International Journal of Graduate Research and Review

40-46

Authors: Manish Sapkota, Milan Subedi, Govinda Dhakal and Shushil Subedi

Production and productivity of citrus has been decreased drastically in last few years in Nepal as well as in Lamjung district. The national production of citrus and productive area was 263,710Mt and 23,607 ha respectively in 2010/11 while that of 216,188Mt and 23,645ha in 2012/13. Similarly, the productive area and production of citrus in Lamjung was 1,542 ha and 16,893Mt in 2011/12 respectively while it was 578 ha and 4,657 Mt in 2015/16. Thus, this study aimed at analyzing the socioeconomic factors affecting citrus production by investigating major variables such as the total area under citrus cultivation, cropping pattern, literacy of household head, irrigation, pesticides, subsidies, and production related problems. With the selection of 50 farmers purposively, the household survey was conducted with semi-structured questionnaires in Tarkughat, Chandreshwor, Bhoteoodar, Chitti and Duradanda VDCs and interview schedule was conducted during January- February 2016. The result revealed that 24% of the total area was under sole cropping pattern while remaining area was under mixed cropping with coffee and vegetables. Mandarin spp. was found to be exclusively cultivated among citrus. 53% of the total area under citrus cultivation was managed by grower having the literacy equivalent to secondary level or below. 88% of the variability of independent variables (number of plant giving fruits, total number of citrus plant, irrigation, pesticides, production-related problems, area under citrus) had a significant effect on citrus production while 12% of the variability had a random effect on the production at 5% level of significance. The mean production was found to be18.84quintals in 2012 while that of 10.35 quintals in 2016. This variation on citrus production was found due to various production related problems .73% of the total area under citrus had been suffered by greening disease while 26% of the area was suffered by both input management problem and citrus greening resulting into a dead citrus plants. Thus, this drastic decreased in production caused the decline in production and cessation of citrus marketing in Lamjung. Through this survey, it was concluded that that citrus production has been decreasing drastically in present years mainly due to citrus greening disease, different orchard managemental problems and other socio-economic factors adversely affecting the marketing. This has been limiting the source of income of farmers of Lamjung.

56-64

Authors: Umesh Prasad Shrivastava

Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), which promote plant growth, are closely associate with various plants around rhizosphre as well in the plant tissues as endophytes. The present review focus the establishment process of plant associated bacterial diversity and the bacterial genera associated with their plant species. Pseudomonas sp., Serratia sp., Azotobacter sp., Klebsiella sp., Burkholderia sp., Alkaligenes sp. Enterobacter sp., Bacillus polymyxa, Gluconacetobacter sp. Azoarcus sp., Paenibacillus sp., Brevibacterium halotolerans and Pseudomonas putida have been predominantly reported as PGPR.

27-31

Authors: Samjhana Koirala, Achyut Gaire, T. Bhandari

Production and productivity of citrus has been decreased drastically in last few years in Nepal as well as in Lamjung district. The national production of citrus and productive area was 263,710Mt and 23,607 ha respectively in 2010/11 while that of 216,188Mt and 23,645ha in 2012/13. Similarly, the productive area and production of citrus in Lamjung was 1,542 ha and 16,893Mt in 2011/12 respectively while it was 578 ha and 4,657 Mt in 2015/16. Thus, this study aimed at analyzing the socioeconomic factors affecting citrus production by investigating major variables such as the total area under citrus cultivation, cropping pattern, literacy of household head, irrigation, pesticides, subsidies, and production related problems. With the selection of 50 farmers purposively, the household survey was conducted with semi-structured questionnaires in Tarkughat, Chandreshwor, Bhoteoodar, Chitti and Duradanda VDCs and interview schedule was conducted during January- February 2016. The result revealed that 24% of the total area was under sole cropping pattern while remaining area was under mixed cropping with coffee and vegetables. Mandarin spp. was found to be exclusively cultivated among citrus. 53% of the total area under citrus cultivation was managed by grower having the literacy equivalent to secondary level or below. 88% of the variability of independent variables (number of plant giving fruits, total number of citrus plant, irrigation, pesticides, production-related problems, area under citrus) had a significant effect on citrus production while 12% of the variability had a random effect on the production at 5% level of significance. The mean production was found to be18.84quintals in 2012 while that of 10.35 quintals in 2016. This variation on citrus production was found due to various production related problems .73% of the total area under citrus had been suffered by greening disease while 26% of the area was suffered by both input management problem and citrus greening resulting into a dead citrus plants. Thus, this drastic decreased in production caused the decline in production and cessation of citrus marketing in Lamjung. Through this survey, it was concluded that that citrus production has been decreasing drastically in present years mainly due to citrus greening disease, different orchard managemental problems and other socio-economic factors adversely affecting the marketing. This has been limiting the source of income of farmers of Lamjung.

9-12

Authors: Mukti Ram Poudel, Hema Kumari Poudel

The major objectives of the study were to evaluate genotypic yield performances of eleven maize genotypes and estimate variance components and heritability of yield and yield-related traits. The eleven open pollinated maize varieties were evaluated using randomized complete block design with three replications. The experiment was carried at National Maize Research Program, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal out in winter season of 2013. The findings showed that the high genetic advance was estimated for yield per plant (80.15%), number of kernels per row (38.29%), plant height (26.20%) ear length (23.89%) indicating that these parameter were under the control of additive gene. Number of kernels rows per ear, plant height could be the important selection criteria in improving open pollinated maize varieties for high grain yield.

21-24

Authors: B.P. Yadav, D. N. Yadav, K.B. Koirala, K.R. Pandey, R.B. Thapa

Field experiment was conducted during 2010 and 2011 at IAAS farm Rampur chitwan to find out the effect of preceding crop and nitrogen rates on soil organic carbon and total soil nitrogen. In summer season crops grown where green gram , cowpea , black gram , cluster bean maize and fallow in main plots and in winter season, winter maize was grown with five levels of nitrogen 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 kg N/ha in sub plots in each season after the harvest of crop. Soil from each plot analysed for organic carbon and total nitrogen content of soil. Organic carbon and total nitrogen content of soil after summer legume crops was found higher than after summer maize and fallow. Similarly soil organic carbon and nitrogen content were higher under legume consisting sequence than fallow maize and maize -maize sequence. Further organic carbon and total nitrogen content of soil after winter maize increased with increasing rates of nitrogen to maize.

3-6

Authors: Dr. S. Vijayulu Reddy, T. Viswanadha Reddy and Dr. B. Sakunthala

Information Technology (IT) revolution has ushered a new era for the Indian Banking industry, almost all the banks are using e-delivery channels and they are attracting the customers through the Information Technology. Where this technology is cost effective time saving and also attracting the young and potential customers. The gap is widening among various bank groups i.e. public and private banks in Indian Banking industry. The results reveal that the sample respondents are facing inconvenience through ATM on different aspects. 80.8 % of the sample respondents faced inconvenience with ATM without cash, where as 76.7 % felt problem with ATM out of function. 62.5 % sample respondents stated that the ATM is over crowed and 61.7 % mentioned that they have not received paper statement while transacting with ATM. It is evident from the analysis that the highly educated sample respondents are facing less inconvenience with ATMs when compared to the other educational groups. Even though, the ATMs are regularly using by customers, inconveniences are also regular in ATM services and there is an urgent need to resolve the issues by giving top priority by the banks to provide better customer service. It is suggested to provide more Cash Deposit Machines (CDM) with duel function of deposit and withdraw of cash. The banks should take care of loading CDMs with in time and they should attend to the customer’s queries promptly.

10-24

Authors: Umesh Prasad Shrivastava

The present review describes the status of rhizosphere of agricultural plants where microbial community play important role by interacting with each other and also with the plants. Plant roots release various substances which provide suitable environment for the colonization of microorganisms around rhizosphere. Beneficial and harmful microorganisms for the growth of plants effect on the growth of the plants has been critically analysed whereas this review gives more emphasis of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and benefit achieved to plants. N2 fixation, IAA production, P solubilisation, siderophore production and ACC deaminase activity by the rhizobacteria provide better conditions for the plants growth; therefore, these bacteria are popularly known as plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPR).