Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine

841-846

Authors: RC Adiele, BB Fakae, IU Isuzu

Objective To elucidate the pharmacological bases of oral administration of Securidaca longepedunculata (S. longepedunculata) root extract as an anthelmintic in folkloric medicine. Methods Albino mice were infected with infective third (L3) larval stage of Heligmosomoides polygyrus (H. polygyrus) by esophageal intubation. Following establishment of the adult worms in the intestine, the mice were treated with 0–2 000 mg/kg body weight (bw) of methanolic root extract of S. longepedunculata and 100 mg/kg bw of pyrantel embonate, the reference drug in vivo. Bioactivity and larvicidal effects of the extract were tested by exposing brine shrimps (Artemia salina) to 0.00–1.00 mg/mL and the L3 stage of Heligmosomoides contortus (H. contortus) and H. polygyrus to 0.00–2.50 mg/mL of the extract in vitro. Results The percentage yield of the extract was 7.13% w/w dry matter. The brine shrimps toxicity bioassay resulted in an LC50 of 74.18 μg/mL. The extract had a significant, dose–dependent larvicidal effect on the L3 stage of H. contortus and H. polygyrus with the terminal effect of 75% and 70% at the highest exposure concentrations, respectively. The extract however, did not affect the number of worm eggs per gram (epg) of fecal materials (P<0.05) and total worm burden (twb) of adult H. polygyrus in infected mice. Treatment with pyrantel embonate significant reduced both the fecal egg count and twb to 0 compared to the untreated control (P<0.05). Conclusions These results indicate that S. longepedunculata root extract contains potent bioactive compounds and has larvicidal effect on L3 stage of H. contortus and H. polygyrus, substantiating its use as anthelmintic in alternative medicine.

854-858

Authors: Selvaraj Premalatha, Kuppusamy Elumalai, Alagarmalai Jeyasankar

Objective To determine the larvicidal and pupicidal activites of Solanum trilobatum (S. trilobatum) leaf extracts against Aedes aegypti (Ae. aegypti), Culex quinquefasciatus (Cx. quinquefasciatus) and Anopheles stephensi (An. stephensi). Methods The larvicidal and pupucidal was determined at five different concentrations of 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 ppm. Percentage of larval mortality was assessed after 48 h. Results Methanol extracts of S. trilobatum was found to be more susceptible against the larvae of Ae. aegypti, Cx. quinquefasciatus and An. stephensi at 250 ppm with a LC50 value of 125.43, 127.77 and 116.64 ppm respectively. Leaf methanol extracts of S. trilobatum also exhibited pupicidal and adult emergence properties. Conclusions These results suggested that the leaf extracts of S. trilobatum showed potential to be used as an ideal ecofriendly approach for the control of the Ae. Aegypti, Cx. quinquefasciatus and An. stephensi.

865-868

Authors: CH Houben, H Fleischmann, M Gückel

Objective To assess the prevalence of malaria parasitemia in north–east Nigeria and to evaluate the measures for the prevention of malaria. Methods A village in north–eastern Nigeria was selected for the cross sectional study at the height of the rainy season in October 2011. A total of 550 inhabitants of a hamlet were recruited for this study. After obtaining the consent individuals received a structured interview and were tested for malaria parasites in their blood films. Recruits testing positive for malaria were given a course of artemesinin–based combination therapy (ACT). Results A total of 497 inhabitants representing approximately 90 percent of the population participated: a quarter of the study group carried malaria parasitesexclusively Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum)–representing a P. falciparum parasite rate (PfPR) of 24.5%. Besides, 53/138 in the age group of 2 to < 10 years old children tested positive for P. falciparum representing a PfPR2–10 value of 38.4%. Malaria control measures were used in just under a third (157/497) of this cohort. Despite these measures 28/157 (17.8%) still tested positive for P. falciparum. Conclusions The malaria burden is overestimated for this region in north–east Nigeria. The findings support an intermediate pattern of malaria endemicity. The 30% bed nets coverage for malaria control is well below the WHO estimates for 2011.

876-883

Authors: MBS Donio, SFA Ronica, V Thanga Viji, S Velmurugan, J Adlin Jenifer, M Michaelbabu, T Citarasu

Objective To characterize the pharmacological importance of biosurfactants isolated from halophilic Bacillus sp BS3. Methods Halophilic Bacillus sp. BS3 was isolated from solar salt works, identified by 16S rRNA sequencing and was used for screening their biosurfactant production. Characters of the biosurfactant and their anticancer activity were analyzed and performed in mammary epithelial carcinoma cell at different concentrations. Results The biosurfactant were characterized by TLC, FTIR and GC–MS analysis and identified as lipopeptide type. GC–MS analysis revealed that, the biosurfactant had various compounds including 13–Docosenamide, (Z); Mannosamine, 9– and N,N,N',N'–tetramethyl. Surprisingly the antiviral activity was found against shrimp white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) by suppressing the viral replication and significantly raised shrimp survival (P<0.01). Anticancer activity performed in the mammary epithelial carcinoma cell at different concentrations of biosurfactants, among the various concentrations of biosurfactants such as 0.000 25, 0.002 5, 0.025, 0.25 and 2.5μg, the 0.25 μg concentration suppressed the cells significantly (P<0.05) to 24.8%. Conclusions Based on the findings, the present study concluded that, there is a possibility to develop eco–friendly antimicrobial and anticancer drugs from the extremophilic origin.

889-892

Authors: Shu–Jie Zhao, Dong Zhang, Shi–Ji Wang, Ying Chen, Jin–Feng Han, Yu–Shan Wang

Objective To analyze the effect of intestinal function–recovering decoction on multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in rats, and to investigate a novel solution to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Methods Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome was induced in 60 Sprague–Dawley rats by intestinal ischemia–reperfusion combined with cecal ligation and puncture. Then these rats were intragastrically administered physiological saline (group I, n=20), ampicillin (group II, n=20) or intestinal function–recovering decoction (group III, n=20). After treatment, serum malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase levels were compared among three groups. Simultaneously, bacterial culture of various organ tissues was performed and bacterial and endotoxin translocation were observed. Results Compared with group I, serum malondialdehyde, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels were significantly decreased (all P<0.05) and serum superoxide dismutase level was significantly increased (P<0.05) in the group III. However, there were no significant differences in these indices between groups II and III (P>0.05). The rate of bacterial translocation in the groups II and III was significantly lower than in the group I (P<0.05), and no significant difference was observed between groups II and III (P>0.05). Conclusions Intestinal function–recovering decoction can significantly reduce endotoxin and bacterial translocation and stabilize enteral oxidative–antioxidative balance.

897-901

Authors: Li Wang, Zhi–Qiang Liu, Ying–Qian Huo, Li–Juan Yao, Xue–Gong Wei, Yun–Fang Wang

Objective To investigate the change of the hs–CRP, sVCAM–1, NT–proBNP levels of the patients with pregnancy–induced hypertension (PIH) syndrome. Methods A total of 200 patients with PIH were divided into mild, moderate and severe group, and 50 healthy pregnancy patients served as the control group. The serum sVCAM–1 levels were detected by enzyme–linked immunosorbent assay, hs–CRP were detected by immunity transmission turbidity, and NT–proBNP levels were determined by the colloidal gold method. Patients were treated with magnesium sulfate and nifudipine and the contrastive analysis was performed before and after treatment. And the pathological changes in placental of PIH patients were detected by hematoxylin–eosin staining at the same time. Results The hs–CRP, sVCAM–1, NT–proBNP levels of patients in the mild, moderate and severe PIH group were significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). The hs–CRP, sVCAM–1, NT–proBNP levels in the severe group were significantly higher than the mild group and the moderate group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The hs–CRP, sVCAM–1, NT–proBNP of the moderate group were significantly higher than the mild group (P<0.05). There was a positive correlation between hs–CRP, sVCAM–1, NT–proBNP expression levels and the degree of the PIH. The expression of hs–CRP, sVCAM–1, NT–proBNP levels of the moderate and the severe group were significantly decreased (P<0.05). The number of placental villi and interstitial blood vessel in the moderate and severe PIH group were significantly less than the control group (P<0.05). Conclusions The increased levels of serum hs–CRP, sVCAM–1, NT–proBNP may be involved in the process of vascular endothelial cell injury of the PIH, and the hs–CRP, sVCAM–1, NT–proBNP can be used as the auxiliary index for diagnosis of PIH and determination of PIH severity.

908-911

Authors: Jia–Jia Wu, Shun–Chang Jiao

Objective To investigate the expression of hENTl and ERCC1 genes in tumor tissues non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods Fresh non–small lung cancer specimens were transplanted into nude mice. Twenty mice were randomized into two groups: experimental group receiving gemcitabine plus cisplatin and control group receiving 0.9% physiological saline. The expressions of hENTl and ERCC1 mRNA in tumor tissue were detected by real–time fluorescent quantitative PCR. The volume of tumor, the weight of nude mice and tumor volume were respectively measured and calculated 2–3 times per week. Tissue samples were collected from NSCLC mice treated with gemcitabine plus carboplatin. Results The histological examination showed that many tumor cells were well preserved in nude mice. The rate of transplanted tumor cells was 86.7%. The concomitant treatment study showed that the rate of TV, RTV, T/C in GEM + DDP group was the lowest. LBP + DOC, DDP + DOC obviously influenced the body weight. Compared with NS group, DDP group, GEM group, the survival period and the level of hENTl of DDP+GEM group increased obviously, the level of ERCC1 decreased significantly (P<0.05). Conclusions The expression of hENT1 and ERCC1 genes in tumor tissues were closely correlated with the response to chemotherapy and prognosis of patients with NSCLC treated with gemcitabine plus cisplatin.

916-920

Authors: Ling–Zhi Liu, En–Ping Wu, Heng–Liang Liu

Objective To explore the relation between K469E gene polymorphism of intercellular adhesion molecular–1 (ICAM–1) and the recurrence of ACS and cardiovascular mortality. Methods A total of 185 patients with ACS hospitalized in Department of Cardiology in our hospital from Sep 2007 to Sep 2008 were selected as objectives. Polymerase chain reaction was used to analyze K469E gene polymorphism of ICAM–1. According to the genotypes, they were divided into two groups: group with K allele (KK+KE) and group without K allele (EE). The two groups were followed up prospectively for five years and blood lipid, blood pressure, blood glucose, recurrence and death of ACS were collected when the patients left hospital. The relation between ICAM–1 gene polymorphism and the recurrence of ACS and cardiovascular mortality was analyzed by Logistic regression. Results After long–term follow–up, it was found that ACS recurred on 71 cases (38.4%) and 10 cases died, among which 3 cases died of cardiovascular disease. The recurrence of ACS and cardiovascular mortality in group with K allele were remarkably higher than that in group without K allele (P<0.01). After multivariate Logistic regression adjusted ages, gender, weight indexes, TC, LDL–C, TG, smoking, drinking, family history of cardiovascular disease, history of hypertension and the severity of coronary artery disease, the risks of ACS recurrence and cardiovascular mortality in group with genotype KK+KE was 3.31 and 3.53 times of those in group with genotype EE respectively (P<0.01). When the independent variable of hypertension was introduced in regression analysis, the risks of ACS recurrence and cardiovascular mortality in group with K allele both decreased (P<0.05). When the independent variable of HDL–C was introduced, different genotypes of ICAM–1 weren't relevant with ACS recurrence and cardiovascular mortality (P>0.05). Conclusions K469E gene polymorphism of ICAM–1 was related to ACS recurrence and cardiovascular mortality, K allele probably an independent risky factor and hypertension and to which the level of HDL–C were closely related.