Bylye Gody

14-25

Authors: Sergey I. Degtyarev, Evgenij M. Osadchij

The article deals with the events that took place on the territory of the Putivl district in the spring of 1613. The authors used and analyzed archival materials with details of the events that took place then. They are supplemented by the results of archaeological research, which supplement the data of written sources. In the winter of 1613, the King of the Commonwealth, Sigismund III, granted Putivl County to Prince Mikhail Vyshnevetsky. A Cossack detachment was located in Putivl, left there by Prince Semyon Lyko. At the same time, the newly elected Tsar of Moscow, Mikhail Romanov, attempted to fight the troops of Ataman Zarutsky. Against the backdrop of these actions, preparations begin in Rylsk for a campaign against Putivl. By royal decree, a detachment was assembled from the border cities, commanded by Prince D. Dolgoruky. His task is to capture Putivl. In April 1613, the Moscow detachment approached the city and stopped on the Kleven River, 10 miles from the city. After several skirmishes with the Cossack detachments, the Moscow troops forced them to retreat to the fortress, and they themselves began to ravage the surroundings of Putivl. To protect the city and divert the forces of the Moscow army, a detachment of Cossacks left Putivl. For a month, Putivl was attacked and shelled, and after another assault was taken. The Cossacks withdrew to Putivl, where reinforcements arrived the day before, led by Prince Semyon Lyko. Having won, but not having achieved its tasks, the Moscow army retreated to Rylsk, and then dispersed to the surrounding cities. After that, the Cossack troops began to ravage the Rylsky district and burned the Rylsk settlement. Thus, the victory in the field battle turned into a defeat, the goals set were not achieved, and the losses incurred made it impossible to defend our own city.

37-45

Authors: Olga A. Plotskaya, Valery I. Elinsky, Raul S. Dzhindzholiya, Roman V. Fedorov

This article examines the features of the legal regime of natural bioresources in the XVII-XVIII centuries in the positive and customary law of the Finno-Ugric and Samoyed peoples of the North of Russia. The authors concluded that during the period under review, two legal systems of positive and customary law functioned simultaneously on the territory of the northern Finno-Ugric and Samoyed peoples. The legal regime of natural bioresources was regulated by the norms of positive law. However, its detailing took place in ordinary (unwritten) law, which included not only legal norms, but also moral and moral obligations, religious and taboo norms. Customary law contributed to the competent regulation of the sphere of nature management, preserving natural objects and biological resources, as well as the traditional system of life of these peoples, based on a centuries-old and repeatedly used model of nature management. Despite the fact that the Russian legislator, since the XVII century, introduced a number of restrictions on the use of natural objects and biological resources, however, by the end of the XVIII century a trend is being determined emphasizing the convergence process that took place between the norms of written and customary law, which complemented the first. The authors have formulated the conclusion that if during the period under review the Russian legislator as a whole sanctioned broad opportunities for the use of natural bioresources, introducing them into civil circulation and taxing such activities, then the norms of customary law of the Arctic peoples regulated in detail various aspects of nature management that were not affected by the norms of positive law, including the consolidation of property rights by generic signs property; regulation of commercial legal relations, including norms-taboo; resolution of conflicts arising on issues of environmental management by mediation and the implementation of ethno-justice in cases of similar competence.

56-63

Authors: Ruslan M. Zhitin, Alexey G. Topilsky

The article is devoted to the analysis of the penetration of French printed publications into the Russian Empire in the second half of the XVIII century. Several interrelated processes that took place in Russian society contributed to this phenomenon at once. Thus, the penetration of Enlightenment ideas made it fashionable to become familiar with advanced European culture, and above all, French culture, thereby forming Gallomania. The spread of French as a common language in the nobility made it literally necessary to purchase books in French in a personal library. The desire to improve their farm and make the estate landscape beautiful required studying the experience of European farmers and designers. Critics of the emperors replenished their collections with the works of freethinkers. The development of scientific and educational institutions, in turn, led to the acquisition of foreign books in departmental libraries. The combination of these factors ensured the active transfer of foreign (primarily French) publications to Russia. The main research methods used were comparative-historical, as well as the method of comparative analysis. In conclusion, the authors come to the conclusion that, despite the existence of different streams of French literature with different content from each other, due to their reading by the educated layer of Russians, there was an active borrowing of French culture and the dissemination of these book publications. Attempts by state bodies at the end of the XVIII century to restrict the import and publication of books by French enlighteners as unreliable led rather to the opposite effect, when people massively read and studied Voltaire and other freethinkers.

76-87

Authors: Gulbanu B. Izbassarova, Assylbek T. Maden, Svetlana O. Smagulova

The article is devoted to the study of the political situation that developed on the territory of the Junior Horde of the Kazakhs in the second half of the 18th – the 1st quarter of the 19th century. After the death of Khan Abulkhair in 1748, the struggle for supreme power intensified in the Steppe. The weakening of traditional power relations in the Junior Horde of the Kazakhs causes to a major uprising led by the batyr Syrym Datov. During the studied period, the murders of khans Yesim Nuraliev, Zhantore Aishuakov took place. The assignment of Shergazy Aishuakov as the ruler of the Junior Horde by the Russian Empire intensified the internecine struggle for power between the Chingizids from Abulkhair’s clan. The rivalry between Khan Shergazy Aishuakov and Sultan Aryngazy Abulgaziev, intervention and “heating up” of the conflict by the Orenburg military governor P.K. Essen led to confusion in the capital. Created in 1820, the new “Asian Committee” was supposed to determine the fate of the legitimate Khan Shergazy, as well as decide on a change in the rule of the traditional potestar–political structure of the nomads. At the meetings of this Committee, the issue of the fate of the Kazakh Chingizid Aryngazy Abulgaziyev, who was elected as Khan by representatives of the Kazakh society’s many tribes, was decided. The authors comes to the conclusion that it was not possible to solve this problem at that time, as evidenced by the fact that Sultan Aryngazy was sent into exile in Kaluga in 1823 and the liquidation of the Khan's power in the Junior Horde soon followed, in 1824.

100-114

Authors: Аndrii E. Lebid, Andrii Shevchuk

The article deals with the issues connected with the functioning within the framework of the imperial policy of cooperation with the local nobility of the institution of district (povitovyi) marshal in the border Volyn governorate. Based on the analysis of published and archival materials the authors highlighted the main issues related to the processes of organization, staffing and activities of officials. In the times of the Rzeczpospolita, the nobility corporation independently solved its internal life issues, the district (povitovyi) marshal were involved in the organization of the nobility's ruin. After the incorporation in accordance with the «Institution for the government of the provinces of the Russian Empire» (1775), Catherine the Great introduced the institution of the district (povitovi) marshals of the nobility with constantly revised powers. The policies of Paul I and Alexander I were more flexible and aimed at establishing themselves in a socio-ethnically complex region. Among other concessions to the nobility, but at the same time maintaining control over the processes in the region, the title of «district (povitovyi) marshal» was restored. The powers of the marshal were retained and elections were held every three years with the approval of the governor. The marshals had to execute the orders of the supreme authority and provincial administrators on the one hand, and to protect the interests of their corporation on the other. Therefore, under the conditions of unpaid work and bureaucratisation of their activities, there was a «chilling effect» for some representatives of the local elite towards elective office. In an effort to preserve the influence of the nobility in the region, the district (povitovyi) marshal had to carry out instructions from the provincial authorities, persuade the landowners to pay money or maintain postal stations, conduct investigative actions in conflicts, or handle other unrelated matters. At the same time, the nobility, ensuring social stability in the society, understood that without its efforts, the imperial power would replace elected officials with appointed ones and take over.

125-136

Authors: Elena V. Krinko

TheDon historiography of the 19th – early 20th centuries paid considerable attention to the origin of the Cossacks. This is largely due to the interest of the Cossacks in their historical roots. The article deals with the studies of A.G. Popov (“History of the Don Army”), E.N. Katelnikov (“Historical information of the Don Cossacks about the Verkhne-Kurmoyarsk village”), V.D. Sukhorukov (“Historical description of the Land of the Don Cossacks”), N.I. Krasnov (“Materials for the geography and statistics of Russia, collected by officers of the General Staff. Land of the Don Cossacks”), V.M. Pudavov (“History of the Don Army and the old times of the beginnings of the Cossacks”), Kh.I. Popov (“A Brief Essay on the Past of the Don Cossacks”), P.P. Sakharov (“The Origin of the Free Don Cossacks and the First Services of the Cossacks of Russia”), E.P. Savelyev (“Ancient history of the Cossacks (historical research)”) and other authors of the 19th – early 20th centuries. Some historians considered the ancient peoples of Eurasia and even mythological creatures to be the ancestors of the Cossacks. Others associated its origin with the departure of the Russian population to the Don and other outskirts as a result of socio-economic and political processes. The author identifies and characterizes various theories of the origin of the Cossacks, explains the reasons for their appearance, related both to the development of historical science and the evolution of the Cossacks themselves, their self-consciousness.

149-158

Authors: Alexander S. Kovalev, Nikolai R. Novosel'tsev, Dmitry V. Rakhinsky, Nikita N. Ravochkin

In the Russian Empire from 1764 to 1864 existed disabled teams, which included military personnel who had lost the ability to serve in the military, but were able to perform the functions of maintaining public order in provincial cities. The support of disabled teams was entrusted to the local population. In the article the issues of accommodation and housing for employees of the disabled team in Krasnoyarsk in the first third of the 19th century are considered, using the methods of microhistorical analysis of documents from the State Archives of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, first introduced into the scientific use. The basic rules for the quartering of single and family military invalids from the lower ranks and non-commissioned officers are presented. Also, the features of the fulfillment, as well as the procedure of refusing of housing obligation by the city commoners of Krasnoyarsk are analyzed. The characteristic of the social status of the citizens involved in obligation and released from its performance is provided. The problems of the relationship between the local population and the representatives of the disabled team, located in the apartments of citizens, were studied. Specific examples of both Krasnoyarsk residents repeatedly providing apartments for members of the disabled team and conflict situations that were resolved with different results for their participants are considered. With that in mind, a conclusion was reached about the effectiveness of organizing public charity for war invalids with the involvement of ordinary citizens in providing them with housing in a provincial city.

167-175

Authors: Elizaveta S. Lakhtionova, Irina G. Polyakova

The article explores the variants of Russian women’s reproductive behaviour, which were regarded in the peasant environment as deviations. The aim of the article is to examine the specific types of deviant behaviour and to reveal the factors that contributed to their emergence and persistent presence in the everyday life of Russian peasant women of the Middle Ural. The main sources represent certain unpublished materials (judicial investigation cases) and number of published sources (recordings of folklore). The study allowedthe “tender points” in the reproductive culture that existed in the Russian peasant environment in the 19th – early 20th century: premarital intimate relations, subsequent out-of-wedlock pregnancy, the desire to conceal it using different methods (abortion, murder of the already-born child), deviant parenthood in the form of child abandonment. These phenomena were deemed to be deviations from the norm since the main accepted aim of women’s life was marital childbearing, when the wedlock was considered as the only birth controller in the traditional society. Women were expected to be punished in various ways for departure from the accepted norms, ranging from moral condemnation to real penal servitude. Despite of the above, the abovementioned deviations regularly took place in peasants’ everyday life. The authors conclude that the factors contributing to deviant reproductive behaviour of peasant women included psychological (dependence on public opinion, the concept of sin and crime), sociocultural (reproductive “purpose” of women, low level of women’s literacy), material (young woman’s inability to provide for her illegitimate child).

188-198

Authors: Zhanna Dyusembek, Ryskeldy S. Myrzabekova, Aizhamal I. Kudaibergenova

This paper is aimed at an objective representation of the value of the distance [distanochnaya] system, introduced in 1831 on the territory of the Kazakhs of the Orenburg department, as well as at identifying the role of representatives of the Kazakh nomadic nobility in the person of distance chiefs, who were local administrators and intermediaries. One of such personalities is sultan Asfendiyar Syugalin, who is of interest to historical science. This paper reveals the personality, service and activities of sultan Asfendiyar Syugalin based on the analysis of form lists, service records and other archival documents. Sultan Asfendiyar Syugalin is one of the interesting and ambiguous figures in the history of Kazakhstan, because during his service as head of distances No. 31, No. 38 and No. 54 in the different parts of the Orenburg Department, sultan Asfendiyar Syugalin received both positive and negative feedback from Kazakh nomadic population and Russian officials. Some discrepancies in the data in archival documents, different characteristics regarding the personality and service of sultan Asfendiyar Syugalin arouse interest and actualize this research. In addition, this paper reflects the essence of the distance administrative system on the territory of the Kazakhs of the Orenburg department, reveals the mechanism of appointment and awarding of Kazakh officials in the person of distance chiefs. The article is presented on the basis of archival documents (form lists and service records, reports, notes) extracted from the Central State Archive of the Republic of Kazakhstan and analysis of historical literature.

208-215

Authors: Ivan A. Ermachkov, Elena K. Mineeva, Olga A. Efimova, Larisa A. Koroleva

The paper deals with the problem of crime and punishment of slaves in the Central Asian slave-owning society in the first half of the XIX century. There has been made an attempt to classify crimes. Russian captives who were enslaved in Central Asia and released in 1839 were used as sources by the authors. These documents were deposited in the case of the release of 80 Russian captives from the Khanate of Khiva, stored in the State Archive of the Orenburg region (Orenburg, Russian Federation). In conclusion, the authors state that in the Khanate of Khiva, as such, there were no rules on the crime and punishment of slaves: each slave owner disposed of a slave at his discretion and treated him as property. The slaveholder had the legal right to dispose of the slave's life, but he was in no hurry to deprive him of his life, since the slave could almost always be resold. The most common were preventive punishments – beating a slave in order to demonstrate his social status. For theft or not going to work, the slave owner could apply the following types of punishment – cut off ears or nose, torture or even kill his slave. One of the most serious crimes in the slave-owning society was the attempt of a slave to escape from his master. And here the slaveholders acted taking into account their interests, in most cases the punishments were expressed in severe beatings, flogging, torture; however, if the Khan of Khiva intervened in this matter, the victim of escape was doomed to a painful death. One way or another, the life of the captives in the Khanate of Khiva did not differ in its duration, it was influenced by exhausting labor, hunger, beatings and mutilation. Only a few could live ten years in slavery, and only a few could live 20 or more.

230-238

Authors: Zhanar B. Nurkina, Michael K. Churkin, Yerkin A. Abil, Marat Z. Utegenov

This article is devoted to identifying the iconic plots of the personal and political biography of the outstanding Kazakh-Russian military, state and political figure G. Valikhanov. Appeal to the biographical method and the contextual approach in constructing the life path of a “second plan” person in history opened up a broad research perspective for understanding the sociocultural situation, within which in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The Russian Empire implemented a colonization policy in the Central Asian region, relying, among other things, on representatives of the national elites who were ready to demonstrate loyalty to the imperial administration. Based on published materials and unpublished information extracted from the archives of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan, the stages of the military and socio-political biography of Sultan-Gaza Valikhanov were identified, the formation of whose personality took place against the background of the influence of both the traditionalist environment of the steppe aristocracy, and Russian educational and state- administrative structures. In the course of the study, it was proved that the political biography of G. Valikhanov was typical for representatives of the tribal steppe aristocracy of the second half of the 19th century, however, as a result of the active colonial expansion of Russia, the status of local political elites underwent some changes, which was due to the need to incorporate indigenous peoples into the Russian society, and elite groups were considered as a kind of "locomotives" organizing this movement. It has been established that the military, state and socio-political career of G. Valikhanov was generally successful. At the same time, he himself, like many steppe aristocrats, found himself in the role of a hostage of the imperial policy on the eastern outskirts, in the logic of which the national political elites were perceived as a tool for introducing Russian administrative orders and cultural conventions.

251-257

Authors: Anvar M. Mamadaliev, Valentina S. Nikitina, Natalia V. Svechnikova, Irina Yu. Cherkasova

The paper considers the pedagogical periodical press of the Kiev educational district in the period from 1857 to 1917. As materials the authors used reference works and publications of the pre-revolutionary periodical press. The first can include encyclopedic works, as well as reference information about the Russian periodical press, the second includes materials of the pre-revolutionary periodical press, for example, the “Studencheskii byulleten' Kievskogo kommercheskogo institute”. In the methodology of the work, the authors applied the historical-chronological method, which made it possible to consider the research topic in historical sequence. The content analysis method was also used, which made it possible to make a selection of interesting materials from the total number of Russian periodicals of the imperial period. In conclusion, the authors state that 17 pedagogical periodicals were published on the territory of the Kiev Educational District in the period from 1857 to 1917, geographically 16 of them were published in Kiev and only one in Poltava. As in the territory of the Caucasian Educational District, only state periodicals that were published either at the universities of the Ministry of Public Education (“Fizicheskoe obozrenie”, “Tsirkulyar po upravleniyu Kievskim uchebnym okrugom”) or at the spiritual department (“Tserkovno-prikhodskaya shkola”) differed in constancy. The fate of other publications was sad, since a significant part of them closed in the first year or two from the beginning of their work (“Pedagogicheskaya nedelya”, “Professional'naya shkola”).

268-275

Authors: Anton V. Gurko, Ruslan M. Zhirov, Krystsina D. Savitskaya

This article is devoted to the study of the causes of the abolition of serfdom in the Russian Empire by Emperor Alexander II in 1861. The authors of the article consider the historical and geographical features and conditions of the development of the fatherland, which served as the basis for the formation of serfdom in the Russian Empire. The article also identifies the main positive and negative sides of serfdom. The authors of this study drew parallels between the vectors of the development directions of European countries in the first half of the XIX century and the Russian Empire during the reign of Emperor Nicholas I. Special attention is paid to the state of the states after the Patriotic War of 1812 and its impact on the domestic and foreign policy of both European countries and the Russian Empire. The study also examines the key features that characterize the image of ruler Nicholas I as a statesman and autocrat, as well as the central ideologies that were formulated and were relevant during his reign. In this article, an important role is also played by the Crimean War of 1853−1856, which, in the opinion of the authors, is of paramount importance for the awareness of the state authorities, in the person of Emperor Alexander II, of the need to change the vector of development of the Russian Empire in the middle of the XIX century. In addition, the authors investigated another set of indirect reasons for the abolition of serfdom, namely the change in cultural and moral values among the representatives of the nobility of the XIX century, as well as the Manifesto of Peter III “On the granting of liberty and freedom to all Russian nobility” as a normative source, which later became a key tool of a kind of cultural revolution in the circles of the upper class of the Russian empires.

284-294

Authors: Aksunkar T. Abdulina, Malika T. Moryakova, Dana T. Nogaibayeva, Perizat N. Nuskabai

The article raises the problem of gender relations in the traditional Kazakh society in the second half of the XIX century. The issues of family and marriage forms among Kazakhs, intra–family relations and etiquette, family rituals and traditions have always been in the focus of attention of Kazakh ethnographers, and also received comprehensive coverage in the narrative of pre-revolutionary authors – scientists, travelers, representatives of the tsarist administration and others. Meanwhile, due to the limited sources, the problem of the relationship between men and women in premarital and marital relations, the reflection of the erotic principle in the rituals of the family cycle, sex education, sexual and gender identification, the phenomenon of transvestism, the influence of the social status of a married woman on her personal relationship with her husband and his family circle, the canons of morality for men has become a poorly developed field of research and women, adultery and punishment. As we can see, the sphere of family and marriage relations of the traditional Kazakh society has many little-explored aspects, to shed light on which through the prism of a new approach of social inclusion, which provides for the integration of society through the formation of a culture of tolerance to all members of society, their social and gender equality.Having revealed the reasons for the social exclusion of women, their vulnerability in traditional society, the deprivation of their right to freedom of expression of intimate feelings, in this article we will show that these institutions are of a historical social nature, they should not be preserved and transferred to modern reality, hiding behind the need to revive traditional culture.

311-319

Authors: Goran Rajović, Sergei N. Bratanovskii, Aleksandr E. Epifanov, Sergey А.Buryanov

The article is devoted to the study of the materials of the newspaper “Kurskie Eparkhial'nye Vedomosti” as a source of events of the Russian-Turkish War of 1877−1878 from the position of the Orthodox Church. The issues of the newspaper from the 8th to the 24th for 1877 and from the 1st to the 4th for 1878 are considered, that is, the numbers corresponding to the chronological framework of the war. The church newspaper “Kurskie Eparkhial'nye Vedomosti” was published from 1871 and until 1888 was published twice a month. The historiographical (content analysis method) was used as the main research method, and methods of historical-systemic, historical-comparative, historical-genetic and synthesis methods, system analysis and hypothetical were also used. It was concluded that the first “military” issues paid rather modest attention to combat operations, but with the development of the war, the corresponding articles became more and the peak of its patriotic content of the newspaper reaches by July 1877. Then there was a decline in military-patriotic articles up to the last issue. The authors widely use such methods of military propaganda as “praising the leader”, “demonizing the enemy”, “justice of our struggle”, “support of our struggle by the world community”, etc. The articles attempt to mobilize the nation and motivate Russian subjects to labor and military exploits for the sake of victory. The materials about combat losses, as well as information about collections and donations are widely published, which allows us to conclude that mutual aid and patriotic charity are widespread. By the end of 1877, when the war becomes commonplace, the number of publications of military content is minimized, up to the last military issue, which devotes only one article to the end of the war. In comparison with another church publication, the newspaper “Irkutskie Eparkhial'nye Vedomosti”, the rates of patriotic and propaganda work in the newspaper “Kurskie Eparkhial'nye Vedomosti” has sharply decreased over the course of the war; there is reason to assume that military-patriotic work in the outback was established more qualitatively.

330-343

Authors: Georgiy S. Makhrachev, Yana V. Makhracheva, Tatyana V. Makhracheva

The paper analyzes the experience Tambov craftsmen received when participating in handicraft exhibitions at county, provincial, regional and all-Russian levels. The study is topical because it corresponds to the need to use the practices of earlier generations to solve modern demographic and economic problems. The results were obtained from the unpublished documents stored in funds of the State archive of Tambov region. The author also used published logbooks and resolutions of provincial and district zemstvo assemblies; reports of the Ministry of State Property, county zemstvos, and “Tambovskie eparkhial'nye vedomosti”; exhibitions signs; and “Tambov Diocesan Gazette” and “Sel'skokhozyaistvennaya zhizn'” periodicals. The analysis of the documents reveals several factors that influenced handicrafts positively. While preparing expositions the author gathered a lot of statistics on the problem to be presented in diagrams and charts to the exhibition visitors. As a result, large-scale exhibitions draw public attention to the problem of handicrafts, provided craftsmen with information on potential consumers and a good opportunity to earn money from sales. Best works received special award, which stimulated other craftsmen to improve production. However, handicraft exhibitions organizers made some mistakes. Firstly, some exhibits did not represent handicrafts. Secondly, some handicrafts sections were misplaced or did not match the general idea of the exhibition. Thirdly, some choices of provincial and county exhibition venues were unsuccessful since most craftsmen worked in rural areas and had no sufficient motives to travel to the city.

353-366

Authors: Sergey V. Ryazantsev, Alexey V. Smirnov

It is believed that the virus that caused the 1889−1890 “Russian flu” pandemic originated in the capital of the Bukhara emirate in May 1889. This article is about the Bukhara epidemic. The purpose of the article is to analyze the Bukhara epidemic and its causes and to answer the question: was the disease in Bukhara really caused by an influenza virus. The study is based on pre-revolutionary sources of the late 19th century, including periodicals containing information about the epidemic. The literature on the “Russian flu” pandemic provides evidence that the virus originated in May 1889 in Bukhara. It was first described by a witness of the Bukhara epidemic, doctor O.F. Heyfelder. From the second half of May until the beginning of August 1889, a great part of Bukhara’s population fell ill with a fever. About 7,000 people died. The lethality of the Bukhara epidemic was at least 5 %, and the lethality of the “Russian flu” was 35 times less: 0.2 %. The incubation period for the Bukhara fever was 1-2 weeks, while for influenza it was 1-3 days. The characteristic symptoms of the “Russian flu” – cough and complications in the form of pneumonia – were absent in Bukhara’s patients. Given the population migration along the Trans-Caspian railway and the virus contagiousness, influenza would have come to the cities located near Bukhara as early as in summer. But in Tashkent, Baku, Vladikavkaz, influenza emerges at the end of November 1889. The poor sanitary conditions in the city, snowy and cold winter contributed to the development of the epidemic. The heat that came in April provoked a rapid melting of snow, which resulted in very high water levels in reservoirs and the soil. The heat and plenty of water created favorable conditions for the reproduction of Anopheles mosquitoes, vectors of malaria. At the end of August 1889, a commission of 4 doctors came to the conclusion that the cause of the Bukhara epidemic was malaria. Malaria was endemic for Bukhara. Presumably, the Bukhara epidemic could be caused by P. falciparum, the causative agent of tropical malaria. Heyfelder came to the conclusion that the Bukhara epidemic and the influenza epidemic in the Russian Empire were identical diseases. Cough, sore throat, complications in the respiratory system, according to Heyfelder, were characteristic of influenza in northern latitudes only. The Bukhara epidemic was rather due to malaria presumably caused by P. falciparum than due to an influenza virus.

378-389

Authors: Natalia P. Koptseva, Anna A. Shpak, Yulia N. Menzhurenko, Ksenia A. Degtyarenko

The article provides an encyclopedia source analysis of “Industry and Technology. Encyclopedia of Industrial Knowledge”, published in the Russian Empire period 1901−1904. The encyclopedia was a complete translation of the German edition with significant additions by Russian scientists in certain areas of technical knowledge. It was in the Russian version of the Encyclopedia that the logical order of books collection was determined, which corresponded to the most advanced technologies characteristic of the XX century beginning. The purpose of this article is to analyze the formation history and development of Russian science and technology, as well as to determine the information potential of the encyclopedia as a historical source. The content of each volume has a huge array of information about scientific and technical developments, major discoveries and current scientific knowledge in a specific historical period. Despite the great attention to the science and technology achievements the past, encyclopedic texts record the aspiration of technological progress to the future, where science and technology will be a solid foundation for the social and cultural progress of Russia. Because of the conducted source analysis of the Encyclopedia, including using the qualitative and quantitative content analysis method, the historical continuity of this technology type as an “automaton” in the Russian history of science and technology was established. Special attention to this type of technology was due to the modern development and achievements in the field of technical sciences, the modern significance automated technology. The significance of the publication under study as a historical source lies in the comprehensive and systematic nature of the materials presented on the history of Russian science and technology.

402-419

Authors: Oleg E. Chuikov, Nikolay A. Mashkin, Varvara V. Bogdan, Natal'ya V. Miku

Russian and Japanese obsolete cruisers of the 2nd and 3rd ranks (sail-screw clippers, corvettes, frigates) in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904−1905, as well as Russian mine cruisers, are analyzed in the article. These ships are considered obsolete, however, many of them took the most active (and some – and effective) participation in combat operations. The paper provides a comparative analysis of these vessels, their potential in terms of modernization, as well as the introduction of innovations and the impact of these innovations on the effectiveness of their use. Russian cruisers of the 2nd rank (sail-screw clippers) “Zabiyaka”, “Razboinik”, “Dzhigit”, Russian mine cruisers “Gaydamak”, “Vsadnik”, Japanese cruisers of the 3rd rank “Idzumi”, Japanese coastal defense ships “Sayen” are analyzed in the study, “Hei-Yen”, “Chin-Yen”, “Fuso”, etc. A comparative analysis of outdated “classmates” in the opposing fleets and the possibility of their modernization and combat use in the fighting of the Russian-Japanese war is also carried out. In the course of the study, we came to the conclusion that the possibilities of modernization of Port Arthur sail-screw clippers had dried up by the beginning of the war and their conversion into minelayers seemed relatively expedient; in this regard, the decision of the military and naval leadership of Port Arthur to use the weapons and crews of these vessels on the land front seems to be the only correct one. As for the Russian mine cruisers, there were opportunities for their modernization and more efficient use, but they were missed. Japanese cruisers of the 3rd rank (including Chinese captured ones) were built abroad and had a much wider potential for modernization, which was fully used by Japanese sailors. The outdated modernized ships were actively used in combat operations and made a significant contribution to the victory.

431-437

Authors: Alexander B. Khramtsov

In work involving archival sources, the process of reforming police departments in the provinces of Siberia in 1908-1916 was first investigated (based on materials from the Tobolsk province). The key goal of the reform was to strengthen the personal composition of the police, improve the financial situation of its ranks, since the states approved in 1867 and 1887 did not meet the needs of the time in either qualitative or quantitative aspects. It was established that after the suppression of the first Russian revolution, the criminal situation in the region sharply worsened. There was an increase in various types of crimes (thefts, robberies, murders). Under the new conditions, insufficient states of city and county police could not ensure security and law and order. Other factors indicated the need to strengthen police ranks: an increase in the volume of shipping, passenger and freight transportation by rail, the development of trade, industry and others. The reports of the county police officers, their views and arguments in the context of the reorganization of the police were considered. It was revealed that the central government partially satisfied the petitions of local chiefs: a new cut of police camps was carried out, 14 positions of bailiffs were added and a police guard was introduced (however, only in 6 out of 10 counties of the Tobolsk province). Obviously, the reform was late and did not qualitatively improve the work of police departments in the region.

452-464

Authors: Sergey I. Belov

The article analyzes the formation of heroic images by imperial propaganda during the First World War and their perception in the minds of contemporaries and descendants. Since propaganda in 1914−1917 years when broadcasting a patriotic view of the war to society, first of all, had to deal with a poorly educated part of the population, its main medium was not a newspaper, leaflet, postcard or poster. An important task in the education of patriotism was the formation of the image of “people's heroes” and the glorification of their exploits. However, the naive heroic narrative of “folk pictures” aroused hostility among the layman, due to military defeats, and dull irritation in the army environment, since it did not consciously distance itself from the real problems of the army. As a result, the heroes of the “foreground” (K.F. Kryuchkov and M.L. Bochkareva) did not cause much enthusiasm even among contemporaries. They were not forgotten in Soviet historiography, acting as examples of unsuccessful military propaganda of tsarism. Due to this, attempts to rehabilitate these heroes during the commemoration of the World War in 2014 were not entirely successful. Most of the heroes of the “second plan” war were forgotten, but in some cases, memorial practices laid down during the war years in their homeland gave good results after the collapse of the USSR. Among these heroes, it should be noted R.M. Ivanov (Simferopol) and P.N. Cherkasov (Nizhny Novgorod).

475-484

Authors: Timur A. Magsumov, Teymur E. Zulfugarzade, Mikhail B. Kolotkov, Sergei B. Zinkovskii

The article is devoted to the description of everyday life or the so-called “weekdays of the war” in the deep rear – in the Primorsky region on the example of documents of the Russian State Historical Archive of the Far East (Vladivostok, Russian Federation), newspapers “Priamurskie Vedomosti” and “Kommercheskii Vestnik Blagoveshchenskoi birzhi” for 1914−1916, the journal “Dal'nevostochnyi mir”. There were used such methods as historical-system, historical-typological, historiographical (content analysis method), as well as the method of synthesis and system analysis and the hypothetical method. During the work, it was concluded that since the beginning of the war, the population of Primorsky Krai actively provided material assistance to military personnel. The state, in turn, also very actively appealed to its subjects with a request to collect funds from the pages of periodicals. The assistance to the wounded was widely provided, charitable assistance was also provided to the population of the territories affected by the war. Sometimes the wounded soldiers or front-line soldiers who had dependents themselves turned to the administration for help. As for the mobilization campaign, the region tried to provide the front with not only new fighters, but also horses. The military sports committees were also being created. Funeral events were not only held at the state expense, but also notes about the fallen soldiers were published in periodicals. The fallen in the vast majority of cases are heroized, which indicates the quality work of the state ideology. The various ironic notes about the enemy that come across in the sources were also designed to raise the morale of the population. In Primorsky Krai, the labor of prisoners of war was widely used. The authorities tried to provide prisoners of war engaged in public works with everything necessary, in particular food and water, as evidenced by the documents.

494-502

Authors: Pavel S. Seleznev, Nikolay A. Ponomarev, Viktor V. Titov, Stanislav P. Mitrahovich

This study is devoted to the issue of the practice of constructing images of the future by Russian liberal parties of the early XX century.The purpose of the work is to evaluate the effectiveness of the corresponding value-semantic constructs. The methodology of the work is built on the basis of a combination of elements of structural and comparative analysis. The source base of the study was formed through the use of unpublished office documents of the Cadets and Octobrists deposited in the funds of the State Archives of the Russian Federation. The authors come to the conclusion that both the Cadets and the Octobrists were able to construct complex and three-dimensional images of the future, which were the result of attempts to offer a rational solution to the most pressing issues of contemporary Russian society. As a result, these images of the future turned out to be suitable for perception by the elites and the intelligentsia, but were of little relevance to the task of popularization among the masses. The messages developed by the liberals were distinguished by relatively low affectivity, the complexity of discourse, and the presence of significant barriers to perception. At the same time, we are not talking about conceptual, but rather methodological, instrumental shortcomings. As part of the political promotion of their messages, the parties focused on the educated part of society, the elite and, in general, the “managing class” of the empire. Unlike the leftists, anarchists, nationalists, and right-wing conservatives, both the Cadets and the Octobrists failed to compactly set out the elements of their images of the future in a system of laconic slogans, the use of which would enable the mechanism of emotional contagion among the broad masses to be set in motion. It should also be noted that a number of fundamental theses that formed the foundation of these images of the future contradicted (in the medium term) the basic trends in the development of the socio-political process. These images were formed during the period of a large-scale rise of extremist movements, due to which the level of trust between society and the authorities was relatively low, as a whole indicator of the consolidation of society and the degree of readiness of its various strata for a constructive dialogue. The images of the future proposed by the Cadets and Octobrists could have been much more popular in the previous period, but the specific historical context of the era objectively minimized the potential for their dissemination.