Ciencia e Natura

6

Authors: Rute Costa Ferreira, Michelle S. Reboita , Dirceu L. Herdies e Cesar A. A. Beneti

The instability indices evaluate the vertical structure of the atmosphere related to temperature and air humidity aiming to identify instability or stability. Where exists instability, these provide an indication of the intensity of precipitation systems. The K index indicates the potential for storms based on the lapse rate and humidity in the lower troposphere and in the extension of the wet layer. The Total Totals (TT) index combines temperature and moisture at low levels with the temperature on middle levels. Due to the importance of these indices in weather forecast and the absence of studies of the tendency of these parameters in South America, this research aimed to determine the K and TT indices for the synoptic hours make a climatology and calculate the seasonal trend of these indices. Results showed that on the continent higher values of the indices K and TT are obtained in the summer, mainly due to seasonal variation of temperature, in addition to rainfall associated with the monsoon particularly in southeastern Brazil. There is an increasing trend in the values of both indices in the northern Amazon and decreasing trend in the northwest of Argentina and southwest Bolivia

6

Authors: Tuanny Steffane Rodrigues, Mário Francisco Leal de Quadro, Márcia Fuentes Vetromilla Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brasil

This study aims to review the preliminary climatology of the wind in the Federal Institute of Santa Catarina (IFSC), which is situated in an urban area of Florianópolis. The study also intends to compare measurements of wind (speed and direction) at different heights on Campus. Hourly data from automatic weather station were analyzed during a period of 8 years (from 2004 to 2012). Statistics of mean and standard deviation were calculated and have identified the absolute maximum and minimum of this variable. In addition, we obtained the frequencies of occurrence of the wind direction in octants. The results show that the winds in this site is generally weak. The highest speed occurred from September to December; the lowest between April and July. The predominant wind was the north (N) direction, followed by the south (S). In comparison to the two anemometers at different heights, we identified two wind patterns: one at lower speeds (below 2m/s) and the other at higher speeds (above 2 m/s)

8

Authors: Rodrigo de Jesus Silva, Bernardo Berenchtein, Mauricio Lamano Ferreira e Luiz Antonio Martinelli

Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar as mudanças do sinal isotópico - δ13C e δ15N - do tecido muscular entre espécies de peixes de ambientes naturais e de criação como uma forma de entender a relação entre habitat, dieta e composição trófica destes animais aquáticos. Assim, foram utilizadas quatro espécies diferentes de peixes, sendo o tucunaré e o atum de diferentes ambientes naturais e o salmão e a tilápia de ambientes de criação ou engorda. A partir disso, excetuando as espécies de atum os valores de δ13C de tilápia foram significativamente maiores do que os outros, enquanto que para os valores de δ15N as espécies de tilápia foram significativamente menores. Além disso, as espécies de piscicultura de tilápia e salmão tiveram consideravelmente a menor variabilidade. Estes resultados em conjunto sugerem uma diferença significativa no sinal isotópico entre as espécies de piscicultura e ambientes naturais, refletindo as dietas diferentes e a composição das cadeias alimentares de acordo com o ambiente de origem das espécies.

8

Authors: Alcigeimes B Celeste, Raul Fontes Santana e Wesley Medeiros Santos

Water supply reservoirs are usually operated in accordance with so-called rule curves, which decide the ratio of demand to be met based on current conditions. This paper assesses the suitability of implicit stochastic optimization (ISO) against stochastic dynamic programming (SDP) to set up reservoir release policies. The case study is the largest reservoir in the state of Sergipe, Brazil. The models are applied to operate the reservoir under several possible 100-year inflow scenarios. Operations are also carried out by the standard operating policy (SOP) of reservoirs and by deterministic optimization based on perfect inflow forecast (PFDO), the latter used as a benchmark. In all of the 100 scenarios utilized, the performance of both SPD and ISO is superior to that of SOP and close to that of PFDO. Furthermore, the simple ISO shows to perform similarly to the more complex SDP.

9

Authors: Letícia Pereira dos Santos, Patrick Thomaz de Aquino Martins

This work aimed to characterize the main uses and land cover on a time scale of ten years before and after the formation of the Peixe Angical reservoir in Tocantins. Moreover, relating the basin conservation status with slope characteristics in the study area. Satellite images were used Landsat 5 and Landsat 8, for the years 2003, 2008 and 2013 for which were applied the following procedures: registration, composition of bands RGB, supervised classification, evaluation of the classification and analysis of the obtained data. Five classes were defined: remaining vegetation, pasture, water, exposed soil and burned. The most representative was remaining vegetation, occupying 92.6% of the basin area in 2013. The class with the highest increase was water due to reservoir formation. The relief of the basin, mostly flat, is not a primary factor that explains the high degree of conservation of the basin. Other factors such as low levels of urbanization, few flow routes and poor soil nutrients, had better explain the conservation status in the measured area. However, although the basin to present highly conserved, it is necessary to evaluate larger spatial scales covering the hydrography of other basins.

9

Authors: Juliane Stenzinger Bergamim

This article is the result of a bibliographic approach, which sought to list the environmental impacts, the characteristics of family farming and how this relationship is in Paraná. It is known that the rural areas occupy most of the Brazilian territory and that its occupations process, since the beginning, was aggressive from the environmental point of view. In the state under study, this process was similar, as with the arrival of immigrants and descendants, large forested áreas have been degraded to make way for agriculture. This agriculture, usually composed of families and with a peculiar structure, occupied and still occupies large áreas of territory, but lost strength in the economic sense in the face of large landowners in the state. Thus, this article portrays how the rural lands of Paraná were and are appropriated by family farmers.

9

Authors: Leonardo Preza Rodrigues1, Mônica Carneiro Alves Senna2e Marcio Cataldi

Extreme weather events are becoming more prominent in academic discussions and media articles, such as South Atlant Convergence Zone (SACZ), which is a major weather system that influences rainfall in Brazil during the summer months. Th relevance of the phenomenon makes it an important process to be mapped and understood. This work seeks to understand ho the biosphere-atmosphere coupled model CCM3-IBIS represents the climatology of the SACZ occurrence and formation, and i behavior patterns at different atmospheric levels. The control simulation was run for a period of 50 years, and average month maps of the following environmental variables were elaborated: Wind, Divergence, Specific Humidity, Omega, Outgoin Longwave Radiation, Cloudiness and Precipitation. The CCM3-IBIS model represented satisfactorily the characteristics of th SACZ, where areas of low level convergence, negative speed Omega in average levels, divergence at high levels, and high valu of specific surface moisture appear on phase, i.e., spatially agreeing with each other, confirming the presence of convectiv clouds associated with low values of outgoing longwave radiation and high precipitation rates, oriented NW-SE from th convective region of the Amazon to southeastern South America, reaching the extratropical Atlantic Ocean.

9

Authors: Luciana Cardoso Neta, Morgana Vaz da Silva

The aim this study was to analyze the behavior a Mesoscale Convective System that occurred in southern South America on 20 and 21 October 2007. Observed that this system was due to the combined Subtropical Jet, advection heat and moisture at low levels. Such a system caused hail damage on October 20, 2007 in the following cities of Rio Grande do Sul State: Cândido Godoi, Ijui, Santo Cristo, Passo Fundo, Itaqui, Santa Rosa, São Sebastião Missões and 3 Maio. Were used Satellite images, WRF model and some indices atmospheric instability as K, TT and Lapse Rate. The index K values obtained between 10⁰C and 30⁰C, indicating no intense convection, according critical values in the existing literature. The TT index, with values between 45 and 51 ⁰C indicated favorable conditions for convection, with also slightly different values in the stages of formation and maturation. The Lapse Rate Index showed values between 16 and 20 ⁰C / km in both the formation and maturation of systems due to instability.

9

Authors: Fábio Júnior Secchi, Odorico Konrad e Jaqueline Tonetto

This study aimed to evaluate how pluviometric precipitation and evapotranspiration interfere with the efficiency of a horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland used for domestic wastewater treatment. The study was developed in two phases of six months, the first evaluated without the influence of pluviometric precipitation (SIPP) and the second exposed to pluviometric precipitation (IPP). The constructed wetland is subsurface, with horizontal flow, it is vegetated with macrophytes and occupied with stone chips (“rachão”), gravel and sand. The equipments used for the measurement of water balance were an analogical rain gauge and two water meters, while to evaluate the treatment efficacy, the analysis of OBD (Oxygen Biochemical Demand), NTK (Nitrogen Total Kjeldal) and Pt (Phosphorus total) were realized in laboratory. The results showed that in the phase IPP the water balance faced significant changes due to the pluviometric volumes and evapotranspiration. The average removal efficiencies in the phases SIPP and IPP were 67,3% e 66,8% for DBO, 40% and 21% for NTK and 34,8% and 17,6% for Pt, respectively. The study showed that pluviometric precipitation and evapotranspiration rates influence the water balance of a constructed wetland, providing variations in hydraulic retention time of the efluente, what, as a consequence, interferes with the efficiency of removal of polluting loads.

9

Authors: Ricardo Gobato, Desire F. G. Fedrigo e Alekssander Gobato

The LOT-G3 is designed to be a versatile equipment that perform several simple experiments for use in helping the physics classes for high school. Easy construction, low cost, using easily accessible materials. Its construction involves simple practices and knowledge of electromagnetism. It has the function of a plasma globe to demonstrate the ionization of a low pressure gas, as well as the formation of electromagnetic field. Can be used as sanitizer of closed environments such as automotive vehicles in ozonator function, demonstrating the ionization of oxygen in the atmosphere, producing ozone, essential to life on earth, filtering out ultraviolet rays, but is toxic if inhaled. And as a sparks transmitter, low power, low frequency modulated continuous wave (CW), for signals in Morse code. Therefore the equipment here called LOT-G3, has three functions: a plasma lamp, ozonator and CW transmitter.

10

Authors: Jomil Costa Abreu Sales, Darllan Collins da Cunha e Silva, Ligia Ferrari Torella di Romagnano, Rana Bertagna e Roberto Wagner Lourenço

The geoprocessing techniques have been increasingly recurrent in understanding the effects caused by human activities on the environment. This study aimed to apply a mapping methodology to building a probabilistic prediction model, that could be able to demonstrate through the future scenarios, changes in land use and vegetation cover, using the model of Markov Chains, enabling the analysis of the impact caused by the spatialtemporal transition level and between the land uses and the sugar cane plantation in protected areas and their buffer zones. For this, was used the Markov model for the construction of a future probabilistic prediction, to a 20 years scenario, due to the advancement of sugarcane activity in the region. Thus, we found that pastures and agriculture, especially the sugar cane activity, act incisively on the contribution of changes and advances on classes of forests and riparian forests, with probabilities over than 30% of their areas being replaced by these human activities in both the Buffer Zone, as well inside the reserve.

10

Authors: Lucas Krein Rademann, Romario Trentin, Luis Eduardo de Souza Robaina

The landscape is shaped by various natural and anthropogenic processes. These processes affect the development of various forms of relief. The characteristics of these forms provide limitations and skills for the use of the land. Thus, this study aims to analyze the forms of relief, of Cacequi, municipality of western state of Rio Grande do Sul region. In developing the hydrographic maps, slope, hypsometry and landforms was used GIS ArcGIS 10.1, using topo to raster, slope e spatial analyst outil . Its hydrography was analyzed and prioritized according to Strahler (1952). 5 classes were used for the preparation of topographic map of Cacequi according to the average altitude of the municipality’s land. Even for the analysis of the slope were used 4-defined classes IPT smaller than 2%, from 2 to 5%, 5 to 15% and more than 15%. The landforms were divided into hills, rolling hills, buttles and floodplains. Cacequi has low altitude and small altimetry variation therefore also lower slopes, featuring homogeneous relief represented by values close to average length of the strands in their sub-basins with the predominance of hills and plains. The study of relief, shown to be important to understand surface process.

10

Authors: Mathematical techniques in obtaining reduced kinetic mechanisms with illustration for methane flames

The computational treatment of detailed kinetic reaction mechanisms of combustion is very expensive, especially when the objective is the implementation of CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) models; therefore, major effort in searching for methods of mechanisms reduction has been observed. In the pursuit of efficient techniques, various ideas and theories have emerged in recent years. Sensitivity analysis, lumping and DRG (Directed Relation Graph) are some of these techniques, which seem to be powerful tools that can assist in this challenge. This paper shows these strategies, objectively describing their applications on reduction of reaction mechanisms. A reduced mechanism for methane flames consisting of six-step among nine reactive species is obtained from the skeletal mechanism, which consists of 25 reactions.

10

Authors: Sandra Cadore Peixoto1, Adriano Teixeira2, Anderson Maciel3, Andressa Lara Markus4, Luana Freitas, Matheus Severo Schalenberger e Rodrigo Fernando dos Santos Salazar

This study aims to assess the water quality of the central region of Rio Grande do Sul State, through chemical analyzes (conductivity, color, nitrogen, dissolved oxygen, hardness, pH, temperature, total dissolved solids, iron content and turbidity) . The samples were divided into thirty-seven points, corresponding to twenty- two collections in neighborhoods and fifteen districts in the Santa Maria area during 2014 2nd semester. After performing experimental procedures we compared the results with the values accepted by law. It was found that most samples are in accordance with the water quality parameters of class 2.

10

Authors: Giovana Aparecida Kafer e Miriam Inês Marchi

The searching for better results in the teaching and learning process in the chemistry subject justifies the teacher’s necessity to use different pedagogical strategies. This job is about an experience with students from the Computer Science Technical High School second grade, from the Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Farroupilha - Campus Alegrete, using the chemistry lab as a space of investigation. The experiments were accomplished to talk about solubility and solution concentration. The applied conceptual maps in the pre and postactivity had as a purpose to verify the students knowledge about the studied subject, comparing them during the activities. The methodology allowed to notice the formal teaching interference when the purpose is to mediate the discoveries, when the experimentation can turn the learning more meaningful. From the applied methodologies, it was possible to find a potential growth in the concepts related to the solutions, verifying that the methodology propitiated a meaningful learning.

11

Authors: Jader Lugon Jr , Victor Thauan Ribeiro Costa e Pedro Paulo Gomes Watts Rodrigues

This work presents the results of hydrodynamic and transport, which were applied to a stretch of Itabapoana River, located in the northwest of Rio de Janeiro State, in order to assess the environmental consequences of the implantation of a Small Hydroelectric Plant. The models were calibrated by comparing simulated and observed data, for a giving condition, regarding both hydrodynamic and water quality variables. Once calibrated, the models simulated different scenarios, with a special emphasis to those generated under low flow regime, which are environmentally more critics. The results showed that, for these conditions, some water quality parameters, markedly the Dissolved Oxygen concentration, would be affected by the change in flow regime, caused by the withdrawal of water to power the turbines of the hydroelectric plant.

11

Authors: Cláudia Werner Flach e Maiara Moreira Berdete

This article is intended to highlight the importance of green areas as spaces destined for leisure. Five different central areas in Pelotas were chosen, considering their historical and cultural relevance: Coronel Pedro Osório Square, Piratinino de Almeida Square, Cipriano Barcelos Square, Dom Antônio Zattera Park and the Linear Park Bairro Fragata. A semi-structured survey was applied to 72 present subjects at these parks and squares, in order to verify the citizens opinion over green areas. The questions considered aspects of infrastructure, vegetation, safety and proper conditions to recreation and sports practice. Topics concerned in the municipal legislation about green areas, urban afforestation, and also historical aspects of the appearance and development of those places were also approached in the questionnaire.

11

Authors: Nilma Silvania Izarias, Bárbara Izarias Barbosa, Maria Rosa Izarias e Vilma França Monteiro

The present study investigated the implementation process of Law 12.305 / 10, which obliges Brazilian municipalities properly dispose their solid waste. Seeks to understand its implementation, in north-central of Goiás, tracing common points on the difficulties encountered by municipalities for proper solid waste management. This study involved 21 municipalities, carrying out on-site observation and interview residents and environmental management of municipalities. It could be observed in the municipalities visited and in the research consortium the other municipalities that everyone still has their waste in the form of the open dump (Dump). They failed to meet the terms established by Law 12,305/10 mainly due to the excess of requirements imposed for resource capture, the slow pace of the federal government for approval of projects and disbursement of funds, the Brazilian culture of postponement of deadlines. It’s possible check that at the time of implementation of the Act the greatest difficulty that municipalities will face, will be the change in citizen culture.

11

Authors: Wiliam Morales, Yoshihiro Yamasak

show meaning especially in their prediction with forecast horizon of 3 hours before the occurrence of storms. The study showed that the VIMFC prognosis indicated that there is a good agreement in terms of the location of cloudclusters that have been developed, compared with the corresponding representations in sequences compared with the of satellite images in the three hours after. Keywords: WRF. VIMFC. Mesoscale. Moisture flux. In the South America the regions of occurrence of the Low-Level-Jet at East Andes (LLJEA) and South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ) where there are the largest import continental moisture. These two systems act over southern and southeast especially in the warm seasons of the year. Throughout 2011, the forecasts made by non-hydrostatic mesoscale Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model (SKAMAROCK et al., 2008) with 18 km grid spatial resolution and 35 vertical levels were used to analyze the Vertically Integrated Moisture Flux Convergence (VIMFC) fields and explore its relevance in the short-term forecasting activities. Several events of intense precipitation occurred during the 2011 year over Brazil were associated with LLJEA and SACZ, and two of them are presented. The results show meaning especially in their prediction with forecast horizon of 3 hours before the occurrence of storms. The study showed that the VIMFC prognosis indicated that there is a good agreement in terms of the location of cloudclusters that have been developed, compared with the corresponding representations in sequences compared with the of satellite images in the three hours after.

11

Authors: Gabrielle Bezerra Oliveira1, Clênia Rodrigues Alcântara2, Enio Pereira de Souza

This research presents a profiles analysis of the zonal (u) and meridional (v) component of wind in a grid point near Belém city in Pará State at 12 UTC for both days with squall lines (SL) formation and days without them. The aim is to inquire the dynamics technical features of the profiles that distinguish days with and without SL, such as wind vertical shear and medium and low level jets (LLJ) present in the formation environment of SL that may contribute for the development and intensity of these systems. The results showed that the zonal component profile of the winds on days with SL formation presents deeper and a little more intense LLJ in lower levels than on days without SL. The meridional component profile showed the presence of negative maximum about 900 hPa and a positive maximum close to 800 hPa and that there is a tendency for these maximum to be higher on days with SL. Therefore, the profiles behaviors show that there is an interaction of the LLJ in the formation and development of these systems, and the change in the wind direction in the meridional component seems to contribute for the formation of squall lines.

13

Authors: economic value of the Caraça Sanctuary in Minas Gerais/Brazil

This paper aims to estimate the economic value of the Caraça Sanctuary in Minas Gerais/Brazil, through the Travel Cost Method, which has as scope to capture the recreational value of a natural asset, thus contributing to the understanding of the actual economic value of a natural site. This method analyzes the spending by visitors, meeting consumer surplus, to earn its economic value. The use of economic valuation methods had become a tool of fundamental importance for the preservation/conservation of goods and services generated by ecosystems. A sample field survey was made through data collection performed by means of specific questionnaires that lead to the total economic value, referring to recreational value, which is around R$ 137,434,781.00/year and has an individual budget constraint of R$ 2,243.65. This value confirms the Caraça Sanctuary economic importance to the region and the need for its preservation.

13

Authors: Clarice B M Lira* e Marcio Cataldi**

The city of Rio de Janeiro is often affected by meteorological systems that cause intense rainfalls. These events bring about economic and social disruptions of significant magnitude. This paper analyses the meteorological event occurred between the 05th and 06th of April 2010 in the city of Rio de Janeiro, using numerical modelling by MM5 model (PSU/NCAR Mesoscale Model). From 20h of the 5th until 8h of the 6th there was on average 178 mm of rainfall in the this city, almost twice the expected for April, bringing about floods, landslides, and many deaths. In this study, eight parameterization groups were used, with different configurations of cloud microphysics, cumulus and atmospheric boundary layer. Two simulation rounds were performed, starting at different times and the simulation results were compared with the observed precipitation data, obtained from pluviometric stations from the “Alerta-Rio” system. Thus, it was possible to analyse the effectiveness of the MM5 model for prognosticate extreme rainfall events as some of the model configurations have captured the position and/or intensity of the cores with intense rainfall with a three-hour time gap in some cases. Therefore, this prognostic model had proven that it can be a useful tool to forecast and reduce the consequences of extreme rainfall events in Rio de Janeiro city.

13

Authors: Marines Verônica Ferreira, Catiane Mazocco Paniz e Cristiane Muenchen

This study aims to present the results obtained from an analysis performed on selected articles from I to IX National Research Meeting in Science Education (ENPECs) that mention the dynamics of Pedagogical Three Moments (3MP) known as: Curriculum Home (PI), Knowledge Organization (OC) and Knowledge Application (AC), in which he investigated the (3MP) has been used in line with the curricular perspective of Thematic Approach Using Text Analysis Discourse analysis as a methodology, it was revealed that the 3MP are being developed both as a classroom methodology as structuring curricula in line with thematic approach or Conceptual Approach. Also analyzed in which education levels and regions of the country coming spreading dynamics and the spread occurs more sharply in the south, and the works are developed, mostly in the context of high school.

15

Authors: Helder José Farias da Silva,Paulo Sérgio Lucio,Irving Foster Brow.

The aim of this study was to investigate climatological aspects (characterization) in seasonal potential evapotranspiration east of Acre, with the unit of study is the city of Rio Branco, capital of the State, considering a period of 34 years from 1980 to 2013, from monthly data from a weather station in a conventional surface. The methodology was adopted to realize the consistency of meteorological data in this way, first, was made the gap filling through the imputation of missing data in time series by means of Multivariate Time Series Data imputation and statistical tests of homogeneity of data (test or Run sequence) suggested by the World Meteorological Organization through its technical note 81 the indirect method Penmann-Montheith was used to calculate the potential Evapotranspiração. The results of this work through examination of the descriptive statistics showed that the average annual ETp is 3.54 mm d-1, with a very marked seasonality in June featuring a minimum of 2.93 mm d-1 and a maximum in October from 4.13 mm d-1 with an average annual accumulated 1290.99 mm and Standard Deviation of 53.41 mm and the months of June and August are what have higher variability and the interval from October to

16

Authors: Roni Valter de Souza Guedes¹, Francisco de Assis Salviano de Sousa Fabrício Daniel dos Santos Silva, Vicente de Paulo Rodrigues da Silva

The objective of this study was to analyze the dry and wet events historically occurred in the Pernambuco state and diagnose their intensities and durations. The identification and classification of areas susceptible to critical events has become a frequent need in the current context of climate change, which has caused disasters in the world. The diagnosis based on meteorological, agricultural and hydrological impacts can be measured with the application of the methodology of the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) for different time scales. The SPI was able to identify critical events in the state of Pernambuco and highlight the main through their intensities and durations. Scales were analyzed from quarterly to biennial which indicated the beginning, trend, duration and intensity of events. The results identified years with rainfall events in the moderate and severe categories, but also dry events in moderate to extreme categories. It was observed that the values of correlations between SPI scales are better as they approach in time. The cluster analysis of the SPIs showed well-defined areas, up to four groups, at all scales of time, this indicates that these groups have similar behavior during critical events.

19

Authors: Leandro Neutzling Barbosa, Eniz Conceição Oliveira, José Claudio Del Pino

It stands out that computers and educational software may be tools for the teaching and learning processes. In the face of that, this research aims to analyze the potentials of computer simulators in the teaching and learning processes through a transversal approach on the theme of Glasshouse Effect. The activity was developed with a class of students from the 2nd year of the Industrial Automation Technical Course – Integrated form, for the subject of Physics II at the Federal Institute for Education, Science and Technology in Rio Grande do Sul IFSul/Camaquã Campus. The proposal adopted as a basis the presumptions of a qualitative research with exploratory bias and methodological outlining of a case study. The results are discussed in the light of Ausubel’s significance learning theory. It is possible to highlight that there has been a significant evolution in students’ knowledge of the theme covered. Thus, it can be assumed that the Physics Education Technology (PhET) simulator has potential to aid in the teaching and learning process.