Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease

6-10

Authors: Pinal Patel, Jitendra Vaghasiya, Ashokji Thakor, Jitesh Jariwala

Objective: The rhizomes part of Acorus calamus (AC) having the calcium inhibitory effect and diuretic activity which may potentiate Na+ excretion in hypertension induced by occlusion of renal artery. Therefore this study was aimed to investigate the effect of AC on experimentally induced hypertension. Methods: Hypertension in rats was induced by clamping the left renal artery for 4h by arterial clamp (2K1C). At the end of experiment animal were anesthetized with ketamine (50 mg/kg). Carotid artery was cannulated which was connected to pressure transducer for estimation of blood pressure. Results: Ethyl acetate extract of Acorus calamus rhizomes (EAAC) treated rats that underwent hypertension, demonstrated significant (P < 0.01) lower systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure when compared with 2K1C rats indicated blood pressure lowering activity. Plasma renin activity was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in EAAC treated rats compared to 2K1C rats. EAAC treated rats that underwent hypertension demonstrated significant (P < 0.01) lower mean blood urea nitrogen and creatinine when compared with 2K1C rats. Lipid peroxidation was significantly (P < 0.001) decreased, where as nitric oxide level in tissue was significantly elevated in EAAC treated rats. Antioxidant enzymes like glutathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase were significantly (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.001) increased in EAAC treated rats when compared to 2K1C rats. Conclusions: In conclusions, EAAC treatment attenuated renal artery occlusion induced hypertension via nitric oxide generation and decreases the plasma renin activity.

16-20

Authors: S.R.Pugazhvendan, P.Ronald Ross, K.Elumalai

Objective: The present investigation was aimed to assess the impact of four indigenous plants for their insecticidal and repellent activity against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), a stored grain pest and they were tested in the laboratory. Methods: Four widely distributed plants (Artemisia vulgaris, Sphaeranthus indicus, Tephrosia purpurea, and Prosopis juliflora) were sequentially extracted with increasing polarity of organic solvents such as, hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate were evaluated for their insecticidal and repellent activities against Tribolium castaneum by adapting the standard protocol in in vitro. Results: Data pertaining to the present investigation clearly revealed that the percentage of mortality was maximum in(72 hr 58%) hexane extract of A. vulgaris, chloroform extract (72 hr 34%) of S. indicus, and ethyl acetate extract (72 hr 52%) of T. purpurea. Repellant activities of plant extracts were tested against T. castaneum, repellent activity was maximum in hexane extract of P. fuliflora, ( EPI value for P. fuliflora in 2.5% was –0.11 and –0.33 at 1hr and 6 hr respectively) chloroform extract of T. purpurea (2.5% was -0.17 at 6 hr) and ethyl acetate extract of S. indicus (2.5% was -0.65 at 6 hr) against T. castaneum. Conclusions: The present work for botanical products to control the insect pest of stored grain Tribolium castaneum (Herbst).These results suggest the presence of actives toxic substances acting after consumption or topical application.

26-32

Authors: Varahalarao Vadlapudi, D.S.V.G.K.Kaladhar

Objective: Phytochemical evaluation and molecular characterization of plants is an important task in medicinal botany and drug discovery. In the current study, Ocimum species, Pimenta officinalis and Piper betel were considered as medicinal plants by evaluation of phytochemical composition like phenol content, Flavonoid content, antioxidant content and other activities like antibacterial, antifungal, lethal dosage (LD 50) of the plant extracts. Among the selected plants P. officinalis shown higher medicinal properties and is selected for molecular characterization. Methods: Antimicrobial activity by agar well diffusion method and also estimated Total phenols, flavonoids content, Total Antioxidants, Cytotoxic assay on Artemia salina for determining lethal dosage (LD50), matK gene was sequenced by using ABI Prism 3700. Leaf extract of P. officinalis plant is further selected for GC-chromatographic analysis to know its chemical composition. DNA was isolated by different protocols, optimized, and is used for the PCR amplification of trnL-gene which is a universal marker among plants in molecular taxonomy. The trnL-gene is amplified by using PCR. The product obtained from PCR is purified and the sample is used for sequencing so that it can be used for comparative studies. Results: P.offcinalis has shown good antimicrobial activity against all organisms . A. flavus is resistant against O. sanctum (B). Phenolic content (26.5 μg/g) is found to be rich in P. betel where as flavonoid and Antioxidant content are significant in P. betel. The chromatogram revealed the presence of high concentration of Eugenol in the leaf sample. On submitting to BLASTN, the genetic sequence has found similarity with Pimenta dioica plastid partial matK gene and Ugni molinae trnK gene. MatK did not shown any interactions with trnK or trnL genes. MatK has shown interactions with various genes like ycf5, pclpp, psbh, atph, NDVI, rpoc1, ndha, ndhd, psai. Conclusions: we can conclude for this investigation of chemical composition and antioxidative properties of the essential leaf oil of P. officinalis that contain eugenol, methyl eugenol and β-caryophyllene were found as main components with this capacity. P.offcinalis can be used as alternative source to synthetic drugs against Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, A. niger, A. flavus T. versicolor infections. In silico analysis did not predicted any interactions between matK and trnL or trnK genes.

38-41

Authors: C Govindasamy, Kannan R

Mangrove plants are found to have medicinal values and have been used traditionally by local medical practitioners in worldwide. In nature, more than 65 species of mangrove plants, 18 species are found to be widely used by local medical practitioners in many countries like India, Africa, Southeast Asia, South America, Australia etc. Moreover, etanobotanical records regarding medical use of mangrove plants are very limited and very unique. One to its astringent property, tannin is suitable in the treatment of tonsillitis, pharyngeatis, hemorrhoids. slaik eruion and burns. It is taken internally, to diarrohea and intestinal bleeding. The extracts of barks of Bruguiera sexangula are active against two human tumors, sarcoma 180 and lexis lung carcinoma. Tannin is also used as an antidote for metallic, alkaloidal and sylycosidic poisons with which it forms a soluble precipitate. Stigma sterol has been shown to have slight hyper cholesterolinic effect which exerts no effect on heart or liver in unani medicine.

46-49

Authors: Sushil Kumar Middha, Talambedu Usha, Pranav Tripathi, Kirti Yashwant Marathe, Tarun Jain, Bhargavi Bhatt, Yogini Pradeep Masurkar, Veena Pande

Objective: Finding a cure for diseases and infections using herbal medicines are as old as mankind. The present study aimed at investigation of anti-hyperglycemic potential of methanolic extract of some indigenous ayurvedic plants used in Karnataka. Design setting: There are a few explicit studies to confirm invitro hypoglycemic activity. Our work is based on the study of some indigenous plants which show inhibitory effect on glucose oxidase and are in use as hypoglycemic agents in traditional system of medicine. Result: Syzygium cumini , Trigonella foenum graecum seed, Moringa alba leaf, Punica granatum peel, Emblica officinalis and Momordica charantia possessed highest hypoglycemic activity of varying degree. S. cumini and T. foenum had shown the better activity in neutral and basic media than others. Whereas, Alterathera ficoicka leaf, T. foenum and Momordica charantia have shown prominent result in acidic media. The result in three different media revealed that, acidic medium shows less prominent hypoglycemic activity as compared to neutral and basic medium. Conclusion: S. cumin, T. foenum seed and M. charantia gave the impression of being prominent candidates for drug targets for diabetes. This may be the first report using invitro approach to prove their antidiabetic properties.

56-60

Authors: Dinesh Kumar Patel, Kanika Patel, B. Duraiswamy, S. P. Dhanabal

Objective: The objective is to develop a noval qualitative and quantitative method by which we can determine different phytoconstituents of Strychnos nux-vomica L. Methods: To profile the phyconstituents of Strychnos nux-vomica, in the present study hydroalcoholic extract of Strychnos nux-vomica was subjected to preliminary phytochemical analysis, antimicrobial activities against certain pathogenic microorganisms, solubility test, loss on drying and pH value. Extract was also subjected to the quantitative analysis including total phenol, flavonoid and heavy metal analysis. Quantitative analysis was performed through HPTLC methods using strychnine and brucine as a standard marker. Results: Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloid, carbohydrate, tannin, steroid, triterpenoid and glycoside in the extract. Total flavonoid and phenol content of Strychnos nux-vomica L extract was found to be 0.40 % and 0.43%. Result showed that the level of heavy metal (lead, arsenic, mercury and cadmium) complie the standard level. Total bacterial count, yeast and moulds contents were found to be under the limit whereas E. coli and salmonella was found to be absent in the extract. Content of strychnine and brucine were found to be 4.75% and 3.91%. Conclusions: These studies provide valluable information for correct identification and selection of the drug from various adulterations. In future this study will be helpful for the quantitative analysis as well as standardization of the Strychnos nux-vomica L.

68-75

Authors: Ramalakshmi. S, Edaydulla. N, Ramesh. P, Muthuchelian. K

Objective: To investigate the total phenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, antioxidant activity, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of Wrightia tinctoria flower extract. Methods: Total phenols, flavonoids, carotenoids content, DPPH scavenging activity, the reducing power activity, phosphomolybednum activity, metal chelating activity, Hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity of crude extract, Cytotoxicity activity, GC-MS analysis and Antibacterial screening were evaluated. Results: Total phenols, flavonoids, carotenoids in the extract was found to be 55.29±0.45 mg GAE, 370.53±1.213 mg QE and 1.825±0.321 mg/g respectively, where the reducing power, phosphomolybednum activity and metal chelating activity were increasing with increasing concentration of the flower extract. The antioxidant activity (IC50) of the flower extract was said to be 43.16 μg/mL by 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl method and 124.07 mg AAE/100g of plant extract by phosphomolybednum method. The antibacterial studies of the ethanolic flower extract tested at different concentration of extracts, where 250mg/mL concentration of extract showed good inhibitory activity against all the test pathogens compared with standard antibiotics like streptomycin and penicillin. The cytotoxic activity of flower extract was evaluated by brine shrimp lethality bioassay method and the LC50 value found to be 3.544 μg/mL. Conclusions: The presence of major bioactive compound, hexadecanoic acid justifies the use of the whole plant for various ailments by traditional practitioners. Further studies are needed to explore the potential phenolics, flavonoid compounds from W. tinctoria for application in drug delivery, nutritional or pharmaceutical fields.

84-86

Authors: Neerja Rani, Neeru Vasudeva ， Surendra Kumar Sharma

Objective: The present study was attempted to evaluate the pharmacognostical and quality control parameters of Stellaria media Linn. Method: The plant was studied for taxonomic characters, standardization parameters viz. loss on drying, ash values, extractives values, foreign organic matter, crude fiber content, swelling index, haemolytic activity, foaming index, microbial contamination according to procedure mentioned in Indian Pharmacopoeia and the WHO Guidelines. The HPTLC studies were performed on pre-coated silica gel GF254 plates using Glycyrrizinic acid as a biomarker. Result: The present study provided taxonomic characters, pharmacognostical and physicochemical details, elemental analysis and microbial contamination of the plant which will help in laying down pharmacopoeial parameters. HPTLC profile developed for the plants will help in identification of the drug and also in isolating and identifying the biomarker compound responsible for the bioactivity. Conclusions: The pharmacognostical and quality control parameters presented in this paper may be helpful to establish the authenticity of Stellaria media. and can possibly differentiate the drug from its other species.

94-97

Authors: Varahalarao Vadlapudi D.S.V.G.K.Kaladhar

Objective: In this present study antimicrobial activity of aerial parts of Datura metel L were evaluated against the resistant pathogens belong to aquatic, human and plant origin. Methods: Soxhlet extraction method was used to get the corresponding extracts of hexane, chloroform and methanol. The antimicrobial activities of the organic solvent extracts on the various test microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi investigated using agar well diffusion technique. The length of inhibition zone was measured in millimeters from the edge of the well to the edge of the inhibition zone. Methanol and chloroform extracts exhibited promising antimicrobial activity than hexane extracts. Results: The zone of inhibition of chloroform varies from (9 to 18 mm) where as with methanol (11 to 30 mm) at 100 mg/ml and chloroform (11 to 19 mm) and methanol (12 to 35 mm) with 250 mg/ml DMSO concentrations consequently. Among all microorganisms studied Erwinia caratovara and Pseudomonas syringae showed the considerable growth inhibition with chloroform and methanolic extracts. Conclusions: D. metel can be used in the treatment of infectious diseases caused by resistant pathogenic microorganisms. Further studies are being carried out in order to separate the individual components that are present in plant extracts of D. metel using column chromatography.

101-103

Authors: Majid Gholami-Ahangaran, Mahmoud Bahmani, Noosha Zia-Jahromi

Objective: Until now, there is no registered drug for treatment of complications with leech in the world. According to the available scientific evidence, Olive is an effective anti-parasitic plant. Hence, in the present experiment we studied the inhibitory and killing effect of Olive methanolic extract on Limnatis nilotica. Methods: In this study, 100 leeches (Limnatis nilotica) were collected fr om some wells in western area of Iran (south region in Ilam province) and evaluated the antileech effects of Olive methanolic extract (Olea europaea L.) in comparison with levamisole and tinidazole. Results: The results indicated no effect of tinidasole and distilled water on killing or mortality rate of the leeches but Olea europaea L. plant and levamisole have more effect on the L. nilotica. The mean death time of leech for levamisole and Olive determined 10依0.98 and 210依 24.1 minutes, respectively. Conclusions: The results showed that treatments of Olive methanolic extract and levamisole have the most effects on leeches and could be used as natural anti-L. nilotica. However it is necessary to achieve further studies for confirm of this subject.

109-113

Authors: Johnson Marimuthu @ Antonisamy, Petchiammal Essakimuthu, Janakiraman Narayanan, Babu Anantham, Renisheya Joy Jeba Malar Tharmaraj, Sivaraman Arumugam

Objective: To explore the phytochemical properties of Sargassum wightii. Methods: Phytochemical screening of the extracts was carried out according to the standard methods. To identify the functional constituents present in the crude extracts, the spectroscopic and chromatographic analysis were performed. Results: The different extracts of S. wightii showed the presence of steroids, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, saponins and flavonoids with varied degree. TLC profile of S. wightii demonstrated three distinct phenolic spots in the methanolic extract of S. wightii with different Rf values 0.172, 0.534 and 0.810. Steroids profile displayed only one distinct spot with the Rf value 0.068. HPLC fingerprint profile of chloroform extracts of S. wightii displayed one prominent peak at a retention time of 3.060 min out of nine compounds separated. Benzene extract of S. wightii displayed one prominent peak at a retention time of 2.637 min. The crude powder of S. wigthii was passed into the FTIR and it confirmed the presence of functional groups such as amides, phosphorus compound, alcohols, phenols and halogen compounds. Conclusions: The results of the present study confirmed that Sargassum wightii may be rich sources of phytoconstituents which can be isolated and further screened for various biological activities.

118-123

Authors: Ponmari Guruvaiah, Annamalai Arunachalam, Lakshmi Palanisamy Thanga Velan

Objective: To evaluate the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activities of successive solvent extracts of Indigofera caerulea Roxb using various in vitro antioxidant assay systems. Methods: Total phenol and antioxidant activity of different solvent extracts of Indigofera caerulea Roxb leaves were investigated. Extraction was done sequentially in soxhlet apparatus using various solvents (Petroleum ether, Ethyl acetate and Methanol). Antioxidant activity was evaluated by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl free radical scavenging assay, hydroxyl radical scavenging assay, superoxide anion radical scavenging assay and Total ion reducing power assay. Total phenol and flavonoid contents were also measured. Results: Methanolic extract had more total phenol content and more antioxidant activities, confirming to the hypothesis that phenol content and antioxidant activity has a direct correlation. Conclusions: All the results of the in vitro antioxidant assays revealed that the methanolic extract of Indigofera caerulea Roxb leaves had notable antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity. The results obtained appeared to confirm the antioxidant and free radical scavenging potential of Indigofera caerulea Roxb.

130-135

Authors: Nikunj J. Aghera, Suresh D. Shah, Kantilal R. Vadalia

Objective: Sublingual tablets of Losartan Potassium were prepared to improve its bioavailability, to avoid pre-systemic metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract and hepatic first pass elimination. Methods: The Sublingual tablets were prepared by direct compression procedure using different concentration of Starch 1500 and microcrystalline cellulose. Compatibility studies of drug and polymer were performed by FTIR spectroscopy and DSC. Preformulation property of API was evaluated. Postcompressional parameters such disintegration time, wetting time, water absorption ratio, in vitro drug release and in vivo bioavailability study of optimized formulation were determined. Results: FTIR spectroscopy and DSC study revealed that there was no possible interaction between drug and polymers. The precompression parameters were in acceptable range of pharmacopoeial specification. The disintegration time of optimized formulation (F3) was upto 48 sec. The in vitro release of Losartan Potassium was upto 15 min. The percentage relative bioavailability of Losartan Potassium from optimized sublingual tablets was found to be 144.7 %. Conclusions: Sublingual tablets of Losartan Potassium were successfully prepared with improved bioavailability.

141-147

Authors: Shuvasish Choudhury, Parul Sharma, Manabendra Dutta Choudhury, Gauri Dutt Sharma

Objective: To explore and enumerate the medicinal plants used by the Chorei tribe residing in Sourthern Assam part of North Eastern India in the treatment of various ailments. Methods: Systematic and intensive field surveys were conducted in Chorei inhabited parts of Southern Assam part of North East India to collect information on medicinal plants used by them in treatment of various ailments. Data was collected through structured questionnaires and personal observations made during the field visit. Results: A total of 53 different medicinal plants were recorded along with their vernacular names, parts used and mode of utilization by the Chorei tribes. Each of the plants was categorized according to their use in treatment of particular disease. Conclusions: The present study revealed that the Chorei tribe is primarily dependent of medicinal plant for treatment of various ailments.

154-158

Authors: Dadang Irfan Husori, Sugeng Riyanto, Agung Endro Nugroho

Objective: To investigate the relaxation mechanims of marmin on epithelium of guinea pig isolated trachea smooth muscle (TSM). Methods: The study was conducted using in vitro isolated-trachea experimental. The guinea pig isolated trachea were incubated in Krebs solution-containing organ bath and supplied with a mixed gas of O2:CO2 (95%:5%). Result: Removal of tracheal epithelium was associated with significant increases in the potencies of histamine and methacholine to contract guinea pig TSM. The pD2 value of histamine increased from 6.04依0.08 on epithelial-intact to 6.32依0.06 on epithelial-denuded (P<0.05). The pD2 value of methacholine also increased from 5.85依0.09 on epithelial-intact to 6.15依0.07 on epithelial-denuded (P<0.05). Marmin exhibited relaxation effects on TSM induced by methacholine (3伊10-5 mol/L) and histamine (3伊10-5 mol/L). Inhibition of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) through incubation with indomethacin could reduce the relaxation effect of marmin (P<0.05) on methacholine- and histamine-induced contractions. However, no significant differenceswere shown in methylene blue, Nω-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA) and propranolol-incubated TSM. Conclusions: The results suggest that marmin has relaxation effect on TSM which is epithelial-dependent through the release of PGE2. However, nitric oxide, cGMP and 毬2-adrenergic-mediated relaxation were not involved.

163-165

Authors: A. Prathapan, Mahesh S Krishna, P.C Lekshmi, K.G Raghu, A. Nirmala Menon*

Objective: To evaluate the effects of ethyl acetate extract of Curcuma longa against modulation of glucose uptake and adipogenesis in cell line models. Methods: We used 3T3L1 and L6 cells to investigate cytotoxicity, glucose uptake with 2-NBDG as probe and adipogenesis. All the analysis was done with flowcytometry. Results: The results showed that the extract did not possess any significant glucose uptake activity but it exhibited significant adipocyte differentiation potential. Conclusions: Ethyl acetate extract of Curcuma longa exhibits significant antiadipogenesis and can be used as an effective drug for the treatment of obesity and other associated complications.

169-172

Authors: Suresh V Nampoothiri. P C Lekshmi. V V Venugopalan . A Nirmala Menon

Objective: To investigate the antidiabetic and antioxidant activity of spent turmeric oleoresin (STO). Methods: Antidiabetic activity of STO evaluated by α- amylase and α- glucosidase enzyme inhibition assays. The antioxidant capacity studied by DPPH. , ABTS., superoxide radical scavenging and metal chelating activity methods. Results: The STO showed good antidiabetic activity by inhibiting key enzymes linked to type 2 diabetes, viz α-glucosidase and α-amylase with an IC50values of 0.71 and 0.16毺g/mL respectively. The IC50 values for DPPH. and ABTS. assay were 58.1 and 33 毺g/mL respectively. STO effectively scavenged the superoxide free radical with an IC50 value of 61.5毺g/mL and showed a moderate iron chelation property. Conclusions: The above study reveals that the spent turmeric oleoresin being wasted at present can be used as antioxidant and antidiabetic agent in food and neutraceutical products.

180-185

Authors: Ramdas Pandhare, Sangameswaran Balakrishnan, Popat Mohite, Shantaram Khanage

Objective: The present study is planned to investigate the antidiabetic and antihyperlipidaemic potential of Amaranthus viridis stem aqueous extract (AVSAE) in Stz-induced diabetic rats. Methods: Diabetes was induced in rats by single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (55mg/kg b.wt.). After 72 h rats with marked hyperglycaemia (fasting blood glucose ≥250 mg/dl) were selected and used for the study. Antidiabetic activity was evaluated by administration of AVSAE orally at the doses of 100,200 and 400 mg/kg body weight for 30 days. Glibenclamide (500 ug/kg) was used as the reference drug. Fasting blood glucose and lipid parameters, viz. triglycerides, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein levels were measured. Results: In STZinduced diabetic rats, repeated administration of AVSAE significantly (P< 0.05) decreased the blood glucose level in a dose-dependent manner during the 30 days of treatment period. AVSAE modulated lipid profile changes in STZ-diabetic rats in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusions: The significant control of serum lipids levels in the AVSAE treated diabetic rats may be directly attributed to improvement in glycemic control upon AVSAE therapy. Hence, these findings demonstrate that Amaranthus viridis has the potential to treat diabetes mellitus and complications owing to its antidiabetic and antihyperlipidaemic effect.

192-196

Authors: Pankaj Dixit, Praveen Sharma, Dinesh Kumar Jain, Vikas Jharia

Objective: To evaluate three formulations of ‘Chandanasava’ [commercially made by Baidyanath, Dabur and test (prepared in-house)] for anti-ulcer activity. Methods: The activity was evaluated in Albino wistar rats against ethanol induced, aspirin induced, cold restraint induced and pylorus ligation induced gastric ulcer models. The formulations were administered orally at the dose of 6 ml/kg. Results: The percentage inhibition of ulcer formation in the ethanol induced ulcer model 66.51%, 74.76% and 78.85% respectively, in the aspirin induced ulcer model 78.30%, 72.30% and 68.69% respectively; in cold restraint stress ulcer model 78.57%, 76.28% and 73.85% respectively for Baidyanath, Dabur and test formulations. Further, the pylorus ligated rats treated with Chandanasava exhibited significantly (P < 0.001) decreased ulcer lesions, gastric volume, and total acidity. It was found to prevent the ulceration by increasing the pH and mucus secretion in pylorus ligated rats.Conclusions: The formulations of ‘Chandanasava’ possess significant antiulcer activity in variety of preclinical models and should be further evaluated to substantiate the findings.

202-207

Authors: R. Randhawa, Pallavi Bassi, G. Kaur

Objective: To develop colon targeted tamoxifen tablets employing interpolymer complexes (IPC) between carboxymethyl fenugreek gum (CMF) and chitosan (CH) or carboxymethyl guar gum (CMG) and CH. Methods: IPC between CMF and CH or CMG or CH was obtained as a result of reaction between negatively charged -COO- group of CMF or CMG and positively charged -NH3+ group of CH. These interactions were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy. The core tablets were coated with various ratios of CMF:CH and CMG:CH IPC solutions. The coated tablets were subjected to in vitro dissolution studies in the presence or absence rat cecal contents. The selected coated tablets were evaluated for their pharmacokinetic behavior by oral administration to rats. Results: The tablets coated with CMF:CH 40:60 and CMG:CH 50:50 were capable of protecting drug release in pH 1.2 (stomach) and pH 7.4 (small intestine) and releasing, respectively, 91% and 94% tamoxifen in pH 6.8 in the presence of rat cecal contents. The oral administration of these tablets to rats showed a tmax of 10 hrs as compared to 2 hrs in case of uncoated tablets. Conclusions: The tablets coated with CMF-CH ratio of 40:60 or CMG-CH ratio of 50:50 were able to protect drug release in stomach and small intestine and deliver tamoxifen after the tablets reached colon.

212-217

Authors: Chiagoziem Anariochi Otuechere, Sunny Okechukwu Abarikwu, Mayodele Ayooluwa Rufai, Annemaria Ebihnomon Ohiozoje, Ekor Martins, Ebenezer Olatunde Farombi

Objective: To investigate the hepatoprotective effects of Vitamin C in propanil intoxiciated Wistar rats. Methods: Twenty-four adult male rats were divided into four equal groups of six each: control; 100mg propanil/kg; 100mg vitamin C/kg; propanil (100mg/kg) plus vitamin C (100mg/ kg). Treatment was via oral route and was administered once daily for 7 days.Animals were orally treated once daily for 7 days. The effect of propanil on liver lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes and biochemical parameters as well as the possible attenuation of its toxicity by vitamin C was studied. Results: Compared to the control group, propanil treatment significantly increased serum total cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase(ALT), aspartate aminotransferase levels (AST), and significantly lowered triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) and total protein (TP) levels. Results obtained furthermore showed that propanil significantly (P<0.05) induced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels while the activities of glutathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were decreased in the liver tissues. However, co-administration of propanil with vitamin C ameliorated the harmful effects of propanil in most of the tested parameters. Liver histological studies revealed changes in liver tissues and the protective role of vitamin C. Conclusion: The present study suggests that Vitamin C could be an important dietary component based on its ability to attenuate propanil induced hepatotoxicity.

223-226

Authors: Kalpana Patil, Alka Mall

Objective: To study the Hepatoprotective activity of ethanol, chloroform and aqueous extracts of Mentha arvensis leaves against CCL4 induced liver damage in rats. Methods: Hepatotoxicity was induced by CCL4 and the biochemical parameters such as serum glutamate pyruvate transminase (sGPT), serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (sGOT), alkaline phosphatase (sALP), serum bilirubin (sB) and histopathological changes in liver were studied along with silymarin as standard Hepatoprotective agents. Results: The Phytochemical investigation of the extracts showed presence of flavonoids, steroids, triterpenoids, alkaloids, glycosides, carbohydrates, tannins, phenolic compounds. Treatment of the rats with chloroform, ethanol and aqueous extract with CCL 4 administration caused a significant reduction in the values of sGOT, sGPT, sALP and sB (P<0.01) almost comparable to the silymarin. The Hepatoprotective was confirmed by histopathological examination of the liver tissue of control and treated animals. Conclusions: From the results it can be concluded that Mentha arvensis possesses Hepatoprotective effect against CCL4 induced liver damage in rats.

233-241

Authors: Kausik Chatterjee, Kazi Monjur Ali, Debasis De, Tushar Kanti Bera, Kishalay Jana, Soumyajit Maiti, Abhinandan Ghosh, Ramapati Samanta, Debidas Ghosh

Objective: To investigate the diabetic therapeutic potentiality and antioxidative efficacy of ethyl acetate fraction of hydro-methanol (40:60) extract of root of Musa paradisiaca Lam. (Musaceae) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. Methods: Streptozotocin-induced diabetic state was confirmed by decreased serum insulin level and carbohydrate metabolomics i.e. increased fasting blood glucose level, glycated hemoglobin level and diminished glycogen contents in liver and skeletal muscle. Reproductive homeostasis alteration in diabetes was evaluated by reproductive organo-somatic indices, sperm count, motility and histological analysis of testicular seminiferous tubule along with levels of serum testosterone, testicular cholesterol and seminal vesicular fructose assessment. Oxidative stress in primary and accessory sex organs, and in sperm pellet was assessed by measuring antioxidant enzyme activities along with quantification of free radicals products. Testicular pro-apoptotic Bax-α mRNA expression pattern was studied semi-quantitatively by PCR technique. Reverse phase HPLC fingerprinting was performed using methanol and acetonitrile as mobile phase. Results: Oral administration of ethyl acetate fraction at a dose of 20 mg/0.5 mL of distilled water/100 gm body weight twice daily to the diabetic rats for 28 days significantly recovered organo-somatic indices, protected reproductive activities, corrected oxidative stress markers and pro-apoptotic mRNA expression pattern, which were deviated in diabetes mellitus from control level without any type of toxicity. HPLC fingerprinting shows five completely resolved peaks at λ max 254 nm and 342 nm. Conclusions: It has a promising antihyperglycaemic and antioxidative activity for curing diabetes induced reproductive disorders in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat.

254-256

Authors: Logesh AR, Pravinkumar M, Raffi SM, Kalaiselvam M

Objective: To investigate calcium and phosphorus levels in the bones of low value fishes Sardinella longiceps (oil sardine) and Trichiurus savala (ribbon fish). Methods: Bones and skeletal remains were subjected to alkaline-alcohol treatment for specified period of time and were then dried and pulverized. Calcium and phosphorus levels were determined by both volumetric and instrumental methods using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Results: Volumetric analysis of calcium and phosphorus were 28.98% and 14.2% in oil sardine; 24.2% and 11.6% in ribbon fish respectively. Atomic absorption spectroscopy analysis of calcium and phosphorus were 32.73% and 17.2% for oil sardine and 27.17% and 10.83% for ribbon fish respectively. Protein level was 4.82% in oil sardine and 3.97% in ribbon fishes. Conclusions: The findings of the present study revealed that sardine bones are rich in calcium and will be utilized for the production of calcium powder to treat osteoporosis.

260-264

Authors: Joseph Joselin, Thankappan Sarasabai Shynin Brintha, Augustian Rajam Florence, Solomon Jeeva

Objective: To examine the phyto-constituents present in some ornamental flowers of the family Apocynaceae. Methods: Aqueous, acetone, petroleum ether, chloroform and ethanol extracts of the flowers were prepared by adding 50 g of fresh fallen flowers of the family Apocynaceae (Allamanda cathartica Linn., Allamanda violacea Gardn. & Fielding, Wrightia tinctoria (Roxb) R.Br. and Nerium oleander Linn.) to 200 ml of these solvents; the constituents were shaken at room temperature for 24 h. After incubation, the extracts were filtered by using Whatman No.1 filter paper, collected and stored at 4曟. The extracts were concentrated by using vacuum evaporator and dried at 60曟. Preliminary phytochemical screening was performed by the Harborne method. Results: Different phyto-constituents such as alkaloids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, terpenoids, steroids, coumarins, quinones, phytosterols, proteins and carbohydrates were identified in the extracts. The presence or absence of the phyto-constituents depended upon the solvent medium used for extraction and the physiological property of the flowers. Conclusions: The findings of this study reveal that even ornamental flowers have potential antimicrobial compounds that may be of great use for developing plant-based drugs.

268-274

Authors: Subhankari Prasad Chakraborty, Nandeslu Gautam, Pratip K Kundu, Somenath Roy

Objective: To evaluate the level of lipid-protein damage and antioxidant status in red blood corpuscle (RBC) and serum of healthy individuals to correlate between oxidative damage with the aging process. Methods: Twenty healthy individuals of each age group (11-20; 21-30; 31-40; 41-50; and 51-60 years old) were selected randomly. Blood samples were drawn by medical practitioner and serum was separated and RBC was isolated from blood samples. Malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyls (PC) level were evaluated to determine the lipid and protein damage in RBC and serum. superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione and glutathione dependent enzymes were estimated to evaluate the antioxidant status in RBC and serum. Results: Increased MDA and PC levels strongly supported the increased oxidative damage in elderly subject than young subjects. The results indicated that, balance of oxidant and antioxidant systems in RBC and serum shifts in favor of accelerated oxidative damage during aging. Conclusions: Oxidative stress in RBC and serum may particular interest in aging and may play important role in immunosenescence.

280-284

Authors: Jyothi Abraham and T. Dennis Thomas

Objective: To investigate the antibacterial activity of Padathaali (Cyclea peltata) against three gram positive and eight gram negative bacterial strains. Methods: The fresh whole plants were collected from Kerala, India. The dry crude nonpolar and polar extract of whole plant of C. peltata i. e. Petroleum ether, hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol and aqueous extracts of five concentrations (1, 2, 5, 10 mg/ml) were used to investigate the antibacterial activity. NCCL standards were strictly followed to perform antibacterial disc susceptibility test using disc diffusion method. Results: All the extracts showed varying degree of inhibitory potential against all the tested bacteria. Methanol extract of plant had higher inhibitory action against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus haemolyticus, Klebsiella pneumonia and Proteus vulgaris. Acetone extract of plant showed maximum inhibitory action against Klebsiella pneumonia and Streptococcus haemolyticus. Conclusions: The present investigation showed the effectiveness of crude extract of this plant against tested bacterial strains. This study further suggests the use of whole plant extract in treating disease caused by tested microbial organisms.

291-295

Authors: N Prasannabalaji, G Muralitharan, RN Sivanandan, S Kumaran, SR Pugazhvendan

Objective: To evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activity of various solvent extracts of South Indian traditional medicinal plants Ocimum sanctum, Ocimum gratissimum, Aegle marmelos, and Adhatoda vasica leaves against clinical pathogens of human origin. Methods: The antimicrobial activity of different solvents crude extract of four medicinal plants used in traditional Indian medicine was tested by disc diffusion method against five bacterial pathogens: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi and klebsiella pneumoniae.. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was determined for evaluating the potential plant extract. Results: The antibacterial results showed methanol extracts (0.4 g/ml) of Ocimum gratissimum and Ocimum sanctum showed maximum zone of inhibition (30 mm and 25.5 mm, respectively) against Salmonella typhi. MIC was tested at various concentrations from 0.625 mg/ml to 0.039 mg/ml for all the plant extracts. At the lowest concentration (0.039mg/ml) tested, methanol extracts of Ocimum gratissimum showed higher MIC against Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi where as the methanolic extracts of Ocimum gratissimum showed potent activity against Staphylococcus aureus at 0.078 mg/ml. Methanol extract (0.4 g/ml) of Aegle marmelos showed significant inhibitory activity of 22.5mm and MIC value of 0.156.mg/ml against E. coli strain. The Klebsiella spp was the most resistant strain of all and various concentrations Adhatoda vasica extract showed less activity against the tested pathogens. Conclusions: The present screening result demonstrated that the Indian traditional medicinal plants Ocimum sanctum, Ocimum gratissimum, Aegle marmelos methanol leaf extract has potent antibacterial activity and the studied plants may be new source for novel antibacterial compound discovery for treating drugs resistant human pathogens.

302-305

Authors: Pravin Kumar N, Marimuthu K, Vengkades Rao R, Xavier R, Kathiresan S, Suresh CV, Sreeramanan S

Objective: The aim of this study was to identify the presence of antimicrobial activity in different organs/tissues (gills, blood, skin, liver, intestine, kidney, tissue and ovary) extract of snakehead fish Channa striatus. Methods: A total of 48 fractions from the organs and tissue extracts were obtained by solid-phase extraction and the fractions were assayed for antimicrobial activity. The screening of antimicrobial activity for all the fractions were tested against 8 human pathogens including Gram positive (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus) and Gram negative bacteria (Salmonella enteritidis, Shigella flexneri, Acinetobacter baumanni, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae) using the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (BSAC) standardized disc susceptibility test method. The activity was measured in terms of zone of inhibition in mm. Results: The results indicated that, among the 8 organs/tissues tested only blood and gills extract fractions (40 and 60 % ACN fraction) showed inhibition against Escherichia coli and 60 % ACN fraction of gill extract showed inhibition against Salmonella enteritidis. Protein profile analysis by SDS-PAGE showed that antimicrobial activity of the partially purified blood and gill tissue extracts might be due to low molecular weight peptides. Conclusions: The present study showed that, gill and blood extracts of Channa striatus can be a potential source of an antimicrobial protein for specific human pathogens.

312-315

Authors: Siti Suraiya, Mustaffa Musa, Rapeah Suppian, Jalaluddin Ashraful Haq

Objective: To asses the ability of 4 types of Mtb proteins-ESAT 6, SCWP, MAN and Ag85 to serve as indicator for active tuberculosis among Malaysian population. Methods: Sera from 90 individuals, 60 from confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis patients and 30 healthy PPD negative individuals were tested for presence of anti-IgG and anti IgA by ELISA assay. Result: Mean concentration of IgG and IgA were higher in patients compared to healthy Positivity of the ELISA test were calculated, taking the cut off value at mean + 2 SD of healthy sera. The sensitivity of the ELISA IgA assay for ESAT 6, SCWP, MAN and Ag85 were 81.1%, 83.3%, 11.7% and 53.3% respectively. The sensitivity of the ELISA IgG asay for ESAT 6, SCWP, MAN and Ag85 were 71.0%, 71.0%, 71.0% and 21.0% respectively. Conclusion: Detection of IgA against SCWP promised a good indicator for active tuberculosis infection among Malaysian.

320-323

Authors: R. Lavanya, N. Veerappan

Objective: To evaluate the antifungal activity of seaweed extracts against human fungal pathogens. Methods: Antifungal activity of six species of marine macro algae Codium decorticatum, Caulerpa scalpelliformis, Gracilaria crassa, Acanthophora spicifera, Sargassum wightii and Turbinaria conoides using different solvents acetone, methanol, chloroform, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, hexane and aqueous were evaluated against Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium udum, Fusarium solani, Rhizoctonia solani, Alternaria alternat, Botrytis cinerea, Candida albicans, Candida krusei, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus. Results: From the investigation, the maximum activity was recorded from Phaeophyceae, Chlorophyceae and Rhodophyceae respectively. The maximum inhibition zone was noted in acetone extract of T. conoides against F. udum. Conclusions: From these findings, it is concluded that brown seaweed Turbinaria conoides is more effective than the green and red seaweeds.

328-331

Authors: Rafi khan Pathan, Papi Reddi Gali, Parveen Pathan, Tananki Gowtham, Soujanya Pasupuleti

Objective: To evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of Citrus aurantifolia Linn ( CA ) against some microorganisms - bacteria and fungus were Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas spp, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigates, Mucor spp and Pencillium. Methods: 100 μ l of 10 mg CA were assessed against eight test microorganisms by agar well Diffusion Method. Gentamicin and Ketoconazole 10 mg/ml were used as standards. A different solvent was used to obtain CA leaf extract by using maceration technique. Results: % yield obtained for dried leaf extract of CA with chloroform, ethanol, acetone, petroleum ether and aqueous ethanol was approximately 15% , 18% , 09% , 11% and 24% respectively. Due to its high yield value hydroalcoholic extract of CA was used for estimating the antimicrobial activity and its phytochemical screening. Phytochemical screening of CA plant reveals the presence of Alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, steroids and tannins. Conclusions: The study demonstrates that the hydroalcoholic extract of CA leaf exhibit antibacterial activity on Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas sp, Staphylococcus aureus and antifungal activity among Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigates, Mucor species. These recognized a good support to the use of this plant in herbal medicine and as base for the development of new drugs and phytomedicine.

336-346

Authors: Shakti Rath, Rabindra N. Padhy

Objective: To have an antibiogram of hospital acquired ( HA ) and community acquired ( CA ) enteropathogens against 16 antibiotics to assess the infection dynamics for plausible help to the antimicrobial stewardship. To check extracts of 25 lesser-known plants used by an Indian aborigine, for antimicrobial efficacy in vitro and as complementary and alternate medicines against resistant pathogens. Methods: Ten strains of enteric bacteria ( Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp., Salmonella paratyphi, S. typhi, Shigella boydii, S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri, S. sonnei and Vibrio cholerae ) were isolated from clinical samples in 6 months and their antibiotic sensitivity was assessed by the disc-diffusion method. Concentrated aqueous and ethanolic extracts of leaves and barks of plants were used for monitoring their antibacterial potencies, by the agar-well diffusion method. Results: I solated bacterial strains were invariably multidrug resistant ( MDR ) . E. coli was the most frequently isolated organism from HA and CA samples, followed next by Klebsiella sp. From the surveillance, it was evident that the distribution of MDR strains of each was more in HA than CA isolates. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Aegle marmelos, Azadirachta indica, Cassia fistula, Holarrhena antidysenterica, Salvadora persica and Terminalia arjuna were highly effective against the all isolated enteropathogenic strains. From the preliminary phytochemical analysis, it was confirmed that both extracts of A. indica, T. arjuna and T. alata contained all the detected phytochemicals ( alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoids, reducing sugars, saponins, tannins, flavonoids and steroids ) , which plausibly attributed to their significant antibacterial activity. Conclusions: Phytoextracts were highly effective against the all enteropathogenic bacterial isolates, in vitro. These 25 plants could be used further for the isolation of pure compounds for use as complementary medicines.

352-355

Authors: Suman TY, Elumalai D, Vignesh A, Kaleena PK, Murugesan K

Objective: To analyze the larvicidal effect of the aerial extracts of Ammannia baccifera on two important mosquito species, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. Methods: The larval mortality of fourth instar larvae of A. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus after 24h and 48h of treatment were observed separately in control 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450 and 500 mg/L concentrations of the aerial extracts (methanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform) of A. baccifera. Results: Based on the probit analysis, the 24h and 48h aerial methanol extract of A. baccifera LC 50 value of C. quinquefasciatus was found to be in 164.00 mg/L and 107.00 mg/L and LC90 values for C. quinquefasciatus was found be in 310.00 and 261.00 mg/L. The 24h and 48h aerial part of methanol extract of A. baccifera LC50 value of A. aegypti was found be in 226.00 mg/L and 186.00 mg/L and LC90 values was found be in 476.00 and 309.00 mg/L. Conclusions: The results indicate that the A. baccifera could be effectively used for the control of mosquito larvae and the possibility of exploiting for the development of commercial larvicides a plant widely occurring in India.

362-369

Authors: K. Kovendan, K. Murugan, S. P. Shanthakumar, S. Vincent

Objective: To evaluate the mosquito larvicidal and pupicidal activity against three important medically mosquito vector such as malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi (An. stephensi), dengue vector, Aedes aegypti (Ae. aegypti) and filarial vector Culex quinquefasciatus (Cx. quinquefasciatus). Methods: Morinda citrifolia (M. citrifolia) leaf was collected in and around Alleppy districts, Kerala, India. M. citrifolia leaf was washed with tap water and shade dried at room temperature. An electrical blender powdered the dried plant materials (leaves). From the leaf, 1 kg powdered was macerated with 3.0 L of methanol sequentially for a period 72 h and filtered. The crude plant extracts were evaporated to dryness in rotary vacuum evaporator. The larvicidal and pupicidal activity was assayed at various concentrations ranging from (100-500 ppm) under the laboratory as well as field conditions. The LC50 and LC90 value of the M. citrifolia leaf extract was determined by Probit analysis. Results: The plant extract showed larvicidal and pupicidal effects after 24 and 48 hrs of exposure; All larval instars and pupae have considerably moderate mortality; however, the highest larval and pupal mortality was methanolic extract of M. citrifolia observed in three mosquito vectors at 48 h. The LC50 and LC90 of M. citrifolia against the first to fourth instar larvae and pupae against mosquito vectors. An. stephensi had values of LC 50=146.08, 159.07, 172.16, 185.08 and 202.68 ppm and LC90=322.12, 363.48, 388.56, 436.51 and 513.56 ppm, respectively. The Ae. aegypti had values of LC50=181.27, 210.40, 229.80, 256.73 and 292.01 ppm and LC 90=407.99, 485.65, 534.14, 624.16 and 756.79 ppm, respectively. The Cx. quinquefasciatus had values of LC 50=226.70, 256.97, 290.05, 316.33 and 358.11 ppm and LC90=560.35, 652.07, 733.03, 797.09 and 875.25 ppm, respectively at 24 h. Conclusions: The results of the leaf extract of M. citrifolia are promising as good larvicidal and pupicidal activity against the mosquito vector, An. stephensi, Ae. aegypti, Cx. quinquefasciatus. This is a new eco-friendly approach for the control of vector control programs. Therefore, this study provides first report on the larvicidal and pupicidal activities against three species of mosquito vectors of this plant extract from India.

374-377

Authors: Sirima Kitvatanachai, Potchong Rhongbutsri

Objective: To investigate malaria infections in asymptomatic legal migrant workers and symptomatic patients in Thamaka, Kanchanaburi Province. Methods: This study was conducted during April 26-29, 2008 using thick and thin blood Giemsa’s stained. A total of 671 samples were collected in asymptomatic migrant workers and 38 samples in symptomatic patients in the same period. Results: The results showed the prevalence rate was 1.64% (11 out of 671 samples) in asymptomatic migrant workers and P.vivax infections were found to be dominant (81.8%). Age group of infections showed between 16-42 years as a high risk of infection. Female: Male ratio was 1: 1.3. The infection rate was 35.7% (10 out of 38 samples) in symptomatic patients with the highest infection being P. falciparum (80.0%). Age group of infections between 13-36 years. Male: Female ratio was 1: 1.4. About 43% of malarial infections came from Mohlumyai area, Myanmar. Conclusions: The high rate of malarial infections in Thamaka District still need surveillance, especially as migrant workers may spread malaria to the people living in this area if vector present.

382-386

Authors: Hamid Kassiri, Narges Sharifinia, Mostafa Jalilian, Khadijeh Shemshad

Objective: To investigate the epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ilam province between 2000 and 2007. Methods: The data of this descriptive cross-sectional study included the existing data regarding the prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in different seasons, years and districts which were reported to Ilam Provincial Health center between 2000 and 2007. Results: The analysis of the collected data revealed that Ilam province was one of the endemic foci of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major. The study also showed the rate of cutaneous leishmaniasis incidence with the general rate of 1.2 per one thousand populations. It was also evident that the highest rate of incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis was in fall and winter, which is one of the most important characteristics of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis. Ulcers were present in 5 161 Patients. Of these, 28.9% were female and 71.1% were male. 3 447 cases (66.8%) had ulcers on hand and foot, 1 213 cases (23.5%) on face and 501 cases (9.7%) on trunk. A total of 1 907 patients (36.9%) had only one ulcer. But 3 254 cases (63.1%) had more than one ulcer. The highest incidence was found among patients with two age groups of 20-29 years old (46.8%) and 10-19 years old(17.3%). Conclusions: With respect to the increased prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ilam province, health care observers should pay further attention on preventing the disease spread.

393-395

Authors: Varahalarao Vadlapudi

Objective: The present study was aimed at evaluating the In vitro antimicrobial activity of few Indian medicinal plants H. tiliaceus L., N.arbortristis Linn, S. rhombifolia Linn., T. procumbens Linn methanolic extracts against A. alternata, A. flavus, A. niger, M. phaseolina, R. solani using agar well diffusion technique. Methods: Soxhlet extraction method was used to get the extracts of methanol. The length of zone of inhibition was measured in millimeters from the edge of the well to the edge of the inhibition zone. Results: It showed zero results with H. tiliaceous, N. arbortristis with all three 100, 300, 500 mg/ml DMSO concentrations. Conclusions: Various medical plants have been used for years in daily life to treat disease all over the world throughout the history of mankind. Plant Species H. tiliaceous and N. arbortristis may not be useful in controlling diseases against A. alternata, A. flavus, A. niger, M. phaseolina, R. solani. This study give an idea to avoid work of activity of these medicinal plants extracts on mentioned fungal for screening.

399-403

Authors: Alagarmalai JEYASANKAR, PREMALATHA, Kuppusamy ELUMALAI

Objective: To determine the larvicidal activity of Phyllanthus emblica leaf extracts against Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. Methods: The larvicidal activity was determined against two vector mosquito species at concentrations of 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 ppm. Larval mortality was assessed after 72 hours. Results: The leaf extracts of P. emblica was found to be more susceptible against the larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus with a LC50 value of 78.89 ppm. Conclusions: These results suggested that the leaf extracts of P .emblica showed potential to be used as an ideal ecofriendly approach for the control of the Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus.

408-411

Authors: Varahalarao Vadlapudi

Objective: In this present study antimicrobial activity of aerial parts of Avicennia alba were evaluated against the resistant pathogens belong to aquatic, human and plant origin. Methods: Soxhlet extraction method was used to get the corresponding extracts of hexane, chloroform and methanol. The antimicrobial activities of the organic solvent extracts on the various test microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi investigated using agar well diffusion technique. The length of inhibition zone was measured in millimeters from the edge of the well to the edge of the inhibition zone. Methanol and chloroform extracts exhibited promising antimicrobial activity than hexane extracts. Results: The zone of inhibition of chloroform varies from (9 to 17 mm) where as with methanol (11 to 28 mm) at 100 mg/ml concentration. Among all microorganisms studied Erwinia caratovara and Pseudomonas syringae showed the considerable growth inhibition with chloroform and methanolic extracts. Conclusions: A. alba can be used in the treatment of infectious diseases caused by resistant pathogenic microorganisms. Further studies are being carried out in order to separate the individual components that are present in plant extracts of A. alba using column chromatography.

416-420

Authors: Moorthy kannaiyan, Virgin Nisha Manuel, Vinodhini Raja, Punitha Thambidurai, Suresh Mickymaray, Thajuddin Nooruddin

Objective: To investigate antimicrobial effects of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Salacia chinensis (S. chinensis) Linn. against pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Methods: The Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (MTCC 96), Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) (MTCC 435), Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) (MTCC 121), Escherichia coli (E. coli) (MTCC 443), Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) (MTCC 432), Proteus mirabilis (P. mirabilis) (MTCC 1429), Salmonella paratyphi A (S. paratyphi A) (MTCC 735), Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) (MTCC 98), Shigella flexneri (S. flexneri) (MTCC 1457) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) (MTCC 424), Candida albicans (C. albicans) (MTCC 183) and Cryptococcus neoformans (C. neoformans) (clinical isolate) were originally obtained from Microbial Type Culture Collection Centre, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India. Antimicrobial activity was carried out by disc diffusion and broth dilution methods against pathogens by using crude ethanolic and aqueous extracts. Results: Ethanolic extract of S. chinensis L. leaves showed significant antimicrobial activity against S. epidermidis (33.20 mm), C. albicans (30.40 mm) and C. neoformans (18.20 mm) mean values were documented. Aqueous extract of leaves showed significant inhibitory activity against C. neoformans (19.8 mm) and S. epidermidis (17.80 mm) were observed. Based on broth dilution method, the ethanolic extract of crude plant material showed the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values against S. epidermidis, C. neoformans (256 μg/mL) and C. albicans (512 μg/mL), whereas the aqueous extract of S. chinensis L. leaves showed significant inhibitory activity against S. epidermidis (512 μg/mL) and C. neoformans (1024 μg/mL) were observed. Conclusions: The present result revealed that ethanolic extract of S. chinensis L. possesses significant antifungal activity when compared as the antibacterial activities.

425-427

Authors: Arshad Hussain, Anuj Kumar Sonkar, Md. Parwez Ahmad, Shadma Wahab

Objective: Anthelmintic resistance creates a major hitch over the decades throughout the world. As per WHO only synthetic drugs are frequently used in the treatment of helminth infestations in human beings but these synthetic drugs are out of reach of millions of people and have a lot of side effects. In view of this, an attempt has been made to study the anthelmintic activity of herbal drug. Methods: All the prototypes and the standard drug solution were freshly prepared before commencement of the experiments. All the earthworms were washed in normal saline solution before they were released into 10 ml of respective formulation as follows, vehicle (2% v/v Tween 80 in normal saline), and Piperazine Citrate (10 mg/ml) and prototypes (10, 20 and 50mg/ml). Results: All the investigational extract acquired the anthelmintic activity at minimal dose of 10 mg/ml. its significant activity (P<0.05) at 10 mg/ml for time taken to paralysis and death when compared to the standard drugs Piperzine citrate used at 10 mg/ml respectively. Conclusions: Herbal drugs and synthetic drugs have equally effective in helminth infestations but methanolic extract has the maximum anthelmintic activity potential than other root extract of Coleus aromaticus.

431-434

Authors: Elham Ezzatzadeh, Mohammad Hossein Farjam, Abdolhossein Rustaiyan

Objective: To investigate the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of Et2O/MeOH/petrol extract and three isolated compounds from Artemisia kulbadica (A. kulbadica). Methods: The antimicrobial activity was tested by using the disc-diffusion method and determining the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) using the agar dilution method against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, and fungi. The antioxidant activities of crude extract and tree isolated compounds were evaluated using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assays. Results: The plant extract was showed moderate values DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50= (422.4 ± 2.4) μg/mL) while it was showed no considerable antimicrobial activity against tested microorganisms. Three isolated compounds tested for the first time, demonstrated antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Two sesquiterpenes showed higher antimicrobial activity than the flavone while the later compound was better antioxidant than the sesquiterpens. Conclusions: The present study clearly demonstrated that A. kulbadica and some of its isolates each one separately possess antimicrobial or antioxidant properties and may act as potential antioxidant for biological systems susceptible to free radicalmediated reactions.

442-445

Authors: Sahoo Himanshu Bhusan, Asati Anuj Kumar, Toppo Fedelic Ashish, Kori Mohan Lal

Objective: To investigate the diuretic potential of Polyherbal formulations prepared from the seeds of Vitis venifera, Duranta repens and Centratherum anthelminticum in Albino rats. Methods: Different concentrations of Polyherbal formulations (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg), furosemide (10 mg/kg) and vehicle were orally administered to rat (n = 6 animals per group) and their urine output was collected after 24h. The Urinary output, Osmolarity, pH, Na+, K+ and Cl- concentrations of urine were estimated. Results: The Polyherbal formulations produced significant increase in Na+, K+, Cl- excretion, caused alkalinization of urine, showed strong Diuretic index, saluretic index and Natruretic index. All the concentrations of Polyherbal formulation showed dosedependent relationship when compared to control animals. Conclusions: These finding strongly suggests that the Polyherbal formulations have a good diuretic activity on rats in the above experimental model.

453-456

Authors: Imran Kazmi, Gaurav Gupta, Muhammad Afzal, Firoz Anwar

Objective: Ursolic acid stearoyl glucoside (UASG), a new terpenoid -isolated from Lantana camara L. was evaluated for its anticonvulsant and depressant activity of was in Wistar albino rats and Swiss mice. Methods: Column chromatography was used to isolate UASG. The intraperitonial administration of UASG (25 and 50 mg/kg) produced a significant depressant effect on CNS. Anticonvulsant potential was experimentally proved and demonstrated through Maximal electroshock (MES) induced seizure, Isoniazid (INH) induced seizure and Assessment of locomotor activity test. Results: Administration of drug reduced spontaneous motor activity (P <0.05), the number and lethality (P<0.01 and P<0.001) of Isoniazid (INH)-induced seizures and inhibition of hind limb extension in (P<0.05 and P<0.001) in Maximal Electroshock (MES)-induced seizures. Conclusions: Research finding suggests that ursolic acid stearoyl glucoside possess anticonvulsant and depressant like effect.

465-470

Authors: Rajiv Gupta, Hemant Kumar Singh

Objective: To ascertain the nootropic potential (memory enhancing effects) of the leaves of Alternanthera sessilis (Amaranthaceae) and Clerodendrum infortunatum (Verbenaceae) using rectangular maze and Y maze (interoceptive behavioral models) Methods: Methanolic extracts of leaves Alternanthera sessilis and Clerodendrum infortunatum dosed at 100 and 200 mg/kg each were administered to adult Swiss albino Wistar mice and the effect on acquisition, retention and retrieval of spatial recognition memory was determined. Bacopa monniera extract was used as the standard drug while Scopolamine hydrobromide served as the amnestic agent. Results: The higher doses of both the extracts exhibited a more promising nootropic potential. Maximal response was observed in the 200 mg/kg dose of Clerodendrum infortunatum methanolic extract, which closely approximated the results for the standard drug Brahmi. Both the higher doses elicited greater responses in both the models studied and were comparable to that achieved with the standard drug. Conclusions: The methanolic extracts of Clerodendrum infortunatum afforded greater memory enhancing effects in comparison to Alternanthera sessilis extract, the higher dose evoking pronounced alteration behavior and better learning assessments.

475-479

Authors: S.N. Harsha, K.R. Anilakumar

Objective: To evaluate antianxiety property of Lactuca sativa, an important and commonly used leafy vegetable known for its medicinal properties belongs to Asteraceae family. Methods: Elevated plus maze (EPM), open field test (OFT), rat exposure test, hyponeophagia and marble burying test were performed in mice models to assess the exploratory behaviour and to assess anxiolytic property of hydro-alcohol extract of Lactuca sativa. Diazepam (1 mg/kg body wt.) served as the standard anxiolytic agent for all the tests. The dried extract of the plant leaf in doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight was administered orally to mice for duration of 15 or 30 days and evaluated exploratory behaviour, locomotor and anxiolytic activities. Results: Time spent and number of entries into the open arm was measured in EPM followed by total locomotor activity in OFT and latency to enter the food zone in hyponeophagia. Conclusions: The study suggested that hydro-alcohol extract of Lactuca sativa leaves possess potent anxiolytic property.

491-493

Authors: Kalidass Subramaniam, Sembian Suriyamoorthy, Femina Wahab, Febina Bernice Sharon, Gilbert Ross Rex

Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the phytochemical constituent and the in vitro Antimicrobial activity of the wonderful medicinal herb Eleutherine palmifolia. Methods: Eleutherine palmifolia bulb was extracted with ethanol. The extract was evaluated for their phytochemical constituent’s and their antimicrobial activity against the multidrug resistant pathogens following the standard protocols. The active drug principle present in the extract was analysed by GC-MS. Results: The qualitative phytochemical evaluation of the Eleutherine palmifolia bulb revealed the presence of Phenols, Sterols, Phlobatannins, Proteins, Steroids, Tannins and Reducing sugar. The extract showed higher antimicrobial activity in comparison to the standard antibiotics. A promising control over methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter baumannii was found. GC-MS analysis of the plant extract showed the presence of Decane, Cyclohexane, (1, 2-dimethylbutyl) and Cyclohexanecarbonyl Chloride etc. Conclusions: The present investigation reveals that the plant Eleutherine palmifolia bulb may act as potent source of antimicrobial agent against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter baumannii.

499-502

Authors: Subramanian Arulkumar, Muthukumaran Sabesan

Objective: The present investigation is aimed to carry out the behavioural changes of the Mucuna pruriens extract (MPE) and Mucuna pruriens Goldnanoparticles (MPGNPs) against MPTPinduced neurotoxicity. Methods: MPGNPs prepared from the methanolic extract of Mucuna pruriens seeds using Chloroauricchloride (HAuCl4). The seed powder has been found to show the anti-parkinsonian effects. Mice were induced with 10 mg/kg of MPTP, four injections i.p., at 1 h intervals within 24 h. MPE was administered at the dose 200 mg/kg (i.p) and MPGNPs was administered at different doses of 500 μg/kg, 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg (i.p) in different groups once a day for seven days and the dose on the first day was given 30 min prior to first MPTP injection. Results: The behavioural changes were studied using the rotarod test, hang test and narrow beam test. MPE and MPGNPs significantly (P<0.05) improved the behavioural activities. Conclusions: MPGNPs possesses significant behavioural activity than MPE against MPTP induced neurotoxicity.

509-516

Authors: Kandhan Karthishwaran, Sankaran Mirunalini

Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the in vitro antioxidant assays and in vivo non enzymatic antioxidant potential of aerial parts of Pergularia daemia methanolic extract (PDME) on 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) induced hamster buccal pouch (HBP) carcinogenesis. Methods: The plant extract was tested for their total phenol and flavonoid content and radical scavenging effect such as 2, 2′-azinobis- (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS●+) radical decolorization assay, DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl, 2-picryl hydrazyl) radical scavenging, nitric oxide radical scavenging, reducing power assays. Results: According to IC50 values obtained, PDME contains more powerful antioxidant compounds than gallic acid. The level of plasma vitamin C and the levels of Vitamin E and GSH in the plasma and erythrocyte lysate were decreased while the buccal tissue levels of vitamin E and GSH were increased in DMBA induced animals. Pretreatment with P.daemia (200 mg/kg bw) to DMBA induced animals significantly (P<0.05) increased the levels of plasma and erythrocyte vitamin C, vitamin E and GSH where as the levels of vitamin E and GSH in the buccal tissue were increased compared to DMBA alone induced animals. Conclusions: The PDME exhibited strong antioxidant activity in fr ee radical scavenging assays and hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis.

524-529

Authors: Bhagavathi S, Gulshan Wadhwa , Anil Prakash

Objective: The present study aims predict the three dimensional structure of three major proteins responsible for causing Lung cancer. Methods: These are the differentially expressed proteins in lung cancer dataset. Initially, the structural template for these proteins is identified from structural database using homology search and perform homology modelling approach to predict its native 3D structure. Three-dimensional model obtained was validated using Ramachandran plot analysis to find the reliability of the model. Results: Four proteins were differentially expressed and were significant proteins in causing lung cancer. Among the four proteins, Matrixmetallo proteinase (P39900) had a known 3D structure and hence was not considered for modelling. The remaining proteins Polo like kinase I Q58A51, Trophinin B1AKF1, Thrombomodulin P07204 were modelled and validated. Conclusions: The three dimensional structure of proteins provides insights about the functional aspect and regulatory aspect of the protein. Thus, this study will be a breakthrough for further lung cancer related studies.

536-544

Authors: Amreen Fatima, Parul Agrawal, Prem Prakash Singh

The most spreading disease nowadays is diabetes. In a fast changing world, a number of means to treat diabetes naturally are explored by experts and clinicians today. Long-term use of insulin and other oral hypoglycemic agent will create unwanted side effects, resulting uncontrolled increase in blood sugar as well as complications with heart diseases also diabetics are highly prone to different types of microorganism and it will affect immune system of body. To avoid such problems herbal medications has greater advantages. Instead of using these types of allopathic formulations, it is beneficial to use Ayurvedic formulations for better management of diabetes mellitus. In this review, around a hundred of herbal plants were showing hypoglycemic activity and still they are using as home remedies for the effective treatment for diabetes mellitus.