Journal of Coastal Life Medicine

925-930

Authors: Md. Ariful Islam, Abu Saim Mahammed Shadat Mandal, Md. Shaheed Reza, Md. Alamgir, Md. Khalilur Rahman, Md. Kamal, Subhash Chandra Chakraborty

Objective: To optimize the dose of 3 commonly used growth promoters, viz., Nuricell-Aqua (composition: glucomannan complex and mannose polymer), Hepaprotect-Aqua (composition: β-glucan, mannose polymer and essential oil) and Rapid-Grow (composition: organic acid and their salt, β-glucan, mannose oligosaccharide and essential oil), using Thai pangas (Pangasiandon hypophthalmus) as cultured species. Methods: Thai pangas fingerlings with an average length and weight of 11 cm and 10 g were rweiathre ad tuesntd deire tl aabt oar artaotriyo ocfo n10d%it ioofn t haenidr bgordoyw twhe pigrhotm foorte ar sp wereiored foefd 2 8a fdte. rE sinticmoartpioonra otifn dga ttah eomn gcroonwdtuhc tseudc han ads dwaetaig whte rgea iann a(gly),z sepde ucsifiincg g srtoawtitshti craatle s,o sfutwrvairvea.bility (%) test in each aquarium were Results: After 28 d of feeding with Nutricell-Aqua, 10 mg/(20 g feed·day), which was the dose rweecroem emmepnldoyeedd b, yp ethrfeo rmmaannucfea cwtuarse fro, uwnads tfoo ubned b beettteterr w. Withh ethne H deopsaep orof t6e0c tm-Ag/q(2u0a g a nfede dR·adpaiyd) -wGhriocwh was 1.5 times higher than the dose recommended by the corresponding manufacturer. Conclusions: These results suggest that chemicals and feed additives marketed in Bangladesh mFiasrhk eFteeded. Mark

940-946

Authors: Manivachagam Chandrasekaran, Venugopalan Venkatesalu, Gnanaprakasam Adaikala Raj

Objective: To evaluate the antibacterial activity of different extracts of Caulerpa chemnitzia (Epser) J.V. Lamououx, Caulerpa racemosa (Frosk.) Weber-van-Bosse (C. racemosa), Caulerpa scalpelliformis (R.Br.) Weber-van-Bosse, Ulva lactuca Lin, Ulva fasciata Dellie, Ulva reticulata Forsk, Stoechospermum marginatum (Ag.) Kutz (S. marginatum), Sargassum wightii Grev, Gracilaria verrucosa (Huds.) Papenfuss and Gracilaria edulis (S.G. Gemelin) P.C. Silva against Enterococcus faecalis (MTCC 439) (E. faecalis) and one clinical isolate of vancomycin resistant E. faecalis. Methods: The selected marine macro algae were extracted with different solvents viz chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol. Antibacterial assay was carried out by u.,s ihnegx adnisec, dcoifnfucseinotnra mtioenth. od, determination of minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal Results: The maximum antibacterial activity was recorded in the ethyl acetate extracts of S. marginatum and C. racemosa than the other extracts. The mean zone of inhibition produced by the mexitnraimctusm in i nahgiabr idtoirfyfu csoionnc eanstsraaytsio ang waianss bt ethtwe eteenst e25d0 baancdte 5r0i0a lμ sgt/rmaiLn,s wrahnilgee tdh efr ommin 7i.m1 utom 1 4b.a5c mtemric. iTdhael cporensceennctrea otifo snt rwoansg ftreormpe 5n0o0i dtos , 1t 0a0n0n iμngs/ manLd. Tphhee neothliycl caocmetpaoteu nedxtsr accotms poaf rtehde wseitahw teheed so tshheorw seodlv tehnet extracts. Conclusions: These findings suggest that ethyl acetate extracts of S. marginatum and C. racemosa can be used as an antibacterial substance for the treatment of infection caused by E. faecalis.

953-961

Authors: Krishnapuram Rashmi, Jeevigunta Naveena Lavanya Latha, Pamarthi Maruthi Mohan

Objective: To isolate and demonstrate the mechanism of metal transport in mutant (CSM) of Neurospora crassa (N. crassa). cobalt-sensitive Methods: Isolation of CSM of N. crassa, I50 determination, growth measurements, metal ion ulopctuask.e studies and sexual crosses were performed to determine the mechanism of sensitivity and Results: CSMs of N. crassa were isolated by mutagenesis with diethyl sulfate. More than 500 siseonlsaitteivse w teor eC os corne elinqeudi da nmde doiuutm o fa sth ceosme pisaorleadt etso, tChSeM w-ilId w taysp e5.- Cfoolmd paonsdit iConSaMl -aInI awlyassi s1 0o-f fcoelldl cweallll wreavlle farlaecdt itohne t hdaencr weailsde tiynp eto. tTahl ep hdoastap hinadtei ccaotnedte cnlto. sNer. lcirnaksasag eC bSeMtw beoeunn rde smisutcahn clee sasn dco mbaaltti ntog type locus (mat), which is, located on LG I. Conclusions: A CSM of N. crassa is 5-fold more sensitive than wild type and cross sensitive to mniecckheal nainsdm cfoopr pseern asnitdiv ihtyyp iesr -daecccrueamsuelda tiens c2o-b4a flot-ldb imndoirneg t otxoi cc emlle wtaal lli ofnrsa cotvioenr wanildd itnycpree.a Tshede minatrpasc etoll suilmari luapr tlaokceu.s N. . c

970-974

Authors: Mathewos Anza, Erimias Haile, Sisay Tadesse, Fikre Mammo, Milkyas Endale

Objective: To isolate and characterize chemical constituents of the roots of Zanthoxylum chalybeum (Z. chalybeum). Methods: A number of phytochemical tests were applied to identify the class of compounds wpraess eanptp ilnie dth eto C sHe2pCalr2/aCteH 3tOhHe c(1o:n1)s triotoute nextstr aocf tt.h Ceo CluHmn chromatographic separation technique spectroscopic techniques [UV-vis, infrared radiation2,C nl2u/CclHea3Or Hm a(1g:n1e) trioco rte esxontraancct ea (nNdM vRa)r i(1oHu-s NpuMrRe ,c 1o3mC pNoMunRd, sD. EPT-135, COSY, gHSQC and gHMBC)] were used to determine the structures of Results: Phytochemical screening of the CH2Cl2/CH3OH (1:1) root extract of Z. chalybeum rcehvreoamleadto gthraep phriecs seenpcaer aotfi oanlk oafl othides e, xfltaravcotn yoiiedlsd, etde rap enneowi dcso,n tiafenrnyiln as lcaonhdo al ndtehrriavqautiivneo, n2e, s3.- Ceoplouxmy-n 6,7-methylenedioxyconiferyl alcohol (1) together with the known alkaloid, dihydrochelerythrine (2). Conclusions: The present work conducted on the CH2Cl2:CH3OH (1:1) root extract of Z. chalybeum itwdeon ctiofmiepdo vuanrdios uwse crela dsso noef ucsoimngp osupnecdtsr opsrceospeinct tienc hthneiq uroeost oefx wtrhaiccth. Ca ocmonpilfeetrey lc ahlacroahcotel rdizearitvioanti voef (1) was identified for the first time.

980-985

Authors: Manickam Pavunraj, Kathirvelu Baskar, Sundaram Janarthanan, Munusamy Arumugam

Objective: To evaluate the antibacterial and antifeedant activities of dichloromethane, and aqueous extracts of Spilanthes acmella (L.) (S. acmella) Murr against selected bacteria la sctertaoinnes and larvae of Leucinodes orbonalis Guen. Methods: Solvent extracts were tested against pathogenic microbes using disc diffusion method and fruit disc no-choice method for antifeedant activity. Results: The study revealed that dichloromethane extract of S. acmella leaf showed broad sopbesecrtrvuemd iann tdiibcahcltoerroimale athcatinveit yle aagf aeixntsrta catl lo tfh Se. taecsmteedl lbaa acgteariinas.t MEasxchimeruicmh izao ncoel io f[ (1in8.h9i依b0i.t3io4n) mwmas] followed by Staphylococcus aureus [(18.6依1.31) mm], Proteus vulgaris [(17.2依0.68) mm], Bacillus subtilis [(17.0依0.76) mm] and Klebsiella pneumonia [(16.4依1.55) mm] at 5 mg/disc concentration. The aqueous extract was moderately inhibited the tested bacteria at all the concentrations. Dwihcehnlo croommeptahraende teox tarcaectt osnheo wed good antifeedant activity against Leucinodes orbonalis (68.88%) preliminary phytochemical an(6a0l.y8s0is% )s haonwde adq tuheeo purse s(4e5n.c4e8 %o)f eaxlktraalocitds sa, tt e5r%p ecnoonidcse,n ptrhayttioosnte. rTohlse, saponins, steroid, tannins and phenolic compounds. Conclusions: The study suggests that the dichloromethane leaf extract of S. acmella could be used to develop a novel herbal formulation to control pathogenic bacteria and agricultural pests.

993-997

Authors: Majid Kalantar, Mostafa Rezaei, Jalal Salary, Hamid Reza Hemati Matin

Objective: To test the effect of supplementation of Thymus vulgaris L. (T. vulgaris) or Glycyrrhiza glabra (G. glabra) in corn-soybean meal diets as well as the inclusion of an exogenous enzyme i.e. Combo® in barley-soybean meal diets together with mentioned medicinal plants in broiler diets. Methods: A total of 270 unsexed 1-day-old broiler chickens (Ross 308) was randomly assigned to 6in tcrleuastimone notfs Tw. ivtuhl g3 arreips,l iGca. tgiolanbsr aof, t1h5e biri rmdsix itnu reea ch. Diets were comprised of the control (T1), the (equal amount), Combo® supplementation (T2, T3, Tp4lu asn edq uTa5,l raemspouecntti voef ltye)s itne dd imetesd bicaisneadl ponla nctosr n-soybean meal diets and enzyme supplementation plants and enzyme were included in diets at le(Tve6)l based on barley-soybean meal diets. Medicinal 0.5% and 0.2% of diets, respectively. Results: The highest feed intake was obtained by T1 at 1-21 d of age (P<0.05). All diets caused tsoig cnoifnictraonl ta itn tchriesa saegse i(nP

1002-1006

Authors: Hamid Kassiri, Ali Kasiri, Hossein Najafi, Masoud Lotfi, Elnaz Kasiri

Objective: To examine the epidemiological features of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Genaveh County, Southern Iran. Methods: This descriptive study was conducted during 2004-2008. A questionnaire was coof mcuptlaenteedo ufos rl eeiaschhm caansiea sriesg laersdiionngs aegtce., Sguesnpdeecrt, epdl aaccet ivoef rleessiidoennsc we,e rthe es cnruampebde rw ainthd alo sctaetriiolne ebxlaadmei naendd uthned esra am lpiglehst smmiceraorsecdo poen tfoo rg tlhases p srleisdeensc, efi xoef da mwaitshti gmoeteths.a nol, stained with Giemsa and Results: Totally, 135 cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis came to the health centers. The highest nocucmubrreerd o df upraitniegn wtsi nctaetrc. hTihneg mcuotsatn heioguhsl yl eiinsfhemctaendi aasgies gwraosu pfo wuansd 1i nto 2 1000 6y (ena=rs5 4.)T. hMeo hsta ncdasse ws e(5re6 .3th%e) mococsutr areffde cinte rdu praalr tasr eoaf st.h e body. About 54% of the patients had one lesion. The most cases (53.3%) Concluions: It is important for the health authorities to take powerful actions to control cutaneous leishmaniasis. Meanwhile, It is significant to prepare quick treatment of cases.

841-844

Authors: Aliakbar Hedayati, Mohammad Forouhar Vajargah, Ahmad Mohamadi Yalsuyi, Safoura Abarghoei, Michael Hajiahmadyan

Objective: To determine acute toxicity of abamectin (abamectin used for agricultural also is a common acaridae used in farms) to common carp (Cyprinus carpio). fields and Methods: In this research, common carps were exposed to abamectin for 96 h. LC50 values of 24 h, 4to8 dhi,f f7e2r ehn at ncdo n9c6e hn twraetrieo nast tained by probit analysis software SPSS Version 16. Fish were exposed properties of water used fo(1r, t2h,e 3s,e 6 ,e x1p2 earnimd e1n5 tms gw/eLr) eo fs taabbalme eacntdin efvoer r9y6 mh oarntadl iptyh ywsiacso crehceomrdiceadl daily. Results: The 96 h LC50 of abamectin for Cyprinus carpio was 1.243 mg/L. Conclusions: Eventually toxicity values indicated that abamectin has same toxicity in studied other specie and we can state lower value of LC50 for studied specie in compare with most species.

849-854

Authors: Maushmi Shailesh Kumar, Sukanya Gopalkrishnan

Objective: To test three marine sponges Halichondria glabrata Keller, 1891; Spirastrella pachyspira (S. pachyspira) Levi, 1958 and Cliona lobata Hancock, 1849 for the presence of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in both young and developed samples from western coastal area of India. S. pachyspira methanolic extract was selected for anti/pro angiogenic activity. Methods: They were evaluated for AChE activity using Ellman’s assay based on production oamf ymeolnloiuwm c soulolprheadt e5 -prtehciiop-it2a-tinointr aonbde nczhoaaratect.e Priuzaritfioicna btiyo nso doifu tmh ed oednezcyyml seu wlfaatse pploalynancerdyl aumsiindge agnelti aenlegciotrgoepnhico rteesstiisn. gC.horioallantoic membrane (ChAM) assay model was used for angiogenic/ Results: All the three sponges showed good specific enzyme activity and S. pachyspira contained pmraoxteiminu msa msppelcei fgica veen zsyinmgel ea cbtaivnidty a. tS i6x6t yk Dpear cceonrtr eosfp aomndminong iutom t hseu lptrhuaet eA pCrheEc.i pCihtaAtMio na sosfa yc rwudaes pweitrhfo armntei da nagt i6o2g.e5n, i1c2 5a.c0 taivnidty 2 a5t0 .a0l lμ tgh/em cLo.n Dcoesnatgraet iboenyso. nd 250 μg/mL extract showed toxic response Conclusions: AChE activity was detected in all samples. Extract showed good anti-angiogenic nreosrpmoanls eg raotw 6t2h. 5a nμdg /dmeLv.e Eloxptrmaecnt tw oafs thhieg helmy btoryxoic aat ff5e0c0t iμngg/ mmLic. rWoviatshc ufulartthuerer cohf aCrhaAcMte raisz awtieolnl aosf btuiomaocrt iavcet icvoitmy.pounds

859-863

Authors: Duraiarasan Surendhiran, Mani Vijay, Abdul Razack Sirajunnisa, Thiruvengadam Subramaniyan, Ammavasai Shanthalin Shellomith, Kuppusamy Tamilselvam

Objective: To determine the antibacterial and anti-candidal activities of fatty acid methyl esters (aFcAtiMvEit)y eoxft racted from marine microalga Nannochloropsis oculata and evaluate the inhibition DNA isolated from test pathogenic microorganism. Methods: FAME was synthesized by transesterification of oil using immobilized lipase and cuhsianrga cgtaesri zcehdro umsaintogg rgaapsh cyh. rTohmea atongtrimapihcryo-bmiaals es ffsepcetc wtraosm teetsetre.d T bhye dFAisMc Ed ipffruosfiiloen wmaes thdoedte ramgaininesdt Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and yeast Candida albicans, at varying concentrations of 10, 20 and 30 μL/disc. Results: The results shown that palmitic acid (C16:0), oleic acid (C18:1) and arachidic acid (C20:0) awgearien sdto Gmrianma-ntn eing aNtivaen nthoacnh laogroapinsisst oGcrualma-tap oosiilt. ivTeh ea nsdtu ydeya srte. vDeNaAle din hthibaitt iFoAnM aEc twivaisty mreosruel tasc atilvseo confirmed that FAME had the bactericidal effect that was revealed by sheared fragments of DNA. Conclusions: The results indicated that microalgal FAME could be potentially utilized as a newer and good source of therapeutic agent in pharmaceutical industry.

872-875

Authors: Stephen Olaribigbe Majekodunmi, Akanimo Akpan Essien

Objective: To explore the antifungal and antibacterial activity of methanolic extract of Cassia alata (C. alata) and its formulations for skin diseases. Methods: Sundried leaves of C. alata Linn. were extracted using different solvents as follows: water, methanol, ethanol, n-hexane and lastly with acetone. The crude extract was investigated for antifungal and antibacterial activities using disc diffusion method against Coccidioides immitis, Exophilia dermatitidis, Aspergillus fumigatus and human pathogenic fungi Candida albicans and a group of bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of the methanolic extract were determined using the agar dilution method. Herbal ointments were prepared by incorporating the methanol extract of C. alata into emulsifying ointment to obtain different concentrations of 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/mL. Results: The methanol extraction gave the maximum extraction. The formulated C. alata ointment when compared with standard drugs nystatin and streptomycin in vitro was more effective against the microorganisms. Conclusions: This study showed that C. alata had antifungal and antibacterial activities when formulated as ointment for topical use and could, therefore, explained its folkloric use for the treatment of dermatitis.

882-887

Authors: Perwez Alam, Mohamed Fahd Alajmi, Nasir Ali Siddiqui, Adnan J Al-Rehaily, Omar Ahmed Basudan

Objective: To develop a simple sensitive high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC)-densitometric method for quantification of glycyrrhizin in the Glycyrrhiza glabra root methanol extract and licorice root capsule methanol extract. Methods: Chromatography was performed on glass-backed silica gel 60 F254 HPTLC plates with the green solvents ethyl acetate: glacial acetic acid: methanol: water in proportion of 6:2:1:0.5, v/v/v/v as mobile phase. Scanning and quantification of developed plate was done densitometrically at 254 nm. The method was validated for detection and quantification limits, precision, recovery and robustness according to International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. Results: The system gave compact spot for glycyrrhizin (Rf=0.280依0.001). The regression curve of standard was found to be Y=4.213x+22.078. The limit of detection (15.7 ng per band), limit of quantification (47.1 ng per band), recovery (99.4%-99.8%) and precision (≤1.62% and ≤1.84%; intraday and interday) were satisfactory for glycyrrhizin. Linearity range for glycyrrhizin was 20-200 ng (r2=0.996). The content of glycyrrhizin was estimated as 5.9% and 11.2% w/w in glycyrrhizin in the Glycyrrhiza glabra root methanol extract and licorice root capsule methanol extract, respectively. Conclusions: This estimation technique is very much useful for the estimation of glycyrrhizin present in various formulations as well as for quality control of crude drugs containing glycyrrhizin.

895-898

Authors: Sueptrakool Wisessombat, Chatruthai Meethai

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in dyspepsia patients and its relation to virulence factor cagA gene. Methods: In total, 110 gastric biopsies from dyspeptic patients were comparatively studied using rapid urease test and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: Multiplex PCR detected three genes of 16S rRNA, cagA, and ureC. H. pylori was detected in 14 gastric biopsies (13%). Significantly higher numbers of female were infected. Furthermore, cagA gene was found in all H. pylori-positive specimens. In addition, the result indicated that the multiplex PCR with annealing temperature at 57 oC was able to effectively amplify specific products. Conclusions: The results confirmed high prevalence of cagA gene in H. pylori among dyspeptic patients in Southern Thailand.

903-906

Authors: Priti Singh, Salman Khan, Rabindra Kumar Mittal

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in subjects with type 2 diabetes and the effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) on other biochemical variables. Methods: To determine the incidence of abnormal thyroid hormone levels in diabetics in Nepalgunj Medical College and Hospital, Nepal, blood samples from 100 diabetic subjects and 100 non-diabetic controls were taken between 1st February, 2012 to 31st January, 2013 for investigation of free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), plasma glucose fasting, serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, very low density lipoprotein, blood urea, serum creatinine, total protein and albumin. Randox kits obtained from Randox Laboratories Ltd., Ardmore, UK were used for the analysis of FT3, FT4 and TSH. Results: Our findings showed that the level of FT3 and FT4 were significantly lower while the level of TSH was significantly higher in T2D as compared to non-diabetics. From the 100 diabetic subjects studied, 29% showed abnormal thyroid hormone levels (24% hypothyroidism and 5% hyperthyroidism). Conclusions: Our findings indicate that the frequency of thyroid is significantly higher in type 2 diabetic patients than in non-diabetic control group. Further studies are required to recognize the cause of hypothyroidism in T2D.

915-917

Authors: Alcides Troncoso

No

757-761

Authors: Viswanathan Karthik, Thomas Ancy, Dharmaraj Ramkumar, Narayanasamy Mathivanan, Rangarajan Badri Narayanan

Objective: To assess the multitudinal antimicrobial effects of recombinant lysozyme from Fenneropenaeus indicus (rFi-Lyz) in comparison with commercially available egg white lysozyme (rHEWL). recombinant hen Methods: Antimicrobial activity of the recombinant rFi-Lyz using several Gram positive, Gexrpamre snseedga atinvde pbuarcitfeierida uasnindg f ungi in comparison with rHEWL has been evaluated. rFi-Lyz was yeast Candida krusei, plant mNolid2+s a fRfihniiztoyc tcohnrioam saotloagnria panhdy. FTuhsea reifufemc ts oolfa rnFii -wLaysz aisns ethssee dgr obwy twh eolfl diffusion assay in petri plates with potato dextrose agar. Results: rFi-Lyz exhibited high inhibitory activity on Gram positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. Among various Gram negative bacteria tested Klebsiella pneumoniae exhibited the highest inhibition followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Shigella dysenteriae. rFi-Lyz also exhibited significant inhibition on two marine pathogens Aeromonas veronii and Vibrio alginolyticus. Among the various fungal strains tested, rFi-Lyz ointhheibr ipteladn tths ef ugnrgouwst hR hoifz obcutdondiian gs oyleaansi ta Cnda nFduidsaar ikurmus oeix yssipgonriufimca wntelrye. rFeutartrhdeerd tbhye rgFrio-wLtyhz oinf ttwheo plate inhibition assay. Conclusions: rFi-Lyz exhibits a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity like a natural antibiotic on various pathogenic bacteria and fungal strains.

769-772

Authors: Mascha Stroobant, Milena Polifrone, María Ascensión Viera-Rodríguez

Objective: To record the reproductive pattern of a natural population of Pterocladiella capillacea from G áldar (Canary Islands, Spain) from February to August in relation to temperature, irradiance and photoperiod environmental conditions. Methods: Field observation of reproductive thalli was used at different seasons in the year. Results: Tetrasporophytes and vegetative thalli were observed during all the period of study, while female gametophytes bearing cystocarps have been found from May to August in correspondence with the highest water temperature and irradiance values. Conclusions: Our data suggest that the temperature may be the determining factor which regulates the presence of tetrasporophytes in the field. The constant presence of tetrasporophytes could depend on the low excursion range of water temperature (4-5 °C) throughout the period of study, with the highest abundance in February at 20 °C.

784-790

Authors: Khairun Yahya, Shuhaida Shuib, Fatin Izzati Minhat, Omar Ahmad, Anita Talib

Objective: To investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of benthic foraminiferal assemblages in relation with environmental parameters in Penang Island (the northern part of Malacca Straits, west coast of Peninsula Malaysia). Methods: Foraminifera samples were obtained from 144 sediment samples collected bimonthly throughout a one year sampling period using Ponar grab. These samples were then fixed with 4% buffered formalin stained with Rose Bengal. Temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and pH were detected in-situ at six sampling points within each transect approximately one metre above the seafloor. Sediment samples collected was also used to determine particle size. Results: A total of fourteen benthic foraminiferal genera obtained from two major groups belonging to the calcareous and agglutinated groups have been identified at all four sampling locations throughout the sampling period. The abundance of 13 out of 14 species were significantly affected by different sampling sites and times (P<0.05). Physicochemical variables comprising temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and pH differed among sites and sampling months (P<0.05). Conclusions: The distribution of foraminifera in terms of abundance and presence of species indicated dominance by calcareous genera of foraminifera contributed by significantly great abundances of Ammonia sp. and relatively low abundance of agglutinated taxa. This pattern of distribution could indicate a close association between foraminifera and physicochemical parameters.

799-804

Authors: Bachir Raho Ghalem, Benali Mohamed

Objective: To evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial activities of the crude oil of Eucalyptus camaldulensis (E. camaldulensis) leaves. Methods: The essential oils of E. camaldulensis harvested from the garden of the Health Center in Sidi Bel Abbes city (North West of Algeria), were screened for their antibacterial activities against two clinical bacteria [Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)] by the agar disc diffusion method and broth dilution susceptibility assay. Results: The diameter of zones of inhibition by the leaf extracts of E. camaldulensis was 10- 31 mm and 10-26 mm respectively for E. coli and S. aureus. Gram positive S. aureus was more resistant to tested essential oil than Gram negative E. coli. Conclusions: The results suggested a potential antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of E. camaldulensis, which may find its application in future research for the food and pharmaceutical industry.

811-816

Authors: Sha Md. Shahan Shahriar, Shaikh M Mohsin Ali, Mele Jesmin, Md. Khairul Islam, Sarozit Mondal

Objective: To study the anticancer activities of three schiff bases viz. vanillin thiosemicarbazone, benzophenone thiosemicarbazone and acetophenone thiosemicarbazone against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells in Swiss albino mice. Methods: Synthesized compounds have administrated into the intraperitoneal cavity of the EAC inoculated mice at two doses. The anticancer activities have studied by monitoring the parameters such as cell growth inhibition, tumor weight measurement, survival time of EAC bearing mice as well as the changes in depleted hematological parameters due to tumorgenesis. All such data have been compared with those of a known standard drug bleomycin at the dose of 0.3 mg/kg (i.p. ). Results: It has been found that these bases enhanced life span, reduced average tumor weight and inhibited tumor cell growth of EAC cell bearing mice remarkably. The results were similar in potency to those obtained with bleomycin. It was also found that the depleted hematological parameters (red blood count, white blood count and haemoglobin content) were found to be restored gradually towards normal within few weeks after ceasing the treatment. Conclusions: The compounds can be primarily considered more or less as potent anticancer agents.

824-825

Authors: Sora Yasri, Viroj Wiwanitkit

The recent problem on Middle East respiratory syndrome is a very interesting new infection emerging from the Gulf area. For practitioners in intensive care medicine, knowledge update on this new emerging infection is needed. Preparation for diagnostic tool and antiviral drug to cope with possible outbreak is suggested. In addition, the consideration of ecological factors of this new disease is important. The consideration of not only ecological but also humanistic background can be useful to manage the new disease, Middle East respiratory syndrome as well. Finally, how to improve medical service for underserved population is a big issue. The local health department must play an important role.

617-624

Authors: Liliana Noemi S ánchez Campos, Fernando D íaz Herrera, Ana Denisse Re Araujo, Ricardo Alberto Gonzalez S ánchez, Marcial Leonardo Lizárraga Partida, Manuel de Jes ús Acosta Ruiz, Alexei Fedorovish Licea Navarro

Objective: To examine the immune responses of Litopenaeus vannamei after different treatments with a hot water extract of Macrocystis pyrifera (M. pyrifera) and a subsequent challenge with Vibrio campbellii (V. campbellii). Methods: A total of 184 adult white shrimp that were infected with V. campbellii (1伊106 CFU/ shrimp) were immunostimulate by the hot-water extract from M. pyrifera via either injection (10 µg) or immersion (350 mg/L), the experimental controls were injected with either saline solution or V. campbellii (1伊106 CFU/shrimp). The bacterial DNA depuration rate, antimicrobial activity and total hemocyte count were evaluated in hemolymph samples at 2, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h postinfection. Results: Injected shrimp (10 µg M. pyrifera extract) demonstrated the best clearance of bacterial infection, with 82% survival at 72 h post-infection (cellular response). Hemolymph from the immersed organisms had the best antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli growth; specifically, the most efficient antimicrobial activity was observed at 24 h post-infection. Both types of immunostimulated shrimp had similar total hemocyte counts at 24 h post-infection (1.63- 1.59 million/mL); however, after 72 h, injected shrimp had higher total hemocyte counts than immersed animals (2.59 v.s. 0.56 million/mL). Conclusions: The injection of the M. pyrifera hot-water extract facilitated a more efficient response to V. campbellii infection due to the stimulation of the hemocytes of the shrimp. In other words, the cellular immune response was more efficient to eliminate bacterial infection than the humoral response in shrimp.

679-683

Authors: Alexander Vdovin, Dmitry Antonenko

Objective: To determine the correlation between fat content and features of generative growth of arabesque greenling Pleurogrammus azonus. Methods: The samples were collected by bottom trawl during trawl surveys of research vessel MRS-055 conducted by TINRO-Center in Peter the Great Bay (Sea of Japan). A total of 332 individuals of arabesque greenling were analyzed. Fat content was determined by the standard method of extraction by sulfuric ether from the dry rest. Results: The most part of deposit fat of arabesque greenling is concentrated in muscles and hypodermis: 86.2%-97.0% (mean value 92.3%) of the total deposited fat mass. The liver fat was 1.1%-7.7% (mean value 4.8%) and the internal fat was 0.9%-5.2% (mean value 2.8%) of the total mass. Decreasing of the muscles fat was observed at sudden changes of qualitative and quantitative characteristics of sexual products, and for immature fish the relation between accumulation of fat in muscles and generative growth was not found. Conclusions: Dynamics of fat in liver corresponds closely with the processes of generative growth, and increasing of gonads weight causes decreasing of liver fat content, both for mature and immature fish.

689-693

Authors: Cumhur Avşar, İsmet Berber

Objective: To investigate plasmid DNA profiles and the antibiotic resistance of a total of 41 strains of Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolated from seawater and mussel collected from 15 different sampling stations in Sinop, Turkey. Methods: Most probable number technique was used for detection of E. coli. Antibiotic susceptibilities of the isolates were determined by the disc diffusion method. Plasmid DNA of the strains was extracted by the alkaline lyses procedure. Results: According to morphological and physiological properties, it was determined that the isolates belonged to E. coli species. Antibiotic susceptibility of the strains was determined against seven standard drugs using disc diffusion method. All isolates were resistant to bacitracin (100%), novobiocin (100%), ampicillin (12.5%), tetracycline (7.5%), ceftazidime (5%) and imipenem (2.5%), respectively, whereas the strains were susceptible to polymyxin B (100%). The multiple antibiotic resistance values for the strains were found in range from 0.28 to 0.57. In addition, plasmid DNA analyses results confirmed that 22 strains harbored a single or more than two plasmids sized approximately between 24.500 to 1.618 bp. The high-size plasmid (14.700 bp) was observed as common in 21 of all strains. Conclusions: As a result, our study indicated that the presence of antibiotic resistant E. coli strains in seawater and mussel might be potential risk for public health issue.

699-703

Authors: Mohammad Amzad Hossain, Tahiya Hilal Ali Alabri, Amira Hamood Salim Al Musalami, Md. Sohail Akhtar, Sadri Said

Objective: To select best extraction method for the isolated antioxidant compounds from the stems of Adenium obesum. Methods: Two methods used for the extraction are Soxhlet and maceration methods. Methanol solvent was used for both extraction method. The methanol crude extract was defatted with water and extracted successively with hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and butanol solvents. The antioxidant potential for all crude extracts were determined by using 1, 1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl method. Results: The percentage of extraction yield by Soxhlet method is higher compared to maceration method. The antioxidant potential for methanol and its derived fractions by Soxhlet extractor method was highest in ethyl acetate and lowest in hexane crude extracts and found in the order of ethyl acetate>butanol>water>chloroform>methanol>hexane. However, the antioxidant potential for methanol and its derived fractions by maceration method was highest in butanol and lowest in hexane followed in the order of butanol>methanol>chloroform>water>ethyl acetate>hexane. Conclusions: The results showed that isolate antioxidant compounds effected on the extraction method and condition of extraction.

714-720

Authors: Rahat Ejaz, Usman A. Ashfaq, Sobia Idrees

Objective: To determine resistance patterns of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) isolated from different areas of Pakistan and to identify antimicrobial agents against multi-drug resistant S. aureus strains. Methods: A total of 67 samples (sewerage, nasal and milk) were collected from different farm areas of Pakistan to identify local strains of S. aureus. Sixteen out of 67 samples were positive for S. aureus. Only 6 out of 16 S. aureus strains showed resistance to antibiotics. Then the antibacterial effect of 29 medicinal plants was evaluated on these S. aureus isolates and a standard S. aureus strain ATCC 25923. The solvents used for the extraction of plants were acetone, dimethyl sulfoxide and methanol. The in vitro antibacterial activity was performed using agar disc diffusion method. Moreover, minimum inhibitory concentration of effective medicinal plant extracts was identified through micro-dilution method to find out their 50% inhibitory concentration. Results: Plant extracts of 5 medicinal plants (Psidium guajava, Nigella sativa, Piper nigrum, Valeriana jatamansi, and Cucurbita pepo) exhibited antibacterial activity against locally isolated multidrug resistant strains of S. aureus. The minimum inhibitory concentration of these extracts was ranged from 0.328 to 5.000 mg/mL. Conclusions: Plant extracts of Psidium guajava, Piper nigrum seed, Valeriana jatamansi, Cucurbita pepo and Nigella sativa showed significant in vitro antibacterial activity and thus, such findings may serve as valuable contribution in the treatment of infection and may contribute to the development of potential antimicrobial agents against multi drug resistant strains of S. aureus.

727-731

Authors: Mohan Rajeswary, Marimuthu Govindarajan

Objective: To evaluate the adulticidal activity and toxicity of different solvent crude extracts of Delonix elata (D. elata) against filariasis vector mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus (Cx. quinquefasciatus). Methods: The adulticidal activities of crude hexane, benzene, ethyl acetate, chloroform and methanol leaf and seed extracts of D. elata were assayed for their toxicity against vector mosquito Cx. quinquefasciatus. Bioassay was carried out by WHO method for determination of adulticidal activity against mosquitoes. The adult mortality was observed after 24 h of exposure. Results: All extracts showed moderate adulticidal effects; however, the highest adult mortality was found in methanol extract of D. elata leaf against the adults of Cx. quinquefasciatus with the LC 50 and LC90 values at 197.28 and 347.45mg/L, respectively. Conclusions: These results suggest that the leaf solvent plant extracts have the potential to be used as an ideal eco-friendly approach for the control of mosquitoes. This study provides first report on the mosquito adulticidal activity of D. elata plant extracts against filariasis vector mosquito, Cx. quinquefasciatus.

738-745

Authors: Devaraj Ezhilarasan, Etienne Sokal, Sivanesan Karthikeyan, Mustapha Najimi

Hepatic fibrosis occurs as a wound-healing process after several forms of chronic hepatic injury. Activation and proliferation of hepatic stellate cells play pivotal role in the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis. Many researchers, from the therapeutic perspective, have focused their attention on searching for novel agents with inhibitory effects on hepatic stellate cells proliferation and activation to prevent hepatic fibrogenesis and a number of plant derived antioxidants have been tested as anti-fibrogenic agents, they generally suppress proliferation and collagen synthesis. Plants remain an imperative source of novel drugs, novel drug leads and new chemical entities. The plant based drug discovery resulted primarily in the development of antioxidant, anticancer and other anti-infectious agents and continues to contribute to the new leads in clinical trials. This review summarizes some of those most important plant derived anti-fibrotic drugs and their beneficial effects on experimentally induced hepatic fibrosis in vitro and in vivo. The plant derived antioxidant compounds described herein are curcumin, silymarin, silibinin, baicalein, resveratrol, salvianolic acids, tetrandine, quercetin and berberine. Studies from ours and as demonstrated by pervious workers much information has been accumulated over the past two decades through in vivo and in vitro. In light of those studies, it has been confirmed that plants derived antioxidants, particularly flavanoids, show a significant influence to block hepatic fibrosis regardless of any etiology. This review outlines recent progress in the use of plant derived drugs against experimentally induced liver fibrosis by in vitro and in vivo studies and summarizes the possible mechanisms anti-fibrotic effects of these compounds.

589-595

Authors: Dereje Tewabe Kokebe

Objective: To know spatial, temporal distributions and some biological aspects of commercially important fish species of Lake Tana. Methods: Distribution of fish species in Lake Tana was studied from November 2009 to October 2012 based on samples collected every other month using gillnets of 60, 80, 100, 120 and 140 mm stretched mesh sizes. Labeobarbus species, Clarias gariepinus, Oreochromis niloticus, and Varicorhinus beso are commercially important fish species and form 68%, 18%, 14% and 0.5% of the pooled experimental fish catch. There was significant variability among years and sampling sites of both temporal and spatial aspects; Mann-Whitney U tests were used for pair wise comparisons of sites and years. Results: The composition of Labeobarbus spp. and Varicorhinus beso shows significant decline. On the other hand, the composition of Oreochromis niloticus did not change, but Clarias gariepinus increased by 100% by catch composition. The most likely explanations for the total decline in abundance of fish species are the increase of the illegal commercial gillnet fishery targeting their spawning aggregations in the wetlands and river mouths, and the increasing trend of the degradation of spawning and nursery habitats both in the lake and major tributary rivers of the catchment area. Conclusions: There should be a need for urgent development of a management plan focusing on ensuring sustainable utilization of a resource by fishing effort, gear mesh size and gear type restrictions, and controlling the spawning grounds from different types of human encroachment and designing closing seasons and spawning grounds during the breeding seasons of different fish species of Lake Tana.

601-605

Authors: S.M. Mustafizur Rahman, Biplob Basak, Siddhwartha Kumar Basak, Md. Rushna Alam, Md. Mohsin Ali, Mohammad Mahfujul Haque

Objective: To explore the growth performance of low-cost mobile hatchery produced silver barb (Barbodes gonionotus) fingerling comparing with typical one, field laboratory complex hatchery. Methods: Assigning Treatment I and Treatment II stoked with low-cost mobile hatchery and field laboratory complex hatchery originated fingerling of silver barb in plastic circular tank. Results: The average weight gain (g/day) of fish was 0.18 and 0.16 g, length gain (cm/d) 0.03 and 0.02, gross yield 0.09 and 0.08 kg/tank per month, net yield 0.03 and 0.01 kg/tank per month respectively in Treatment I and Treatment II. The growth of low-cost mobile hatchery produced silver barb was higher (P<0.05) although SGR (%/d) was 1.63 and 1.89 and FCR was 2.57 and 2.55 for Treatment I and Treatment II, correspondingly and survival was 100% in both cases. In case of economic efficiency, total operating cost were BDT 68.91 and 67.41, revenue BDT 107.35 and 89.30, net profit BDT 38.44 and 21.89 and BCR 1.55 and 1.32 respectively in low-cost mobile hatchery and field laboratory complex hatchery produced fishes. Conclusions: The fry from both origins showed more or less similar growth performance and none of them was superior. Considering the economic feasibility in both cases, it is assumed that the intensive culture of silver barb is possible at field level.

609-613

Authors: Suhaila Qari

Objective: To determine the effect of prior heat shock on the CTMax of differently acclimated Portunus pelagicus (P. pelagicus) as well as the time course of the changes in CTMax post heat shock. Methods: Crabs P. pelagicus were held in laboratory aquaria in tanks, which were supplied with filtered and aerated seawater. Crabs were acclimated at 20 °C, 25 °C, 30 °C and 35 °C for 3 weeks before their CTMax was determined. The CTMax was recorded for each crab as the median temperature during the 5 min period when a crab was not able to right itself, the average CTMax was calculated. The effect of heat shock on subsequent CTMax was measured. Crabs were heat shocked at temperature 1 °C lower than the CTMax for 20 min, followed by either 0.5 h, 1 h or 1.5 h recovery at 20 °C. The same procedure was repeated at other acclimation temperatures (25 °C, 30 °C and 35 °C). Results: Temperature acclimation of P. pelargicus from 20-35 °C progressively increased the CTMax. Acclimation at 35 °C the CTMax was 42.66 °C, whereas acclimation at 20 °C the CTMax was 39.8 °C. In P. pelagicus acclimated, at 20 °C the CTMax values after heat shock were significantly higher than crabs in control for 30 min, 1 h and 1.5 h after heat shock. In the 25 °C and 30 °C acclimated crabs, the CTMax values after heat shock were significantly higher than control only in 30 min and 1 h after heat shock. No significant differences in 35 °C acclimated crabs between control and heat shocked crabs were found after recovery for 30 min, 1 h, or 1.5 h. Conclusions: Heat shock caused significant rises in the CTMax, however, this increase was progressively reduced with longer recovery times at the acclimation temperature. For 20 °C acclimated crabs, the increased CTMax was still evident after 90 min, but for 25 °C and 30 °C crabs, the response was over after 90 min. Heat shock of 35 °C crabs was problematical, the CTMax gave no increased thermotolerance. It must be concluded that the combination of a high heat shock temperature and CTMax determinations were too damaging.

617-624

Authors: Liliana Noemi S ánchez Campos, Fernando D íaz Herrera, Ana Denisse Re Araujo, Ricardo Alberto Gonzalez S ánchez, Marcial Leonardo Lizárraga Partida, Manuel de Jes ús Acosta Ruiz, Alexei Fedorovish Licea Navarro

Objective: To examine the immune responses of Litopenaeus vannamei after different treatments with a hot water extract of Macrocystis pyrifera (M. pyrifera) and a subsequent challenge with Vibrio campbellii (V. campbellii). Methods: A total of 184 adult white shrimp that were infected with V. campbellii (1伊106 CFU/ shrimp) were immunostimulate by the hot-water extract from M. pyrifera via either injection (10 µg) or immersion (350 mg/L), the experimental controls were injected with either saline solution or V. campbellii (1伊106 CFU/shrimp). The bacterial DNA depuration rate, antimicrobial activity and total hemocyte count were evaluated in hemolymph samples at 2, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h postinfection. Results: Injected shrimp (10 µg M. pyrifera extract) demonstrated the best clearance of bacterial infection, with 82% survival at 72 h post-infection (cellular response). Hemolymph from the immersed organisms had the best antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli growth; specifically, the most efficient antimicrobial activity was observed at 24 h post-infection. Both types of immunostimulated shrimp had similar total hemocyte counts at 24 h post-infection (1.63- 1.59 million/mL); however, after 72 h, injected shrimp had higher total hemocyte counts than immersed animals (2.59 v.s. 0.56 million/mL). Conclusions: The injection of the M. pyrifera hot-water extract facilitated a more efficient response to V. campbellii infection due to the stimulation of the hemocytes of the shrimp. In other words, the cellular immune response was more efficient to eliminate bacterial infection than the humoral response in shrimp.

632-637

Authors: Mohan Gopi, Nagarajan Balachandran Dhayanithi, Karuppaiah Nanthini Devi, Thipramalai Thankappan Ajith Kumar

Objective: To investigate the antioxidant property of purified bioactive compound from sponge associated bacteria Bacillus species. Methods: The potential active compound was subjected for assay of total antioxidant activity, α,α-diphenyl-α-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, nitric oxide radical scavenging activity, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging activity and total reducing power. Further, the 16S rRNA gene sequence was carried out to identify the sponge symbiotic bacteria. Results: The results showed linear increase of total antioxidant activity, DPPH radical scavenging activity, nitric oxide radical scavenging activity, H2O2 scavenging activity and total reducing power. IC50 value of the active compound for DPPH activity, H2O2 scavenging activity, nitric oxide scavenging activity was recorded as 15.025 μg/mL, 23.73 μg/mL, and 41.70 μg/mL respectively. The potential strain was identified as Bacillus species from GenBank database (GenBank Accession number JX985748). Conclusions: The present study has reported the antioxidant property of purified bioactive compound from sponge associated Bacillus species. The report will be helpful to pharmaceutical and antioxidant researchers for further studies.

645-650

Authors: Zaki Uddin Ahmed, Seheli Sejuti Bithi, Md. Minhazur Rahman Khan, Md. Mofazzol Hossain, Suriya Sharmin, Satyajit Roy Rony

Objective: To investigate the antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of the fruits of Calamus tenuis Roxb. Methods: The preliminary phytochemical group tests were done, which revealed the presence of alkaloid, tannin, flavonoid and steroid. The dried fruit was extracted in soxhlet apparatus using petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanol. Antioxidant potential of each extract was evaluated using total phenol content, total flavonoid content, cupric reducing antioxidant capacity, 1 ,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity, and total antioxidant capacity determinations. Results: The extracts were found to possess moderate to high amounts of phenolic and flavonoid contents. In cupric reducing antioxidant capacity assay the extracts showed moderate reducing power which increases with concentration. Scavenging of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical was found to rise with concentration with lowest IC 50 value for methanol extract, which was confirmed by total antioxidant activity test that shows highest (95 mg/g of extract) in ascorbic acid equivalent for methanol extract. In Brine shrimp lethality bioassay the methanol and petroleum ether extracts were found to be toxic to Brine shrimp nauplii, with LC50 of 25.53 µg/mL and 28.07 µg/mL respectively while the LC50 of the reference vincristine sulphate was 1.32 µg/mL. Ethyl acetate extract was found to be moderately cytotoxic showing LC50 of 47.79 µg/mL. Conclusions: The results of the present study suggest that the fruits of Calamus tenuis Roxb possess antioxidant and cytotoxic potential. Moreover, phytochemical screening reveals the presence of alkaloid, tannin, flavonoid and steroid, which may be responsible for the observed bioactivities.

656-661

Authors: Satyavani Kaliamurthi, Gurudeeban Selvaraj, Ramanathan Thirugnanasambandam

Objective: To document the hypoglycemic and wound healing plant species especially halophytes and associates were carried out in the coastal village of Kodiyampalayam (Southeast coast of India). Methods: The data were collected during the month of December 2011 to November 2012 with personal interviews and group discussion of local coastal fisher women community and traditional practitioner. Results: The results indicated the traditional knowledge of 33 medicinal plant species, photographs, vernacular name, habit, active part and their mode of action. Among these, Citrullus colocynthis, Coccinia grandis, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Bruguiera cylindrica, Excoecaria agallocha and Andrographis paniculata were discovered in huge number. Conclusions: This study concludes medicinal uses of halophytes and associates in the coastal area. It will be needed scientific validation for development of novel therapeutic agents.

665

Authors: Sora Yasri, Viroj Wiwanitkit

No