Animal Research International

5396 – 5402

Authors: ADEDEJI, Tosin Ademola, POPOOLA, Abimbola Deborah, AMAO, Shola Rasheed, OJUA, Oluwatobi Elijah and OKEDIRAN, Tope Emmanuel

This study evaluated the blood lipids (total cholesterol, triglycerides, and lipoprotein). In the study, 18 chickens each of Naked Neck (NN), Normal Feather (NF), Kuroiler (KR) and their crossbreds were used. They were reared under the same environment and management. Chickens were slaughtered and blood samples were taken at 24 weeks of age, the serum was harvested by centrifugation, and then the total cholesterol (TCH), triglycerides (TG) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were assayed using an enzymatic kit, Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were determined using the Friedwald equation. The results obtained indicated that genotype significantly differed (p<0.01) in TCH, TG and HDL levels. Sexwisely, males had significantly higher (p<0.01) levels of TCH (96.99 ± 8.78 mg/dL), TG (102.98 ± 11.15 mg/dL) and LDL (52.11 ± 2.12 mg/dL) in all the genotypes than its female counterpart. Furthermore, NN progenies recorded the lowest values in all parameters studied, TCH (61.44 ± 5.09 mg/dL), TG (61.23 ± 19.46 mg/dL), HDL (26.84 ± 4.04 mg/dL) and LDL (32.55 ± 14.10 mg/dL). The TCH and TG were low in both NN and NF chickens but the HDL and LDL were very low in NN birds while the level of cholesterol and fat was high in the pure exotic breed and low in the crossbred progenies. The reported lower serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations are reflected in their concentrations in blood and protect human beings from atherosclerosis. Therefore, estimation of blood lipid in these birds is recommended for future study.

5415 – 5433

Authors: OFFORBUIKE, Innocent Ikechukwu, EZEONYEJIAKU, Chigozie Damian, OKOYE, Charles Obinwanne and OKEKE, John Joseph

Microplastic pollution is adversely impacting the Amansea section of Ezu River in Anambra State, adversely affecting local aquatic life. This study examined microplastic pollution in the Amansea section of Ezu River, Anambra State. Water and fish samples (Xenomystus nigri, Malapterurus electricus, and Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) were collected from three sections of the river: upstream, midstream, and downstream. The physicochemical parameters of water: temperature, pH, TDS, EC, DO, alkalinity, and TSS, were measured using standard water analysis techniques, while microplastics were extracted and identified using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Statistical analysis revealed the highest microplastic levels at the upstream section of Ezu River (0.23 ± 0.12), with lower levels at the midstream and downstream sections (0.14 ± 0.16). The fish X. nigri had the highest microplastic load in gills (0.53 ± 0.08) and tissues (0.7 ± 0.04). Different microplastic types prevailed across locations and fish species: upstream water and M. electricus gills contained mostly polyvinyl alcohol, X. nigri gills predominantly had alginic acid sodium salt powder, and P. fulvidraco gills and fish tissues featured polyvinyl alcohol and polyacrylamide carboxyl, respectively. Neoprene was notably present in X. nigri tissues. Fish samples (0.41 ± 0.19) were more polluted than water samples (0.17 ± 0.15). These findings highlight the presence of microplastic pollutants in the Ezu River and its potential impact on aquatic organisms. Hence, implementing strict regulations on plastic waste management, raising public awareness, and promoting sustainable practices, continued monitoring and research are recommended as essential and effective mitigation measures.

5443 – 5452

Authors: MADUWUBA, Maryjoy Chidinma

The bacteriological and physicochemical quality of crude oil-polluted soil undergoing laboratory-scale bioremediation was evaluated. Soil samples were collected from an abandoned oil field in the Gio community, Ogoni land, Nigeria. Four different bioremediations experimental setups comprised of the polluted soil only (A), polluted soil with bacterial consortium (B), polluted soil with NPK fertilizer (C) and polluted soil with cow dung (D) were employed in the degradation of crude oil-derived hydrocarbons present in the soil and monitored for 40 days. During treatment, there was an increase in total culturable heterotrophic bacterial count (TCHBC) and total culturable hydrocarbon utilising bacterial count (TCHUBC), especially in the test treatment (B) which experienced about 22.2% increase in TCHUBC. The total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) concentration reduced over treatment time by 33.8, 62.3, 61.49, and 40.25% respectively, for Samples A, B, C and D. Overall, pH reduced from highly acidic tending towards neutral pH. There was also an overall reduction in the percentage of moisture and phosphate concentration. There was an initial increase in nitrate concentration at day 20 for all samples but a decline in concentration at day 40. There was a 71% reduction in TOC in Sample A, 83% reduction in Sample B, and 79 and 24% reduction in samples C and D. This study has demonstrated the effectiveness of each treatment approach in the degradation of hydrocarbons, especially the use of indigenous bacterial consortium from polluted soil. The role of bacterial consortium in bioremediation proves their ability to clean hydrocarbon-impacted systems for environmental restoration.

5459 – 5466

Authors: ADEGBENRO, Muyiwa, AYENI, Akinlolu Oluwafemi,AKINTOMIDE, Aanuoluwapo Adeyemi, ATANSUYI, Adewale Johnson, KENNEDY, Oluwatosin Ohotuowo and AGBEDE, Johnson Oluwasola

This study investigated black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) as a replacement for fish meal on growth performance and economy of production of broiler chickens. Black soldier fly larvae were processed, dried and milled. 250 Cobb 500 breed day-old chicks were randomly allotted at 50 chicks per treatment (five) in a Completely Randomized Design. The BSFLM was used to replace fish meal at graded levels 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% and designated diets I, II, III, IV and V, and diets and water were fed to the chickens ad libitum. The result showed that the feed intake was significantly influenced (p<0.05) by the dietary treatments. The highest feed intake (5069.10 ± 43.42 g/bird) was recorded in bird-fed Diet I, while the lowest feed intake (4855.93 ± 130.69 g/bird) was recorded in bird-fed Diet IV. The highest final weight (2000.00 ± 50.00 g) and best feed conversion ratio (2.52 ± 0.13) were recorded in birds fed diets I and III, respectively. The highest dressed and eviscerated weights (91.19 ± 23.85 and 76.51 ± 10.59%) were recorded in birds fed Diet IV and III, respectively. The highest net profit/bird (N3208.48) was recorded in bird-fed Diet V. The percentage of net profit/bird increased as the level of BSLM inclusion increased. It is concluded within the limit of this study that replacing FM with BSLM will reduce the high cost of finished feed, thereby increasing farmers' profit and making animal protein available to the populace.

5475 – 5485

Authors: ADEYEYE, Aderonke Adebukola, IBHAZE, Gladys Abiemwense and FAJEMISIN, Adebowale Noah

A study was conducted using twenty-one (21) West African Dwarf (WAD) goats with an average weight of 10.50 ± 0.36 kg to evaluate the nutrient intake, weight gain, and nitrogen balance of WAD goats fed microbial-treated Bambara nutshell diets. The chemical and mineral compositions of the diets were also determined. The goats were allotted to seven dietary treatments, replicated three times in a completely randomized design. The Bambara nutshells were sterilized for 15 minutes, inoculated with 25, 50, and 75 ml of each Pleurotus pulmonaris and Aspergillus niger, incubated for 7 days and air dried. The treated Bambara nutshell was incorporated into the diets at the rate of 0ml (Diet A), 25 ml P. pulmonaris (Diet B), 50 ml P. pulmonaris (Diet C), (Diet D), 75 ml P. pulmonaris (Diet E), 25 ml A. niger (Diet F) 50 ml A. niger and (Diet G) 75 ml A. niger respectively. The experimental period lasted for 56 days excluding 2 weeks of adaptation. Results showed that the proximate compositions were significantly influenced (p<0.05) by the treatment except for crude protein (CP). Diet F had the highest dry matter (DM) values (94.77%) and CP (20.33%) while Diet C had the least (92.33%) DM and Diet G (19.16%) had the least CP. Goats fed Diet D had the highest daily weight gain (107.14 g/day), and best feed/gain ratio of 6.20. Conclusively, microbial treatment of Bambara nutshell will help in the conversion of these wastes to better quality ruminant feed for better performance.

5495 – 5502

Authors: EKERE, Samuel Okezie, EZEMA, Arinzechukwu Stephen, NJOKU, Adachi Lovelyn, ANYA, Okelu Kenneth, OBIDIKE, Ikechukwu Reginald and IHEDIOHA, John Ikechukwu

The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effects of graded levels of Curcuma longa (turmeric) powder on the kits sired by dosed male and female rabbits. Twenty rabbits (16 does and 4 bucks) 7 months of age were used for this experiment. The does and bucks were assigned to four groups (A – D) of 4 does to 1 buck per group. Groups A, B and C received 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight of turmeric powder reconstituted in distilled water. Group D (control) received 1 ml of distilled water. Dosing was done per os daily for 30 days before the buck in each group was allowed to cohabit with the dose of the corresponding group. Gestational length, litter body weights (at birth), litter size and crown-rump lengths were all measured. There were no significant variations (p>0.05) in the gestation length of does and litter body weight in all the groups. The mean litter size in Group B does was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of Group D does. The crown-rump length of pups from does in all the turmeric-treated groups (A, B and C) were however significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of pups from Group D. The results of this study showed that at 500 mg/kg of turmeric powder, the dose had improved reproductive performance than when given at a higher dosage (1000 mg/kg) of turmeric powder per os.

5518 – 5528

Authors: AGBAYE, Folorunso Peter and ALABA, Olufemi

A study was conducted to investigate the antibacterial and antioxidative effects of Aloe barbadensis leaf methanolic extract (ABLME) on the quality and spermatozoa fertilising potential of extended goat semen. 100 g of fresh A. barbadensis leaves were washed, chopped, dried, ground and extracted with 95.0% methanol (ABLME). The ABLME was added to egg yolk + sodium citrate (EYSC) diluent at 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 g/L and used to extend the goat semen. The extended semen samples were stored at 4oC and were evaluated at 0, 24, 48 and 72 hours post storage. All treatments were replicated thrice in a completely randomized design. Spermatozoa progressive motility (SPM), spermatozoa liveability (SPL), normal spermatozoa (NSP), acrosome integrity (ACI), plasma membrane integrity (PMI), secondary morphological abnormalities (SMA) and microbial load (CFU/mL) were evaluated and analyzed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at α0.05. Significant reduction in microbial load was observed in samples with 2.0 g/L ABLME (6.83 ± 4.80%) compared to control (27.50 ± 3.20%) at 48 hours. Reduced SMA was recorded for 2.00 g/L ABLME (9.00 ± 0.90%) compared to control (13.67 ± 1.00%). Methanolic extract (2.00 g/L) of A. barbadensis included in egg yolk + sodium citrate diluent gave antibacterial activity to extended buck semen for up to 48 hours.

5548 – 5552

Authors: NDAMS, Samuel Shehu, DARE, Theophilus Aderemi and ELAIGWU, Sunday

A 28-day experiment was conducted to examine the effect of additive ginger meal (GM) as a phytobiotic in the diets of broiler chickens in terms of feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). 96 four-weeks-old broiler chickens were assigned randomly to four dietary treatments each replicated thrice (eight birds per replicate). Four experimental diets were formulated with the control (D1) without GM (0%). Bird’s group on diets D2, D3 and D4 were fed with GM supplemented at 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% levels respectively. The FI of birds fed a 0.2% GM-supplemented diet was significantly higher (p<0.05) compared to birds fed 0, 0.1 and 0.3% GM-supplemented diets The BWG of birds fed a 0.2% GM-supplemented diet was significantly higher (p<0.05) compared to those on 0, 0.1 and 0.3% GM-supplemented diets. The BWG of birds fed 0.1 and 0.3% GM-supplemented diets were similar (p>0.05) but significantly lower (p<0.05) compared to control. The FCR of birds fed 0.2% GM-supplemented was statistically better (p<0.05) compared to those fed 0, 0.1 and 0.3% GM-supplemented diets. The FCR of birds fed 0.1% and 0.3% GM-supplemented diets were similar (p>0.05) but significantly (p<0.05) lower compared to the control diet. Feed cost (N) per kg gain increases with increased levels of GM supplementation in the diets. It is concluded that the feeding of broiler finisher chickens with GM supplemented at 0.2% improves performance and can be a viable alternative to antibiotic feed additives in the diets of broiler finisher chickens.

5564 – 5577

Authors: ODENIGBO, Gabriel Ifeanyi, EZEMA, Arinzechukwu Stephen, ONYEMA, Ifeanyichukwu, ISHAKU, Bitrus, EDEH, Miracle Emeka and EZEMA, Chuka

This study determines the effects of probiotics - Saccharomyces cerevisiae on oocysts shedding, haematology and serum proteins of broilers infected with mixed Eimeria oocysts. 120-day-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to four groups (Groups A – D) of 30 birds each. Group A - was fed a plain diet and not infected, Group B - was fed a supplemented diet and infected, Group C - was fed a plain diet and infected, and Group D - was fed a supplemented diet and not infected. S. cerevisiae was supplemented at 0.1 %/kg of feed. At week 3, Groups B and C were infected with sporulated mixed Eimeria oocysts orally, followed by a daily faecal examination of all groups. The rate of oocyst shedding, packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentration (Hb), red blood cell (RBC) count, total white blood cell (WBC) count, differential WBC count and serum levels of total protein, albumin and globulin were determined at five days’ intervals. The data collected were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance at a 95% confidence interval (p<0.05). Group C had the significantly higher (p<0.05) number of oocysts in faeces, total WBC count and globulin levels, with the lowest PCV, Hb, RBC count, total protein and albumin levels. Group D had significantly higher (p<0.05) heterophil, eosinophil and monocyte counts. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with S. cerevisiae (1 g/kg) ameliorated the effect of Eimeria infection in broilers, by reducing the rate of oocyst shedding, anaemia and hypoproteinaemia due to the activity of the parasite.

5586 – 5595

Authors: SOLOMON, Felicia Eyoanwan, ESSIEN, Comfort Abel and EYOH, Glory Dominic

This study was carried out to determine the effect of Xylopia aethiopica fruit powder on broiler chickens' haematological and serum biochemical indices. A total of two hundred broiler chickens (Abor acre) at twenty- eight days of age was used for the experiment. Five experimental diets were formulated and labelled T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5. Treatment one contained no X. aethiopica fruit powder while T2, T3, T4 and T5 contained X. aethiopica fruit powder at 100, 200, 300 and 400 g per 100 kg feed respectively. The broiler chickens were divided into five groups of forty birds and each group was assigned one of the treatment diets in a completely randomised design (CRD). Each group was further divided into four replicates of ten birds per replicate. Feed and water were supplied ad libitum. Blood was collected for haematological and Serum biochemistry analysis on the (28) twenty-eight days of the experiment. The blood samples collected were analysed for haematological parameters and Serum biochemical parameters. The results showed that the diets did not significantly affect all the haematological parameters (p>0.05). There are significant reductions (p<0.05) in the values of cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, and very low-density lipoprotein, as the level of X. aethiopica fruit powder increased in the diet. In contrast, a significant increase (p<0.05) was observed in high-density lipoprotein. Therefore, it may be concluded that including X. aethiopica fruit powder at 400 g/100 kg, feed enhanced Serum biochemical parameters in broiler

5604 – 5612

Authors: BOLAJI-ALABI, Foluso Bolawaye, OGUNBULE, Adedayo Emmanuel, AKINNIYI, Olumide Odunayo, JARIKRE, Theophilus Aghogho

Goats respond to pain and often require chemical restraints for veterinary procedures. Information regarding the cardiopulmonary, haematological and biochemical effects of chlorpromazine (CPZ) or chlorpromazine-pentazocine (CPZ-PTZ) in West African Dwarf (WAD) goats has not been fully established. The study aimed to evaluate the cardiopulmonary, haematological and biochemical responses of WAD goats following sedation with either CPZ alone or a combination of CPZ-PTZ. Six healthy adult WAD bucks were randomly selected for two separate experiments using CPZ or CPZ-PTZ in a prospective crossover trial. Anaesthetic indices were taken. Blood samples were collected before the experiment (0 minutes), 45 minutes, 90 minutes and 24 hours for haematology and serum biochemistry assay. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR) and rectal temperature (°C) were measured at intervals of 10 minutes for 90 minutes. In between clinical trials, the bucks were given a 14-day break. The duration of recumbency for CPZ (43.00 ± 12.95 minutes) was significantly lower compared to the CPZ-PTZ protocol (46.50 ± 27.32 minutes). Analgesia was recorded in only the CPZ-PTZ group for 41.67 ± 1.75 minutes. The HR was significantly higher (p<0.05) in the CPZ-PTZ group than in the CPZ group from 0 to 70 minutes. The CPZ-PTZ protocol was a better one as it did not exert a negative effect on the red blood cells or serum protein compared with CPZ alone in the goats. Haematological, biochemical and cardiopulmonary changes were also evident in the goats. Further research may determine the risk-benefit profile of this anaesthetic regimen.

5205 – 5211

Authors: EKINE, Emmanuel Green and EZENWAKA, Chinonye Oluchi

This study investigated flea infestation on domesticated goats in Otapha, Rivers State, Nigeria. A total of 100 domesticated goats reared in Otapha were subjected to flea screening and 61% were reported positive. Fleas were removed from the skin of goats by hand picking and by the used of forceps. The detected fleas were stored in 50% alcohol and conveyed to the laboratory for bioassay. The recovered fleas were identified to species level using flea pictorial key. Flea infestation was noticed in all the settlements where goats were sampled. The encountered flea species in this study were Ctenocephalides canis (24.4%), Ctenocephalides felis (25.6%) and Pulex irritans (50.0%). The high manifestation of flea species in this study suggests that the environmental conditions in Otapha were favourable for the rapid growth and survival of fleas among goats in the settlements. The result further implied that the inhabitants of Otapha lack the basic diary methods to adequately domesticate goats and hence can be highly vulnerable to flea-borne infections such as murine typhus. The responses, attitudes and habits of animal owners indicated that they had zero idea concerning the necessity for veterinary visits for disease diagnosis, animal treatment and care. Hence, they employ no precautionary measures to mitigate flea populations on the animal skin, thereby putting the animals at high risk of infestation and making goat owners more vulnerable to flea-borne infections.

5225 – 5230

Authors: AJANI, Olumide Samuel, AGBUGBA, Linda Chinyere, BOLAJI-OLUTUNJI, Aanuoluwa Faith, HAMZAT, Abdulafees Ademola and AJALA, Oluwatoyin Oluwasola

Mammary gland tumors are commonly observed in older, intact female dogs, while male dogs are rarely affected. The incidence of mammary gland tumors in dogs is significantly higher than in other domestic species, accounting for about 50% of tumor cases in dogs. A 7-year-old intact German Shepherd bitch was presented at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Ibadan, with swollen mammary glands and a history of conception failure, despite a successful mating a few months prior. Samples were collected using the fine needle aspirate technique from the swollen inguinal mammary glands and popliteal lymph nodes for cytological examination, which revealed confirmatory evidence suggestive of lymphoma. This article describes the mammary gland tumor in an adult intact bitch and her subsequent euthanasia due to tumor metastasis.

5241 – 5248

Authors: NGONGOLO, Kelvin, CHOTA, Andrew and SIGALA, Atuhombye

Low production of local chicken was among the challenges faced by small-scale local chicken farmers in Dodoma, Tanzania, as reported in a previous study. In this case, this study stressed that understanding the manipulation of broody hens through early separation from chicks can increase the productivity of local chickens for farmers. Laying hens were monitored from the start of laying until they finished the circle and started laying again. The hen was allowed to lay, incubate, and hatch eggs. Following hatching, the chicks were separated from the hen by varying distances of 3 – 10 m. Eggs were laid, incubated and hatched, and the time interval taken for the hen to start laying again after the chick’s separation was recorded. The average number of eggs laid, incubated and hatched per hen per circle varied significantly (p<0.05) between wet and dry seasons. About 60% of the hens lost their brooding behaviour in the first week, while about 40% did so in the second week. The average time it took for the hen to resume laying after chicks’ separation ranged from 14 to 15 days, depending on factors such as season, distance between chicks and hen. The calling of hens to chicks decreased significantly (p<0.001) in the third week. In this study, the single laying circle lasted about 30 – 34 days. Early chicks’ separation from hens can increase local chicken productivity for farmers, thus improving food security, income and employment.

5257 – 5264

Authors: MBABAH, Sifon Nnana, ANYANWU, Nnaemeka Julian, IDIONG, Grace Christopher, EKETTE, Ikobong Edet and JOHNSON, Princewill Emmanuel

A field experiment was conduct at the Teaching and Research Farm, Akwa Ibom State University, Nigeria, to study the impact of different manures on the growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L). Three different manures were used to include: poultry droppings, pig dungs and goat droppings. It was replicated three times and was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Data were collected on vegetative traits and yield component and statistically analyzed. The growth and yield attributes increased significantly with the application of poultry droppings. The control plot gives significantly lower means and maize that received 20 t/ha recorded the highest mean in all growth and yield parameter evaluated in the study. Applications of poultry manure significantly improve vegetative growth and yield attributes of maize plant and therefore recommended for adoption by resource-poor farmer can adopt the use of poultry droppings as substitute for inorganic fertilizer and ultimately improve yield in the study area.

5273 – 5279

Authors: TERFA, Ashever Jocelyn, RABO, Jude, ABENGA, Jerry, ORAKPOGHENOR, Ochuko and DZONGOR, Joel

This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Eimeria species in domestic pigeons and study the gross as well as the microscopic pathology they cause in the intestinal tract of the birds in Makurdi, Benue State. A total of 310 healthy pigeons comprising 171(55.2%) males and 139(44.8%) females; 133(42.9%) were sampled during the dry season and 177(57.1%) were sampled during the wet season from local farmers in Makurdi, Benue State. Faeces from the rectum of each bird were analyzed using the simple flotation method for the detection of Eimeria oocyst. Intestinal gross lesions were noted and intestinal segments were obtained for Histopathological studies. The prevalence of Eimeria species in pigeons of Makurdi was 170/310(54.8%). The infection was significantly higher (p<0.05) in the male Pigeons as compared to the female (p>0.05). There was no significant difference (p>0.05) between the number of pigeons infected in the wet season as compared with the dry season. Gross lesions revealed hemorrhagic enteritis and from the histopathological sections of the intestine, developmental stages of Eimeria species were seen in the mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis mucosa respectively with necrosis of villi and inflammatory cell infiltration. It was concluded that Since Eimeria species are highly prevalent in domestic pigeons and cause severe intestinal lesions, constant Veterinary surveillance is required to prevent economic losses in the pigeon industry.

5290 – 5297

Authors: UCHOLA, Benjamin Enede and BICHI, Armayau Hamisu

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of air-dried Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MLM) on the growth and physiology of African catfish. Air-dried MLM was incorporated into a diet D1 (19.64MJ/kg) at 0, 2, and 6% resulting in three diets. Each diet in the D1 group was fed to African catfish fingerlings (13.35 ± 0.02) at 5% body weight in triplicate group for 56 days. Weight gain was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the control diet (0% MLM) compared to MLM-based diets. White blood cell (WBC) counts were significantly (p<0.05) higher in fish-fed 2% MLM relative to those of the control and 6% MLM. Red blood cell (RBC), Haemoglobin (Hb), Mean cell volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration decreased with increasing MLM inclusion levels. Higher levels of RBC and Hb were related to higher weight gain. Levels of liver enzymes- alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) decreased with increasing MLM inclusion levels. Decreases in ALT, AST, and ALP were not different (p<0.05) among the treatments. Serum total protein, albumin, and globulin levels increased in MLM-based treatments, 2% MLM were similar (p<0.05) to those of the control treatment while 6% MLM was different. Low dietary inclusion of air-dried MLM boosts WBC and increases serum proteins with no negative effect on liver enzymes. Regression of weight gain on MLM levels suggests an optimum range of 0.5 – 1% dietary inclusion can sustain growth making it a suitable feed additive.

5305 – 5311

Authors: AWONEYE, Olusola Olufisayo

Acute heat stress contributes greatly to sudden death in animals and induces serious intra-corporal damage even if the animal survives. This trial was therefore conducted to unravel the effect of dietary supplementation of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on the serum biochemical composition and hormonal status of finisher broiler chickens during the transition from dry to rainy season (January – March). One hundred and ninety-two (192) day-old broiler chicks (ANAK) were randomly allotted to four treatment diets supplemented with 0, 0.025, 0.050, and 0.075% of ASA at 48 birds/treatment in four replicates of 12 birds each. The result revealed that broilers fed 0.075% ASA had the highest (p<0.05) aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase with the values of 69.12 ± 6.52 IU/L, 58.02 ± 11.75 IU/L respectively, while broilers fed 0.050% ASA had the lowest (p<0.05) cholesterol value of 57.27 ± 2.61 mg/dL. The highest (p<0.05) total protein value of 4.20 ± 0.11 g/dL was observed in broilers fed the control diet. There were significant treatment effects (p<0.05) in all the hormonal parameters investigated. Estradiol was observed to increase as the level of ASA supplementation increased. Similarly, broilers fed 0.075% ASA had the highest (p<0.05) progesterone value. It could be concluded that ASA supplementation improves serum biochemical profile, as well as reduces the cholesterol level of experimental birds.

5322 – 5334

Authors: 1ATAGUBA, Ele-Ojo, OLAJIDE, Joseph Eniola and APEH, Daniel Ojochenemi

This study investigated the effect of methanol extract of Gymnema sylvestre (Gs) leaves on body/organ weight and selected biochemical parameters of serum, liver, and kidney of potassium bromate-treated rats. The animals were grouped into six groups with the control as group 1 while others were administered KBrO3 (20 mg/kg body weight (bwt)) only, Gs extract (200 mg/kg bwt) only, Gs extract (500 mg/kg bwt) only or with KBrO3 (20 mg/kg bwt) and Gs extract (200 or 500 mg/kg bwt). Liver and kidney function indices were determined by spectrophotometric assay of the activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine concentrations respectively, while serum electrolyte: Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+ and HCO3- concentrations were determined using an automatic electrolyte analyzer. KBrO3 induced a significant increase (p˂0.05) in the liver and kidney function indices when compared to the control after 10 and 15 days of administration. The increase in activity of the serum enzymes confirmed the property of KBrO3 as a membrane labilisers. The administration of methanol extract of Gs leaves to KBrO3-treated rats significantly reversed (p˂0.05) the increase in activity of the liver enzymes as well as the electrolyte concentrations for both days. This is suggestive of the hepatoprotective potential and ability to protect the urinary tract by the plant extract. The results of this study suggest the possible application of the methanol extract of Gs leaves as a remedy for KBrO3 toxicity.

5344 – 5352

Authors: IDRIS, Aisha, YUSUF, Naim Olatunde, JIMOH, Abdulazeez, DAWUD, Fatima Alhassan, ISAH, Haruna Abiodun and MAGAJI, Jafar

There is a growing body of research showing the potential health benefits of resveratrol, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This study investigates the potential effects of resveratrol on lipid profile and its impact on wound healing in a Male Albino Wistar Rats model of type 2 diabetes. 24 Male Albino Wistar Rats were rendered diabetic using a high-fat diet and an Alloxan injection. The rats were grouped into 4: Non-diabetic Control Group A (negative control), Diabetic Control Group B (positive control), Diabetic Treatment Group C (10 mg/kg resveratrol), and Diabetic Treatment Group D (20 mg/kg resveratrol). Excisional wounds were created on the dorsum of the rats and monitored for wound closure over a defined treatment period of 14 days. Body weight and fasting blood glucose levels were measured after the procedure and after the treatment respectively. Blood samples were collected on the 15th day by cardiac puncture to assess lipid profile parameters. Resveratrol administration positively modified body weight, blood glucose, and lipid profile, reducing total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, and elevation of high-density lipoprotein levels. Resveratrol supplementation not only enhanced wound healing but also alleviated dyslipidaemia in type 2 diabetic albino male rats, a common complicating factor in the management of diabetic wounds. These results imply that resveratrol might have a broad range of therapeutic applications in treating lipid profile abnormalities linked to type 2 diabetes as well as wound healing complications.

5362 – 5370

Authors: ANSA, Anietie Archibong

The study investigated the effects of Menogon treatment on semen quality and histomorphology of testicular tissues in rabbit bucks. Twenty-four bucks of Chinchilla × Dutch breed, weighing 1.3 – 1.6 kg at 15 – 17 weeks of age, were divided into four groups receiving different Menogon doses (0.0 IU as control, 7.5 IU, 15.0 IU, and 22.5 IU) for 105 days in a completely randomised design (CRD). Each treatment group was replicated three times with two bucks per replicate. Semen quality and histological examination of the testes were assessed. Results showed that progressive sperm motility, sperm concentration, live sperm percentage, and libido were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the group receiving 15.0 IU of Menogon compared to other groups. The percentage of total abnormal sperm was significantly lower in the 15.0 IU group compared to other groups. Histological analysis revealed that the 15.0 IU treatment induced more hyperplasia of the germinal epithelium, which positively impacted semen production. These findings suggest that the optimal reproductive processes in rabbit bucks were observed at a Menogon dose of 15.0 IU, indicating the potential of Menogon in enhancing testicular health and spermatogenic processes.

5378 – 5388

Authors: OKAFOR, Simeon Chibuko, IHEDIOHA, John Ikechukwu, EZEMA, Wilfred Sunday, ONYEMA, Ifeanyichukwu, EZEMA, Arinzechukwu Stephen and CHAH, Kennedy Foinkfu

The effects of Salmonella gallinarum infection on the haematology and oxidative stress (OS) in pullets were evaluated in this study. Fifty 7-week-old pullets were randomly assigned to two groups of 25 pullets per group. The infected pullets were inoculated orally with S. gallinarum (109 S. gallinarum colony forming units/mL), while uninfected pullets were the controls. Haematological and OS parameters were determined following standard protocols. There was a significant loss (p<0.05) of body weight. The packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb) concentration, red blood cell (RBC) count and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were significantly lower (p<0.05). In contrast, the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) was significantly higher (p<0.05) in the infected pullets when compared to the controls. The total white blood cell (TWBC), absolute heterophil, lymphocyte, eosinophil and monocyte counts, of the infected pullets, were significantly higher than that of the controls. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) level, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) activities of the infected pullets were significantly higher (p<0.05) when compared to the uninfected controls. Absolute heterophil count correlated strongly, positively and significantly with MDA. An association was established between significantly elevated GPx and CAT, which have antioxidant properties, and survival/health improvement indices such as improved weight gain and self-recovery. It was concluded that S. gallinarum infection of pullets caused significant alterations in the haematology, induced OS, and stimulated the body’s antioxidant defence mechanism to elaborate GPx and CAT. This may suggest the use of antioxidants in the treatment of fowl typhoid.

5017 – 5029

Authors: IRABOR, Francis, EBOHON, Osamudiamen, ALEGUN, Olaniyi, OKUGBO, Tinuade Osarhieme and OMOREGIE, Sheena Ehimwenma

Malaria is a threat to the lives of below age five children and pregnant women living in sub-Saharan Africa. Oxidative stress is a key factor in malaria pathogenesis and artemisinin-based combination therapy with Vitamin C may protect human host against the toxicity of free radicals. In this study, we examined the alteration in biochemical indices and antioxidant enzymes gene expression in the bone marrow cells of Plasmodium berghei infected mice treated with artemether-lumefantrine and ascorbic acid. Five groups of six mice each categorized as basal control, untreated, ascorbic acid, artemether-lumefantrine and artemether-lumefantrine + ascorbic acid were used for this study. Biochemical assays and analysis of antioxidant enzyme gene expression were carried out. Artemether-lumefantrine co-administration with ascorbic acid resulted in complete parasite clearance day three post-infection; this same group had a non-significant increase (p>0.05) in superoxide dismutase activity and a significant decrease (p<0.05) in the malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration of the liver when compared with the artemether-lumefantrine group. Similar trend was observed for H2O2 level in erythrocyte lysate. The levels of expression of catalase, Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase genes in the P. berghei infected mice treated with artemether-lumefantrine plus Vitamin C were up-regulated compared with the group treated with lone artemether-lumefantrine. This study has shown that artemether-lumefantrine co-administration with ascorbic acid may be beneficial in P. berghei infected mice because total parasite clearance, decrease in oxidative stress markers and up-regulation in antioxidant enzyme gene expression were observed three days post treatment.

5038 – 5046

Authors: PUKUMA, Micah Sale and IBRAHIM, Timothy

The use of insecticide treated nets (ITNs) is considered the most cost effective methods of malaria prevention in endemic areas. However the possession and utilization of ITNs determines the success and the benefits of the freely distributed ITNs. The study assessed the free distribution of insecticides treated nets in Nangere Local Government Area of Yobe between April to August 2021. Structured questionnaires and laboratory techniques were used for data collection. Structured questionnaire was administered to 752 respondents who are residents of the communities. Blood samples were also collected from each of the respondents for malaria parasite examination using microscopy. Data collected were analyzed using SPSS. Relationships between the variables were determined at 95% level of confidence. 696 of respondent agreed that there was free distribution of ITNs in the community, with 432 of them testing positive for malaria with prevalence of 62.1%. Whereas 56 of the respondent were of the view there was no free distribution of ITNs, with 40 of them testing positive (67.79%). Chi-square test reported no significant association between free distribution of ITNs and malaria prevalence (χ2cal = 0.354 < χ2tab =3.841, df = 1, p>0.05). 648 of the respondents sleep under ITNs with 58.49 positive for malaria. 104 respondents do not sleep under ITNs with 86.53% infected with malaria parasites. Age group 20 – 29(22.21%) was the most infected, while age ≥ 40 recorded had the least (3.72%). Males (34.04%) were more compared to females (28.32%).The possession and utilization of ITNs was associated with malaria infection.

5059 – 5067

Authors: UWA, Unyime Gideon, EYOH, Glory Dominic, EKPO, Joseph Sylvester and EKPO, Ubak Ekwere

Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), is a member of the family zingiberaceae, which grow in tropical climate. The matured leaves used in this study were source from Obio Akpa, Oruk Anam Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Sample of the leaves were analyzed in the laboratory for proximate, gross energy, minerals, vitamins, and photochemical compositions. Values obtained for the proximate analysis of C. longa leaf were; dry matter (88.13 ± 3.26%), crude protein (25.22 ± 1.67%), ether extract (4.03 ± 0.35%), crude fibre (16.73 ± 1.00%), ash (9.65 ± 0.62%), and nitrogen free extract (32.49 ± 1.40%) respectively. The gross energy value was 4110.00 ± 0.10 kcal/kg. Mineral and vitamin composition analysis of the leaves of C. longa gave the following values; calcium (0.26 ± 0.04%), phosphorus (0.38 ± 0.10%), potassium (0.89 ± 0.10%), magnesium (0.28 ± 0.00%), sodium (0.19 ± 0.10%), iodine (7.30 ± 0.54 mg/kg), zinc (48.74 ± 1.21 mg/kg), cobalt (0.41 ± 0.11 mg/kg), manganese (36.17 ± 1.04 mg/kg), vitamin E (31.38 ± 1.00 mg/100g), vitamin A (254.80 ± 2.80 mg/100g), vitamin B6 (1.27 ± 0.20 mg/100g) and vitamin B12 (0.07 ± 0.01 mg/100) respectively. Phytochemical compositions were, curcumin (0.006 ± 0.01%), demethoxycurcumin (0.004 ± 0.00%), bisdemethoxycurcumin (0.003 ± 0.00%), tannin (0.04 ± 0.01%), saponin (0.22 ± 0.02%), alkaloids (0.32 ± 0.10%) and flavonoid (0.01 ± 0.00%) respectively. The results of the current study indicated that turmeric leaf meal will be a good ingredient for livestock feed production.

5078 – 5087

Authors: KATONGE, Jackson Henry, KASWAMILA, Abiud Lucas and HAMISI, Mariam Issa

A study was conducted in Babati and Burunge lakes in Tanzania to assess the limnological characteristics and fishery resources from August 2022 to March 2023. Sampling was conducted from ten different stations in each lake using standard method ISO 5667-4:1987. 200 fishes representing ten different species were sampled at fishermen landing sites and measured. The results showed no significant difference (p>0.05) in limnological characteristics within seasons and between lakes. Limnological characteristics were within WHO agreed values except biological oxygen demand (10.7 ± 6.43 mg/l), Chloride (31.33 ± 0.88 mg/l), pH (9.8 ± 0.06) and turbidity (51.3 ± 0.88 cm) which were all higher than the accepted values. Chlorophyll-a contents were lower than recommended standard for both lakes in both seasons. Ten fish species were found, six found exclusively in Lake Babati and four in Lake Burunge. Oreochromis niloticus, Oreochromis urolepis and Oreochromis variabilis were restricted to dry season in Lake Babati, while the rest were found in dry and wet seasons in both lakes. Majority of fish species sampled had larger size in the dry than in the wet season. Most fish species sizes were within the reported size ranges for that particular fish species. Clarias gariepinus recorded maximum size (872.3 ± 15.38 g and 54.2 ± 1.96 cm) in Lake Babati, while Tilapia melanopleura recorded maximum size (443.3 ± 6.17 g and 25.7 ± 0.33 cm) in Lake Burunge. The study concluded that both lakes water met the requirements for fish production and requires effective management against pollution.

5095 – 5106

Authors: KATONGE, Jackson Henry, KASWAMILA, Abiud Lucas and HAMISI, Mariam Issa

This study investigated the abundance, distribution and diversity of planktonic organisms in Babati and Burunge lakes in Manyara region. Field sampling of phytoplankton and zooplankton were conducted in July and August 2022 followed by laboratory analysis. Phytoplankton communities were dominated by Bacillariophyceae (35.90%, 35.40%) and Chlorophyceae (32.10%, 24.00%) for Babati and Burunge lakes respectively. Among the zooplankton, Cladoceridae (37.70%) was most abundant in Lake Babati, while Cyclopidae (36.60%) was most abundant in Lake Burunge. Lake Babati had higher plankton species richness (S = 50) compared to Lake Burunge (S = 45). A slightly higher phytoplankton diversity, H = 3.14 was observed in Lake Burunge compared to Lake Babati, H = 3.04. Lake Babati had slightly higher zooplankton diversity, H = 2.61 compared to Lake Burunge, H = 2.30). Evenness (E) ranged 0.56 – 0.70 for phytoplankton and 0.77 – 0.80 for zooplankton indicating a moderate healthier and more diverse aquatic ecosystem. Phytoplankton and zooplankton typically exhibited a clear inverse correlation during various time intervals in different lakes. Sustainable management practices, protection of water quality and habitat preservation are needed in conservation of planktonic communities for maintaining the ecosystem health.

5119 – 5126

Authors: OKON, Loveday Samuel, SAM, Idorenyin Meme, USORO, Ofoninyene Okon and UDO, Akaninyene Friday

This study was conducted to determine the relationship between the coat colours with morphometric traits of West African Dwarf (WAD) goats raised in Akwa Ibom State. A total of three hundred and eighty four (384) goats comprising of 291 females and 93 males were sampled from the three senatorial districts of Akwa Ibom State. Sampled goats were classified into various coat colours; black (Bl), brown (Br), black-brown (Bl-Br), white (Wh), white-brown (Wh-Br) and white-black (Wh-Bl), and age groups (1 – <2 and 2 – <3 years) for males and (2 – <3, 3 – <4, 4 – <5 and 5 years and above) for females. The data obtained were subjected to Analysis of Variance. Results showed that goats with White-brown and black-brown coat colour combination had similar body conformation traits in body length. BL (53.78 ± 2.49 and 53.17 ± 2.59 cm respectively), height at wither, HW (44.45 ± 0.98 and 45.08 ± 0.92 cm respectively), heart girth, HG (61.48 ± 1.25 and 63.20 ± 3.22 cm respectively), rump height, RH (47.02 ± 1.08 and 48.33 ± 1.01 cm), body depth, BD (68.64 ± 0.36 and 71.39 ± 5.31 cm respectively) and body weight, BW (22.59 ± 0.69 and 21.69 ± 3.59 kg respectively). The least BL, HW, RH and BW were observed in goats with brown coat colour. It was concluded that coat colours have influence on morphometric traits and morphometric traits affected varied with age. Coat colours of goats above five years of age, had no significant effect on morphometric traits. However, white-brown goat should be selected if body weight is desired.

5135 – 5142

Authors: ADEDOKUN, Rahamon Akinyele Moshood, ALABA, Bukola Ayokunmi, AKINNIYI, Olumide Odunayo, OLAOGUN, Sunday Charles and OGUNDALU, Toluwalope James

Having proper knowledge of the pattern of diseases vis-à-vis the data of equine cases presented to the clinic over a period of time cannot be overemphasised for appropriate prevention and control of equine diseases in Nigeria. This study aimed to establish the occurrence of equine cases presented to the Large Animal Clinic of the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria (January 1999 – December 2020). A total of 102 equine cases, comprising horses (78) and donkeys (24), were retrieved from the clinical case files of equine species presented to the clinic. The sex distribution of horses and donkeys showed a higher percentage of males compared to female. Cases in local breeds of horses were higher (82.05%), compared to exotic breeds (17.95%), while all (100%) donkey cases were recorded in the local breed. Adult animals’ cases were higher compared to young animals, with 87.18% and 58.33% compared to 12.82% and 29.17% in horses and donkeys, respectively. More cases were presented during the wet season, with 74.36% and 70.83% in horses and donkeys, respectively. Higher cases involving the cardiovascular system were presented in equids (52.51%). Among infectious conditions, parasitic cases were highest (92.6%), while transportation stress (23.8%) and colic (14.3%) were the highest cases in equids among non-infectious conditions. The study observed a diverse pattern of diseases in equids that affect several body systems in Nigeria. We therefore recommend regular training of owners of horses and donkeys as well as equine veterinarians on appropriate prevention, control, and possible management of diseases.

5153 – 5164

Authors: CHOTA, Andrew, NGONGOLO, Kelvin, NGUMBI, Anna, MMBAGA, Naza and MSUTA, Gilbert

Raising chickens is an important activity in many resources constrained households in developing countries, as it is an important source of economic resilience as well as nutrition and food security. Despite its importance, the poultry industry faces many difficulties, including diseases due to low biosecurity and a lack of knowledge on proper management. A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted to study the management practices that influence the performance of chickens in the households raising them in the Dodoma region of Tanzania. The results showed that 89% of respondents were vaccinating their chickens against diseases like Newcastle, fowlpox, infectious bursal disease and salmonellosis. However, many chicken farmers had incorrect information on the vaccination programs, including the frequency of vaccination and the timing of vaccinations, versus the provision of drugs for prophylactic purposes. The results showed that 29.5% of the farmers vaccinated weekly and 63.5% provided prophylactic drugs weekly. Furthermore, raising different types of chickens (OR = 1.45; p<0.01), frequency of vaccinations, (OR = 1.23; p<0.04), larger flocks of chickens (OR = 1.7; p<0.01), small number of chickens per drinker (OR = 1.64; p<0.05) and per feeder (OR = 2.4; p<0.05) were management factors associated with positive chicken performance in terms of growth rate, egg production and weight gain. It is recommended that the farmers are equipped with the necessary information on best management practices like vaccination regimes, prophylaxis timing and proper ratios of chickens per feeder and drinker.

5175 – 5184

Authors: ANSA, Anietie Archibong, AKPERE, Odamesan and ONWUDINJO, Kenneth Ifechukwu

This study analyzed some of the secondary metabolites present in hydro-ethanolic extract of Newbouldia laevis (NBL) leaves and its potential protective effects on the haematological indices of glyphosate herbicide exposed rabbit bucks. To determine the protective effects of NBL against herbicide toxicity, 36 rabbit bucks were randomized into four treatment groups designated as control, glyphosate-only, glyphosate + NBL 100 mg and glyphosate + NBL 200 mg in a completely randomized design experiment. Result of phytochemical screening of NBL showed high presence of flavonoid, terpenoid and phenol. Saponin was found to be moderately present with slight presence of alkaloid, steroid, tannin and cyanogenic glycosides. Acute toxicity evaluation indicated that the extract had a substantial safety margin with a tolerance of up to 1000 mg/kg in Albino rats. The result of glyphosate on haematological indices showed that the herbicide did not significantly (p>0.05) alter most of the measured blood parameters. However, significant (p<0.05) effects were observed on the concentration of lymphocyte and platelet counts. The administration of NBL leaves extract appeared to counteract the adverse effect of glyphosate, as evidenced by the enhanced platelet count in the treated groups. These findings support the traditional use of NBL in herbal remedies due to its phytochemical composition. It also suggests that glyphosate has minimal toxicity on haematological profile and that NBL leaves may have potential applications in regulating haematological parameters.

5198 – 5204

Authors: MANGDEN, Tongpan Eliab, KUZAYED, Imaben Grace, TANKO, Polycarp Nwuniji and ADEYEYE, Adewale Ayodeji

Cryptorchidism is the failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum at the time specified for an animal species. The study was designed to determine the occurrence of cryptorchidism in bulls slaughtered at the Jos main abattoir. Out of 255 bulls examined, 3(1.18%) had cryptorchid testes. Unilateral cryptorchidism occurred more than bilateral and was majorly on the right. The condition was more prevalent in bulls 2≥ - <2½ years old than in other age groups, while subcutaneous testis was seen more than other abnormal types of cryptorchid testis. The longitudinal length, weight and mid-testicular circumference of the cryptorchid testes were significantly (p<0.05) smaller than the descended testes. The study showed a low prevalence of cryptorchid testis among bulls slaughtered at the Jos main abattoir. In addition, the cryptorchid bulls showed pathological lesions characterized by testicular degeneration suggesting the bulls may not be fit for reproduction. It is therefore recommended that further studies be carried out to determine the fertility and pathological differences among the various types of undescended cryptorchid testis.

4892 – 4898

Authors: NGWU, Godwin Ikechukwu, NWANKWO, Nazarene Chisom, NGWU, Maria Ifeyinwa, ONAH, Ikechukwu Eugene, NNAJI, Nnenna Favour and EZEH, Ikenna Onyema

African trypanosomiasis is a haemoprotozoan disease of animals and humans. In animals particularly, the disease directly hinders production and therefore impedes socio-economic development of Sub-Saharan Africa. The prevalence of trypanosome infection was investigated in trade goats and sheep sold at Obollo-Afor market in Enugu State, Nigeria. Wet and thin films, haematocrit test (HCT) and buffy coat methods (BCT) were used to detect trypanosomes in jugular blood of the animals. The packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell (RBC), and white blood cell (WBC) counts were also determined. A total of 200 goats and 100 sheep were examined within four months (October 2019 to January 2020). The prevalence rates of trypanosomes in the 200 goats and 100 sheep examined were 0(0.0 %) and 2(0.7 %) respectively. The RBC, WBC, and Hb of the two infected animals were significantly (p<0.05) lower than the uninfected. The average PCV of infected animals (20.65 ± 5.44%) was also lower than that of uninfected (34.17 ± 0.29%) although, it was not statistically significant (p>0.05).

4905 – 4915

Authors: ERHUNMWUNSE, Nosakhare Osazee, PAJIAH, Timeyin James and OGODO, Victory Junior

Imidacloprid, a systemic neonicotinoid insecticide widely used across the world, has been discovered in numerous freshwater bodies. There are vast information available on the effects of imidacloprid on freshwater fish. This study further assessed the effects of acute doses (0, 10, 30, 50 and 70 mg/L) of imidacloprid on behaviour, swimming, hepatic and thyroid parameters of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) after 96 hours exposure. Imidacloprid caused significant behavioural alterations (gulping, abnormal surface distribution, under-reactivity, hypoactivity, reduced opercula activity and loss of buoyancy) in the fish. Reduction in swimming speed and distance travelled was observed in fish exposed to imidacloprid. The levels of amylase significantly increased, while alterations were also recorded in the levels of hepatic (ALT, AST, total and conjugate bilirubin and lipase) and thyroid (T3, T4 and TSH) biomarkers. The findings showed that imidacloprid has the potential to harm aquatic species, justifying restrictions on the use of imidacloprid-based pesticides especially near aquatic habitats.

4924 – 4939

Authors: OGBUEFI, Emmanuel Okwudili and ARIBODOR, Dennis Nnanna

Insects are beneficial to man, although, some like houseflies, tsetse fly and mosquitoes are vital players in the transmission of certain diseases. A twelve month longitudinal survey of the population dynamics of mosquitoes in Awka South, Awka North and Njikoka Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Anambra State, Nigeria was conducted to determine the predominant mosquito species composition and its breeding ecology between August 2021 and September 2022. Pyrethrum spray trap collections, Centre for Disease Control light trap (CDC-LT) collections, human landing catch (HLC) and larval collection method (LCM) were the methods adopted during the study. Chi-square test was used to check for relationships between mosquito’s abundance and other parameters. The total number of mosquitoes collected was 9346 and the highest number was collected in Njikoka LGA 38.2% (3568/9346), followed by Awka South with 34.4% (3215/9346) and Awka North LGAs with 27.4% (2563/9346). The vector density of 23.1% (741/3215) Anopheles spp., 31.1% (1001/3215) Aedes spp., 25.4% (817/3215) Culex spp. and 18.7% (656/3215) Mansonia africana were also recorded. Distribution of mosquito larvae across the three LGAs showed that mosquitoes breeding habitats includes: domestic containers (17.0%), catchment pits (16.4%), broken buckets and tins (14.7%). Recently, resurgence of yellow fever has been reported in some part of Nigeria which Anambra State is part of which suggests that a sustainable public health education campaign on vector management and control should be intensified which will assist in sensitizing the inhabitants on the public importance of mosquito species in Anambra State, Nigeria.

4947 – 4956

Authors: OLAYIWOLA, Kehinde Olubunmi, ATANSUYI, Adewale Johnson, FADAHUNSI, Adeyinka Ignatius, OLUSOLA, Damilola Joyce, AFESIMI, Ohiozua Jamiel, AHMED, Kehinde Fatima and CHINEKE, Clifford Adinma

The overwhelming impacts of coccidial infection on poultry production and profitability have been reported in many studies. Hence, this study was conducted to evaluate the variations in body morphometry of Abor Acre and FUNAAB Alpha chickens naturally infected with coccidial oocytes. Two hundred day-old chicks at 100 equal numbers were raised for eight weeks. Body morphometric data were collected weekly. At about week three, experimental birds came down with coccidiosis as birds were not pre-vaccinated against it. At the end, 40 birds at 20 per breed were randomly selected for the collection of carcass and organ data. Results showed significant differences (p<0.05) between Abor Acre and FUNAAB Alpha chicken breeds for live weight and linear body traits except chest circumference. The Abor Acre breed significantly weighed (p<0.05) heavier (1.54 ± 0.02 kg) than the FUNAAB Alpha (0.65 ± 0.02 kg) breed. Variations in body traits of the chicken’ sexes showed that male chickens significantly weighed (p<0.05) heavier and were found longer in most linear traits than their female counterparts. The interaction between breed*sex indicated that live and dress weights were significantly different (p<0.05) especially for breast and thigh tissues which are major economic body parts. Similar trend was observed among carcass and organ variables were breed, sex and their interactions were significantly different (p<0.05) for most parameters. In conclusion, Arbor Acre breed had better growth carcass and organ performance than FUNAAB Alpha chickens when infected with coccidial oocysts. Abor Acre chickens should be recommended to poultry farmers in coccidial endemic locations.

4966 – 4972

Authors: SAM, Idorenyin Meme

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of hen age on internal and external egg quality indices of Isa Brown hen raised in the tropics. The external egg quality indices studied were egg weight, egg length, egg width, shell thickness, shell ratio and shell weight, while the internal egg characteristics were albumen weight, albumen height, albumen ratio, yolk weight, yolk ratio and Haugh unit. A total of 180 eggs were randomly selected and used for this study. The data were taken biweekly (weeks 31, 33, 35, 37 and 39) each age in weeks represented a treatment group. Data obtained from this study were subjected to analysis of variances and the relationship between egg weights with different egg parameters at different ages were determined by correlation analysis. The results obtained indicated that as the hen age increased, albumen weight, yolk weight albumen ratio, egg weight, egg length, shell thickness and shell weight significantly increased (p<0.05). While, albumen height, yolk ratio, Haugh unit and shell ratio were significantly decreased (p<0.05). The correlation coefficient obtained indicated that egg weight had positive correlations with shell thickness (0.869, 0.110, 0.482, 0.336 and 0.329), shell weight (0.286, 0.004, 0.598, 0.336, 0.723) and albumen weight (1.00, 0.480, 1.000, 1.000, 0.728) for weeks 31, 33, 35, 37 and 39, respectively. It was therefore concluded that the age of the birds affects both the external and internal egg characteristics, the older the hen, the lower the albumen height, yolk ratio, Haugh unit and shell ratio egg quality characteristics.

4988 – 5006

Authors: EGEDEGBE, Allan Oghenenyore, OJIANWUNA, Chioma Cynthia, ENWEMIWE, Victor Ngozi, OMOTAYO, Ahmed Idowu, EYEBOKA, Destiny Nyerhovwo and ESIWO, Eric

A thorough understanding of the malaria vector’s dynamics is a crucial strategy for preventing mosquito bites and vector control. This study assessed the species composition, wing length and biting behavior with respect to seasons in Ughelli North LGA, Delta State, Nigeria. CDC light traps were used to capture mosquitoes hourly, indoors and outdoors in four settlements (Ugono Orogun, Orhomuru Orogun, Emonu Orogun and Ovara Orogun) for 10 months (May 2022 – February 2023). Mosquitoes collected outdoor (187) and indoor (138) were significantly different (p<0.05), with most abundant indoor recorded in June and July (5.25 ± 0.48 respectively), and outdoor in June (6.75 ± 0.48). Monthly variation in mosquito species was not significant (F = 0.71, df = 9, p = 0.695). The biting peaks of mosquitoes in the outdoor and indoor were observed between the hours of 8 – 9 pm respectively, also 3 – 4 am for indoor and 4 – 5 am for outdoor mosquitoes. Furthermore, all Anopheles mosquitoes collected were Anopheles gambiae sensu lato and confirmed molecularly to species level as Anopheles coluzzii. Mosquitoes outdoor had wing length significantly longer (p<0.05) than the mosquitoes obtained indoor and this may justify the reason for more outdoor mosquitoes. More mosquitoes were recorded in the wet months (F = 9.70, p = 0.0002) than in dry months. In conclusion, in order to lessen the prevalence of malaria in the study area, focused control actions of An. coluzzii, a key vector that transmits malaria parasites, should be directed outdoors before the month of June.