Karadeniz Uluslararası Bilimsel Dergi

1-16

Authors: Nazmiye KIRIMLI

Çalışmamızın temelinde yer alan Kırım Bahçesaray ve Romanya Köstence Ağızları farklı coğrafyada bulunsalar da Kırım Türkçesi Ağzını temsil etmektedirler. Hem Kıpçak, hem Oğuz Türkçesinin dil özelliklerini bulunduran Bahçesaray Ağzı, günümüz Kırım Türkçesi edebi dilinin temelini oluşturmaktadır. Köstence Ağzının dil özellikleri daha çok Kıpçak Türkçesine ait unsurlar içermektedir. 1783’te Kırım’ın işgali ile başlayan göç hareketleri Kırım Türklerinin Romanya bölgesine göç etmelerine neden olmuştur. Kırım Türkleri’nin Romanya’nın Dobruca vilayetine yerleşmesi ile Köstence Ağzı oluşturulmuştur. Bugün Kırım Türkçesi, UNESCO tarafından düzenlenen Tehlike Altındaki Diller Atlası’nda “ciddi tehlike altında” olan diller kategorisinde yer almaktadır. Bahçesaray ve Köstence Ağızlarında geniş olarak kullanılan +LIK ekinin fonksiyonları günümüzdeki dilcilikte tartışmalı görüşlere yol açmaktadır. Dilciler tarafından sıfatlama eklerinin yapım ekleriyle karıştırılarak yapım eklerinin kelimenin anlamını değiştirmek dışında türünü de değiştirdiği ifade edilmektedir. Sonuç olarak bu da dil bilgisi bakımından sıkıntı yaratmaktadır. Hazırladığımız çalışmada +LIK ekinin fonksiyonları Köstence ve Bahçesaray Ağızlarına ait derleme metinlerin tanıklığıyla tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. İnceleme yaptığımız ağızlarda +LIK ekinin kullanımının fazla olduğunu, ayrıca kelime yapımında ve tamlama oluşumunda önemli bir yer aldığını belirtmek isteriz. Söz konusu ekin üstlendiği işlevleri dikkate alınarak önce üst fonksiyonları, sonra bu üst fonksiyonların alt fonksiyonları incelenerek tanıtılacaktır. Ele aldığımız ekin konuşma sırasında meydana gelen ses hadiselerine dayalı bir sıra alt morfemleri tespit edilerek çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir.

30-52

Authors: Hakan ALBAYRAK

Various theories have emerged as a result of evaluations and studies on nationalism. Among these theories, "primordial theory", "modernist theory" and "ethno-symbolist theory" came to the fore. Primordial theory argues that nations come from the same lineage and share a common religion, language, culture and history. In this theory, there are “naturalistic”, “biological” and “cultural” perspectives. According to modernist theory, nationalism is a social necessity of that period. In this theory, nationalism is evaluated together with the modernization process, which affects social, political and economic developments and changes. In the ethno-symbolist theory, nationalism, ethnic origin and cultural characteristics of nations are emphasized. National symbols are frequently encountered in Turkish oral and written cultural products. Symbols reflecting Turkish nationalism are widely used, especially in Minstrel Literature, a product of Turkish Folk Literature. These symbols appeal to the subconscious of the Turks with their deep meanings. Each symbol has its own semantic national value. The "Turnalar" epic of Ozantürk emphasizes the shared cultural heritage of the Turkish people. In the epic of Turnalar, which consists of three separate works connected to each other, the Turkish communities that make up the Turkish World are described. In the first of these texts, the Turks of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, Uzbekistan, Turkey and of Turkmenistan are mentioned. In the second text, Turkish tribes living in a wide geography including countries such as Iraq, Iran, East Turkestan, Crimea, Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Yakutia / Sakha, Chuvashia, Altai Republic, Tuva Republic, Khakas Republic are presented. In the third text, the Turks living in countries such as Greece / Western Thrace, Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova / Gagauzeli, Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kosovo, Albania, Croatia, Macedonia, Hungary, and Turks who struggle for existence" along with the Turkish presence in Europe are spoken of. The epic of "Turnalar" is a work of Bayram Durbilmez, who also wrote poems in minstrel manner under the pseudonym Ozantürk. Durbilmez is a scholar known for his works in the fields of minstrel literature, tekke-sufi literature and folklore of the Turkish World. This scholar is also known as a Turkist, nationalist intellectual who has served as a member of the board of directors, chairman of the board of directors and a delegate to the headquarters in various non-governmental organizations, foundations and associations that defend Turkish nationalism. The fact that he usually uses the pseudonym Ozantürk in his poems shows that Durbilmez has a nationalist attitude also in the world of art. In this article numerous national symbols that occurs in Ozantürk / Bayram Durbilmez's epic "Turnalar" about the Turkish World and that are shared by Turkish states and communities that exist across many geographical areas will be analysed. The national symbols in question are evaluated within the framework of nationalist theories, some of which through the primordial theory which states there are natural nations, some of which through modernist theory that emerged with the effect of modernization, and some of which through the ethno-symbolist theory that adopts ethnic cultural values. There are also symbols that are evaluated within these three theories. While determining the nationalist attitude in the epic, the scientific foundations of nationalism will also be tried to be shown through the mentions of the poet's academic studies on the Turkish World.

67-83

Authors: Özlem ÖZEN, Nuray Tuğçe TOKSOY

Kadının toplumsal, tarihsel ve sosyolojik alanlardaki yerinin pek çok farklı disipline konu olduğu görülmektedir. Özellikle sosyoloji alanında kadın ile ilgili yapılan çalışmalar kadının gerek özel gerek toplumsal alanlardaki durumunu aydınlatmaktadır. Sosyolojinin bir alt dalı olarak görülen beden sosyolojisi hem Türkiye sınırları içerisinde hem de dışında kalan coğrafyalarda, özellikle Batı’da çeşitli araştırmalara konu olmaktadır. Yaklaşık olarak yirminci yüzyılın sonlarından itibaren sistemli bir şekilde araştırmaya başlanan beden sosyolojisi bedenin tarihsel ve sosyal süreçler içerisinde oluşumunu incelemekte ve spor, tıp, edebiyat ve benzeri gibi farklı alanlarda da kullanılmaktadır. Edebiyat eserlerinde kurgulanan dünyaların ve karakterlerin analizlerine ilişkin sıklıkla başvurulan sosyolojik eleştiri kuramının altında değerlendirilecek olan beden sosyolojisi bu çalışmanın yöntemini oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmaya milattan önce beşinci yüzyılda kaleme alınan Aristofanes’in Lisistrata adlı tiyatro eseri ile bu eserden hareketle uyarlanan ve Kartal Tibet’in yönetmenliğini yaptığı 1983 yılında çekilen Şalvar Davası adlı sinema filmi konu olmaktadır. Eserlerde kurgulanan kadın karakterlerin içinde bulundukları durumların ve motivasyonlarının incelenmesi hedeflenmektedir. Her iki eserde yer alan kadın karakterlerin politik ve kamusal alana dâhil olmak adına bedenleri üzerinden yürüttükleri mücadele incelenecektir. İki farklı sanat alanı arasındaki benzerlikleri karşılaştırmalı bir çalışma yürüterek saptamaya çalışmak ve eserlerde yer alan kadın karakterlerin yürüttükleri mücadelenin sonunda sınırlarını zorladıkları ataerkil kültürü nasıl pekiştirdiklerini yansıtabilmek bu çalışmanın amacını oluşturmaktadır.

108-121

Authors: Yılmaz ESKİBİNA

Küreselleşme son yıllarda üzerinden en çok konuşulan olgulardan bir tanesidir. Bazıları bu süreci “başımıza gelen tüm kötülüklerin nedeni” olarak görürken birileri de küreselleşmeyi “insanlığın ulaşmak istediği son ve en yüksek hedef” olarak değerlendirmektedir. Her iki görüşe de mesafeli yaklaşanlar bile küreselleşme sürecinin engellenemez olduğunu kabul etmektedirler. Biz biliyoruz ki küreselleşme, büyük sermaye sahiplerinin başlattığı ve yönettiği bir olgudur. Küresel sermayeyi ellerinde tutan zenginler; tarihte imparatorlukları ve onu yöneten soylular sınıfını ortadan kaldırmak için milli-devletleri adeta kendi elleri ile kurmuşlardır. Bu gelişmenin ardından dünyada beliren komünizm tehlikesine karşı milli-devletin yönetimini aşırı milliyetçilerin ellerine bırakmışlardır. İkinci düşmanlarından da kurtulan küresel sermaye dünyada var olan sosyalist devletlerin yıkılmasını beklemişlerdir. 21. Asırda sosyalist bloğun çökmesi ve Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti’nin liberal politikalar izlemeye başlaması ile dünyada hâkimiyetlerinin önünde tek güç olarak milli-devletler kalmıştır. Zaten son yıllarda küresel sermaye sahipleri ile milli-devlet ve onun üst düzey yöneticileri arsında bir güç mücadelesi olduğu gözlerden kaçmıyor. Küresel sermayeyi ellerinde bulunduranlar dünya hâkimiyetlerinin önündeki son engel olarak gördükleri milli-devlet ve onun kudretli yöneticilerini itibarsızlaştırma çabası içine girmişlerdir. Dünya hâkimiyetlerinin önündeki son engeli ortadan kaldırmak isteyen küresel sermaye milli-devleti ayakta tutan orta ekonomik sınıfları güçsüzleştirme yönünde ekonomik müdahaleleri yapmaktadır. Küresel sermayenin amacı orta ekonomik sınıfın desteğinden yoksun bırakarak milli-devleti etkisiz kılmaktadır.

143-160

Authors: Bahattin ÇELIK, Orhan AYAZ

At the beginning of the Early Holocene Period, the hunter-gatherer groups in the Upper Mesopotamia region left behind complex structures, monumental stone pillars, and various sculptures and Neolithic cultural zone that stand out with rich symbolism accompanying thereto in unprecedented permanent settlements. Excavations were initiated at new Neolithic sites within the scope of the “Taş Tepeler” project in Göbekli Tepe cultural zone, rather known for Göbekli Tepe Neolithic Period site. By whom, how and why this early Neolithic civilization that reverses some basic assumptions on the history of the mankind remains the most important area under discussion. The excavations currently in progress, and the surveys carried out, at the Neolithic sites in this culture region provide comprehensive data on the social and economic foundations that allowed rise of this civilization. In particular, the prevalent and enormous hunting grounds/entrapment areas discovered in this region stand out as the most important economic grounds that allowed this civilization to rise. Moreover, the finds referring to the material exchange and craftsman network conducted in a wide area appears as another socio-economic factor. Despite recognizing the socio-economic foundations, this study shall place the speculative "knowledge" highlighting the psycho-cultural aspect of the people of that era as the main triggering driver regarding rise of this civilization. In conclusion, this study shall endeavour to deduct reasonable interpretation on how Göbekli Tepe culture started to rise on the basis of the sociological perspective that considers knowledge at an autonomous place against other socio-economic conditions.

169-184

Authors: Emine ERDOĞAN

Teknoloji birçok alana ve ihtiyaca hitap eden çağımızın en önemli unsurlarından biri olup, insan hayatında oldukça önemli bir yere sahiptir. Son yıllarda meydana gelen teknolojik gelişmeler, disiplinler arası birçok alanda faaliyet göstermektedir. Bu alanlardan biri olan moda; hızlı değişimlerle çağın gereksinimlerine uygun teknolojik tasarımlar geliştirerek endüstriyel bir alan halini almıştır. Modaya yön veren markalar; sanat, mühendislik, bilim, robotik gibi alanların bir araya getirildiği disiplinler arası teknolojik yöntemler kullanarak hem üreticiye hem de tüketiciye birçok imkân sunmaktadır. Bu bağlamda giysilerde kullanılmaya başlanan teknoloji, moda dünyasında köklü değişikliklere, yönelimlere yol açmış ve modanın dönüşmesine büyük katkı sağlamıştır. Modanın teknolojik dönüşüm öğelerinden biri olan 3 boyutlu yazıcılar, tasarım alanında geniş bir yelpazeye sahip, çok hızlı gelişen ve birçok tasarımın üretilebileceği teknolojik bir araçtır. Çalışmada moda alanında kullanılan 3 boyutlu yazıcı çeşitleri araştırılarak, tasarım ve üretim süreçleri hakkında genel bir bilgi verilmiştir. Ayrıca 3 boyutlu yazıcılarla üretilen moda tasarım örnekleri ve ilgili çalışmalar incelenerek teknoloji ile üretilmiş tasarım ürünleri ve süreçleri açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu ürünlerin kullanışlılığı hakkında değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular ışığında 3 boyutlu teknoloji kullanılarak üretilen özgün moda tasarım ürünlerinin gelecek modaya yön verebileceği ve moda dünyasında önemli bir yer alacağı düşünülmektedir. Ayrıca yapılan bu çalışma, disiplinler arası alanlarda bilim ve sanata katkı sunacak ve sonraki çalışmalara kaynaklık edecek niteliğe sahiptir.

198-209

Authors: Ahmet GÜNGÖR, Begimcan AYTBAYEV

Jambıl Jabay ulı iki asra damgasını vurmuş, çarlık dönemi, Bolşevizm, komünizm sistemini yaşamış, iki dünya savaşı görmüş, sözlü ve yazılı edebiyat geçiş döneminin nadir ozanlarından biridir. Şiir, deyiş, atışma ve destanlarıyla Orta Asya’dan Anadolu ve Balkanlara uzanan Türk ozanlık, aşıklık geleneğini ileriye taşıması, dönem ve zamanlara tanıklık etmesi; halk edebiyatı araştırmacılarının dikkatini çekmektedir. Jambıl ozanı Kazak sözlü ve yazılı edebiyatı sınırları içinde değerlendirmek yeterli değildir. Kazak, Türk Dünyası ve destanlar yaratan dünya ozanları arasında haklı bir şöhrete sahip ozanın yetenek, bilgi becerisi ve deyişlerinin kendinden sonra gelen yeni nesil ozanlar üzerinde etkisi çoktur. Kazak atışma, destanlarının yanısıra Kırgızların Manas destanını icra etmiş, başta Toktogul olmak üzere Kırgız ozanlarla da atışmalar yapmıştır. Bütün bu özellikleri arasında toplumsal duyarlılığı en üst seviyeye çıkaran ozan, halka zulmeden acımasız yönetici ve zenginleri şiir ve atışmalarında korkusuzca hicvetmiştir. Köroğlu ve Ötegen Batır Destanları, Jambıl Ozan’ın destancılık geleneğinde zirveye çıkarmıştır. İcra ettiği bu destanlar eş zamanlı ve art zamanlı incelendiğinde Ergenekon’dan bu yana Türk Destan geleneğinin tipik özelliklerini yansıtır. Köroğlu destanının üç dört bölümü kayıtlara geçmesine rağmen ozanın icra ettiği diğer bölümler arşiv ve kayıtlarda halen araştırılmaktadır. Gerek destan gerekse atışma ve deyişlerde yer alan yer-su, boy, soy adları; toponim ve dilcilik alanının önemli ve zengin kaynaklarını oluşturmaktadır.

1-11

Authors: Erdoğan ALTINKAYNAK, Shalala RAMAZANOVA

Death is a physiological phenomenon that will eventually confront every living thing. Curiosity for the unknown has led to more reflection and research. For this reason, death has been the focus of attention of researchers in many fields such as religion, philosophy, sociology, psychology, and medicine, as well as in the field of literature. Likewise, death appears as the main theme in both Turkish and Kyrgyz epics. In this study, based on the Manas Epic, the mourning, funeral, and lament traditions of the Kyrgyz people will be examined and the information on these issues will be revealed in terms of their similarities with the mourning, funeral, and lament beliefs and practices of the Avshar tribes living in Turkey. Epics are cultural assets that carry people's cultural memory from their historical depths to the present. Based on these features, in this study, firstly, the concept of death in the Manas Epic is discussed. The "Manas" epic, which has a very important place not only in the Turkish epic tradition but also among the world epics, is the longest and only living epic in the world. So it has a good reputation. The traditions, customs, and celebrations of "Marriage-Birth and Death", called "Mourning and Burial", are directly related to the world of myths and beliefs. There are two kinds of death. The first is physical death, the second is spiritual death. As a result of spiritual death, the hero is cleansed of sins, reborn, and continues to fulfill his obligations. There is death, but there is also resurrection due to duty and death again after the mission is completed. Thus, national heroes have immortal characters. When the society is in trouble, while this problem is being tackled, the spirit of the heroes emerges and stands on the side of those who struggle, often fighting in the eyes of the enemy. In the analysis, the funeral ceremony after the death phenomenon was mentioned. It is customary to give food and clothing to the poor after the burial. Today, in both Kyrgyz and Anatolian funeral homes, food is cooked and served to those who come. Although the cost of this meal is supposed to be met by the funeral home, it is usually shared among relatives. The main reason for delaying the burial of the dead, in Anatolia, in the epic of Manas, and among today's Kyrgyz people, is to ensure that distant relatives can attend the funeral on time. Finally, the lament ceremony is discussed. As in the epic of Manas, today's Kyrgyz also bury their dead before taking them to the cemetery. The Qur'an is recited during the burial. Before and after the burial, women continue to lament in the tent. In both cultures, on the 3rd, 7th and 40th days of the death, the Qur'an is recited for the soul of the deceased. Among the Kyrgyz, if the relatives of the deceased do not know how to recite “koshok”, a koshok reciter is found and they get him to recite it. The laments continue for three days after the death event takes place. When the men returning home after the burial are seen, the koshok reciting begins again.

33-48

Authors: Ahmet KARAKUŞ

There are many literary societies in the field of New Turkish poetry. One of them is the literate community gathered around the magazine called Hisar, which is more commonly remarkable for Mehmet Çınarlı. Nevzat Yalçın is a Cypriot poet and belongs to this group. He is a Hisar poet who studied Turkish Language and Literature in Ankara and has poetry books called "A' Street" and "Sun and Man." When the poems of this Hisar poet are read collectively, it is seen that some elements come to the fore. These elements are "Highlighting Some Colors," "Foreign Places and Longing for Lover," "Tradition," "Politics and Criticism," "Detracting the West," "Mythology," "Some Common Uses among the Community", "Grammar Errors," and "Prominence of Hand Use" were examined under nine headings in this study. When Nevzat Yalçın's poetry is examined, it is seen that the poet wrote poems on numerous subjects. In order to be able to analyze these poems, the reader must have a certain knowledge and be aware of the media of the period. In the poet's poetry, especially blue and yellow are prominent colors drawing attention to the longing for a lover abroad. It is also seen that there are poems reflecting the past at a time when the tradition is criticized by many poets. It is also stated that the poet wrote some poems with a critical attitude towards some of the Turkish politicians and the West. Another theme of the poet's poetry is mythology. Another point is that Nevzat Yalçın does not deny the expressions used among the people. Another prominent element in Yalçın's poetry is grammatical elements. The processing of the hand limb draws attention to the poet's poems.

86-95

Authors: Aleksandre MGHEBRISHVILI

Among the intellectual and creative forces of the Tskhinvali region of the second half of the 19th century and the end of the 20th century, the personality of Ivane Eliozishvili occupies a prominent place. In the history of Georgian culture and Georgian journalism, his name stands out together with brothers - Davit and Nikoloz Avalishvili. Nikoloz Avalishvili, upset with the "Tsiskri" group, starts thinking about his own periodical publication. The young activist gathers like-minded people around him, who criticize the team of "Droeba" already existing at that time, refer to "Tsiskari" as a dead publication and believe that after the closure of "Sakartvelos Moambe" society needs a "regular Georgian magazine". (Mnatobi, 1869a). Although the idea of founding one's own magazine was interesting, in addition to motivation, it was necessary to find financial resources, without which Nikoloz Avalishvili's initiative would have remained only a dream. Two figures, Nikoloz Avalishvili's brother - Davit Avalishvili and Ivane Eliozishvili, were the guarantors of financial support for the magazine, which was still in its infancy. Davit Avalishvili dedicated his own house to the editorial office and printing house of "Mnatobi" magazine, organized a printing house at his own expense, and his companion Ivane Eliozishvili became the guarantor of the financial security of the magazine. This was even reflected on all issues of "Mnatobi", where it is written together with the editor - "Publisher Iv. Eliozishvili". It should be noted that with this fact, for the first time in the history of Georgian journalism, different persons were recorded as editors and publishers. According to Prof. Al. Kalandadze, Iv. Eliozishvili participated in setting up a printing press, managed economic affairs and was legally responsible before the government. It must be said that none of the above-mentioned persons had any material interest in this case, they used Georgian literature free of charge and were ready to systematically cover the inevitable losses. (Kalandadze, 1986: 9) Iv. Eliozishvili actively cooperated in his contemporary periodical press and tried not to ignore any important problem, especially if it concerns his native corner - Tskhinvali and its surrounding villages.

105-121

Authors: Maia AZMAIPARASHVILI, Tsitsino DAVITULIANI

The tourism industry appears as a socio-economic phenomenon that can solve many economic problems facing the country. Employment remains an acute national problem in Georgia, the development of the tourism industry has a directly proportional effect on this indicator of economic importance. The level of quality of tourism products and services largely depends on labor capital. A significant problem in the hospitality sector is the lack of skilled labor, especially in the recovery from the pandemic. The paper describes the assessment of the current situation in the labor market, the needs and problems of the tourism sector, and the issue of demand and supply of tourism professions. The purpose of the study was to analyze the dynamics of the employment market, to reveal the professional skills demanded by employers on the human capital skills. Study of difficulties related to filling vacancies. Education and the achieved level as the main criterion for employment in the tourism sector and determining the compliance with the required skills in the labor market, identifying the reasons for unfilled vacant positions, identifying existing challenges and formulating individual recommendations. In order to present the problem in a complex way, within the framework of the research, three categories of subjects were distinguished: employers, existing official sites offering jobs and the field of education. The identified manpower shortage is caused by various aspects such as environmental change and even deeper roots such as the education system. Qualitative, quantitative, qualitative, statistical analysis methods were used in the research process. The research itself included the processing of existing literature, the search for statistical data with the direct help of the National Statistical Service of Georgia, the use of various employment sites, conducting surveys and interviews, sorting and quantitative analysis of the retrieved data.

1-12

Authors: Tamuna KHETAGURI - Mzia ZANGALADZE

Meaning, Form, Pronunciation and Appropriacy (MFPA) of lexis is a tool based on which it can form vocabulary skills. There is every reason to consider the problem of developing the vocabulary skills based on the MFPA of lexis as unresolved and requiring detailed research, which determined the relevance of this work and the choice of the research topic. The work aims to develop a scientifically grounded and experimentally tested methodology for forming students' vocabulary based on the MFPA of lexis. The hypothesis of the study is the assumption that the formation of students' vocabulary based on the MFPA of lexis will be successful if it is carried out based on the development and implementation of such a methodological system, which takes into account the methodological conditions necessary for the successful formation of students' vocabulary based on the MFPA of lexis (1) formation of students by the time of learning foreign language communicative competence; (2) use in teaching tasks (a) to determine the meaning of words, (b) to study pronunciation, (c) to identify differences between words that are close in meaning, (d) to differentiate words that are similar in spelling; (3) following an explicit learning algorithm with separate stages and steps. To test the validity of the hypothesis, the following research methods were used in work: analysis and generalization of research results; modeling of the pedagogical process of forming the vocabulary skills based on the MFPA of lexis and experimental learning.

35-60

Authors: İlkyaz YILDIZ

Turkish folklore products have changed, transformed and sometimes even forgotten, depending on many political, social and economic reasons throughout history. In order to prevent these losses, many expert researchers, both at home and abroad, have recorded folklore products and conducted important folklore studies. Apart from expert researchers, there are also local folklore researchers who are interested in folklore studies and conduct voluntary studies. When the relevant literature is searched, it is possible to come across various books, theses, articles and papers about expert researchers. However, studies on local folklore researchers are unfortunately negligible. For this reason, many researchers who have spent years in folklore studies, compilation studies, and cultural studies are forgotten after their death and their studies are lost. In this study, the life of Hayrettin Günay, one of the important local folklore researchers, and his studies in the field of folklore are emphasized. Hayrettin Günay’s works on folk literature, folk music, kemenche tradition, folk dances, transition periods, traditional hunting, festivals, children's games, folk language, folk botany, handicrafts published in various publications, especially in Yeşilgiresun newspaper, have been examined by considering. In this direction; The aim of the research is to present the folklore studies of Hayrettin Günay, a local folklore researcher, to examine these studies and thus to bring the researcher's contribution to Turkish folklore into the literature.

1-20

Authors: İlker AVCIOĞLU

Animal foods have an important place in Turkish cuisine, which is among the richest culinary cultures in the world. Although animal food comes to mind first when it comes to Turkish cuisine, historical sources suggest that vegetable, fruit, and herb dishes have an important place in Turkish cuisine. However, scientific studies of this aspect of Turkish cuisine are quite limited. This study sought to promote the vegan aspect of Giresun's culinary culture, which represents a part of Anatolian cuisine and is commonly referred to by local people as "weed food." The research was conducted using a semi-structured interviewing method from qualitative research data collection techniques with a total of 37 native persons in 13 districts, 2 towns, and 15 villages in Giresun province between 02.10.2017 and 02.06.2018. Conversations with the native persons were recorded and converted into text. As a result of interviews with natives, the vegetarian Giresun cuisine sample menu was prepared. In the sample menu; A total of 118 vegetarian meals were identified in 9 categories, including 27 soups, 25 meals, 15 cold vegetable dishes, 15 roasts, 11 frying meals, 9 omelets (mihlama), 5 salty foods, 7 vegetable patties, and 4 greasy foods. The data obtained in the study will be a reference for further scientific studies on vegetable, fruit, and herb dishes in Turkish cuisine. We also believe that if the necessary investments and promotions on the vegan aspect of Giresun's culinary culture are done, it will contribute to the alternative tourism potential of the region and therefore our country.

34-45

Authors: Gulnara JANOVA, Maka MURVANIDZE

The article deals with the problems created during the online learning of English during the Covid 19 pandemic in Georgia. The reasarch was conducted with English language teachers in Samtskhe-Javakheti region. The article discusses all the joint steps taken by the Government of Georgia and the Ministry of Education that have become necessary. Among them is a remarkable project such as "Teleskola". The report highlights the ongoing processes in the world during the pandemic. We also talk about the experience of many countries around the world when they had to "switch to emergency distance learning" with the closure of schools. The study identifies all the challenges and issues faced by English language teachers in Samtskhe-Javakheti. In addition to the fact that the region is multiethnic, it is noteworthy that teachers from both urban and rural minority schools participated in the study. The results of the challenges arising during the online English language teaching in Samtskhe-Javakheti schools are presented in details. All indicators are calculated as a percentage with statistical accuracy. The aim of the survey is to show what challenges English language teachers faced in the Samtskhe-Javakheti region (Georgia) during the pandemic (2020-2021 school year), the methods and strategies they used in their online teaching, and their experiences that helped them to overcome their difficulties. Teaching languages during a pandemic requires teachers' creativity as students in the 21st century need to be critical thinkers, creative, sociable, collaborative, tolerant. To achieve this, a teacher must combine four key skills to teach students language and master with the 21st century skills. The article also includes some basic tips that a teacher can follow when creating an "emergency distance learning". The current situation has shown us that neither the state nor the teacher should stop thinking, caring and planning the learning process. An online teaching format cannot completely change the benefits of face-to-face teaching, however, a better-prepared teacher's lesson is a prerequisite for a better day.

65-81

Authors: Ömer Cenap ÖZDEMİR, Raci TAŞCIOĞLU

Communication, which is a way that people, as a social being, first uses to meet their own wants and needs and then to establish their relations with other people, is as old as human history in terms of practice. In addition to the fact that communication dates back to such ancient times, it has also shown a change and development in parallel with technological developments today. As a result of this development, communication has gained a technological dimension and has been intertwined with technological tools. As a result of this relationship, applications such as social media have given another dimension to communication and added value. Today, the majority of official institutions use these social media applications. In this context, the Presidential Communications Directorate, which has a direct “Communication” task, also actively uses the most used and most common social media applications. In this study, due to the importance of social media in corporate communication, the social media accounts of the Presidency of Communications were analyzed by content analysis method and the sharing, likes, followers, etc. on these platforms were examined. Numerical data on the subjects were revealed, the frequency of use of the accounts, the type of content of the shares made, and which social media application was preferred more were determined. In this context, the research questions of the study are; What is the importance of social media in corporate communication? Which social media applications does the Presidency Communications Department use? How often is it shared in the social media applications used by the Presidency of Communications? Which social media application does the Presidency Communications Directorate prefer? What type of content are the social media posts of the Presidency of Communications mostly? answers to the questions were sought.

96-107

Authors: Abdulhadi DURUKAN

Located in Burdur Province, Bucak District near Çamlık Village, Kremna is one of the important cities of the Pisidia region. In this study, a female torso discovered during the researches carried out in and around Cremna between 2013-2019 was introduced. Torso was found outside the southern walls of the city, in the pile of stones used for the field border. For this reason, no suggestion could be made as to which structure it might have been in. The head of the torso and the lower part of the waist are broken and missing; also small for normal human size. It has been documented that the sculptures unearthed during the previous studies in the city's Q building (Bath / Library) have high quality craftsmanship. In this respect, the torso is important for the sculpture inventory of the city. It has been revealed that it is another similar example of the sculptures previously found in Cremna, with its marble quality, processing features and the fold structure seen on the dress. In addition, it is striking that the torso, which is the subject of the study, is similar to the Muse statues brought from Kremna, which were smuggled abroad and are exhibited in the J. Paul Getty Museum today, in terms of material quantity, body dimensions, and processing features. From this point of view, it was thought that the work could be one of the Muse sculptures. On the other hand, the lack of clear details in the work makes it difficult to comment on which muse it might belong to. Depending on the stylistic similarities and periodical features of torso with muse sculptures, it has been concluded that it belongs to the 200s AD. It can be assumed that with the discovery of the torso, which is the subject of the study, other examples of Muse statues can be found during the excavations which will be conducted in the city.

124-142

Authors: Hacı Veli GÖK

Being included in the First World War of the Ottoman Empire and developments after Mondros Armistice Agreement were the most essential factor in the beginning of National Struggle. Within this period, the Turkish army and public got into the fight and a struggle on the basis of nation defense had started. In the period of the National Struggle, the difference between internal and external security was disappeared and it was tried to find a strategy under the one security concept about the liberation of the homeland However, thuggery, lawlessness and rebellions broke out and this situation led to uneasiness and anxiety among the people. With the aim of removing this uneasiness, the Ministry of Interior and establishments undertook an important mission. In this study, it is aimed to evaluate the structural problems of the establishments mentioned, the internal security concepts and internal security governances properly by analyzing official reports. The internal security governances and budget discussions of establishments affiliated with Ministry of Interior, giving important information about internal security issue, in 1921 are comprised the main theme.

156-166

Authors: Bekir SARIYILDIZ

The conquest of Anatolia, which started with the eastern expedition of Çağrı Bey in 1018, covers the period until 1081, when the Byzantine Empire recognized the Turkish Seljuks. One of the important stations of the Seljuk armies advancing to the west from the beginning of the process is Şebinkarahisar Castle. Şebinkarahisar is in a location that will provide control of an important junction that opens to the north of Anatolia and the Black Sea coast. With this feature, besides being an important stage in the struggle between east and west, it is also a strategic member of the defense line established by the Byzantine Empire to fight its enemies in the east. Şebinkarahisar, which was attacked by the Abbasids many times before the Seljuks, was kept alive by fortification as it took a route to the capital of the empire. As a result of the progress that continued for about sixty-three years from the first expedition of the Seljuks to Anatolia, many castles and cities were besieged, captured and opened to settlement and became a Turkish homeland. Şebinkarahisar and its castle, one of these cities, also witnessed important political events during the conquest of Anatolia. As a matter of fact, Byzantine-Seljuk conflicts continued for a while in Şebinkarahisar Castle, which was the first place conquered by the Seljuks in Anatolia after the Byzantine defense was broken and the first place conquered in the Eastern Black Sea Region. In this article, the role of Şebinkarahisar Castle in the defense of Byzantine Anatolia and the situation that the Seljuks faced when they came to the region, general and mixed information about the castle, many important events in the Seljuk-Byzantine struggle, were tried to be organized in detail.,

177-188

Authors: Tuğba KÜÇÜK

"You are wounded" is one of Erdal Öz's novels that tells about the period of March 12, 1971, which is an important turning point in Turkish political history. The novel shows the violence suffered by a person detained as a “Political Criminal”. The novel "You are wounded" describes the destruction of a person through objectification. Violence is a behavior that has its roots as old as humanity. The dose and forms of violence have increased in the century we have left behind. Although their forms are different, violence is observed in every community, starting with the smallest unit of society, the family. As the purpose of violence, which is based on the urge, has diversified, types of violence have emerged. Although there are also several types of violence in the novel "You are wounded", its basis is the destruction of life, the objectification of man. There are physical, sexual, emotional, psychological, and economic dimensions and types of violence. Basically, these species are also decoupled into different subspecies among themselves. Physical, sexual, emotional, and psychological types of violence occur in the novel "You are wounded". The dimensions of psychological violence are multi-layered, and sadism-oriented violence and bloodthirstiness stand out among these layers. In this paper, the definition of violence, which is associated with the history of mankind and continues to be applied in its different forms despite the development at the level of civilization, is made first. After the general definition, the types of violence were introduced with a theoretical framework. In the novel "You are wounded", depending on the partitioning of violence, analyzes were made about how seemingly strong but actually powerless people turn others into an object to exist.

206-231

Authors: Ahmet İÇLİ

In Classical Turkish (Divan) Literature, most of the poets used pseudonyms. The pseudonym can play a distinctive role within the scope of difference and originality in the poet(s) or the work(s) written. However, despite the concerns of being different and original and the efforts to be recognized, works, poems and life stories can be mixed with each other. There are many reasons for this. The first of these is to use the same pseudonym. This situation brings with it a number of confusions. However, it is seen that many poets and their works are mixed both in tazkeerahs, magazines/compilations and other texts. Even poetry books or other works of poets can be attributed to someone else. There are poems with the same pseudonym in biographical works, as in tazkeerahs, in magazines with a selection of combined works and/or poems. Although the existence of the poems is positive, it also causes confusion at the point of to whom it belongs. As stated in the sources, there are poets in Classical Turkish poetry, from the 15th or 16th century to the 18th century, who used the pseudonym Fasihi in their works and poems. One of them has a Turkish Divan (poetry book) found in libraries. Although some of the other poets have poetry books, they have not been identified yet. Unless it has a distinctive feature, it is difficult to determine which poet belongs to Fasihi's poems in magazines/compilations. However, as a result of a comparative analysis, some results can be reached as much as possible. In our study, poets with the pseudonym Fasihi introduced in the sources and academic studies will be emphasized, and their classification will be made as much as possible. It will be evaluated the integrity of the poets and their poems in their relations and with each other. Information and determinations, that is, the similarity, inconsistency or the reality of the predicted situations, deviations and relationships between the relevant data will also be tried to be investigated in the context of analytical analysis.

1-15

Authors: Merab BERİDZE

The toponymy of the village Qiqineti is discussed in this article. The village is situated in Adigheni municipality of Samtskhe-Javakheti region, South Georgia. This part of the country is one of the oldest regions of Georgia – Meskheti, which is distinguished by its oldest toponymy. The names of villages such as Chobareti, Muskhi, Tskordza, Toba and others are as old as about two thousand years. In most of Meskheti villages, the population dwells here continuouly so their toponym gives a clear clue of their remote history and traditionality. But there are still many villages, whose population migrated and new population took their places due to hard times in history. This caused cessation of the natural development processes and a new stream of toponymy, based on unnatural but forced administrative processes, appeared. The village Qiqineti belongs to such kind of villages and its microtoponymy is very interesting and examplary for us today. In this work, macrotoponymy is analysed by means of historical-comparative method. The toponyms acknowledged in the sources, in some cases, have been altered so far and it is,teherefore, difficult to determine their real linguistic roots. As for the toponyms evidenced in the 20th century, they are derived mainly from the interviewers through direct and in-depth interviewing. Besides direct interviews to gather relevant data, we used the material gathered by the MA and PhD students in the related departments of Samtskhe-Javakheti State University. When discussing the literature sources we gave preference to Georgian sources and also Osmal (Ottoman Empire) period sources, which are published in Georgian. The material gathered from the interviewers and historical sources permits to conduct structural and semantic analysis, identify the forms produced through the mixture of the dialects which also reveal the new linguistic-dialectological situation characteristic for the village Qiqineti. Studying the toponymy of only one village enables us to carry out our research in detail, find out new linguistic layers, general characteristic features of the Georgian dialects and the special cases found out in the village. The results of the research showed out that the main cause of disappearing the microtoponyms is the forced displacement of the population through administrative interference. The existence of oronymy as the basic orienting point for distribution of the lands and territories is also the result of the administrative interference.

29-43

Authors: Ramazan ERGÖZ, Oğuz DOĞAN

Human beings make a world for themselves by making sense of their environment. In order for this transfer to be continuous, it must be permanent in human memory. Turning the memory into a place in a cultural sense, human codes should be kept alive in all areas of life and transferred to new generations. There are various transitional periods in human life such as birth, marriage and death. They are essential transitions in human life. Beliefs and rituals formed around the transition periods have an essential place in keeping the cultural memory alive. It is understood that various cultural activities have emerged around death. The beliefs and practices that emerged at various stages before, during and after death bear the traces of thousands of years of the collective subconscious. The lament burned after the deceased is the outward reflection of the pain of a relative lost by humanity with death. The laments are a kind of farewell to the deceased, expressing a short life story of that person pathetically. It is also possible to see the traces of culture in laments. In laments, traces of daily life, tradition and custom, social life, geographical elements, etc. There are many factors. Laments also have the feature of being the bearer of national identity. The laments that result from pathetic events contain codes that will help the individual find his national identity. It is possible to determine the main elements of national identity such as tradition and custom, homeland and language in laments. In this context, there are codes in Pinarbasi laments that will help individuals reach their cultural identity. It is seen that the elements of culture and national identity are intensely included in Pinarbasi laments. In our study, the function of laments in creating a cultural memory and national identity will be emphasised, and Pinarbasi laments will be examined in this context.

59-72

Authors: Tülin Ayşe KOÇ

Dîvânu Lugât’it-Türk is a Turkish-Arabic dictionary written by Kâşgarlı Mahmud. The masterpiece which is written under the rules of Arabic grammar has an important place as it gives details about Turkish culture history. Dîvânu Lugât’it-Türk which has a place in Tukish language studies contains important information on tools and equipments which Turkish people used in 11th century. In this study, by detecting of existing of tools and equipments used in agriculture and livestock breeding in in Dîvânu Lugât’it-Türk in accordance with language-culture relationship, it’s tried to follow the process of them from the 11th century to now. In this study, Ahmet Bican Arcilasun and Ziyat Akkoyunlu translation of Dîvânu Lugât’it-Türk is used and firstly, the tools and equipments used in agrticulture and livestock breeding are detected. The words detected are classified among themselves and by writing each lexical entry in bold, page number is shown in brackets. After the word items in Dîvânu Lugât’it-Türk are given exactly the same, the explanations of the words are made. In this explanations, expanding examples, their allophones and the words which have semantic relations are tried to included the ethimological dictionary of Sir Gerard Clauson is taken as a basis and when the other ethimological dictionaries differ, it’s stated. By analzying the scan dictionary, the usage period of the words and the period of their changing are emphasized and the conditions of words in formal language are analyzed by using the dictionary of Turkish Language Association. Benefitting from the Compilation Dictionary their usage in the dialects are detected. This study gives us a clues about what kind of methods are used in agriculture and livestock breeding by Turkic people in 11th century and the language they used in that period.

91-107

Authors: Doğan AKBULUT

The thoughts that no one can say boldly about the end of art, but are sometimes said to be implicit or implied, raise some questions. The idea that art, which is an effort of human self-creation, ends or will end is an unpleasant prophecy. What is the basis for the ideas raised within this context? The questions posed by the idea of the end of art are: does art, which is peer to human, has really come to an end or is the idea of the end of art a reality beyond prophecy? These kinds of questions are not the first time asked when the development process of art is examined. Whenever humanity has experienced a confusion especially in the face of technological innovations, the art that had to redefine itself entered such deep identity crises. In order to provide satisfactory answers to the above questions, it is necessary to know the postmodern perception that the world today is based on. Accordingly, it is important to determine how the human is processed, in which position it is seen, what role is played in the cultural structure, in the developing new world design. In addition to the technological developments, technical innovations and transformations brought by the tools, the paths and methods followed by both corporate and external art events should be taken into account. It is not easy to say that anything has ended, died or was born or resurrected. In this respect, theoretical answers were sought for the above questions by connecting with the thought patterns that art was accepted as autonomous, original and most importantly elitist in the past and taking into account the cultural, social and economic structure of the postmodern world, the extremely wide limits enforced by technology, and the production forms and functions of art, in this article.The implication revealed as a result of the discussion is that the most important factor that will determine the future of art is human as in previous periods and the attitude that the artists will take will determine the result.

139-145

Authors: Gülzana NAUANOVA

The behaviors that are important in the formation of the identities of societies are the elements of cultural cultural treasures such as customs and traditions, conservative and customs, festivals and ceremonies. The behaviors of the ones in subjects such as birth, childhood, circumcision, marriage, death are among the elements of cultural treasures. As well as cultural treasures that provide information about the cultural characteristics and identities of all societies, the beliefs, rituals, histories and guards of Kazakh Turks. Social practices are one of the most important values that bear traces of the identity of the society. One of these social practices is circumcision ceremonies. Every nation has its own folk culture and motherhood. It is clear that circumcision ceremonies and other folk elements are performed in different styles. The tradition of circumcision originated in Arab countries as a religious tradition and later spread to other countries that were Muslim. During this spread, each nation adopted this tradition according to their economic manifestations and according to their way of life.The Kazakh Turks are one of the nationalities who take this tradition according to their own cultural life and realize it. Kazakh Turks have taken the tradition of circumcision according to their living conditions. The fact that the Kazakh Turks lived a nomadic life in the past periods of history also differed in the realization phase of this tradition. However, some changes and additions emerged after these settlements. In this study, it is tried to explain in detail the equivalent of this tradition in Kazakh Turks under the title of Circumcision Ceremony in Kazakh Turks.

159-168

Authors: Hatice TOSYAGÜLÜ ÇELİK, Bahattin ÇELİK

Şanlıurfa, which has a very hot and dry climate today, is a region similar to the ecology of the Neolithic period and is a region with a low plateau character bordered by Tek Tek Mountains, which is located approximately 42 km east of the city center, and Harran in the west and Ceylanpınar plains in the east. Its approximate area is 19,335 hectares and its geological structure consists of limestones. Approximately 80% of the Tek Tek Mountains area is meadow-pasture and 13% is agricultural land. Tek Tek Mountains and its surroundings are a very rich region in terms of Historical and Cultural Heritage. The discovery of Harbetsuvan Hill and Karahan Tepe, which are dated to the same period as Göbekli Tepe, once again made the region important. Other old settlements within the borders of Tek Tek Mountains are the ancient settlements of Soğmatar and Şuayb Şehri. These settlements appear as settlements that were inhabited from the Chalcolithic period to the Late Roman period. Tek Tek Mountains are located in the Iran-Turan phytogeographical region in terms of vegetation. Although there are a wide variety of plant species in Tek Tek Mountains, wild wheat and barley species have also been identified. At the same time, there are melengiç and fig trees in the bush type class in the region. In the archaeobotanical analyzes carried out in Göbekli Tepe, located on the summit of Susuz Mountains very close to Tek Tek Mountains region, the remains of similar plants observed today were found. In the archaeofaunal studies of Göbekli Tepe, animal species such as gazelles, foxes and desert varane were found. This study is a preliminary comparison of the finds obtained as flora and fauna in the Neolithic period in the region and today's finds. In the future, a more comprehensive study will be carried out thanks to the finds uncovered in Harbetsuvan Hill and Karahan Tepe located in Tek Tek Mountains.

183-197

Authors: Betül AKALIN

Female genital mutilation, also known as female circumcision in literature, is defined as the surgical alteration involving partial or complete removal of the external female genitalia for non-medical reasons. This practice, usually carried out at an early age, can be observed in countries with different religions. It is mostly carried out due to traditional reasons and has many negative consequences. It is considered as a violation of women's human rights, the right to access the highest health standards, children's rights, discrimination, and fundamental inequality between genders. Despite these labels, the number has not decreased significantly worldwide, and according to researches, one-fourth of the 52 million women undergo female genital mutilation, which turns this practice into a medical fact. Somalia is one of the countries where the practice is mostly common. The main objective of this study is to determine how the issue of female circumcision is perceived by the young Somalis who come to Turkey for educational purposes. With the questions prepared within the scope of the study, the approach of young people to the subject is discussed. In the study, it has been determined that although women are the potential victims, they are more inclined to undergo the practice than men and that they do not regard it as a human rights violation. It has been concluded that different interpretation and perception of circumcision practice by both genders will support the fight against female circumcision, in addition to informing about the harms for health, in which social public information, where males are also let to express their point of view against circumcision and take a stance against patriarchal-based thinking ingrained in society.

222-255

Authors: Sami PATACI, Özlem ORAL PATACI

Field surveys in Ardahan in 2017 were conducted in Çıldır, Göle and the central district of Ardahan. During the survey in 2017, settlements of Ölçek, Gölgeli, Balıkçılar, Sulakyurt and Beşiktaş in the central district; Çobanköy, Bellitepe, Kuzupınarı, Dedeşen in Göle district and finally Kotanlı, Eskibeyrehatun, Doğankaya and Yıldırımtepe in Çıldır were researched. Northern Fortress of Ölçek, Southeastern Fortress of Gölgeli and its settlement, Fortress of Beşiktaş with its settlement and the kurgan cemetery, Fortress of Çobanköy and its settlement, Çobanköy Höyük, Fortress of Kuzupınarı and its settlement, two towers and a sheep pen in Bellitepe and an ancient archaeological site in Kotanlı were detected in the survey. In addition, two sites of ceramic finds from the Iron Age and Medieval Period in Sulakyurt and Doğankaya were discovered and the Devil’s Fortress in Çıldır was researched by our survey team. Besides the architectural ruins from Bronze and Iron Ages, two medieval churches in Bellitepe and Dedeşen and four chapels in Balıkçılar, Ölçek, Sulakyurt and Eskibeyrehatun were identified during the research. The chapels are from the typical single-naved religious buildings built in infill wall technique in Ardahan. Comparing to the chapels, the churches in Bellitepe and Dedeşen are more complex with their additional rooms and larger dimensions.

277-290

Authors: Aytunç AYDIN

In Turkish Music, forms such as taksim, açış, gazel are free-rhythm tunes performed improperly. It is important to utilize music software in order to make the notes written as a result of dictation of free rhythm samples performed and dictation of these samples as much as possible. In the study, it is aimed to reveal how the finale music program should be used in dictating free rhythm tunes in a useful and correct way. In the study, the steps that need to be done for this purpose are explained with visuals. As an example of free rhythm melody, the açış in the entrance section consisting of 31 seconds and chosen by Davut Sulari in the uzun hava named Tan Yıldızı was chosen. In addition to the finale music software with version 26, Melodyne (version 4.1.0.001) and Sound Analysis Oscilloscope (version 1.1 / 7) software were used to measure the frequency values of the required pitches in the examined icrâ sample. In the study, the data were obtained using documentary scanning (document method) and interview technique. The MIDI / Audio feature in the Finale Music program has provided a practical use for dictating the relevant performance example. The feature in question can divide the sound file of the execution into the number of measurements and announce the notes written with these sounds simultaneously. This simultaneous operation and also the ability to listen to the divided audio files of the measurements at the desired repetitions facilitated the detection of the notes and increased the accuracy. It is thought that the study will benefit new studies on the subject.

309-326

Authors: Ahmet KADIKÖYLÜ, Özay ÖZPENÇE

Debt limit or debt ceiling practices ensure effective management of government debt and the rule-based implementation of fiscal policy. Especially considering that borrowing for financing budget deficits and interest payments has increased from year to year, debt limit implementation is important in terms of ensuring budget discipline. Although debt limit applications in countries ' financial systems differ, it is generally observed that a certain limit is applied as a ratio or quantity. It is known that there is a proportional limit to borrowing in Turkey with the law No. 4749 enacted in 2002. The debt limit, which has been applied since then, serves as a anchor for fiscal discipline in the public sector. The study examines the evaluation of debt limit implementation between 2002 and 2019 and its relationship with some budget data. Treasury borrowing data and the budget data mentioned in the study were evaluated on charts. According to the evaluations, the debt limit application ensures that the Treasury will borrow by acting in fiscal discipline and considering the budget balances during periods when the tax revenues, which are the main basis of the budget, cannot be increased sufficiently. In addition to the debt limit, another application that provides fiscal discipline is the application of primary surplus, and the provision of primary surplus in the budget is considered to facilitate borrowing and net borrowing by staying within the limits of the debt limit. In summary, while the implementation of the debt limit ensures the steady continuation of public borrowing, it is evaluated that the budget balance and the application of primary surplus have an effect on the debt limit.

342-365

Authors: Ebru Gülbuğ EROL

Employment discrimination is a form of discrimination realised by employers with a focus on race, gender, religion, national origin, physical or mental disability and age. Employment discrimination can reduce the productivity of employees, cause them to have negative perceptions of the organization, negatively affect corporate loyalty and even cause work accidents that may cause serious injuries or even deaths in the workplace. In order to prevent such discrimination to a certaian extent public spot advertisements are prepared by official and non-official institutions to prevent discrimination in the workplaces and it is aimed to raise public awareness on employment discrimination. In this study, it was tried to put forward what messages were given and how to form awareness in public spot advertisements prepared in the international field against employment discrimination. In the spots offered by 3 different institutions from Northern European countries, Finland and Denmark, to show the discrimination to the public, attention has been paid to ensure that there are basic points of discrimination such as race, religion, disabled and gender, all of which are the basic general types of discrimination. For this purpose, public spot advertisements of three different institutions determined by using purposive sampling method were examined in light of Swiss Linguist Ferdinand de Saussure's Indicators Model and French Anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss's Binary Contrast Model. In the findings of the study, it was revealed that the sense of sadness was formed for the employees who were discriminated in the workplaces and it was aimed to form sensitivity in the society for the employees with the feeling of sadness.

375-385

Authors: Manana MICHITASHVILI

The first attempts of integration of the Democratic Republic of Georgia with Europe and the United States of America are studied in the paper. Integration was foreseen by the Georgian government as a guarantee for security and economic development of the country, which was demonstrated through the joint actions and closer partnership among the countries. The analyses of the new information resources and modern research methodology enabled us to positively evaluate the strategy and tactics of Noe Zhordania’s government considering the historical circumstances of that time. The European countries and the United States of America considered a problem of Georgia in the context of the international policy. There was a secret battle among the great powers over mandate system and distribution of influence. Therefore, the strategies and political decisions used to unexpectedly change. The international situation after the First World War and the controversial political platforms of the Georgian diplomats raised number of questions about the instability of political course of the Democratic Government of Georgia not positively effecting the decisions of the Paris Conference or the League of Nations. Eventually, Georgia lost a trust being a secure and an important geopolitical partner in a strategic region to fight against the Bolshevik Russia. On the other hand, an inclination of the European countries to trade and economically cooperate with Russia hindered the political attempts of Georgia to obtain mandate over the country with the purpose of protecting it from the anticipated annexation by the Bolshevik Russia.

394-422

Authors: Bahar SUVACI, Serap SEYİRDİCİ

Financial consultancy is a profession that acts as a bridge between private businesses, the state and other institutions. Professional motivation is the most important requisite for continuity of this profession. The purpose of this study is to determine the factors influencing the motivation of financial advisors. In this study, data were collected using a semi-structured interview technique. The obtained data were analyzed by descriptive analysis method, which is one of the qualitative analysis methods. For this purpose, face-to-face interviews were made with 15 financial advisors working in Muğla province. Questions were asked to help determine what factors motivate them and what others do not. In the first part of the questionnaire used in the study, there are 6 questions prepared with the aim of obtaining demographic information about participants. Questions about motivational factors were asked in three parts (economic, psycho-social and organizational). There are a total of 19 questions in this section. According to the results of the study, 80% of the participants do not find their earnings sufficient in return for the work they do. In addition, the fact that the profession is not regarded as respectable by the society and that they do not feel very free because their working hours depends on the dates and laws determined by the state were the most important factors that negatively affect the motivation of the participants. Factors such as loving the profession, being appreciated by customers, the job requiring high responsibility, and having very comfortable physical conditions were expressed as motivating aspects of the profession. Technological changes, on the other hand, reduce the motivation of financial advisors by stressing them at first, but become a motivating factor because technology facilitates their work after learning.

438-450

Authors: Gülnara GOCA MEMMEDLİ

Georgia, being a generally recognized landmark of the Caucasus, attracts Turkey's attention both because of its strategic border neighborhood and because hundreds of thousands of Azerbaijanis and representatives of other Turkic-Muslim communities live in it. Islam is the most widespread religion in the country after Christianity. The Georgian land preserves the centuries-old history of Islamic civilization and the rich heritage of Islamic education, the traditions of madrasahs and mektebs. The purpose of this article is to highlight the activities of the spiritual madrasah Omariye (for Sunnis) in 1849–1919 in the capital of Georgia, Tbilisi, as an example of Islamic education in the country. The main primary sources of research are the materials of the Central Historical Archives at the National Archives of Georgia in Russian, Georgian and Azerbaijani. Important facts obtained using the method of analyzing archival information on this issue were studied, classified and evaluated from a scientific and pedagogical point of view. Omariye Madrasah was opened in Tbilisi in 1849 in the Juma (Friday) mosque building in the Maydan quarter, and until 1919, it provided Islamic education to the children of the Sunni Muslims. In the madrasah, which was under the general supervision of the governor of the Caucasus and under the control of the mufti of the region, special spiritual and pedagogical classes were also created. Within the framework of the Charter and the curriculum of the madrasah, the children of the Muslims of Transcaucasia were given information about the basics and rules of Islam, the following subjects were taught: History of Islam, Tafsir (interpretation of the Koran and Sunnah), Fiqh (Muslim doctrine regarding the rules of behavior), Kalam (Islamic theology), Hadith (the legend about the statements and activities of the Prophet Muhammad), as well as the Russian language on the required scale. The article concludes that the close centuries-old contacts of Georgia with the Islamic world, playing the role of a corridor between Turkey, Georgia and Azerbaijan, contributed to the integration of religions, civilizations here, as well as the development of Islamic teachings and education. Scientific research of this problem is of great importance in the context of interfaith and intercultural relations.

482-497

Authors: Metin BOZKURT

Riddles support children in many ways, ranging from their thinking skills to strengthening language skills. They are an entertainment tool for kids as mind games. They also contribute to children's learning by having fun. The aim of this study is to determine the level of awareness among primary school fourth grade students as regards riddles. The research is a descriptive survey study. 100 primary school fourth grade students attending schools in the city center of Ereğli in Zonguldak province have participated in the study. The research data were collected with a questionnaire comprised of nine questions prepared by the researcher. The data obtained are presented in tables containing frequencies and percentages. According to the results of the research, it is determined that primary school fourth grade students love riddles, want to learn and create new riddles, and the reason why they like, learn and create new riddles is that riddles are regarded as funny and entertaining by them. It is also determined that students mostly hear about riddles from their friends, mothers and teachers, tend to ask riddles to their friends and mothers very often, and read riddle books to learn new riddles. It is determined that the primary school fourth grade students participating in the study do not have sufficient knowledge about what riddle means, the characteristics of riddles, or by whom the riddles were created. It can be said that students can have a certain awareness of riddles when they are supported on these issues. In this respect, students and their families can be informed through the programs to be prepared about riddles. Activities can be organized for students to learn and create new riddles. Riddles can be used in all lessons. Students can learn by having fun as they are mostly interested in riddles.