Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research

17-20

Authors: Hieu Vu

Assembly language was one of the earliest programming languages developed and used in business. It is the one and only one classified as low-level language, and difficult to learn and to program. As with the rapidly improvement in high technology, the programming paradigms is also change, and the Assembly language seems to be forgotten. However, Assembly programming is considered as an art in programming, because the programmers must know the logic of the program and internal detail of the hardware system.

25-33

Authors: Akudo E Orji, Boniface C E Egboka, Okpara S Oko

Sokoto Basin is one of the major sub-basins of the Illummedan basin of West Africa. The Basin lies in the sub-Saharan Sudan belt of West Africa in zone of Savanna-type vegetation generally classified as semi-arid. It lies in northwestern Nigeria between latitudes 8°301 and 14°001 N and longitudes 3°301and 7°001 E occupying a total of about 6.4 x 104 km2 of land area with Niger Republic to the North, and covers Sokoto, Kebbi and Zamfara to the East; it also borders Niger State to the South-east, and Benin Republic to the west. The available water resources in the basin is marred with many challenges including high spatial and temporal variability in rainfall, global climate change, deforestation, land degradation, desertification and high population growth rate. These challenges put immense pressure on the water resources. The basin experiences a prolonged dry season when many rivers and streams dry up. As a result, surface water supplies are unreliable and insufficient to meet the water demands for socio-economic development in many places in the basin, thereby making groundwater sources the preferred and most cost-effective means of supplying water to the largely rural and dispersed population in the basin. A key prerequisite for efficient and sustainable management of the groundwater resource is the understanding and quantification of the groundwater recharge. This study estimates the total amount and spatial distribution of the groundwater recharge at different scales in the Sokoto Basin using water table fluctuation. The water table fluctuation method was used in the basin to evaluate the seasonal and annual variations in water level rise and to estimate the groundwater recharge. The results show that annual water level rise ranged from 2200 to 9750 mm in 2014. Based on standard values of specific yield and the measured water level rise, the estimated annual recharge ranged from 20.5 to 380.5 mm in 2014.

44-50

Authors: Sarah S Farhood, Jassim M Almurshdy, Ahmed O Al-Roubaiy

The effect of pulsed Nd-YAG laser welding of AISI 304 to AISI 430 stainless steel was investigated. Laser parameters such as (peak power, pulse duration and welding speed) were changed and the change in properties was measured. Optical microscope was used to examine cracks, pores and weld geometry of welded samples. The results of tensile shear test for peak power, pulse duration and welding speed were 4.43 KN, 4.292 KN and 4.392 KN respectively. These values represent the best samples for each proposed parameter.

55-67

Authors: Gordon T Amangabara, Victoria N Otumchere

This paper describes a gully erosion study undertaken at Umuagwo – Urualla in the Ideato North Local Government Area of Imo State, Nigeria. The study involved the morphometric measurement of the gully, collection of soil samples for geotechnical analysis, geophysical investigation (using Vertical Electric Sounding) to determine the subsurface complexities of the gully area, peizometric measurement to determine response to hydraulic pressure as well as landuse/landcover of the study area. VES result indicate that the subsurface complexity of the gully is underlain by shale and siltstone while its overburden is constituted of sandy or loose soil materials which is permeable to a depth of about 32.5m where shale formation begins to predominate forming a semi-impermeable layer to the infiltrating water. The geotechnical characteristics of soil are predominantly sands whose fines (silt/clay) are very negligible. The sands are loose and highly permeable, and are non-plastic, cohesion is small (3kN/m2), Angle of internal friction 24° Shear strength 177.8 kpa. The study found out that the area has fast lost its thick vegetation to light vegetation and has resulted in surface runoff. The poor soil quality, upward seepage and out flowing of groundwater weakened the cohesive force of the soil thereby encouraging the sliding of overburden materials resulting in the formation and growth of the gully.

74-81

Authors: N Vivekanandan

Studies on extreme temperature are beneficial to human understanding of extreme events. Decision-makers and researchers in climatology will benefit from knowledge about the behaviour of extreme temperature, as appropriate policies and plans can be drawn to prepare the general public for changes due to extreme temperature. This can be achieved through Extreme Value of Analysis (EVA) by fitting probability distributions to the recorded surface temperature data. This paper illustrates the adoption of Extreme Value Type-1 (EV1), Extreme Value Type-2 (EV2), Log Normal (LN2) and Log Pearson Type-3 (LP3) distributions in EVA of surface temperature for Hissar. Method of Moments (MoM) and Maximum Likelihood Method (MLM) are used for determination of parameters of EV1, EV2, LN2 and LP3 distributions. In addition to MoM and MLM, order statistics approach is used for determination of parameters of EV1 and EV2 distributions. Goodness-of-Fit tests viz., Anderson-Darling and Kolmogorov-Smirnov and diagnostic test using D-index are applied for evaluation of parameter estimation methods of probability distributions adopted in EVA. The paper presents the LN2 (MLM) is better suited probability distribution for modelling the annual maximum temperature data recorded at Hissar whereas LP3 (MLM) for annual minimum temperature.

90-96

Authors: Sure Venkata Seshagiri, Poosapati Jagannatha Raju, Seetharamulu Jolapuram, Ajay Kumar Goel

In India, of late much emphasis is being given for bivoltine silkworm rearing to boost up the quality silk production matching international standards. Indian sericulture is dominated by the usage of only one or two bivoltine hybrids, either double/single, that are developed for usage under optimal conditions particular for favourable seasons only. There is a requirement for the development of silkworm double hybrids for commercial exploitation and therefore, attempts are being made to develop bivoltine silkworm hybrids. Earlier on these lines had resulted in the development of bivoltine hybrids and these hybrids have shown minimum impact on the Indian sericulture industry. Keeping this in view, an attempt has been made to develop bivoltine double hybrids tolerant to high temperature with disease resistance. After the screening for high temperature and disease tolerance, 10 promising stocks, five each of oval (APS67, APDR105, APS27, APSHTO5 & AP71) and peanut (APS12C, APS50, APS20, CTIPP & AP72), were selected as breeding resource material and a total of 20 oval foundation crosses and 20 peanut foundation crosses were prepared and reared. Out of which, 7 oval and 8 peanut FC’s were short listed and a total of 56 double hybrid combinations (Oval x Peanut type) were prepared and evaluated. During rearing, the important parameters viz., fecundity, yield / 10000 larvae by weight, pupation %, single cocoon weight, shell weight and shell ratio (SR %) measured. Two single hybrids, such as APS45 x APS12 and CSR2 x CSR4 and one double hybrid (CSR6 x CSR26) x (CSR2 x CSR27) were kept as control. The superiority of the hybrids was assessed through evaluation index method and heterosis is also calculated. The study identified two promising bivoltine double hybrids of (FC 25 x 90) and (FC 42 x 96) for large scale laboratory trials.

106-113

Authors: Mohammad Moonesun, Yuri Mikhailovich Korol, Nikrasov Valeri, Anna Brazhko, Alexander Ursolov

This paper presents the hydrodynamic effects of the submarine that moves horizontally, close to the sea bottom. Moving close to sea bottom, induces wall effects on hydrodynamic forces; resistance and lift. A bare hull of a submarine (torpedo shape), without appendages, in horizontal position and different distances from the bottom is considered. For evaluating the problem, variations of resistance and lift versus distance to sea bottom are studied. Pressure distribution on the body, has unique role, which is detailed in this paper. Bottom effects on the pressure resistance and frictional resistance are evaluated separately. According to the results of this paper, bottom effect causes increase in frictional resistance, decrease in pressure resistance, variation in total resistance, increase in negative lift and suction on the hull. Minimum distance for eliminating the changes in the lift forces is suggested equal to 5D, and for resistance is 2D. This analysis is performed by Flow Vision (V.2.3) software based on CFD method and solving the RANS equations.

122-128

Authors: Abhay Thakur, OS Bhatia

Technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) approach coupled with entropy method was proposed to select automotive brake friction materials. The brake friction materials modified with lapinus and brass fibre by different weight, were designed, fabricated and characterize for tribological performance on a Krauss type friction tester and the test results were considered as criteria for selection. By entropy, the weight for each criterion was calculated, while TOPSIS was employed to determine the complete ranking of the friction materials. The result shows that the formulation of 10 % lapinus fibre and 5 % brass fiber exhibits the optimal properties.

138-144

Authors: Okon U Abakedi, Idorenyin E Moses, James E Asuquo

The inhibition of aluminium corrosion in hydrochloric acid solution by ethanolic extract of Maesobatrya barteri leaf was studied using weight loss and thermometric methods. The results obtained show that Maesobatrya barteri leaf extract significantly inhibited the corrosion of aluminium in HCl solution. Inhibition efficiency was found to decrease with increase in extract concentration and temperature. The adsorption of the extract obeyed Freundlich adsorption isotherm. Physical adsorption has been proposed for the adsorption of Maesobatrya barteri leaf extract on aluminium surface. The calculated thermodynamic parameters reveal that the corrosion inhibition process was both endothermic and spontaneous.

155-161

Authors: Abdulhadi S Kumurya, Nasidi A Ahmed

The discovery and introduction of antimicrobials to clinical medicine was one of the furthermost medical achievements of the 20th century that revolutionized the treatment of bacterial infections. However, the continuing appearance of populations of antimicrobial-resistant pathogenic bacteria resulting from use, misuse, and abuse of antimicrobials has today become a major global health worry. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes have been suggested to originate from bacteria, as clinically important resistance genes have been detected on the chromosome of bacteria. As only a few new antimicrobials have been developed in the last decade, the further evolution of resistance creates a serious menace to public health. Urgent measures are essential not only to reduce the use of antimicrobials for prophylactic and therapeutic purposes but also to look for option strategies for the control of bacterial infections. This review look at the global depiction of antimicrobial resistance, factors that favor its increase, strategies, and limitations for its control and the need for continuous training of all stake-holders i.e., medical, veterinary, public health, and other relevant professionals as well as human consumers, in the suitable use of antimicrobial drugs.

171-187

Authors: A M M Al-Naggar, R Shabana, M M Abd El-Aleem, Zainab A El-Rashidy

In order to study the inheritance of nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) traits as indicators of low-N tolerance in bread wheat, plants from a six-parental diallel cross, excluding reciprocals, were grown in the field for two seasons using a randomized complete block design with three replications in two separate experiments; the first under no N fertilization, i.e. 0 kg N/fed (low-N) and the second under fertilization rate of 75 kg N/fed (high-N). Results across seasons showed that variances due to both general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining ability were significant for all studied nitrogen use efficiency traits, except nitrogen harvest index (NHI) under low-N. The best general combiners for improvement of NUE and nitrogen uptake efficiency (NUPE) under low and high N were L26, L27 and L25 inbreds. Under low–N conditions, the best specific combinations for improvement of low-N tolerance were the F1's L25 x Gz168 for NUE and NUPE, L2 x Gem9 and L27 x Gem9 for NUPE and L25x L 26, L25 x L27 and L27 x Gem9 for nitrogen utilization efficiency(NUTE) trait. Hayman's analysis indicated that NUE, NUPE, NHI and NUTE are controlled by additive and non-additive types of gene action. The magnitude of dominance was much greater than additive (D) component for all studied traits in F1's under both high-N and low-N, except for NUE trait under low-N, where the opposite was true. High narrow-sense heritability estimate was observed for NUE (66.90%) and NUPE (46.36%) under low-N. Expected genetic advance from selection under low-N was much higher than under high-N for all NUE traits, especially for NUPE. Under low-N, the inbreds L25, L26 and L27 had more than 75% dominant genes of NUPE.