Bylye Gody

4-10

Authors: Katharina Uhl

The article explores the concept of ‘Soviet subjectivity’ in its various shapes and approaches. This concept was mainly elaborated by the historians Jochen Hellbeck and Igal Halfin during the late 1990s and early 2000s. Their sources were ego-documents of the 1920s and 1930s such as diaries, letters and autobiographies. Taking Stephen Kotkin’s idea of ‘speaking Bolshevik’ as a starting point, historians of ‘Soviet subjectivity’ used ideas of discursive analysis mainly influenced by the French philosopher Michel Foucault to analyze the Stalinist self. The main idea is that individuals constructed and moulded themselves according to a Stalinist set of discourses. Therefore the self appears as dominated by discourse which functions as an elaborated ‘technology of power’. The article focuses on three approaches to ‘Soviet subjectivity’: 1. when Juliane Fürst emphasizes the omnipotent power of Soviet discourse outside which no thinking was possible; 2. Hellbeck’s and Halfin’s ideas were less radical as they put language at the core of construction of the self but leave place for individual interpretation; 3. Kharkhordin, the most prominent representative of the third approach, puts his emphasis on social pressure which is regarded as crucial for implementing Soviet norms and practices. The article finishes by touching on other approaches to ‘Soviet subjectivity’ which have been applied in recent studies, such as the performative approach.

18-22

Authors: Alexey H. Abazov

The common law is investigated as an element of the standard culture of the Kabardians in the XIXth century. Along with the common law, the separate elements of the traditional standard culture of the Kabardians; such as the traditional institutes of social self-regulation, the system of class relations, the family and household culture, a complex of moral ethical standards and behavior rules are distinguished. Specific features of integration of the common law and of certain institutes of the Kabardians into the legal system of the Russian Empire are demonstrated in these examples. It is claimed that after Kabarda's unification with the Russian Empire the common law of the Kabardians underwent essential transformations. It didn’t, however, completely lose its regulatory functions.

29-36

Authors: Susanna D. Bagdasaryan

This article discusses aspects of the state Soviet policy in the formation of a new country daily culture on the basis of development of book culture in the conditions of the fight against illiteracy of the country people the South of Russia. The author analyzes the means and ways of carrying out actions of a cultural revolution in rural society, and the results of the pursued state policy in the concept of the creation of new Soviet society.

43-50

Authors: Viachaslau Menkouski

The article analyzes the historiographical direction "Social History of Stalinism" in the publications of Russian and Belarusian researchers. It is proposed an overview of the use of the term "Stalinism" in the Russian historiography. It compares the ratio of Marxist theory and the practice of socialism in the Soviet Union. The analysis of the Russian-language historiography of Stalinism abroad in the XX–XXI centuries draws attention to the influence of the English-language historiography on the Russian and Belarusian researchers. It explains the importance of "social history" to understand the Stalinist period of Soviet history. Having to replace the concept of totalitarianism, this area has allowed researchers to shift attention from the Soviet leadership to the broad social strata. The Stalinism methodology is studied and how it can be applied to other countries and other historical periods. This allowed a more accurate picture of the life of Soviet society and the State in the 1930–1950's. Attention is paid to the internationalization and globalization of modern historical research as one of the most important specific features. It provides examples of joint projects and publications that focus on the "ordinary people" of the Stalinist Soviet Union, their daily lives, and practice relationships between different social strata.

58-60

Authors: Beate Fieseler, Roger Markwick

The heroic image of the Red Army soldier answering the call of the Motherland to defend her in the Great Patriotic War against fascism has masked the harsh reality of life for their wives and families they left behind on the home front. Wartime propaganda claimed that soldiers’ families were being well looked after. But documents from Yaroslavl’ archives suggest that the wives and families of ordinary soldiers and officers struggled to survive on the ‘second’ home front, especially if they had to care for young children.

5-15

Authors: Alexander A. Cherkasov, Alexander А. Ryabtsev, Vyacheslav I. Menkovsky, Vasiliy V. Tarakanov, Alexander V. Navrotsk

The article, basing on archive data, considers one of the most celebrated criminal cases, controlled by the Russian Emperor Nicholas I during the Caucasian War. It is concerned with the divulgence of state military secret – new types of the defensive arms, namely galvanic cell mines. The state secret was divulged in Fort Navaginsky of the Black Sea coastal frontier in summer, 1851. The article reconstructs the crime, attaching special attention to the daily life of the fort, difficulties of the garrison life, shows reasons for social misconduct of some servicemen, describes relations between Russian administration and mountain tribes, particularly with Ubykhs.

26-33

Authors: Yury A. Nikitin

The article, basing on the archive data and published sources, studies one of the aspects of the municipal government history in the Russian Empire in the second half of the XIX century. The budgeting of Poltava, Kharkov and Chernigov Provinces in the second half of the ХІХ century is examined on the basis of the archive data and published sources. Special attention is attached to permanent and casual funds receipt into the municipal treasury. The paper shows the role of real estate tax, tax on commercial and industrial documents and other major taxes, setting the municipal budgets, considers the relation between the level of economic development and municipal budgets recharge.

44-51

Authors: Anvar I. Ismaylov, Kanat K. Bazarbaev

The article is concerned with the history of national forward movement, called “jadidism” in late XIX – early XX centuries, traces its evolution from enlightment to political movement. Jadidism has become an alternate form of intellectual renovation of the Muslim community. Introduction of phonics method, the so-called “усул-и джадид”, in other words the new method of reading and writing instead of alphabetic one to maktab and madrasah set off the movement. Jadidists criticized the religious fanaticism, demanded the replacement of the obsolete religious schools by the national secular ones, called for science and culture development, favored the issue of newspapers in the native language, establishment of cultural and educational institutions, bringing democratic forces close together.

61-70

Authors: Tatyana P. Khlynina

The article deals with the housing policy of the Soviet State in 1920–1940s, analyses the authorities strategies for housing problem solution, studies the programs of housing construction and its forms, architectural features of Soviet typical development. Special attention is attached to the living space design. The author concludes that the housing policy and authorities’ concept of a new life of a new man are closely related.

79-91

Authors: Vladimir G. Ivantsov

The article describes and analyses the source data on the history of the Black Sea Coast of the North-Western Caucasus after the Caucasian War, found in the work by A.V. Vereshchagin, issued in 1874, namely the statistics of population size, including ethnicity and confession, criticism of the findings by the commission, examining the Black Sea Region, historical and ethnographical data, concerning the remained mountain dwellers and their households, characteristics of migrants’ households and their problems analysis, description and criticism of the adopted system of the state-owned lands acquisition and sale and its implementation, data on the day-labour prices, review of the sea traffic prospects and the state of the road network in the region, analysis of the Black Sea Region state and commercial development, etc.

99-101

Authors: Evgeny F. Krinko, Tat'yana G. Kurbat

...

111-119

Authors: Valery V. Levchenko

The article, basing on a wide range of document data and scientific literature, examines the expulsion of scientists from Odessa, which was part of the campaign on dissident intellectuals’ expulsion in 1922, memorized as “The Philosophy Steamer”. The determination of the degree of problem examination in the history showed that this theme wasn’t analyzed by Ukrainian and Russian historiography thoroughly. The previous publications contained only separate details of the campaign and the names of only few of the scientists were mentioned, which didn’t provide the full picture of the events. The article presents the previously unknown facts, introduces the forgotten names of the scientists and their fates for scientific use.

6-17

Authors: Viktor N. Zemskov

In the article the great numbers of political repressions, which were exaggerated by authors: R.A. Medvedev, A.I. Solzhenitsyn, O.G. Shatunovskoy, A.V. Antonov-Ovseenko in 80-90s are criticized. The author characterizes figures given in tens and even in hundreds of millions of victims as a statistical charlatanism. After checking up the KGB archives, and documents of division responsible for NKVD-MVD special settlements, the author spills the light on real numbers of political repressions in USSR. In his view, the total number of political victims does not exceed 2, 6 million people. This number implies over 800 thousand of death sentenced for political reasons, around 600 thousand political prisoners who died in labor camps, and about 1, 2 million people died in exile (including ‘Kulak Exile’) and during transportation (deported ethnic groups and others).

24-30

Authors: Vitaly А. Bondarev, Аleksandr S. Levakin

The article is based on the historic files of Don, Kuban and Stavropol regions, which feature the ‘dekulakization’ procedures following the total collectivization at the end of 1920s – 1930s. The ideological motives, the scale and ‘dekulakization’ techniques are shown in this article. The theory of ‘dekulakization’ as a kind of Stalin’s repressions against peasantry has been proved.

42-47

Authors: Aleksandr P. Skorik

The article analyzes the repressive policy conducted by Bolsheviks against Don, Kuban and Tersk Cossack Communities at the beginning of 1930s. The anti-Cossacks measures, key methods and consequences are shown in the article. The Author proves the existence of different approaches towards the Cossack Communities, which influenced the repressions policy by Bolsheviks.

57-62

Authors: Vladimir S. Milbakh

The article features one of the dark pages in Russian History – Mass Political Repressions in the country and in the army in 1937–1938. The starting point of repressions against the senior officers is shown on the example of Transbaikal Millitary District. The statistical data on political prisoners (chief officers, commanders), poorly disguised political cases by NKVD officers are shown. New archival files have been uncovered.

76-85

Authors: Vyacheslav I. Menkovsky

The article analyses the process and the results of scholary disputes, concerning “Stalin’s terror” of 1930s in English-language historiography of the second half of the ХХ century, determines methodological aspects of different approaches to the estimation of political repressions dimension in the Soviet Union. As the Soviet statistics was secured, English and American authors used a number of sources: estimations by former Soviet officers and prisoners, settled in Europe; evidences by foreigners, who visited the Soviet Union and Polish prisoners of Soviet camps; data, concerning the number of newspapers, received by the camps; the released figures, regarding some labour camps. Number of people, who had no part in the election for the Soviets was considered, as well. In 1980s the debates, regarding the dimension of forced labour employment in Stalin-era Soviet Union, the number of victims came to English and American historiography attention again. It was related to the emergence of new estimation procedures, publication of some new demographic data in Soviet press, wider application of the models, used by other social sciences in Sovietology. Brand new, open-ended evaluation possibilities appeared only after the Soviet and Russian secret files were partially opened up at the turn of 1980-1990s. Soviet «glasnost» enabled to introduce archive historical data, regarding Stalin-era repressive policy for scientific use. English and American historians made extensive use of Soviet and Russian publications, reassessed some stereotypes, deeply rooted in Europe. But data, related to the excessive decline of Soviet population in 1926-1939 varies in occidental scientific literature from 5 to 20 million people. Thus, it may be concluded that the scientific assessment of Soviet repressive policy is incomplete.

100-109

Authors: Olga U. Popova

The article is focused on the problem of Soviet ideologeme of the enemy from within in the period of pre-war Stalinism. Stalin’s ideologeme is considered as consistent continuity with Lenin’s enemy rhetoric. The article discloses the development of Lenin’s enemy rhetoric, singles out stages of Stalin’s enemy ideologeme establishment as a part of official ideologic policy and analyses its features.

112-116

Authors: Svetlena I. Kovalskaya, Tgelen S. Sadykov

The article examines the regional history of political repressions in the USSR on the example of former labour camps – Dolinka and Akmol Villages (Kazakhstan). Special attention is attached to the process of victims of political repressions rehabilitation and to the development of regulatory background on this problem in recent period.

6-16

Authors: Nikolay F. Bugay

The article is coincided with the 200th anniversary of the Patriotic War of 1812. On the basis of the documents, found in State Krasnodar Regional Archive and predecessors’ publications, the article both poses the problem of peripheral factor role and place in such an important event of Russia’s history of early ХIХ century as the Patriotic War of 1812 and shows the event participants. This problem has become subject of historians’ close attention. The article doesn’t highlight the already known aspects of history, concerning Russian people and representatives of other Russian peoples’ (Bashkirs, Kalmyks, etc.) participation in war, but the representatives of the smallest administrative divisions, namely kuren settlements, zaimka's (small homesteads, smallholdings) and khutors (farmsteads) of Black Sea Cossack Host. This illustration was made on the example of Akhtaniz, Titarovsky, Vyshesteblievsky kuren settlements, located within the territory of Tmutarakan Uyezd (mid-level administrative district in the Russian Empire and early Soviet Union) of Black Sea Cossack Host, the Cossacks of which had to go to war two decades after settling in Taman. The article discloses the data, attesting that Cossacks displayed true heroism, as well as patriotism, as evidenced by the age of kuren combatants – from 20 to 60 and discharged their civic duty to Motherland. They had high level of military training, skill and endurance. And they followed the example of their monarch Alexander I, who said prior to the treacherous attack by the enemy: «I won't let up until the last enemy is down». Russia’s Cossacks of Black Sea Cossack Host didn’t disgrace the glory of the Russian soldier, glory of the Russian arms. They bravely fought against the French. Russia highly appreciated their services. To conclude all the above-said, I’d like to note that peripheral factor in war events plays an important role in military successes and is an organic component of the success and glory of Russian Army in war. These «trickles» formed both Russian Army and Cossacks glory.

30-41

Authors: Elena S. Senyavskaya

The article discloses the major aspect of frontline routine – «war as danger», seamless procession of «boundary conditions». Basing on archive data and private sources of Russian participants in the First World War, it touches upon such subjects as combatants’ psychological factors, their attitude towards life and death, soldiers’ fatalism, ways to overcome fear in action, specific character of combat situation perception by enlisted and commanders of the Russian Army, representatives of different service arms, the masses moral preparation for war according to contemporaries’ estimates. The article also considers «the sounds of war» and their impact on frontline soldiers’ minds.

52-57

Authors: Elena A. Shkribitko

The article is concerned with the problem of partisan movement within Donetsk District in October, 1941 – July, 1942, describes combat activity of partisan units and warfare groups together with regular parts of the Red Army, focuses on partisans manpower and executive personnel training and arming, draws a conclusion, concerning high efficiency of partisan movement in Donbass.

68-75

Authors: Aron Shneyer

This article examines the subject of collaborationism. The author for the first time examines the materials of the trial, held in Riga in October 1965. Some documents of the criminal trials against former SS guards, held in the USSR in 1945-1965 are also introduced for the scientific use for the first time. Special attention is attached to the collaborators' personal participation in single, localized murders. The circumstances and sites of these murders are usually little-known and remain beyond the scope of scientific research. This is explained by the fact that, unlike Babi Yar or Zmievskaya Balka, the number of victims of these localized murders is incomparably small and therefore, could never acquire a symbolic meaning and be used for propaganda purposes. The author draws attention to certain behavioral features of some of the crimes participants. In the author's view, the politicized claims of some researchers regarding the prominent role of certain ethnicities in Nazi crimes are debatable. The article emphasizes that the ethnic composition of local Nazi collaborators within the occupied territories depended on the ethnic composition of the population of those territories. Crimes and criminals transcend national boundaries. As one of the proofs of his thesis, the author cites the ethnic composition of the SS guards in the Stutthof concentration camp and in the Trawniki training camp. This article may stimulate researchers' interest to the problem of localized murders, including the possibilities to determine crime sites, number of victims and their names, the crime participants and perpetuate the memory of the dead.

82-89

Authors: Alexandra Cherkasski

The World War II led to serious casualties and left deep scars / wounds of memory. As the victory over occupation regime was glorified, honored and starting from 1965 was widely celebrated at national level, there was a great gap between official and personal memory of war. Monuments are one of the forms of living examples of the past and thus are reliable sources for the study of different epochs and Zeitgeist / spirit of time and their changes. This article considers the development of Soviet memorial landscape by the World War II starting from the war termination to the Soviet Union collapse. Special attention is attached to internal political and international views / interpretations and development with respect to victims of war. In other words, the process of different groups of war victims exclusion and inclusion in Soviet collective memory under the influence of internal political and foreign political interests symbiosis. And, as a result, resultant attitude towards memorial places.

98-105

Authors: Tatyana P. Khlynina

The article deals with the detection of possibilities of personal sources, particularly unpublished diaries of the Great Patriotic War, studies personal life of the Soviet citizen. Written by different people, got into different conditions in wartime, they conveyed various spectrum of perception of the private. That particular difference and the rarity of written evidence of the Great Patriotic War period are major obstacles to solve the research tasks of one of the most prospective and interesting trends of the Great Patriotic War history.

6-14

Authors: Nikolay F. Bugay

The article considers the process of establishment of amicable relations between Russia and Ukraine in hard 1990s. Special attention is attached to international treaties and public initiatives, aimed at cooperation strengthening.

22-27

Authors: Susanna D. Bagdasaryan

This article is focused on the aspects of Soviet social and cultural policy, concerning establishment of new Soviet festive culture in the environment of the southern Russia’s peasantry in 1920s and interaction of polyethnic cultures.

36-42

Authors: Irina N. Gridina

The article studies the perception of Soviet citizens by West Ukrainian population during the events of 1939–1941, which formed specific stereotypes, still in force and having impact on humanitarian relations between Ukraine and Russia.

48-53

Authors: Lubov A. Sidorova

The contribution considers one of the events of ideological campaign, struggling for cosmopolitism, bourgeois objectivism and nationalism in Soviet historical science of the late 1940s. Special attention is attached to the consideration of the model “Short Course in History of Ukraine” as the instrument of political and ideological verification.

62-68

Authors: Tatyana P. Khlynina

The article analyses start-up and activities of Ukrainian public organizations in Rostov-on-Don and Taganrog. Basing on different sources, it considers official mechanisms and practice of ethnic self-consciousness support of Ukrainian population in Rostov Region. According to the author, they mainly have external character towards Ukrainian population and are supported by the efforts of small groups of people.

78-82

Authors: О.Yu. Golechkova

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