International Journal of Graduate Research and Review

40-42

Authors: Ranjana Kumari Jha

There are several factors that play a significant role in determining speaking abilities such as age, aptitude, motivation and personality. Among them personality is a crucial factor to determine speaking abilities. This article attempts to find out different types of personality and see how these determine speaking abilities. For this purpose, a sample of 50 students and 4 teachers were selected from two secondary schools. After analyzing the data collected through survey questionnaires and the interview sheet it has been found that most of the learners had extrovert personality and pronunciation, fluency, accuracy and gesture and posture were found as the difference between introvert and extrovert personality. Furthermore, almost all the teachers opined that risk taking learners have good speaking confidence and visual personality is best personality for speaking skill. Keywords: Personality; extroversion: introversion; field dependence; field-independence; kinesthetic learners

25-28

Authors: Adhithi Venkatesh, Aishwarya.V.A. Sasty, Anish Raju and Pradeep. S

Cancer is the abnormal proliferation of cells, when there is an internal or external agent, physical, biological or chemical agent involved. Cancer can be due to viruses, radiations, chemical or sometimes even genetic. This particular paper shows a few tools that were used in determining the to study and analyse a few different bioinformatics tools to come to study about an in-silico drug discovery approach. A few tools that were used were RAMPAGE- to obtain the Ramachandran plot, RCSB- to obtain the 3-D structure of the protein, RasMol- to visualize and obtain the proteins and ligands that can bind to it, PubChem- to obtain the 3-D structure, physicochemical and ADMET properties of the drug, HEX- to visualize and study the binding and docking properties of the drug with the target protein sand gene receptor, Superpose- to study multiple sequence alignment data and superpose with other proteins using homology modelling.

3-7

Authors: Simran Watts

Vaccination has had a huge impact on increasing human life expectancy. Immunity is the state of protection against infectious disease conferred either through an immune response generated by immunization or previous infection or by other non-immunological factors. Immunizations are often widely stated as less risky and an easier way to become immune to a particular disease than risking a milder form of the disease itself. Passive immunization by transfer of antibodies has the advantage of more rapidly establishing protection, but it is short-lived and may carry a risk of inducing serum sickness. The route and schedule of immunization, physical nature of the vaccine antigen, and immune status of the host all contribute to the relative effectiveness of any vaccination protocol, in ways which are still not fully understood. Passive immunization, in which antibodies against a particular infectious agent are given directly to the child or adult, is sometimes appropriate. These antibodies are taken from a donor and then processed so the final preparation contains high antibody concentrations. At that point, they are given in the vein or by shot to the patient. Passive immunization is often used in children and adults. It can be used with people who haven’t been vaccinated against a disease to which they’ve been exposed. Most commonly for the prevention of measles, hepatitis-A, hepatitis-B, tetanus, varicella, rabies, and vaccinia. Although their use in the treatment of bacterial infection has largely been supplanted by antibiotics, antibodies remain a critical component of the treatment of diptheria, tetanus, and botulism.

13-16

Authors: Atnafu Morka Aldo and Abebe Zeleke

Corruption in the public sector is often viewed as exacerbating conditions of poverty in countries already struggling with the strains of economic growth and democratic transition. Corruption is contemporary global issue that needs crucial attention. It should not be seen differently from HIV ADIS, Cancer, TB, poverty and the like that eroding the nations’ welfare. This study was therefore targeted Assessing Corruption in Service Delivery of Municipal in Metekl Zone Towns (Benishangul Gumuz Region).The objectives of the study were; to identify the areas and types of corruption in municipals service delivery; To analyze the degree of corruption in Municipals service delivery through the perception of people. To achieve the intended objectives, data were collected in seven weredas of Metekel zone from the targeted population-local officials, elders and residents of capital towns of the weredas by means of structured and unstructured questionnaires. The questionnaires were supported by unstructured interviews. Self-administered questionnaire were distributed for 312 resident populations and 64 persons were interviewed. The finding shows that different types of corruption; nepotism, bribe, embezzlement and fraud are perpetrated in municipals in different service delivery process and the magnitude was at severe situation. This was manifested by employment of incompetent personnel on key positions under pretext of different mechanisms. in different service delivery process such as in revenue collection, in land allocation, land use planning, expropriation of private property rights, land dispute and conflict management, other social municipal services, construction of infrastructure, and in house related services corruption practice was also found to be shocking. Consequently, using community as a means of preventive tool trough uninterrupted awareness creation, prevention of undue influence, monitoring and increasing public administration’s accountability through surveys, using religious leaders rigorously as means to shape their followers against corruption, and increasing the number of workers in municipals were recommended.

67-72

Authors: Shailesh Gurung, Monika Chaudhary, Suman Bohara, Sunita Chand, Paras B.K. and Tek Pandeya

The study was conducted to assess the growth and feed performance of 3 fish species viz. Big head carp, Grass carp and Silver carp in cage in pond based system from September 2015 to January 2016 upto 136 days. The fish species i.e. Big head carp, Silver carp and Grass carp were stocked in 2:1:2 ratio, 100 in each 4 cages. Fishes in cage 1 and 2 were supplied with the ordinary feed prepared at lab having mustard oil cake and rice bran at 1:1 ratio. Similarly cages 3 and 4 were supplied with formulated feed (Him feed) on the basis of their 3% body weight for the first month and 2% body weight from second till harvest. Water quality parameter analysis was done on weekly basis and fish growth measurement was done on monthly basis. Total harvest weight from the four cages was 1.5 kg out of which 0.160 kg was from fish species fed with ordinary feed and 0.854 kg was from the fish species fed with the formulated feed. The mean PH, temperature, DO and turbidity during the experimental period were 8.2 moles/L, 22.02 0C, 5.44 mg/L cm & 12.577cm respectively. All the water quality parameters were within the optimum range of fish production except the mean temperature which was found below the optimum value and thus may be one of the reasons for the slow growth of fish in cage. Thus under the optimum condition of fish production, cage fish culture supplied with formulated feed has proven better result than the ordinary feed on farm condition of freshwater pond at IAAS.

40-46

Authors: Manish Sapkota, Milan Subedi, Govinda Dhakal and Shushil Subedi

Production and productivity of citrus has been decreased drastically in last few years in Nepal as well as in Lamjung district. The national production of citrus and productive area was 263,710Mt and 23,607 ha respectively in 2010/11 while that of 216,188Mt and 23,645ha in 2012/13. Similarly, the productive area and production of citrus in Lamjung was 1,542 ha and 16,893Mt in 2011/12 respectively while it was 578 ha and 4,657 Mt in 2015/16. Thus, this study aimed at analyzing the socioeconomic factors affecting citrus production by investigating major variables such as the total area under citrus cultivation, cropping pattern, literacy of household head, irrigation, pesticides, subsidies, and production related problems. With the selection of 50 farmers purposively, the household survey was conducted with semi-structured questionnaires in Tarkughat, Chandreshwor, Bhoteoodar, Chitti and Duradanda VDCs and interview schedule was conducted during January- February 2016. The result revealed that 24% of the total area was under sole cropping pattern while remaining area was under mixed cropping with coffee and vegetables. Mandarin spp. was found to be exclusively cultivated among citrus. 53% of the total area under citrus cultivation was managed by grower having the literacy equivalent to secondary level or below. 88% of the variability of independent variables (number of plant giving fruits, total number of citrus plant, irrigation, pesticides, production-related problems, area under citrus) had a significant effect on citrus production while 12% of the variability had a random effect on the production at 5% level of significance. The mean production was found to be18.84quintals in 2012 while that of 10.35 quintals in 2016. This variation on citrus production was found due to various production related problems .73% of the total area under citrus had been suffered by greening disease while 26% of the area was suffered by both input management problem and citrus greening resulting into a dead citrus plants. Thus, this drastic decreased in production caused the decline in production and cessation of citrus marketing in Lamjung. Through this survey, it was concluded that that citrus production has been decreasing drastically in present years mainly due to citrus greening disease, different orchard managemental problems and other socio-economic factors adversely affecting the marketing. This has been limiting the source of income of farmers of Lamjung.

56-64

Authors: Umesh Prasad Shrivastava

Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), which promote plant growth, are closely associate with various plants around rhizosphre as well in the plant tissues as endophytes. The present review focus the establishment process of plant associated bacterial diversity and the bacterial genera associated with their plant species. Pseudomonas sp., Serratia sp., Azotobacter sp., Klebsiella sp., Burkholderia sp., Alkaligenes sp. Enterobacter sp., Bacillus polymyxa, Gluconacetobacter sp. Azoarcus sp., Paenibacillus sp., Brevibacterium halotolerans and Pseudomonas putida have been predominantly reported as PGPR.