zhongliang LU, Hanghang CAI, Lu ZHANG, Lanqing GAO, Chunlei HUA

Mine gas is a gas mainly composed of coalbed methane, which seriously threatens the life safety of the miners and the normal production of coal mine. Meanwhile, as an efficient clean energy, the enhanced gas extraction is an important method to improve the utilization of resources. In order to effectively detect the parameters of gas extraction borehole, optimize the extraction process and solve the work efficiency of gas extraction monitoring, a basic parameter automatic monitoring device for gas extraction drilling is developed, which has obtained the national utility model patent. This device can be used in real-time, continuous and automatic monitoring of the negative pressure, gas concentration, flow and other basic parameters of underground drill pump. As a result, not only can it timely evaluate the effect of extraction drilling, but make the correct adjustment to improve the drilling rate and utilization rate.

125-133

Authors: Metin TUNAY, Tuna EMİR, Murat YILDIRIM

Turkey has a sensitive nature in terms of forest fires due to its vegetation and climate. This situation has a vital importance for fire squads and fire-fighting vehicles to arrive at fire scene within the shortest time (critical response time - 15 minutes). In Turkey, there are several practices of overland and aerial response to forest fires, and various tools and equipments are used. Accordingly, there are fire-fighting vehicles in various numbers and features for the risk and sensitivity of the fire within each Forest Enterprise Directorates or Forest Sub-District Directorates. In this study which is aimed to improve efficient organization techniques of responding to forest fires and to minimize the fire damage by reducing response time to fire, distance coverage (km) of each of the suitable fire-fighting vehicles (sprinkler truck and first responder vehicle) on each road within the critical response time (15 min.) on the condition of launching vehicles from the station (fire operation center) have been measured and the remotest points where they reached have been marked. These points, then, have been introduced as areas, where each of the fire-fighting vehicles can respond within the critical response time, by means of combining them on GIS (Geographic Information Systems). Finally, measures that must be taken have been introduced by doing planning with respect to responding to fire efficiently within the frame of opportunities provided by advancing technology.

140-149

Authors: Abbaz T, Bendjeddou A, Villemin D

The computations were performed at DFT levels of theory to get the optimized geometries of the title compounds using Gaussian09 software. The calculated HOMO and LUMO energies show the chemical activity of the molecules. The global quantities: electronic chemical potential, electrophilicity index, chemical hardness and softness based on HOMO and LUMO energy eigenvalues are also computed at B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level of theory.

156-164

Authors: Okpala Charles Chikwendu, Anozie Stephen Chima

Maintenance philosophies have evolved over a period of time. These philosophies have developed from breakdown maintenance to Reliability Centred Maintenance (RCM). By performing proper maintenance on plant equipment, manufacturing goals can be achieved. This forms the basis of Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) strategy, which aims at supporting manufacturing goals, as it is based on the integrated manufacturing system approach that includes process control, quality assurance, safety and maintenance. The paper reviewed the literature and provided a detailed definition of TPM, and also identified 5S as its foundation with eight supporting functions usually referred to as the pillars. Apart from reducing equipment breakdowns and defects, enhancing productivity, throughput, and profitability, the following were listed as some of the benefits of successful TPM Implementation: quality improvement, reduction of production cost, inventory, set up time, accidents, and labour costs. Before discussing the six big losses in details, the paper pointed out that the losses can be resolved by implementing the overall equipment effectiveness, and that the measurement of OEE assists manufacturers to trace the benefits inherent in TPM implementation, and also in the identification of production losses.

171-182

Authors: George S. Atsalakis

In this study two data-driven models to forecast the indisposition of professional welders are presented and discussed. One is based on the Takaki-Sugeno adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), while the other is based on neural networks (NN). Both are parameterized with reference to the overall indisposition of welders. The analysis of the two models is performed using the same input and output variables. The analysis was made with great attention to the reliability, capability and accuracy of each model, with reference to a public shipyard company in Greece. It was shown that the ANFIS model based on the fuzzy logic approach performed better than the neural networks model.

188-198

Authors: T.O. Onah, A.O. Odukwe, S.N. Ojobor

Experimental studies by controlled accelerated impingement water jet cooling on the run-out table were carried out in MMLE ESUT, Nigeria through impingement water jets on the top of the hot steel plates which leads to heat transfer extractions. It aimed at to develop a predictive tool in order to control the temperature principle on the run-out table towards improving the mechanical and metallurgical properties of the steel product relatively achieved by alloying. The methodology undertaken for this research involved design and construction of experiments using a pilot scale run-out table with stationary plates. Both initial hot plate and water temperatures, control cooling time, controlled temperature ranges of 160 ºC to 200 ºC, and 260 ºC to 300 ºC, pressure, volumetric flow rates, impingement water jet 0.8 mm of 30 number holes, nozzles to surface spacing of 40 mm 50 mm, 60 mm and 70 mm, and pipe diameters of 20 mm, 25 mm, 32 mm and 45 mm were parameters investigated. Experimentally, three k-type thermocouples were instrumented and installed 9mm from the bottom surface of the plate of 230 mm length and 120 mm by width. Temperature measurements were taken at impingement target on where convectional and evaporation cooling occurred. Conduction heat transfer modelling allowed the calculation of zero temperature. Transient state temperature across the workpiece was done by Visual Basic Heat Transfer (VBHT) model and MATLAB was employed to analyzed jet flow rates of Reynolds number. From transient cooling data obtained, effects of jet Reynolds number were analyzed .The flow rates were found to be at peak cooling of Re= 2758.596 in the turbulent regime, followed by others at transition states and the least at Re= 860.901 laminar regime. This depicts that the higher the Reynolds number, the higher the flow rate.

205-211

Authors: Nguyen Hoc Thang, Dang Thanh Phong, Pham VoThi Ha Quyen, Nguyen Ngoc Kim Tuyen, Le Thuy Nhung, Dao Thanh Khe

This study used geopolymerization technology to develop novel materials with high porosity. Geopolymer is one kind of alumino-silicate materials which was coined by Joseph Davidovits in 1970s. Therefore, raw materials used for geopolymerization normally contain high SiO2 and Al2O3 in the chemical compositions such as rice husk ash, coal ash (fly ash, bottom ash), meta-kaoline, blast furnace slag, red mud, and others. Diatomaceous earth (DE) and rice husk ash (RHA) were used as raw materials with high alumino-silicate resources. Both DE and RHA were mixed with sodium silicate solution for 20 minutes to obtain the geopolymer pastes. The pastes were filled in 5-cm cube molds according to ASTM C109/C109M 99, and then cured at room condition for hardening of the geopolymer specimens for 28 days. The geopolymer-based materials were then tested for engineering properties and porosity using mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) method. In which, the engineering properties were tested included compressive strength (MPa), volumetric weight (kg/m3), and water absorption (kg/m3). Results indicated that the materials had high porosity over 40% and were considered as lightweight materials with volumetric weight from 642 to 736 kg/m3; compressive strength at 28 days is in the range of 10.15 to 17.43 MPa; and water absorption is under 236.75 kg/m3.

220-230

Authors: Mamadou L. LO, Alassane BA, Papa B. D. THIOUNE, Abdoulaye DIEDHIOU, El Hadji B. DIAW

In this work, the objective is to contribute to a better understanding of the factors of water erosion in the Thiès tray through a geotechnical approach, particularly the relationships between the Hénin structural stability index, the Bouyoucos index and some geotechnical soil characteristics. Among other things, it aims to answer the question of whether water erosion in the area is linked to a problem of soil structure stability or due to a purely mechanical phenomenon dependent on runoff water? To do this, we undertook an experimental study consisting of soil characterization from the study area to the laboratory. A geotechnical prospecting campaign consisting of fifty (50) manual boreholes to a depth of forty (40) cm enabled to take two (2) samples per borehole (one between the level of the natural ground and twenty (20) cm and another between twenty (20) cm and forty (40) cm). Samples collected were subjected to the following test program: sieve analysis, consistency or Atterberg limits, sand equivalent test if limits are indeterminable, and Hénin structural stability test. The results obtained made it possible to establish the relationships between structural stability, the granulometric composition of soils (% sand, % fines), the consistency limits and the plasticity index on the one hand, and to make soil erosion maps from the structural stability indices of Benin and Bouyoucos on the other hand.

238-246

Authors: Julian Scott Yeomans

“Real world” decision-making typically contains complex performance requirements riddled with incongruent performance conditions. This situation arises because most decision-making is characterized by complex problems possessing incompatible performance objectives together with opposing design requirements which are very problematic – if not impossible – to quantify and capture when the supporting decision models are actually formulated. There are invariably unmodelled components, not evident during model construction, that can significantly influence the relevance of the model’s solutions. Accordingly, it is generally desirable to produce numerous, disparate alternatives that provide multiple, distinct perspectives to the problem. These alternatives should be near-optimal for all known objective(s), but be maximally different from each other when characterized by the solution structure of their decision variables. Such a maximally different solution construction method is referred to as modelling-to-generate-alternatives (MGA). This paper outlines an efficient optimization approach that can simultaneously create multiple, maximally different alternatives by employing the Firefly Algorithm. The efficiency of this metaheuristic mathematical programming approach is illustrated using a commonly-tested engineering optimization benchmark problem.

252-267

Authors: Promise William, Daniel T. Tamunodukobipi

Wave loads on offshore structures are inherent and are among the most severe hazard that it suffers. Sea information as well as data collection/collation and type of operation should be based on interest. The reliability, sustainability and performance of offshore jacket structures solely depend upon a good judgemental and experimental approach to truly determine the applied loads that make the structures behave the way they do in their offshore environment. Hence the amount of defect meted on the structure is modelled. Wave loads derivative that characterised forces on the vertical piles of the structures are computed using MATLAB programming language. The incident wave angle was taken from 00 to 3600 to make a period at 150 intervals. The mathematical modelling derived was critically applied to ascertain the integrity of offshore jacket maintaining the linear approach. An investigation has equally been performed, forces analysed revealed that wave loads are the major threats facing the structure hence modelling achieves a great deal of result which shows that the maximum average force it can carry is 146.15kN, anything more than this the structure may experience buckling. The different in forces calculated validated the linear method to be conservative since no significant different between the total force and the total moment was observed. The moment acting on the jacket for different wave incident angles revealed that, by choosing the maximum moment generating load enhances the stability of the structure. Also, marine growths and fouling increase failure rapidly on a fixed jacket facilitating a progressive failure in the structural response in shallow water. Furthermore, it was observed that the vertical stress is proportional to the depth of the water. More diagonal and horizontal braces are required also to enhance structural stiffness. Wave loads statically analysis gives a credit report on stresses and catastrophic failures.

276-287

Authors: Emmanuel G. Dada, Stephen B. Joseph, Digima Mustapha, Birma I. Hena

The measurement of temperature, relative humidity and light intensity remotely by using the sensor is not only important in weather monitoring but also crucial for many other applications such as agriculture and industrial processes. This study proposed a remote weather monitoring system that is based on Arduino Uno Microcontroller that have the ability to monitor, measure and display the tem¬perature, relative humidity and light intensity of the atmosphere, using analogue and digital components. The analogue outputs of the sensors are connected to a microcontroller through an ADC for digital signal conversion and data logging. An LCD display is also connected to the microcontroller to display the measurement. For analysis and archiving purposes, the data can be transferred over GSM and receiver section to a mobile phone. The device has many advantages compared to other weather monitoring system in terms of its smaller size, on-device display, low cost and portability. The major strength of our proposed technique is that it does not need computer or internet service for monitoring locations remotely hence making the method to be cost effective. It is obvious that our proposed system is better in terms of expense, compactness, memory size and logging interval-setting ability.

296-302

Authors: Ismail B. Gundogdu, Mustafa Husrevoglu

It is expected that optimal prediction results will be obtained by carrying out the Kriging estimations in accordance with the assumptions of geostatistical analysis. In order to map precipitation distribution correctly, it is important to determine the appropriate estimation approach. In this study, two different applications with spatial estimation of rainfall data samples located in Central Anatolia have been performed. The first application has been carried out by ignoring the assumptions of geostatistical analysis. The second application has been carried out by providing the assumptions of geostatistical analysis. The errors of the estimation results of the two applications are determined by the cross validation method and the applications are compared. According to the cross validation findings, the first application has been produced better estimation results than the second. This is the results of outliers in dataset. Thus, by using geostatistics analysis of precipitation or other environmental variables, estimates of differences between considering and not considering assumptions have been observed and an appropriate estimation approach has been suggested with statistical results and maps.

309-319

Authors: Weddy B. Sudirman, Manlian Ronald A. Simanjuntak

The application of EPC contract in power plant construction projects in Indonesia has been numerically increase since the Government of Indonesia introduced fast-track program/ FTP-1 in 2007 for 40 power plant projects throughout Indonesia with total capacity about 10,000 MW. In fact, the development of the projects has been derailed due to excessive time delay, cost overrun, and low quality of the plants. It is identified that source of the problems were caused by unbalance risk allocation in the contract, specifically in the conditions of contract, that has been set-up independently by in-house consultant at early stage of the project without proper benchmark to the EPC contract common practice. The purpose of this research is driven by curiousity of: (1) what are the factors and risk variables to the EPC contract on power plant projects in Indonesia? (2) What are the potential risk sources to the EPC contract on power plant projects in Indonesia? (3) What are the potential risk impacts to the EPC contract on power plant projects in Indonesia? (4) What is the initial recommendation for better project risk management on power plant projects in Indonesia? However, this paper will focus on identifying risk factors to the EPC contract on power plant projects. The research methodology would reflect a process of findings: identification to the research problems, identification of relevant issues in the industry, literature review and relevant research results, qualitative analysis by using data from previous research in the industry, and recommendation. The research results at final end would offer a valuable reference to the project owner that recently launched a new program to build power plants with total capacity about 35,000 MW in the next period in Indonesia.

333-340

Authors: Orji EZ, Oleka CV, Nduanya UI

Wireless security based applications have rapidly increased due to the dramatic improvement of modern technologies. Many access control systems were designed and/or implemented based on different types of wireless communication technologies by different people. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a contactless technology that is widely used in several industries for tasks like access control system, book tracking in libraries, tollgate system, supply chain management, and so on. In this paper, automatic RFID-based access control system using Arduino was designed. The system combines RFID technology and Arduino to accomplish the required task. When the RFID reader installed at the entrance detects an RFID tag, the system captures the user unique identifier (UID) and compares it with the stored UID for a match. If the user UID captured match with any of the stored UID, access is granted; otherwise access is denied. The results clearly show that the system is cheap, effective, and a reliable means of granting or denying access in a secured environment.

350-357

Authors: Omar Al Surkhi, Raed Ma’ali, Shadi Sawalha, Areen Laissoun, Khulood Abu Hussien, Nancy Yaman

In this paper we present a novel method that has the potential to evaluate the elastic properties of paint coating material and coating-substrate system. The measurements were carried out using a self-developed system, which is based on Impulse Excitation Technique. Ten rectangular bars of steel with dimensions :l=10cm, w=5cm, b=1cm and modulus of elasticity 210 GPa were used as our substrate samples. For each sample, ten layers of coating were applied and the coating thickness was measured. Our developed IET system was used to record the resonant frequency for each sample; then the modulus of elasticity for the coating-substrate system and paint coating material were evaluated using mathematical model for materials in parallel. Results showed that the measured resonant frequency and modulus of elasticity for the coating-substrate system decreases as the coating thickness increases. Furthermore, a high correlation between resonant frequency and the coating thickness was observed indicating that measurement of resonant frequency has the potential to assess coating thickness. The modulus of elasticity for the coating material was found to be independent of the coating thickness. Our developed IET system has the potential to assess the coating thickness and elastic properties of paint coating material and coating-substrate system.

368-371

Authors: Tursunov I.E., Kadirov K

Zadeh [1], 1965, introduced the concept of fuzzy sets by defining them in terms of mapping from a set into the unit interval on the real line. Fuzzy sets were introduced to provide means to describe situations mathematically which give rise to ill-defined classes, i.e., collections of objects for which there is no precise criteria for membership.

380-386

Authors: Robert Gray, Sudarshan R. Nelatury

Many physical quantities of interest could be detected and measured by devices that involve superconducting materials. Superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) are very sensitive sensors that respond to changes in magnetic flux which occur due to variations in external magnetic field. This note is an introduction to the theory and applications of these versatile sensors.

393-396

Authors: Egbetade S.A., Abimbola L.A.

The global asymptotic stability for the disease-free equilibrium (DFE) of a mathematical model for tuberculosis (TB) infection is obtained by constructing a suitable Lyapunov function and LaSalle’s invariance principle. We define a number called the basic reproduction number (RO) and show that this number determines the global dynamics of the system. In particular, it was shown that the DFE is globally asymptotically stable (GAS) if RO< 1. Numerical simulation was provided to illustrate the result.

405-411

Authors: Okpala Charles Chikwendu, Chukwumuanya Emmanuel Okechukwu, Aguh Patrick Sunday

The paper examined the challenges that led to low profitability, high scrap rate and production cost in a nail manufacturing company. The results which revealed the wastage of floor space and unplanned plant layout, as well as the wastes of waiting, transportation, excess inventory, and unnecessary movement in the shop floor led to the need for Cellular Manufacturing System (CMS). Referred to as a stepping stone to attaining world class manufacturing repute, CMS which is an application of Group Technology (GT) is a tool and technique of Lean Production System (LPS) that optimizes performance measures like lead time, unit cost, throughput, cycle time, productivity, etc. through enhanced work cells design. After the first three months of the successful implementation of CMS in the company, the resulting improvements for raw materials, work in progress, lead time, manufacturing space, late orders, defects, and scraps were $43,935, $37,650, 3 days, 223 square meters, 26 days, 42.9%, and 40% respectively. Also, the outstanding improvements recorded in throughput or average number of orders concluded per month after the implementation of CMS which enhanced the company’s overall profitability is a direct reflection of the benefits of the manufacturing system. Due to the outstanding improvements that led to the reduction in the wastes that were inherent in the nail manufacturing company, as well as the attendant increase in the firm’s goodwill and profitability, the paper concluded by advocating the implementation of CMS to manufacturing companies that are bedeviled by similar production challenges.

418-447

Authors: Michael Caldeira, Carmo Barreto, Patrícia Pestana, Miguel A. Tavares Cardoso

Currently, several relevant industries incorporate bioactive fish molecules (proteins, lipids to minerals) in numerous products. The low prices and high quality of the raw material determine the use of these biomolecules. The high demand for fish originates an inadequate overexploitation of marine resources. In most cases, an industry-only uses part of the fish while the rest is discarded. Fish resources are finite and it is necessary to valorise all biomass in a sustainable way. The amounts of under-utilized residues generated by fish processing industries can create serious environmental problems and have led researchers and industries to actively seek for alternative strategies where the residues from fish transformation can be used as raw materials. The biorefinery concept in the search for sustainability is thriving with the use of all substrate to obtain products to be used by different industries whilst single product extraction ceases. Research has been focused on the use of innovative, economically and environmentally sustainable extraction methods to preserve the biological activity of the molecules and respond to the increasing awareness of consumers in product related issues. These pioneer methods can transform fish wastes into added-value by-products using an efficient and viable economic strategy. In this review, the extraction of different fish residues with environmentally friendly techniques for the obtention of different bioactive compounds will be addressed. The use of different residues and techniques to extract highly desirable biologically active compounds such as collagen, gelatin, lipids, and minerals will be reviewed, demonstrating the potentiality of this subject. The main goal of this review is to help researchers, policymakers and economic agents to understand the trends and the tools available to address such a relevant topic in the years to come.