International Journal of Graduate Research and Review

1-5

Authors: Bhishma Raj Dahal, Subash Bhandari

Adequate supply of nutrient is required for optimum crop production; the present scenario of crop production rely on chemical fertilizer. Synthetic fertilizer has prodigious amount of threats to environment and healthy food production. Nepal is importing chemical fertilizers thus Nepalese farmers are facing many problems for timely supply of chemical fertilizers. More than sixty percent of Nepal comprises of hilly regions, transportation in a hill is difficult and expensive due to lack of well-developed road networks. Chemical fertilizers reduce productivity and fertility of soil in long term and cause serious threats to human health and environment. Biofertilizers are biologically active cells or strains of latent cell which upon inoculation improves nutrient fixation and absorption. Biofertilizer has gigantic potential for improving plant nutrition by substituting chemical fertilizers. Biofertilizers are eco-friendly and has tremendous positive impact in yield of crops. Multiplication and distribution of biofertilizer do not require sophisticated infrastructure, multiplication is possible even at farmer's level. Biofertilizers (BGA, Azolla-anabaena, Mycorrhiza and Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria) could be alternative to chemical fertilizer as it increases productivity, soil health and fertility. This review has highlighted the role of bio fertilizers in improving physical and chemical properties of soil in rice field, improving yield of rice by increasing nutrient fixation and absorption.

12-16

Authors: Sundar Tiwari

Maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Mots. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is an important storage pest of maize and other cereal crops such as wheat, rice and barley in humid tropical regions. The infestation of pest has been recorded up to 80 % in worse conditions. However, damages on maize in storehouse can be influenced by moisture and storage conditions. Regarding its management, farmers of south Asian regions have been used a chemical pesticide called Celphos (Aluminum phosphide), a toxic poison releasing chemical. This chemical is extremely poisonous to human health and the environment. Hence, an alternative benign approach of pest management has been realized for the sustainable control of this pest. A laboratory study was conducted by using various potential repelling plant materials in Chitwan Nepal from March to November 2017. These treatments materials were: Acoros calamus L. rhizome dust (Sweet flag), Azadirachta indica A. Juss. seed powder (Neem), Artemisia vulgaris L. leaf dust (Common mugwort), Zanthoxylum armatum DC fruit powder (Prickly ash), Melia azedarach L. seed powder (Chinaberry tree), Justicia adhatoda L. leaf dust (Malabar nut). All of these materials were compared with the susceptible control (no-treatments). Experiment design was a complete randomized block design with three replication for each replicate. The average temperature and humidity of the storehouse were 27.5oc and 75% RH respectively. At the end of the data observation, less than one percent grain damage was recorded in A. calamus treated maize grains followed by J. adhatoda, and maximum damage was recorded in control maize. The number of holes per 100g was lowest in A. calamus treated maize and more numbers of holes were recorded in control. Acorus calamus and A. indica treated maize have lowest weevil population but control maize had highest weevil population. The highest weight loss was recorded in control and the lowest weight loss was in A. calamus treated maize grains. This information’s suggested that A. calamus is the most potential plant material to repel the maize weevil from the storehouse

27-31

Authors: Matilal Dhakal

The present study was undertaken to analyze the marketing potentiality of the potato in Dailekh district of Nepal. The focus of the study was, to analyze the marketing system, effective marketing channels, marketing problems and potentialities of potato. The data were collected from 60 potato producers’ households from Gurans Rural Municipality of Dailekh district through semi-structured questionnaire interview. This was supplemented by secondary data collected from different sources. Primary data were collected from 60 respondent households while secondary data collected from internet and reports. The findings revealed that the average potato production in one ropani of land was 602 kg and their cost of production, gross return and net return were Rs. 11596, Rs.24080 and Rs. 12484 respectively. In case of 1 kg of potato production, the study showed that cost of production, gross return and net return were Rs. 19.26, Rs. 40 and Rs. 20.73 respectively. The benefit cost ratio was 2.076 which indicates potato production and marketing is profitable. The prominent constraints of marketing potato among the small-scale farmers were lack of access to credit, lack of access to storage facilities, lack of market information, poorly developed village market structure, poor produces price, inadequate access roads, small size of transport and high transportation cost. This study recommends for improving in storage facilities, road access for transportation and improvement in communication system for better marketing of potato.

39-46

Authors: Mohammad Hidayat Lamakarate, Muhammad Basir, Nawawi Natsir, Slamet Riyadi

This study aims to find out and analyze the impact of transformational leadership, work motivation, education and training on the performance of Civil Servants in the Government of Central Sulawesi Province. The simultaneous relationship between transformational leadership, work motivation, and simultaneous education and training and the performance was also measured. The combination of quote and purposive sampling technique were used to identify the numbers of samples. There were 378 respondents involved out of 6.856 people work in the Government of Central Sulawesi Province. Pilot study was taken to validate the questionnaire by expert judgment and empirical validation. Classic assumption test, such as, normality, multicollinearity, heteroscedasticity, and linearity as well as hypothesis used in this study using SPSS. The results of this study found several evidences, for example: 1) transformational leadership has a significant effect on the performance of Civil Servants in the Government of Central Sulawesi Province; 2) work motivation has a significant effect on the performance of Civil Servants in the Government of Central Sulawesi Province; 3) training has a significant effect on the performance of Civil Servants in the government of Central Sulawesi Province; and 4) variable of education and training has a greater and significant influence on Civil Servants performance than work motivation and transformational leadership. Finally, variable of work motivation has significant impact on Civil Servants performance than transformational leadership in the Government of Central Sulawesi Province.

60-66

Authors: Shiv Nandan Sah, Tara Ghimire, Surendra Prasad Yadav, Pradeep Kumar Shah

Fruits peels, the unused outer covering part, are considered as fruits peel waste which can be simply used in different microbiological media preparing in various industries. This study was aimed to formulate growth media for some economically important fungi by using fruits peel waste materials such as Pineapple, Papaya, Green Banana, Yellow Banana, Orange and Pomegranate. Fresh Fruits were purchased from Local market of Dharan and obtained fruits peels were air dried and grinded separately into fine particles using mechanical blender and then sieved with 1mm sieve size. Fungi isolates (Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus stoloniferand Saccharomyces cerevisiae) were inoculated separately into the medium prepared in conical flask by using fruits peel powder (4 g in 100mL distilled water) and incubated at room temperature (25°C±1) for 5 days. Growth of Aspergillus niger was recorded in the medium containing Pineapple, Orange, Green Banana, Yellow Banana and Pomegranate except Papaya while Rhizopus stolonifer growth was observed in the medium containing Pineapple, Green Banana, Yellow Banana and Pomegranate except Papaya and Orange. However, the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was recorded in the medium containing Pineapple, Green Banana, Orange and Papaya except Yellow banana and Pomegranate. This study showed that some economically important fungi can be successfully grown in some fruits peel waste media.

76-87

Authors: Rabia Riaz, Rubina Musarrat, Samaj Saveq

Introduction: Moral Distress is a Growing phenomenon among nurses in Intensive care unit. The moral distress is a common Problem among Health Care practioners now a day. The word moral distress shows the changes in behavior among the ICU staff Nurses. There are so many reasons of moral distress among ICU Staff the main problems that affect the moral is moral distress, Powerlessness and frustration. Aim: Study objective is to access the effect of powerlessness and frustration among Nurses in intensive care unit. Methodology: Data for the study were obtained from the target Hospitals through Questionnaire. This contains demographic variable and 20 item Likert scale. Results: According to output from 158 staff nurses of ICU the most commonly reported emotion associated with moral distress was frustration. We have find the reliability and validity which shows the alpha value of moral distress among nurses is above .846. Majority 92.4% were female and in this study7.6% were male. Conclusion: This study identified several comprehensive surveys aimed at measuring the experience of causes of moral distress covering a variety of content areas and particle issues that causes moral distress. Future strategies should be focus on the problems of ICU nurses to reduce moral distress.

101-108

Authors: Amina Sharif, Muhammad Afzal, Muhammad Hussain, Syed Amir Gilani

Nowadays it is compulsory for the nurses to have knowledge and awareness concerning professional values as standards to provide safe and high-quality ethical care. Professional values are the primary standards that any profession must have. Lack of knowledge regarding the importance of professional values makes it harder for the nurses to take decisions in case of any ethical issue. Professional values were five caring, activism, professionalism, justice and trust. Nurses’ perspective on professional values affects decision- making and patient care. Aim: To assess the professional values among undergraduate nursing students. The research question was what are the perception regarding professional values among under graduate nursing students? The social learning theory and Bandura’s model helped as a frame work for this study Bandura’s model described that there is a link between nursing students, professional values and demographics. Methods: The study setting was an undergraduate baccalaureate school of nursing in the Lahore. Using a convenient sampling method, the data was collected using a modified version of the NPVS-R tool. (01) for not important. (02) for somewhat important. (03) for important. (04) for very important and (05) for most important. The NPVS-R was a five-dimension (caring, trust, justice, activism and professionalism) tool that consists of 26 items that are used to measure the level of professional values among the nursing students, the sample size was 133. The present study that is a cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in 2018 in Lahore, Pakistan. Results: The study concluded that there is no effect of demographics on the perspective of professional values among the baccalaureate nursing students. The value of caring scored highest on the scale which comprised that all the students provided caring as the most important professional value and the lowest was seen in the case of activism. The study showed that the activism decreased with the increase in the age group of the student. Seminars, workshops’ and reflective courses about professional values should be conducted regularly by faculty members and clinical instructors as they play a vital role model for nursing students. The need to adoptive constructive and collective partnership between university staff and field-based staff because the clinical setting serves as a significant for professional values development

88-94

Authors: Shaheen Fajar, M. Hussain, Iram Majeed, M. Afzal, Syed Amir Gilani

Introduction: In spite of the fact that tuberculosis (TB) is preventable and reparable sickness, TB is one of the real general medical issues in group Husain Abad. Low level of information about TB could influence the wellbeing looking for conduct of patients and support the transmission of the infection inside the group. In this manner, the present examination was attempted in, group Husain Abad with the target of evaluating groups' learning, state of mind and practices towards Tuberculosis. Methods: Quantitative Cross-sectional descriptive study, Study was conducted at Husain Abad community, Lahore Pakistan. Convenient sampling technique was used for data collection with the help of questionnaire. Sample size was is 110 according to target population of Husain Abad Community Lahore. Analysis and presentation of the data was done using the statistical programmed for social sciences (SPSS) computer package version21. Tables and flow charts will be used to present the data. Study was conducted approximately four months (September 2017 to January, 2018). Results: While 108% of the respondents said that they at any point heard in regards to TB, just 56% realized that TB is caused by microorganisms. TB can be transmitted from a patient to someone else and 73% realize that transmission of TB can be preventable. Industriousness hack 37% was the most generally expressed side effect of TB and present day drugs utilized as a part of had TB. Wellbeing foundations 78% was the favored decision of treatment. 44%respondents considered TB as an intense ailment and 80% would encounter fear in the event that they themselves. Conclusions: Community Husain Abad have basic knowledge about tuberculosis. Along these lines wellbeing training coordinated towards acquiring a huge change the information of tuberculosis must be ventured up inside the tuberculosis control program.

127-128

Authors: Chudamani Pant

Mulberry silkworm is a monophagous, which feeds only on the mulberry leaves. The agro-climatic conditions of about 38 districts in mid hills 750m-1500m (for bivoltine sericulture) and about 20 districts in the Terai belt 100m-750m (for Bivoltine and cross breed sericulture in specific seasons) and also the socio-economic settings are ideally suitable for the development of sericulture industry in Nepal. Sericulture is considered as a re-emerging industry for poverty alleviation in SAARC region including Nepal. Sericulture act as a magnet for smallholder farmer as the investment is nominal and risk is minimal. The various parameter of silkworm such as net feed consumption, feces weight of 5th instar larva, efficiency of cocoon production (ECP), efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI), efficiency of conversion of digested food(ECD), body weight of larva, highest dry weight of cocoon etc are directly influenced by the varieties of mulberry used as feed. research conducted for evaluation of different mulberry varieties (S-36 , khopasi-1 , Chinese hybrid ,kanva-2 , & Mysore local) used for rearing of silkworm (Bivoltine J12×C12) in Chitwan, Nepal (Y. dhakal) revealed that kanva-2 variety of mulberry was superior having highest body weight of larva , highest dry weight of cocoon, ECI(15%) , ECD(17.59%) , ECP(8.57%) but the net feed consumption (27.4g/larva) , amount of feces weight of 5th instar (3.68g/larva) and amount of left over feed (5.05kg/200 larva) was found to be highest in khopasi-1. The same result was found from different mulberry varieties (kanva-2, khopasi-1, Ichinose & Husan) used for rearing silkworm (J12, C12,J12×C12) showing the kanva-2 variety of mulberry and J12×C12 genotype of silkworm were found to be superior. Keywords: Silkworm; Sericulture; Mulberry; Cocoon

134-143

Authors: K.P. Shrestha

Large Cardamom is cultivated in the Himalayan region of Nepal, India and Bhutan. Nepal is the world’s top exporter. A field survey study was carried out in Ilam, Panchthar, and Taplejung districts of to know the existing marketing and trade situation of LC in the Mechi hill districts. The studied three districts are known to produce almost 55% of the total produced in the country. There are two to five steps on marketing channel. Quantity of export was decreasing trend with Compound Annual Growth Rate of -3.25%. The value of export was increasing significantly from NRs. 1.34 billion in 2008/9 to 4.85 billion in 2017/18 with Compound Annual Growth Rate of 6.63%. The market price was also increased significantly with Compound Annual Growth rate of 7.45%. There were more than 20 importer countries exists but 99 percent exported to India and from India re-exported to the other countries. There are 9 district level markets hubs which supply to Birtamod wholesale market and finally exported to India via Rani, Biratnagar customs which is the only export point to India. The major constraints of marketing and trade were; price fluctuation; dependency on Indian market; lack of provision to direct export to Pakistan, Bangladesh and other countries; lack of price fixation mechanism, accredited laboratory, insufficient marketing research, government support for trade promotion; absence of insurance policy on transport; and adulteration. The government should focus to overcome these constraints for the better marketing and trade of Large Cardamom in the country.

149-155

Authors: Mehvish Sabah, Summaira Nasir, Muhammad Hussain, Muhammad Afzal

Delegation, defined as the assignment of responsibilities to subordinates and conferral of authority to carry out assigned tasks, is considered an important and effective leadership behavior. For leaders, delegation can reduce work overload and improve the speed and quality of decisions, while simultaneously enabling subordinates to view leaders as participative. Effectively delegating work to others is considered critical to managerial success, as it frees up managers’ time and develops subordinates’ skills. Purpose of the study: To determine the attitude and preparedness regarding effective delegation among nurse managers. Study sample: The site of this research was the Jinnah hospital Lahore. Total papulation of the study were the 147 head nurses of Jinnah hospital Lahore. Inclusion criteria was all male and female head nurses of age between 31years to 60years and who had a minimum of six years of working experience in the job. Exclusion criteria was head nurses who were refuse to participate in the study. Results of the study: Mostly participants of the study were moderately agree toward attitude and preparedness regarding affective delegation. Some were unsure about attitude and preparedness toward delegation and they need to improve their skills of delegation. Recommendation: Those participants who were unsure about attitude and preparedness regarding effective delegation can improve their skill through seminars, lectures and conferences that may improve the quality of nursing practice by instilling the managerial skills in registered nurses and also may enhance the hospital prestige’s

64-66

Authors: Nazia Yousef, Chanda Jabeen, Hammad Hassan

Ascaris lumbricoides is one of the most well-known helminthic parasites affecting humans, and Ascariasis remains common with > 1.2 billion infections globally. In 2010, an estimated of 819 million people globally have been infested with A. lumbricoides, constituting the most common infection among the other soil-transmitted helminthes. Above all, significant disability has been reported with A. lumbricoides, amounting towards 1.10 million years lived with disability (YLDs). Aim of this study is to give awareness regarding complication associated with Ascariasis lumbricoides because helminthic infestation is easily overlooked, the diagnosis of Ascariasis should be considered in patients who live in endemic areas and treated timely to prevent severe complications. Ascariasis generally occurs through hand-to-mouth ingestion of agricultural products or food contaminated with parasite eggs. Poor sanitation and inadequate sewage disposal play a key role in the maintenance and propagation of Ascariasis.

70-76

Authors: Kehkashan Muzzmal, Sunil Mukhtar, Mohammad Hussain

In health care professions, nurses are responsible for direct patient care. So, nurses must have updated knowledge of new researches and have the ability to refine their own knowledge with new tested and confirmed practices in order to provide better care to patient. The roots of nursing research can be founded back in the work of Florence Nightingale who worked as a very first nursing researcher by collecting the data of soldiers’ morbidity and mortality rates in 1850 Crimean war. Cross-sectional descriptive study design was used in this study. A sample size of 133 was selected by using Slovin’s formula. Study results shows positive attitude of nursing students toward research.

88-94

Authors: Mujahida Sultana, Muhammad Afzal, Kousar Perveen

Time management has been acknowledged as a vital work element for all nurses. Consequences related to ineffective time management such as decline in the quality of care, job dissatisfaction, stress and burnout, role overload, and role ambiguity are potentially serious, not only for nurses and head nurses, but also their clients, colleagues, families and the entire organizations where they are employed. The study aimed to explore time management challenges among head nurses of public hospitals and explore any relationship between the participants’ demographics and their abilities to manage time effectively. A quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional research design was used to achieve the goals of this study. A total number of 174 head nurse who agreed to participate in the study from selected public hospitals, Lahore, The children Hospital & The Institute of Child Health, Lahore and The Jinnah Hospital Lahore constituted the study sample. A modified questionnaire was used to identify time management issues among head nurse. Head nurse had showed low frequencies and feel difficulty in schedule and technique dimensions. However, the current study results indicate that demographic characteristics of the participants showed no significant statistical association except for the marital status of head nurses and time management (p=.000). The current study concluded that head nurses had deficiency in the schedule and technical skills for time managemen

103-109

Authors: Lal Babu Prasad Yadav

Zooplankton are the major trophic link in food chain and being heterotrophic organisms it plays a key role in cycling of organic materials in aquatic ecosystem. In present study, the population density and diversity of zooplanktons are carried out to contribute further knowledge about the planktonic population of Chhapakaiya pond Birgunj, Nepal by standard methods. In total 27 species of zooplankton belonging to three taxonomic groups were observed in the pond. Out of 27 species, 8 species belonged to Protozoa, 11 species to Rotifera and 8 species to Arthropoda. Seasonal sampling from four sampling sites (site A, B, C, D) in winter, summer and rainy season for period of 12 months (November 2015 - October 2016) at 9:00-11: 00 AM. A total of 27 taxa from different classes of zooplankton were reported. The zooplanktons were reported to be maximum (788.5 unit/L) during summer and minimum (552.75 unit/L) during rainy season in Chhapakaiya pond.

116-122

Authors: Kalvin Albert Parinding, Chairil Anwar, Mohammad Ichwan, Yobert Kornelius

This study aims to identify the factors affect the elderly people (60 years and over) participate on the labor market in Central Sulawesi Province. The sample of this study is based on the number of Sakernas respondents in the August 2017 period in Central Sulawesi. The purposive sample of this study focus on aged of 60 and over with the total 1.192 people. Multiple logistic regression approaches were carried out to analyse the data. Logistic regression is one of the nonparametric statistical methods for testing hypotheses and describes the relationship between one or more independent variables and one dichotomous dependent variable. The results showed that the reasons of the elderly to enter the labor market was that they were male, married, breadwinner, uneducated and living in rural areas. Meanwhile, the relationship between age and work participation is negative. It means that the elder people the opportunity for the elderly to enter the labor market has also been decreased.

26-28

Authors: Md. Torikul Islam, Mohammad Kamrul Hasan

BARI Begun-4, BARI Begun-5, BARI Begun-7 and BARI Begun-9 varieties of brinjal were analysed during this investigation. Positive and significant correlation was found between fruit weight with seed yield and number of seed was found in case four brinjal varieties. On an average, 4.665 g of seed and 1157 seeds were found from a fruit of 219.4 g in BARI Begun-4. Whereas, 7.282 g seeds and 1159 seeds from a fruit of 315.8 g in BARI Begun-5, 3.701 g and 1017 seeds from a fruit of 145 g in BARI Begun-7 and 5.5334 g of seed and 1354 seeds were found from a fruit of 181.3 g in BARI Begun-9.

32-35

Authors: Bishnu Prasad Jamkatel

This paper has focused on studying the status of customers’ satisfaction measured on service quality offered by Nepal Airlines. Dependent and independent variables were identified. One hundred copies of structured questionnaires were distributed among the respondents, who travelled with Nepal Airlines from various international destinations at Tribhuvan International Airport. Among the five variables, three were noted as satisfactory but two are in dissatisfactory zone. It is clear that the satisfaction level of customer is not good therefore; Nepal Airlines needs a serious focus for improvement in service quality.

44-53

Authors: Sumaira Ejaz, Muhammad Hussain, Iram Majeed, Muhammad Afzal, Syed Amir Gilani

Background: Self-directed learning is an inherent potential utilized by person at different degree during their life while come across a new testing and challenging circumstances. Self-learning is important for people to live in the state of advancement. Objectives: This study was conducted to assess the readiness for self-directed learning among nursing students in Lahore, Pakistan. Methodology: This was descriptive cross-sectional study with 133 sample sizes. All male and female nursing students of (2-years BSN Post RN) and (4-years BSN Generic) degree programs were included in this study. Convenient sampling method was used. Data was analyzed using software Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21. Ethical clearance was obtained before research. Independent t-test was carried out to check the difference between male and female. ANOVA test was applied to compare the SDLR of students from different academic years. Results: The overall mean score for self-directed learning readiness was 158.57±17.64, the mean score for self-management was 49.79±6.61, the mean score for desire for learning and self-control was 47.80±5.75 and 60.98±7.83 respectively. Students have adequate level for SDL. According to Fisher’s 40 items the score 150 and above is acceptable level for self-directed learning. Conclusion: Mostly nursing students were ready for self-directed learning but it depends on the students’ academic years. Final years students were readier toward self-directedness than junior students. Nurse educators promote the SDL skills among students by identifying strengths and weaknesses of students.

58-63

Authors: Saima Shabnum, Muhammad Hussain, Iram Majeed, Muhammad Afzal, Syed Amir Gilani

Background: The quality of clinical learning usually reflects the quality of the curriculum structure. The assessment of the clinical settings as learning environment is a significant concern within the contemporary nursing education. The nursing students’ satisfaction is considered as an important factor of such assessment, contributing to any potential reforms in order to optimize the learning activities and achievements within clinical settings. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to assess nursing students’ satisfaction of the clinical settings as learning environments. Method: Cross-sectional Pearson Correlation study design was used. 5 point Likert scale questionnaire was use as a research tool. Questionnaire consist of 2 parts, first consists on demographic data of participant and second part is further divided in to five sections focusing on Pedagogical atmosphere, Leadership style of the ward manager, Premises of Results: Pedagogical atmosphere is also strongly correlated with student Satisfaction as sig is .000 and r value is .799. Leadership style is associated with student Satisfaction, as result shown sig is .000 and r value is .799 so these are also strongly correlated with each other. Nursing Care has very strong correlation with student Satisfaction as sig is .000 and r value is 1.000.student satisfaction has strong correlation with Supervisory Relationship as sig is .000 and r value is 1.000.Nursing care on the ward, Premises of learning on the ward and supervisory relationship. Conclusion: The current study illustrated the value of the development of an organized mentorship system. This was viewed by the participant nursing students as one of the most important variables in their clinical learning and their satisfaction with the clinical learning environment.

1-2

Authors: Umesh Prasad Shrivastava

Editorial- No abstract

11-18

Authors: Dipak Raj Joshi

This research project analyzes Ghodaghodi municipality budget and policy, government document on indicators for the assessment of municipality performance, income and investment trend among municipality dwellers. Majority of the municipal people depend on agriculture, however, municipal budgets have not yet been able to implement its policies of modernizing agriculture with technology, equipment, expertise, and commercialization. In the beginning phase of urbanization, the prospects of surplus capital, employment, income generation enterprise seem to have attracted less number of people. Huge portion of government money is found to have spent in infrastructure development. Due to the lack of capital, adversity in agriculture and distraction of subsidy to income generation, majority of people are compelled to pursue foreign employment. The report concludes that in order to make the municipality prosperous and unique place to visit, sustainable model and cultural model of urbanization can help enhance cultural industries and hence generate surplus capital by import substitution and export production.