Bylye Gody

557-570

Authors: Sergey I. Degtyarev, Evgenij M. Osadchij, Sholpan A. Zabikh

The article deals with the formation and functioning of land routes in the southern part of the Putivl district (uyezd) in the 17th century. The authors analyzed a significant number of written and visual sources and proposed options for passing the routes of the roads known at that time. At the end of the 16th century, Putivl played an important role in organizing guard and border services on the border with uninhabited steppe areas of the Wild Field (Dike Pole). At that time, roads in the modern sense of the term did not exist in the region under study. The act documents stipulated the general direction of movement and indicated the places of crossings over the rivers. In the middle of the 17th century, in the regions bordering the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, several fortresses appeared, located far from the populated territories of Muscovy. Their lives were directly dependent on the supply of food and military supplies. At this time, the load on the old roads increases, and a primitive road network between these cities is being formed. These roads were not equipped with engineering and hydraulic structures, and their throughput and ease of movement remained at a primitive level. The second half of the 17th century was marked by changes in the administrative structure of the region. Ukrainian settlers began to form a qualitatively new system of communications. The road network was improved, and cities and large villages made it possible to receive groups of merchants who came from remote regions. Fairs began to appear in these settlements, to which merchants from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Lithuania and Hetman Ukraine came. The construction of a new road network allowed the cities of Sloboda Ukraine to quickly integrate into the economic trading model of Eastern Europe.

581-589

Authors: Vladimir T. Tepkeev

The article examines in detail the Kalmyk-Kuban relations in 1726 and the role of the rebellious Kuban sultan Bakhta-Girey in them, which brought serious destabilization on the steppe border of the Russian and Ottoman empires. Recently, in historiography, there has been an increasing interest in the personality of Bakhta-Giray, to whom a number of publications are personally devoted. The aim of the work is to introduce new information about Kalmyk-Kuban relations into scientific circulation in 1726. The main source base for this work was the materials of the National Archives of the Republic of Kalmykia. Their analysis led to the conclusion that in 1726 Bakhta-Girey, after a series of failures, again entered the struggle for power in the Kuban, resorting to military assistance from the Kalmyks. The Kalmyk owners, led by the governor, sought to return the Nogai edisans and dzhemboiluks from the Kuban and they were vitally interested in minimizing any threat from the Kuban direction. The example of the events of 1726 shows how Bakhta-Girey, in a hopeless situation, was able to break out of the encirclement and, through negotiations with the Kalmyk owners, captivate them with the idea of moving forward with an army to the Kuban and returning the Nogais, despite strict government prohibitions.

604-620

Authors: Akhmet U. Toktabay, Aigerim S. Nugumarova

The article is devoted to the problems of Kazakh horse breeding in the works of researchers and scientists of the Russian Empire. As you know, the Russian people from Ancient Russia to the Russian Empire have been interested in horse trading with the Kazakh Khanate for a long time. Due to the small number of horses in the Russian army and the general population, the Russian Empire provided its army and people with horses from neighboring Kazakhstan. Most of the works devoted to horse breeding in the late XIX - early XX centuries are limited only to the description. Since the materials were collected haphazardly, many issues of this topic were investigated in them differently. Many of the works about horses are written superficially, dictated by curiosity and surprise caused by the original horse breeding of the nomadic people. In such works, for the most part we are talking about grazing, keeping horses, and only occasionally about breeds. Analyzing the literature of the Soviet era, we can say that with all the variety of materials collected about the Kazakh horse, it is still not brought into a single system. Horse breeding in those years was studied from the point of view of agricultural sciences, so its historical and ethnographic side remained poorly studied.

631-639

Authors: Anna A. Bakulina, Marina A. Fedotova, Taisia Krishtaleva, Vasily V. Igonin

The study examines the issue of the influence of the system of material support for physicians in Russia in the XVIII–XIX centuries on the general state of health. During the preparation of the article, unpublished documents of the Russian State Historical Archive from the funds of the Medical Council under the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Medical Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, legislative acts, sources of personal origin and numerous reference materials were used. The methodology of the work is based on the complex application of comparative and system analysis. Based on the results of the conducted research, it was concluded that up to the period of 1870–1880s the system of material support for medical personnel functioned generally unsatisfactorily. The latter was determined by objective factors: the limited resources of the treasury against the backdrop of frequent military conflicts did not allow providing doctors properly. To a large extent, they were forced to support themselves through free practice. The great reforms of Alexander II and the successful industrial policy of his heir formed the economic basis for a significant increase in the scale of material support for physicians by the state. The success of the zemstvo reform also played an important role in increasing the welfare of doctors. However, by the end of the XIX century the general state of the material support of medical personnel can be characterized rather as satisfactory. Despite the tangible successes of the state and zemstvos in this area, most doctors continued to experience financial difficulties. Even the expansion of the scope of private practice could not compensate for the insufficiency of salaries due to low effective demand among the bulk of the population and, in part, regulatory restrictions on the amount of remuneration. A natural consequence of problems in the field of wages was a high "staff turnover", overtime and the inevitable decline in the quality of service. The prestige of the medical profession was also undermined and the influx of promising personnel into the industry was blocked, at least in the system of state and zemstvo health care.

649-656

Authors: Olga A. Plotskaya, Djamilya A. Ospanova, Gulnara A. Stamkulova, Nurmukhamed D. Myrzatayev

This article discusses the features of the legal regime of aquatic biological resources in the 18th century, enshrined in the positive and customary law of the Permian peoples. Considerable attention is paid to commenting and analyzing archival and historical-legal documents that are narrative carriers of information, as well as sources of law systematized in the Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire (PSZ). The paper analyzes the features of regulation by the legislator of the legal regime of aquatic biological resources. The options for the use of aquatic biological resources, sanctioned by the customary law of the Permian peoples, are considered. The purpose of the undertaken study is to study the peculiarities of the legal regime of aquatic biological resources in the 18th century, regulated by the norms of positive and customary law of the Permian peoples. The authors came to the conclusion that the customary law of the Permian peoples did not contradict, but rather supplemented the norms of positive law, expanding the possibilities of using water natural resources. If in positive law throughout the 18th century the legislator provided the opportunity to widely use aquatic bioresources, then the customary law of the Permian peoples regulated in detail those areas of activity of the population that were not affected by positive law or were poorly regulated. The authors formulate the conclusion that an important historical feature of nature management among the Komi was the presence of communal natural objects that could be used by all members of the community, as well as individualized objects that were in the peasant use of the one who owned the nearby hayfields and maintained these water bodies in a suitable for operation condition. Among the Udmurt peasants, the customary legal practice of leasing was widespread, which made it possible to use aquatic biological resources.

666-676

Authors: Bakyt S. Tokmurzayev, Sarsenbek K. Yelshibayev, Sabira N. Apasheva

In the article, based on the materials of travelogues of Russian travelers F.M. Nazarova and N.I. Potanin to the Kokand Khanate, the representations of the region as an object of geopolitical interests of the Russian Empire in the first half of the 19th century are revealed. The methodological basis of the study is the approaches of the “new cultural-intellectual” and “new imperial” history, and the reliability and validity of the conclusions is ensured by the involvement in the work of a wide range of additional materials: reports of travelers who visited the states of Central Asia during this period with diplomatic visits. It has been established that when organizing the expedition, not only current goals related to escorting foreign embassies to their homeland were taken into account, but also promising ones, involving the examination of lands included in the orbit of Russia's geopolitical interests. The heads of such embassies, as a rule, were appointed persons of the Cossack rank, who had an average educational qualification, but at the same time knew oriental languages and/or the skills of route shooting and mapping. In the course of the study, it was proved that the range of problems faced by travelers was determined by the foreign policy situation in the eastern periphery and the place of Russia in this disposition, which to a certain extent provided them with relative freedom of action in making decisions. The result of the imperial expertise of the Kokand Khanate was the preparation and publication of detailed reports on the progress of the expedition, the territory of its movement, population, administrative structure, which was accompanied not only by textual material, but also by route maps. All this together constructed a plausible picture of the world of the inhabitants of the east, made it possible to form ideas of the military and the administration about the possibilities of moving to the east not only by means of diplomacy.

695-702

Authors: Lyudmila V. Shkvarya, Irina AkhmedZein Aidrus, Ravil' R. Asmyatullin, Sof'ya G. Glavina

The article examines the process of the establishment and activities of the Imperial Orthodox Palestinian Society in the XIX century. The authors pay attention to some cultural, organizational, as well as geopolitical issues. As sources there were used the official documents of the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society (for example, the Charter), as well as materials of the pre-revolutionary periodical press, such as the official organ of the society – the newspaper “Russkii palomnik”, which was published since 1885. In conclusion, the authors state that by the middle of the XIX century, a difficult situation was developing for Orthodoxy and Orthodox in the Middle East, which was explained by the creation of the Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem in the region and the opening of a significant number of Catholic schools. At the same time, the number of Orthodox pilgrims from Russia to the Holy Land sharply increased, who faced a large number of organizational difficulties in traveling through the Holy Land. To ease the fate of the pilgrims and the local Orthodox population, two spiritual missions were sent there, and in 1858 a Palestinian Committee has been established. The Committee managed to solve the pressing problems of pilgrims by acquiring special farmsteads, nevertheless, very soon the number of pilgrims increased even more, and the Russian government established the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society in 1882. Relying on state support and donations from Russian benefactors, a significant number of institutions of the society were opened in the Holy Land, including farmsteads, schools and medical outpatient clinics. All this in general allowed not only to preserve Orthodoxy in the Middle East in the pre-revolutionary period, but also to strengthen the influence of the Russian Empire on the entire Middle East region.

714-728

Authors: Anvar M. Mamadaliev, Varvara V. Bogdan, Natalia V. Svechnikova, Natal'ya V. Miku

This article is the third part and completes a series of works devoted to the study of the public education system in 1849–1917 in the Erivan province of the Russian Empire and explores the period 1908–1917. The educational institutions of secondary, lower and primary levels of education are analyzed. The features of the development of librarianship in secondary educational institutions are also considered as an indirect criterion of the quality of education at the beginning and end of the chronological period under consideration. Traditionally, the ratio of the number of students according to confessional, ethnic and class criteria is also analyzed. Based on the statistical analysis of the data, the authors conclude that the development of the education system, which (with the exception of primary education) should be recognized as very weak in comparison with other regions of Transcaucasia. The demand for secondary education has remained stable for many years (the number of secondary educational institutions has not changed), and the number of female students prevailed over male students, which is completely uncharacteristic for the regions of the Caucasus and Transcaucasia; the number of students increased 1.25 times over the period 1908–1914. The lower education has not changed quantitatively (the number of institutions has practically remained the same), but it has improved significantly qualitatively, since two- and three-grade city schools were transformed into four-grade higher primary schools with a more in-depth program; the number of students increased 1.5 times over the period 1908–1914. The primary education was successfully developed largely thanks to the law of May 3, 1908 and in terms of development rates was in no way inferior to other regions of the Caucasian School District; the number of students increased almost 1.7 times over the period 1908–1914. At the same time, in the first military year of 1914, the number of students falls significantly, especially sharply (almost twice) – in lower educational institutions.

739-748

Authors: Natalia Ye. Goryushkina

The presented article aims to highlight the process of the release and consolidation of Russian alcohol in the European markets in the second half of the XIX century. The study of this topic is becoming particularly relevant and important at today's turning point in the history of international relations. The author draws attention to the fact that alcohol appeared late in the list of goods exported from Russia. Only under the influence of the rules introduced by the wine reform of 1863, alcohol production in Russia grew and came in discrepancy with the needs of the domestic market, significantly exceeding them. The Government has taken measures to promote Russian alcohol to the European market, exempting the percentage of alcohol exported from excise duty and reimbursing suppliers for travel costs. The main buyer of the Russian product was Germany, which willingly purchased cheap raw alcohol from Russia, cleaned it and sold it at a high price to Spain, France, Italy, where alcohol was used for fixing grape wines. Russian alcohol producers made attempts to independent foreign trade activities, but the low quality of the domestic product, the shortage of containers, the lack of convenient transport routes, ignorance of the market of the countries where alcohol supplies were planned, all this restrained the size of alcohol supplies abroad. The final consolidation of Russian alcohol on the European market was carried out in the late 1880s and early 1890s. Russia, despite the difficult competition, managed to improve the quality of alcohol and take one of the leading places among alcohol suppliers to Europe.

758-776

Authors: Аndrii E. Lebid, Dmytro V. Kudinov

The publication reflects the main issues of design and construction of railways in Russia on the example of the Sumy line of the Kharkov-Nikolaev railway (Sumy railway). The next stages of its implementation have been highlighted: 1) setting of the objective by Sumy district zemstvo to build the road and the implementation of preliminary surveys in this respect; 2) promotion of the Zemstvo initiative on the agenda of the Committee of Ministers and the organization of planning and design work by the Ministry of Railways; 3) determination of the contractor and carrying out of the corresponding preparatory and construction work. It is indicated that the necessity to build Sumy railway was dictated, first of all, by the needs of the local sugar beet industry, which in the 1870s was under the threat of a crisis due to deforestation, rising prices for fuel and transportation of raw materials and products. It is noted that at the same time, local authorities pursued other objectives in the implementation of the highway, corresponding to the expectation of a general economic recovery, as well as the improvement in passenger traffic. It has been defined that the route and the main technical documentation of the railway were developed by the engineer of the Ministry of Railways Rudnitsky. At the same time, its correction was allowed due to the request of the local authorities. Particular emphasize in the description of the railroad construction is put on Yevgeny Mikhailovich Dukhovsky, the chief engineer appointed by the Society of the Kharkov-Nikolaev railway. Not only his obvious organizational skills, which resulted in the fast completion of the road, have been noted, but also negative aspects associated with unscrupulous financial calculations, as well as neglect of the quality of track execution and the formation of rolling stock, which threatened to cause accidents and additional cash injections into correction of deficiencies during the operation of the road. Legal aspects of the road construction recorded in the charter of the Society of the Kharkov-Nikolaev railway construction have been analyzed. The particular attention is paid to the issues related to construction – the alienation of private property, the description according to the government order of the economic potential of the territories located on both sides of the road, changes in postal routes and the formation of numerous access roads to the stations. The positive effect of Sumy railway functioning has been proved on the basis of data for the first decade of its existence.

789-799

Authors: Saule Uderbaeva, Anuar Sagatov, Erkin Kakimzhanov

The article presents an analysis of the scientific heritage of the French researcher of Central Asia, an active member of two pre-revolutionary scientific societies – of the Orenburg Scientific Archive Commission, the Turkestan circle of archeology amateurs. The amateur researcher has done an enormous amount of work to describe the objects of the sacred geography of Central Asia, archaeological sites, study of local lore of the Kazakh steppe, and ethnographic research. Scientific heritage of J.A. Castagnier is currently of undoubted interest for archaeologists, historians, ethnographers, geographers. At present, the results of Castagnier's research are of great scientific and practical importance. For a long time, the personality of Castagnier was a “default figure”, since he was considered a foreign agent and spy without good reason in previous historiography. The analysis of the content of the works of J.-A. Castagne, published in the in «Proceedings» of the Orenburg Scientific Archival Commission, made it possible to determine their high value. The works of Castagnier are distinguished by a wide source base, including the works of famous orientalists, rare manuscripts from the OUAC funds, saturation with author's photographs, engravings, drawings of the objects described, tables, an accurate topographic and cartographic description, indicating geographical coordinates, distances in sazhens and versts. Detailed geographic coordinates are very valuable for modern scientists, for example, for compiling digital maps of sacred objects. Of particular interest are legends, legends about ancient cities, burial places, detailed descriptions of shrines recorded by Castagne.

812-823

Authors: Aleksandr A. Kartskhiya, Mikhail G. Smirnov, Sergey A. Tyrtychnyy, Mariya G. Dolgikh

The article analyzes the experience of transporting oil and petroleum products through pipelines in the Russian Empire, in the second half of the XIX century. A comprehensive analysis of the prerequisites for the construction of pipelines in Transcaucasia is carried out. A comparison is made with the American experience of oil transportation in the XIX century. For the first time in Russian historiography, the authors attempt to show a multifaceted integrated approach to the problems of transporting oil and petroleum products using pipeline transport in the Russian Empire. At the same time, the negative experience of competition with foreign companies in the markets of transportation of petroleum products in Transcaucasia is analyzed. The paper shows that in conditions of weak logistics and high length of routes, the Baku-Batum kerosene pipeline turned out to be the most effective means of transporting petroleum products, which predetermined the scientific and technical development and the formation of a new pipeline transport. At the same time, it is proved that with a consistent state policy regarding foreign-made products in the oil industry of the Russian Empire, national companies will be able to develop under the conditions of import substitution policy and the development of the domestic engineering school. The paper analyzes various examples of non-competitive struggle of foreign oil companies in the field of intellectual property. The article studies the origin and subsequent development of pipeline transport in chronological order – from the first kerosene pipeline at the Balakhan fields, to the creation of the largest kerosene pipeline in Russia, Baku-Batum. For the first time in studies of the features of the construction of the oil pipeline of the XIX century, the authors studied the scientific, technical, economic, logistical and financial reasons for the development of oil pipeline transport in Russia in aggregate.

834-843

Authors: Ainur Zh. Gabdulina, Aigerim Zh. Turkhanova, Lyazzat T. Kurmanbayeva, Zhanat R. Abisheva

In the second half of the XIXth century, the socio-economic, cultural processes reorganization Russian began but the war with Turkey suspended this modernization. Transformations began to enter an active phase by the end of this century, when tsarist Russia began to actively work to overcome the socio-economic and technical backwardness of the country. One of the key factors in the development of trade and industry was the construction of railways and the connection of the east of the country with the west, the southern territories with the northern part, that is, this involved the opening of peripheral regions through railways to the central part of the state. The Russian Empire was considered an agrarian country, despite the increase in various types of transport, the expansion of territories it still remained a predominantly agrarian empire. However, by the end of the XIXth century, the State Program was created, which contributed to the accelerated expansion of industrial development at the expense of territories with rich minerals including the territory of Kazakhstan. Such a political and economic course made it possible for Russia to free itself from dependence on industrial imports and at the same time gave impetus to the economic development of the country. This research considers the history of the construction of railways in Siberia, Kazakhstan in which the industrial and merchant nobility of Siberia, Kazakh landsmainly played, using the example of public personalities Pleshcheevs, A. Moskvin and others.

853-866

Authors: Aleksandra A. Sitnikova, Maria A. Kolesnik, Natalia M. Leshchinskaia, Ekaterina A. Sertakova

The relevance of this study is related to the interest in the development of visual culture in the press of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century, where there was a turn towards the synthesis of various means for creating images –author's illustrations, reproductions of famous paintings and sculptures, photographs, explanatory diagrams and drawings, and also to the study of the nature and tools of educational activities in Russia in different eras. The study was carried out on the material of the analysis of the 1882 archival filing of the “Niva”journal – one of the most popular illustrated magazines of the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. Attention to 1882 is associated with the holding of the Moscow Art and Industrial Exhibition, which expands the range of illustrative material to the level of all-Russian significance. The research methods were quantitative and qualitative content analysis. Based on the results of the study, some areas of educational activities of the “Niva”journal were identified.

876-889

Authors: Aleksander E. Epifanov, Elena E. Krasnozhenova, Sergey V.Kulik

The study reveals the history, conditions, statistics and characteristic features of escapes of prisoners of penitentiary institutions of Russia at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries from a historical and legal standpoint, and presents the practice of prison departments to combat them. The authors have established a direct dependence of escapes on the prevailing socio-political conditions in the Russian Empire, the development of the revolutionary situation in the country. The paper presents the influence of the revolutionary events of 1905–1907 on the activity of escapes from prison institutions. It is shown that the escapes of prisoners and their forced release have turned into one of the forms of revolutionary struggle. Therefore, despite the harsh punishments applied to fugitive prisoners, the flight from places of detention not only did not stop, but also had a steady tendency to expand. The article was prepared on the basis of extensive literature, as well as departmental regulations and archival materials, many of which were introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The article uses both general scientific (historical, logical, dialectical methods, method of system-functional analysis and synthesis) and special historical (historical-comparative and statistical) methods of cognition. The study processed quantitative data available in various reports, references, correspondence and other documentary sources. Among them are data on losses among prisoners, on the number of escapes from places of deprivation of liberty, on cases of violence against guards and guards. The authors come to the conclusion about the significant scale and great public danger of escapes from Russian pre-revolutionary penitentiary institutions, the activity of which was directly related to the growth of the revolutionary movement, the state of places of detention and prison service.

902-920

Authors: Elena V. Burlutskaya

The study of childhood is currently a relatively new area of scientific research. It is carried out within the framework of various approaches (legal, pedagogical, demographic, sociocultural, historical and sociological, etc.), and their main goal is to identify the legal status of the child, the “boundaries” of childhood, educational practices in relation to children, children's subculture, etc. In many modern studies, the child is viewed as an independent social subject who, like adults, is affected by various social events. These events determine the dynamics of the evolution of childhood, predetermine trends in the development of children in various spheres of their life. For a comprehensive study of the position of the children in the general composition of society in relatively remote time periods it is necessary to use various types of sources. Statistical materials can be used as one of those types of sources, allowing, through sociographic analysis, to determine the main indicators of the social state of childhood. The materials of the First Russian Imperial Census of 1897 in this context make it possible not only to obtain basic demographic data regarding children as a special social group (its total size, percentage in the total population, etc.), but also to determine the level of children's literacy, to find out ethnic and confessional composition of children as a group. Comparison of similar indicators for different Russian regions leads the researcher to identification of the regional specifics of childhood. The identified features of local children's worlds prove the thesis about the plurality of “childhoods” even in the conditions of one chronological stage and one region. Children from different class, ethnic and confessional groups lived in different conditions, led different lifestyles, had different quality of life.

934-942

Authors: Timur A. Magsumov, Teymur E. Zulfugarzade, Mikhail B. Kolotkov, Sergei B. Zinkovskii

The article discusses the Russian-Japanese War of 1904–1905 on the pages of the “Yakutskie Eparkhial'nye Vedomosti” newspaper. The source base of the research was the materials of the pre-revolutionary periodical press, namely the official body of the Yakut diocese – the newspaper “Yakutskie Eparkhial'nye Vedomosti”. Due to the fact that the source in the study is the filing of newspaper issues, in methodological terms, the authors widely used the method of content analysis, which allowed them to identify publications on the topic of the study from extensive material and analyze them. The traditional attention is paid to the use of the chronological method, thanks to which events are considered in their chronological sequence. In conclusion, the authors state that throughout the Russian-Japanese War, the reflection of these events on the pages of the “Yakutskie Eparkhial'nye Vedomosti”had its own specifics: it was expressed in poor coverage of these events due to the remoteness from the capitals and from the combat zone, so all materials were received by the newspaper with a significant delay. Besides this, life in the Yakut diocese was different in another respect: there was practically no commercial and industrial elite, which often became a source of charitable donations for the needs of the army and navy. As a result, either employees and teachers of educational institutions of the Holy Synod or parishioners of churches became benefactors in the region. Despite such peculiarities, government manifestos, appeals to parishioners and the population, letters from the front, lists of donors and other messages from the local chronicle were published on the pages of the “Yakutskie Eparkhial'nye Vedomosti”in 1904. Russian Russian-Japanese war was not often considered in 1905 in connection with the events of the First Russian Revolution, and in the last three months of the war, the editors did not address it at all.

952-962

Authors: Maria S. Sergeeva, Igor V. Karpenko, Ivan M. Chizh, Sergey D. Batoev

During the years of the Russian-Japanese War, the Russian Red Cross Society (RRCS) for the first time acted as an independent organization, which, together with the military medical service, participated in providing medical care to the wounded and sick. The lack of a sufficient number of nursing communities in the Far East predetermined the priority of the tasks of mobilizing personnel from the European part of Russia for the RRCS and deploying their own medical institutions in the front and in the rear. Different ways of organizing and training medical personnel determined the kind of their activities (staffing the existing or opening new medical institutions) and their responsibilities (care and feeding, sanitization, dressings and medical assistance). The working conditions of medical institutions depended on their location: in the area of the active army or one of the rear districts, which had their own purpose in helping the wounded and sick during the war. An analysis of the activities of the RRCS during the war made it possible to identify ways to solve the set tasks and the problems that the RRCS encountered in the course of its mission.

975-985

Authors: Galya A. Alpyspaeva, Gulmira Sametova, Lazzat Т. Jumaliyeva

The article deals with insufficiently studied confessional aspect of the resettlement policy of the autocracy in the Kazakh region at the beginning of the 20th century - the fight against sectarian proselytism. The authors used the materials from the funds of the RGIA and the Central State Archive of the Republic of Kazakhstan, reviews of the regions of the Kazakh Territory, periodicals of the Omsk and Turkestan Diocesan Committees, in which jurisdiction were the regions within the territory of modern Kazakhstan. Based on the results of the study, it was possible to determine that the poly-confessional composition of the population of the region, formed as a result of the peasant migration, included various ethnic groups, isolated on religious grounds. Interethnic contacts were not limited by the processes of economic interaction, but often acquired forms of religious acculturation. With the issuance of the Decree of April 17, 1905 “On strengthening the principles of religious tolerance”, the religious movement in the region revived, there was an increase in sectarian proselytism against the backdrop of a weakening of the Orthodox religiosity of the settlers. In this situation, the clergy feared the conversion of the Orthodox to other faiths, the fall of the authority of the Russian Orthodox Church and autocracy. The unification of the efforts of the spiritual and secular authorities was an important condition for confronting the sectarians, who often used aggressive forms of propaganda of their dogma. With the support of secular authorities, the church used various methods to counter sectarian proselytism, including those borrowed from sectarians. They were not always effective due to the small number of anti-sectarian missionaries in the region and the lack of experience among the clergy in conducting anti-sectarian propaganda.

994-1001

Authors: Tatyana G. Karchaeva, Mikhail D. Severyanov, Anna S. Zhulaeva, Nikolai R. Novosel'tsev

This article tested the facts of social and professional appearance of officials in Siberia. They served in the structure of local government under the Ministry of Finance. The object of the study is treasurers, senior accountants, clerks, clerks, controllers, assessors, auditors, technicians, secretaries, overseers, senior and junior assistants who served in the provincial, regional and district institutions of the Irkutsk province, the Yenisei province, the Trans-Baikal region and the Yakutsk region. The historical sources of the study were the “Lists of ranks in the Ministry of Finance” for 1907, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1914, which contain information about the name and rank, the ages, the presence of orders and medals, education (with the name of the educational institution), religion, stages of public service (years of entry into the civil service, department and current position). We analyzed and compared the data and established patterns in the professional appearance and personal qualities of officials who served in 1906–1917. We examined officials who worked in positions of the VI-VIII classes according to the "Table of Ranks" of Peter I. We discovered the following patterns. Firstly, the officials were younger in the Trans-Baikal and Yakut regions compared to the officials who served in the Irkutsk and Yenisei provinces. That is, younger officials went to more remote territories. In the Yakutsk region and the Trans-Baikal region, 54% of officials were between 26 and 45 years old. In the Yenisei province and the Irkutsk province, officials aged 46 to 55 years old accounted for 46%, and from 26 to 45 years old – 34%. Secondly, 70% of officials were Orthodox in Eastern Siberia, 20% of officials were Catholics and Protestants. Thirdly, representatives of the local administration were traditionally awarded orders and medals for impeccable service. More than 60% of officials were marked with orders of Saints Vladimir, Anna, Stanislav and medals.

1010-1021

Authors: Julia S. Zamaraeva, Natalya N. Seredkina, Anna A. Shpak, Natalya N. Pimenova

The article is devoted to the image of the territories of the Russian Empire in a media source. We analysed the articles published in 1913 in the magazine Nature and People. The results of the study show that the image of Russian cities and territories is created mainly from urban and natural sub-images. The ethnographic image of the Russian Empire is represented by the study of Slavic peoples, which takes into account the diversity of the composition in the formation of the Slavs, strong cultural ties are noted, as well as the multidimensional process of the formation of the modern population. The Russian Empire as a territory of scientific and technical achievements is represented by the advanced formation of scientific knowledge and the creation of inventions that also change approaches to scientific research. The role of the Russian Empire in the development of the North is represented by the leading one. The expeditions of Russian scientists have made a great contribution to the development of the country, science, enlightenment, education. The media image of the territories of the Russian Empire is a rich and positively built image of the country and society.

1033-1040

Authors: Alexander S. Kovalev, Nikolai R. Novosel'tsev, Dmitry V. Rakhinsky, Nikita N. Ravochkin

The article deals with the problem of social assistance to war invalids in 1914–1917, presented in modern Russian historiography. Most researchers claim that during the First World War, a full-fledged state social policy was carried out in relation to the crippled and wounded soldiers from the lower ranks. Conversely, the question of what was the number of people who returned from the front completely disabled remains debatable. In addition, another scientific problem is formulated in the article: was the “war invalids” an independent category of people in need of assistance, or were they assisted under the unified approach to solving the life difficulties of sick and wounded military personnel. The answers to both of these questions help to say more precisely whether the practice of state social policy actually existed in Russia. If the number of military invalids was significant, then they could indeed become an object of special attention from both state and non-state actors of assistance. Meanwhile, the disabled of the First World War had to have a special status that distinguished them from other categories of the disabled population, distinguished them from people who occupied a similar social position. The article presents different points of view regarding the number of war invalids, considers the problems of organizing the registration of war invalids during the First World War, analyzes the materials of the questionnaires developed by the Medical Statistical Bureau under the Main Committee of the Zemsky Union and compiled for a group of veterans from the Barnaul district who returned disabled. All of the foregoing made it possible to identify war invalids as a separate group.

1050-1059

Authors: Nicholas W. Mitiukov, Irina Yu. Cherkasova

Barges of the domestic merchant and military fleets have not yet been the object of scientific research. Many authors dealing with the history of shipbuilding mention the construction of non-self-propelled ships, but these are only eclectic references. Partially, this problem is overcome by statistical collections that published the composition of the merchant and military fleets on a certain date. However, a holistic picture of the evolution of the domestic non-self-propelled fleet is created either for the pre-revolutionary or for the Soviet period. The events of the revolution and the civil war pass by a kind of watershed, which makes it difficult to reliably connect the biographies of the vessels. In 1916–1917 The Votkinsk plant received an order from the Maritime Ministry for the construction of 20 barges of a 250-ton raid and 200-ton river type. The entire order was fulfilled by the plant, but with some delay, given the "force majeure" of 1917−1918. These barges became the object of study of this work. Of the ten barges of the 250-ton type, seven were handed over to the customer and became part of the watercraft of the Arkhangelsk military port. Three more, apparently, at the time of the start of active hostilities on the Northern Dvina were under construction. Since this type was not well suited for fighting on the rivers, all three barges were transferred to the Upper Volga. Of the ten barges of the 200-ton type, within the existing source base, it is possible to trace only the biographies of five that entered the Kama River Shipping Company, and later the Vyatka. Most likely, at the time of the beginning of the Votkinsk uprising, these five barges were located in the city, used first as a prison, and then floated to the Kama to build a pontoon bridge. The fate of five more barges is unknown. If they did not die during the civil war, it is possible that they were assembled without the participation of the Votkinsk plant and the plant no longer appeared in their further registration data.