International Journal of Environmental Science and Toxicology Research

217-222

Authors: GIMBA, U.N.

A total of 867 mosquitoes were collected and identified: 420(48.44%) from Dukpa and 447(51.55%) from Kutunku. The collected mosquitoes were subsequently dissected for parity (egg laying status) and sporozoite rates using standard procedures. The results obtained indicates that Anopheles mosquitoes had a relative abundance of 542(62.51) with the females constituting 380(70.11%) and the males 162(29.88%). Kutunku had the higher number of Anopheles mosquitoes of 287(52.95%) compared to Dukpa with 55(47.04%). Out of the 380 females dissected, 210(55.26%) were positive for both sporozoites and parity rates, while 170(44.73%) were negative for both. Also, a total of 425 blood samples were collected and examined for malaria parasites from both locations. On the whole 277(65.20%) of the samples were positive while 148(34.80%) were negative at both locations with Dukpa having 70.00% infection rate compared to Kutunku with 60.10% respectively. Generally, there was no significant difference in the distribution of the mosquito vectors and the malaria parasites within the study areas (P>0.05). The heavy burden exerted by mosquito-borne diseases was the reason for this study to evaluate the entomological and parasitological indices of malaria disease transmission in Kutunku and Dukpa, FCT, Abuja, Nigeria. This is a survey type study conducted in two selected communities in Gwagwalada Town, FCT, Abuja, North Central Nigeria. Mosquitoes were sampled using Pyrethrum Spray Catches (PSC). The population indoors was sampled by covering the floor with a white cloth of 5m x 5m each edge being held to the wall by a masking tape. The room was spread with an insecticide a pyrethroid and then left for 10 minutes, with every opening being shut. This study therefore will be useful as a baseline data to help in designing strategies for the control of mosquito-borne diseases in Gwagwalada, Abuja and its environs. Keywords: Assessment, Entomological, Parasitological, Parameters, Malaria Transmission.

229-235

Authors: Isaac Sakala 1*, Allan Rabson Mbewe 2, Kumar S. Baboo 3

The main objective of this study was to compare incidences of diarrhea between (WASHE)-serviced and non-WASHE (Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Education) rural areas of Monze from 2008 to 2012 inclusive. The year 2007 was used as the ‘before intervention’ year. The study was achieved by using a Quasi-experimental study (i.e. non-randomized, but controlled before and after) to help in determining the impact of WASHE programme on incidences of diarrhoea in WASHE-serviced areas. The study site was purposively selected. It included all households in rural areas whether WASHE-serviced or not from the 2007 to 2012 inclusive. A census of WASHE annual reports and the diarrhoea Health Management Information System reports (derived from DHIS2 (District Health Information Software)), from 2007 to 2012 inclusive, were used as secondary data. The six WASHE indicators used in the study were water supply, latrines, hand-washing facilities, dish racks, refuse pits and bath shelter. The findings were that in the WASHE-serviced areas, only latrines and hand-washing facilities (though with the least coverage at 11% and 15% respectively), had significant impact on the incidence of diarrhoea from 2008 to 2012. Linear regression showed a negative relationship between some WASHE indicators (latrines and hand-washing facilities) and the diarrhoea incidences: an increase in the number of latrines and hand-washing facilities reduced the incidence of diarrhoea per 1000 cases by 0.026 and 0.075 respectively, with p-values of 0.002 and 0.045 correspondingly. Although with least coverage among other indicators in the WASHE-serviced areas, latrines and hand-washing facilities significantly influenced the incidences of diarrhea in the period of study. The study also concluded that the diarrhoea incidence could not be attributed to the functionality of WASHE intervention only but also to other confounding factors outside the realm of WASHE programme. Keywords: WASHE, Diarrhoea incidence, Monze, WASHE-serviced areas.

199-209

Authors: 1Helena Aboagye-Larbi, 2*Mike A. Acheampong, 2Sampson K. Kyei, 3D. Carboo

The health implications of waste scavenging in solid waste management in Tema metropolis, Ghana, has been a cause of concern as no proper attention has been given to the scavengers. To isolate, characterize and identify pathogens associated with municipal waste that may be of public health importance; samples were collected from three dumpsites in Tema, Ghana. Serial dilutions of the samples were carried out and aliquots (1 ml) of the diluted samples were inoculated onto appropriate media. Similarly, hands of waste scavengers were swabbed prior and during scavenging, as well as PCA and PDA plates exposed at the dumpsites for microbial analysis. Biochemical test was carried out to identify the particular types of bacteria isolated. The study revealed eleven genera of bacteria and four genera of fungi. It was inferred from this study that microbial load at waste dumpsites poses a great threat not only to waste scavengers but also to the society as well, as scavengers serve as routes for the transmission of certain pathogens associated with waste to the larger society, thereby, constituting some public health hazards. The paper recommended that proper personal protection of the scavengers and integrating this informal sector into waste management planning, building on their practices and experiences while working to improve efficiency, living and working conditions of the scavengers should be encouraged. Keywords: Health Hazards, Municipal Solid Waste, Dumpsites, Scavengers, Tema Metropolis, Ghana.

1-5

Authors: Akinyemi L. P., Odunaike R. Kola, Daniel Dinah E, and Alausa S. K

A quarter of all the metals released to the seas by human activities was estimated to enter via rivers. This therefore motivated this study, carried out in Ibadan in Oyo State, Nigeria, to determine the extent of pollution that arises from the activities that take place around the Eleyele river. Composite samples of surface water were collected from five different locations along the river bank where the dam empties into the river and also where major activities take place. The samples were subjected to laboratory analysis using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) to assess the levels of heavy metal pollution such as Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni) and Zinc (Zn). Standard procedures (including on site analyses) were used to determine the physicochemical parameters such as pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, solids, nitrate, DO, and total hardness of the surface water samples. The ranges of values of the observed parameters were temperature: (27.2 – 28.2) oC; pH: (6.66 – 7.02); electrical conductivity: (242 – 291) µs/cm; total solid: (134 – 155) mg/L; nitrate: N.D. dissolved oxygen: (3.20 – 3.74) mg/L; total hardness: (49.63 – 66.0) mg/L. All the values were within the WHO, WHO/UNICEF and the USEPA guidelines but the river water requires little treatment to meet the environmental quality on WHO standard limit for potable water. Keywords: Physico-chemical parameters, Heavy metals, pollution, surface water, Eleyele River, Oyo state.

9

Authors: Abdel-Lattif , A. and Al- Shamrani M

Water plays an important role in the development of human society as it subjected to be used for various purposes, among which the domestic use deserves more attention in arid and semi arid regions. There are numerous methods used to calculate the runoff coefficient in the ungauged streams. The objective of this study is to create a simplified method to calculate the runoff coefficient, by comparing several methods concluded by different earth scientist in the ungauged streams. Hence, a relationship has been developed between runoff coefficients calculated from basin area to make correction for area as function for thirty seven catchments distributing in southwestern region of K.S.A. The comparison between the resulting runoff coefficient of these methods by statistical programming to produce Dendritic, diagram found that the measured runoff coefficient and runoff coefficient calculated from the new relation is located on the same similarity level 2 and put in the same class. Where the runoff coefficient resulted from other methods located at different similarity. Then according to the statistical results which indicate that measured runoff coefficient and calculated are of have the same similarity level and the same class which is very accurate than the other methods. Keywords: Annual runoff coefficient, Catchments area, Ungauged streams.