Animal Research International

3799 – 3808

Authors: OGUNJEMITE, Gbenga Enobong and IBHAZE, Gladys Abiemwense

A study was conducted using twenty four (24) West African Dwarf (WAD) goats with an average weight of 6.57 ± 0.56 kg to evaluate the nutrient intake, weight gain and nitrogen balance of WAD goats fed microbial treated maize cob and husk diets. Chemical and mineral compositions of the diets were also determined. The goats were allotted to six dietary treatments, replicated four times in a completely randomized design. The chopped maize cobs and husks were sterilized for 60 minutes, inoculated with mixture of 15 ml each of Neurospora crassa and Lactobacillus delbrueckii, incubated for 5 days and air dried. The treated maize cob and husk were incorporated in the diets at the rate of 0 % (Diet A), 20 % (Diet B), 30 % (Diet C) [maize cob diets], 0 % (Diet D), 20 % (Diet E), 30 % (Diet F) [maize husk diets] respectively. The experimental period lasted for 56 days excluding 2 weeks of adaptation. Result showed that the proximate compositions were significantly influenced (p<0.05) by the treatment. Calcium content increased with increasing level of treated cob and husk. Phosphorus ranged from 0.05 – 0.10 % while magnesium varied from 0.07 – 0.15 % and Potassium from 0.13 – 0.50 %. Goats fed Diet E (20 %) had the highest daily weight gain (39.29 g/day), highest nitrogen balance (1.73 g/day) and best feed/gain ratio of 5.57. Conclusively, microbial treatment of maize cob and husk will help in conversion of these wastes to better quality ruminant feed for better performance.

3821 – 3828

Authors: OLUSEGUN-JOSEPH, Taiye Shade, OBOH, Mary Aigbiremo, AWONIYI, Adedayo Michael, ADEBOWALE, Afolabi, AGBASO, Martins and FAGBOHUN, Ifeoluwa Kayode

Vector control using insecticide is an integral part of the global strategy for management of mosquito-borne diseases.. The development of insecticides resistance is a major concern in mosquito control. We evaluated the effect of piperonyl butoxide (PBO) synergist on dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (DDT) and pyrethroids resistant Anopheles gambiae s.l., Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti in Lekki peninsula area of Lagos State, Nigeria. Mosquito larval collected from breeding sites in Lekki peninsula were allowed to emerge in the insectary and identified using appropriate morphological keys. Two-three days old female adults were subjected to susceptibility assays using WHO kits and insecticides impregnated test papers. Twenty (20) female adult mosquitoes of each genus were exposed to DDT (4 %) and permethrin (0.75 %) alone. Subsequently, another set of 20 of each genus were pre-exposed to PBO (4 %) for 1 hour before exposing them to permethrin and DDT, all assays were carried out in four biological replicates. The knockdown time was recorded as the time intervals for 60 minutes and mortality at 24 hour. Resistance to DDT was detected with percentages mortality of 55, 60 and 87.5 % for An. gambiae, Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti species respectively. Pre-exposure of mosquitoes to PBO significantly suppressed (p<0.05) resistance to both DDT and permethrin in all the mosquito species indicating the activities of P450 monooxygenase as a detoxifying enzymes mediating resistance to DDT and pyrethroids. Therefore, PBO should be incorporated in insecticide resistance management strategies in this area and others with similar mosquitos’ resistance profile.

3836 – 3844

Authors: KALIO, Godfrey Adokiye

A descriptive survey was conducted to investigate the availability, access and utilization of ICTs and tools among poultry farmers for improved production in Yenagoa Local Government Area, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. One hundred and ten poultry farmers were purposively selected from eleven communities in the study area. The instrument used for data collection was a structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using frequencies, percentages and central tendency statistics. Results of the socio-demographic characteristics of the farmers revealed that majority were males, married and literate within the age of 35 – 44 years. The most available/accessible and utilized ICTs and tools based on the ranking order that could enhance productivity of the poultry farmers were: mobile phones, televisions, radios and PCS/laptops. Serious constraints to the availability/access and utilization of these facilities were very poor electricity supply, poor network reception, lack of technical experience in manipulating ICT tools and high cost of ICT tools. However, lack of physical access was reported as a mild constraint by the farmers. Based on the findings the following recommendations were proffered: the education of farmers by extension personnel on the benefits of ICTs and tools, allowing the access and use of the more sophisticated ICTs and tools such as the CCTV cameras for various surveillance activities on the farm, the establishment of Agro-ICT centers for training of farmers to gain knowledge in manipulative skills in ICTs and tools and the provision of constant electricity power supply to ensure effective utilization of ICT tools.

3854 – 3862

Authors: IBEMENUGA, Keziah Nwamaka

This study investigated the zooplankton composition of Ogbei Stream. Fortnightly samples of zooplankton were sampled for twelve months (May 2018 – April 2019). A total of 1457 specimens belonging to 3 phyla, 5 classes and 7 orders were caught using plankton net with 80m mesh size. Rotifera (706, 48.46 %) was the dominant phylum and Monogononta was the most abundant class. Ploima (590, 40.49 %) was the most abundant rotiferan order while Bdelloidea (47, 3.23 %) was the least abundant order. Monthly abundance of zooplankton was highest in September (465, 31.91 %) during the wet season and lowest in March (56, 3.84 %). Seasonally, zooplankton occurred most in the wet season and least in the dry season.

3869 – 3877

Authors: ONYISHI, Grace Chinenye, OSUALA, Fredrick, AGUZIE, Ifeanyi Oscar, OKWUONU, Elijah Sunday and ORAKWELU, Chinemerem Hodges

Ten Wistar rats were used as model to study arthropod succession on carcass under shade and exposed conditions. Carcass decomposition took longer periods under shade than on the exposed site. Four decomposition stages (fresh, bloated, decay and dry) were observed. A total of 164 arthropods were collected belonging to three classes: Insecta, Arachnida and Crustacean. Insects formed 95.12 %, arachnids 1.22 % and crustaceans 3.66 %. Large numbers of arthropods were found on the exposed carcass than the shaded carcass. Calliphorids and Sarcophagids were the primary colonizers observed breeding on the carcasses. The most abundant insects include Chrysomya albiceps (13.4 %) and Lucilia serricata (10.37 %). Other dipterans including Muscidae, Phoridae, Sepidae, Fannidae and Anthomyiidae were found during the bloated and decay stages. Families of the coleopterans including; Dermestidae, Silpgidae, Staphylinidae and Histeridae were observed during the bloated to the dry stages and fed on the immature dipterous maggots and carrion remains. Hymenopterans were observed throughout the process of decomposition and played a vital role in carcass decomposition. Other arthropods arrived mostly during the decay stage. Species richness on the carcasses peaked during the decay stage. The rate of decomposition of carcasses is affected by environmental factors such as temperature, relative humidity, precipitation and insect abundance.

3892 – 3902

Authors: UROKO, Robert Ikechukwu, NWUKE, Chinedu Paulinus, EGBA, Simeon Ikechukwu, UCHENNA, Oluomachi Nancy, NWAEKWU, Fortwright Ezugo and ANYANWU, Patience Oluomachi

This study evaluated the effects of a combined ethanolic extract of Funtumia africana and Abutilon mauritianum leaves (CFAAM) on the sex steroid hormone levels and prostate indices of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) induced rats to validate their anti-BPH activities as claimed by traditional medicine healers. 30 male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into 5 groups. Group 1 served as the normal control that received normal saline and olive oil only, while groups 2 – 5 were BPH induced. Group 2 was the BPH control, group 3 was treated with 5 mg/kg/d Finasteride, while groups 4 and 5 were treated with 200 and 600 mg/kg/d CFAAM respectively for 28 days. BPH induction caused significant (p<0.05) increases in the concentrations of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and estradiol, increased prostate weight and prostate index in the BPH control when compared with the normal control. Treatment with CFAAM significantly (p<0.05) reversed the increased testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and estradiol levels, prostate weight, and prostate indices in comparison with the BPH control. This study revealed that the CFAAM ameliorate adverse effects of benign prostatic hyperplasia in rats and may be useful in the management of individuals with benign prostatic hyperplasia.

3911 – 3917

Authors: SYAGHUSWA, Kasereka Bourgeois and VYAMBWERA, Guido-Charles Kambale

A retrospective and active investigation was carried out with the aim of identifying the main pulmonary lesions which lead to the condemnation of the lung at the public slaughterhouse of Butembo in order to assess their economic implications. In the retrospective survey, a total of 20,755 bovine animals were collected from the slaughterhouse records from January 2016 to July 2017 and revealed a rate of 7.4 %. The lesions implicated were pulmonary aillotage, verminous bronchitis, tuberculosis, abscesses, congestion, edema, emphysema and petechial. The associated financial loss was 4,208,798/3,639.608 CDF (Congolese franc)/USD. The active survey (n = 768), carried out using the traditional method of meat inspection at the slaughterhouse from August to December 2017 revealed a condemnation rate of 10.66 % associated with a financial loss of 185,196.8/1,777.626 CDF/USD. Lesions found were verminous bronchitis, emphysema, pleurisy, pulmonary aillotage, congestion, hepatization, abscesses and petechial. Significant difference (p<0.01) was determined between the different condemnation rates from the retrospective and active survey. This study determined that pulmonary aillotage, emphysema, edema, verminous bronchitis and abscesses and their associated financial losses as the main causes of condemnation of the lung at Butembo public slaughterhouse. The results of this study may be used as a basis for comparison for similar studies, provide insight into the epidemiology of respiratory diseases in livestock in the town of Butembo and insight into the extend of public exposure to certain zoonosis.

3631 – 3639

Authors: ADETUNJI, Modupe Aina, ADEGBENRO, Muyiwa, OJAMBATI, Oluwadamilola Grace and ALETOR, Valentine Ayobore

This study investigated fortifying cassava stump and leaf meals on general performance and cost implication of broiler chickens. Cassava stumps were collected, crushed, subjected to heat treatment and milled (CCSM). Cassava leaves were obtained air-dried and milled (CLM). CLM and CCSM were mixed in ratio 1:9 to produce fortified composite cassava stump meal (FCCSM). The FCCSM was used as feed ingredient. Five starter diets were formulated using FCCSM at the graded levels of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 % and designated diets I, II, III, IV and V, respectively. The same procedure was followed for the finisher phase. 150 broiler chicks were assigned to five dietary treatments replicated thrice with 10 chicks per replicate in a Completely Randomized Design. The respective diets were fed to the chicks ad libitum from 1 – 49 days. All data collected were subjected to analysis of variance using SPSS version 17 package. Results showed that highest total weight gain (2477 ± 159.10 g/bird) and best FCR (2.12 ± 0.01) were obtained with birds fed diet I, the lowest total weight gain (2040.28 ± 159.59 g/bird) was obtained from bird fed diet V. The poorest FCR (2.68 ± 0.05) was observed in bird fed diet IV. Bird fed diet V yielded the highest profit/bird produced (N 807.35 ± 12.88). From the results, it is recommended that up to 15 % FCCSM be included in broiler diet without adverse effect on growth performance and up to 20 % level of FCCSM inclusion improved the profit/bird produced.

3649 – 3657

Authors: INGWEYE, Julius Naligwu, LAMIDI, Akeem Atanda and OFUA, Godwin Osezua

This study evaluated types, grades and prices of edible palm weevil larvae in Port Harcourt. Sixty (60) respondents were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires in addition to interviews of five key informants for data on larvae types, grades, weight and prices. Similar data was collected from food vendors selling stewed chicken meat. Larvae and stewed chicken meat weights were sampled using a battery-powered digital scale. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Results indicated that two types of larvae sold include Rhychophorous ferrugineus and Oryctes nasicornis. R. ferrugineus larvae were the most supplied, demanded, sold and preferred by consumers. O. nasicornis larvae weighed more than R. ferrugineus. A stick of R. ferrugineus sold for N 116.67.00 ± 3.33, while a stick of O. nasicornis sold for N 100.00 ± 2.99. One kilogramme of R. ferrugineus was costlier than that of O. nasicornis. R. ferrugineus larvae was sold in three grades (large, medium and small) and sold for different prices by weight. Price of a kilogramme of larvae (N 6,927.00 ± 48.04) was higher (p<0.05) than that of stewed chicken meat (N 2,040.00 ± 11.22) by 237.75 %. The study concludes that sellers of R. ferrugineus could make more money selling per stick while buyers could gain by buying per worm. Also, consumers prefer and could pay more for R. ferrugineus though there is no financial or weight advantage in preferring medium to small grade.

3665 – 3673

Authors: FALUYI, Oyetayo Bolanle, AKINTOMIDE, Anuoluwapo Adeyemi and ONIBI, Gbenga

This study was to determine the keeping quality of raw broiler chicken meat laced with red onions (Allium cepa) as a means of preservation in comparism with refrigeration. Eighteen (18) broiler chickens were purchased from a reputable poultry farm in Akure and humanely slaughtered. Thirty three thigh samples were aseptically collected, weighed and assigned to treatments with three replicates per treatment using a completely randomized design. The samples in the control group were refrigerated; another group was laced with 150 g of freshly diced red onions per kg of meat; while the last group was not refrigerated and without onions. Samples in the different treatments were kept over a storage period of 36 hours and analyzed for the keeping quality by determining the microbial status and lipid stability at 12 hour interval basis. The length of storage period and methods of preservation had significant (p<0.05) influence on microbial load and oxidative stability of the meat samples. The bacterial load of unrefrigerated samples without onions was the highest (300.00 ± 20.21 cfu/g, 320.00 ± 22.23 cfu/g and 320.00 ± 24.21 cfu/g) throughout the storage period. The unrefrigerated samples without onions showed least oxidative stability during storage with TBARS values of 3.71 ± 0.09 mgMDA/kg meat at 12 hours, 4.66 ± 0.12 mgMDA/kg meat at 24 hours and 8.29 ± 0.14 mgMDA/kg meat at 36 hours. The study suggests that diced red onion can be used to preserve chicken meat up to 12 hours of storage to retain its quality for human consumption.

3682 – 3690

Authors: JIMOH, Olatunji Abubakar, AKINOLA, Micheal Olawale, AYEDUN, Eyanlola Soladoye, OLORUNTOLA, Olugbenga David, DARAMOLA, Olajumoke Temidayo, AYODELE, Simeon Olugbemiga and OMONIYI, Idowu Samuel

This study evaluated the effect of replacing groundnut cake with Moringa oleifera, Leucaena leucocephala and Gliricidia sepium leaf meal on growth performance and carcass characteristics of giant African land snails. One hundred and twenty (120) growing snails (Archachatina marginata) of 150 – 170 g, aged 5 – 6 months were randomly assigned to four different treatments with three replicates and ten snails per replicate. M. oleifera, L. leucocephala and G. sepium leaves were harvested, shed dried and milled to obtain M. oleifera leaf meal (MOLM), L. leucocephala leaf meal (LLLM) and G. sepium leaf meal (GSLM). Snails in Treatment 1 were given groundnut cake (GNCD), treatment 2 snails had GSLM, treatment 3 snails had MOLM and treatment 4 snails were given LLLM as the protein source in a 13 week feeding trial. Feed intake, live weight gain, shell changes and carcass characteristics were measured using standard procedures. The result showed that weight gain and final weight of snails fed GNCD, MOLM, and LLLM were statistically (p>0.05) similar but significantly (p<0.05) higher than snails fed GSLM. Dressing percentage and percentage visceral weight of snails fed MOLM was highest across treatments. Percentage shell weight was highest among snails fed GNCD, whereas percentage haemolymph weight was highest among snails fed LLLM. Inclusion of M. oleifera and L. leucocephala leaf meals as protein sources in concentrate rations for snails was beneficial for growth and carcass characteristics of growing snails.

3706 – 3712

Authors: OLANREWAJU, Adewale Nurudeen, KAREEM, Oladeji Kazeem and OFORISHE, Prince Ovie

The knowledge of biochemical composition of muscles of fish helps in evaluating not only their nutritive value but also in quality assessment for optimum utilization. Therefore, the proximate composition and microelement contents in the muscle of bayad (Bagrus bajad) and upside-down catfish (Synodontis resupinatus) captured from Lake Alau were assessed. Ten fresh samples of each species (390.00 ± 46.25 g) obtained from fishers’ were filleted and analysed for proximate and mineral compositions following standard procedures. Moisture (80.04 ± 3.48 g 100 g-1), crude protein (15.64 ± 1.13 g 100 g-1) and ash content (1.81 ± 0.31 g 100 g-1) of bayad were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those of upside-down catfish. Carbohydrate (66.89 ± 1.28 %) and crude fat (2.03 ± 0.30 %) of upside-down catfish were significantly higher than that of bayad (p<0.05). Highest level of magnesium (0.54 ± 0.11 mg kg-1), sodium (0.06 ± 0.03 mg kg-1) and phosphate (0.67 ± 0.10 mg kg-1) were found in bayad while upside-down catfish had superior calcium (0.48 ± 0.23 mg kg-1) content. Furthermore, zinc (0.71 ± 0.15 mg kg-1), nickel (0.62 ± 0.08 mg kg-1) and chromium (0.11 ± 0.02 mg kg-1) contents were higher in bayad while copper (0.17 ± 0.07 mg kg-1), cadmium (0.07 ± 0.02 mg kg-1), lead (0.09 ± 0.02 mg kg-1) and iron (0.40 ± 0.16 mg kg-1) contents were significantly lower (p<0.05) in value when compared with upside-down catfish. Conclusively, these two fish species are rich in nutrients and can impact positively on human health.

3723 – 3728

Authors: KOLAWOLE, Bamidele Jonathan, SAMUEL, Uchenna Felix, ERIN Juwon Pius and IFENKWE, Daniel Chidi

A four year old bull mastiff dog weighing 30 kg was presented to the Khola Veterinary Clinic, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria with complaint of protruding mass on the penis. Anamnestic information revealed that the dog has mated two bitches and was later traced that one of the bitches was treated for transmissible venereal tumour (TVT) five months ago before mating. However, the bitch developed the lesion again two months after whelping and was again treated with Vincristine. The Bull mastiff dog was observed to develop a protruding mass on the penis 10 months after mating with the bitch with history of TVT. The dog was treated with vincristine which led to the disappearance of the mass but however the mass re-occur two months after every treatment re-occurring in more severe form. On clinical examination the dog has normal behavior, appetite and vital parameters. A pedunculated a multilobular mass was seen on the shaft and caudal area of the penile mucosa. The material for cytological diagnosis was taken with the imprint method of the mass and cytological films were prepared and stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin and then view under x40 and oil immersion. The result showed high cellularity and presence of tumor cells which occurred discretely and confirmed CTVT. The case was managed by surgical excision and treatment with Vincristine at 0.05 mg/kg weekly for 4 weeks.

3736 – 3746

Authors: ODERO-WAITITUH, Jane Atieno, KING’ORI, Anthony Macharia and AMBULA, Mary Kivali

Rabbit production is one of the enterprises expected to ensure food and nutrition security in developing countries. However the availability of feed ingredients especially energy sources is a challenge. There is therefore, the need to evaluate non-conventional feed resources such as mature Prosopis juliflora pods that are available throughout the year. Fluctuation in the weight of does during lactation is an indication of energy changes in the body of the doe and therefore energy content of the feeds offered. A study was conducted at Egerton University to investigate the effect of replacing maize with fermented ground mature P. juliflora pods (FGMPP) in lactating doe diets on lactation performance and energy balance. The study investigated kits weight gain and doe weight changes during the four week lactation period. Fifteen primiparous does weighing 3.05 ± 0.47 kg with a litter of six kits each, weighing 0.61 ± 0.05 kg were individually housed in cages measuring 75 x 55 x 40 cm3. In a completely randomized design (CRD) of 5 diets; control (formulated standard breeder diet), 15 % unfermented ground mature pods of P. juliflora (UGMPP), 30 % UGMPP, 15 % FGMPP and 30 % FGMPP replacing maize in standard breeder diets were offered in three replicates per treatment. The nutritional value of mature Prosopis pods improved (p˂0.05) on fermentation. There was no treatment (p>0.05) effect in weight of kits and does. Up to 30 % maize in lactating doe diets can be replaced by FGMPP.

3761 – 3765

Authors: IBEMENUGA, Keziah Nwamaka

The abundance and composition of zooplankton species in the Mkpume Stream was studied from March – October 2017 using plankton net of 60 μm mesh size. Zooplankton samples collected were preserved with 10 % formalin and transported to laboratory for analysis. With the aid of a compound microscope the zooplankton were identified to species level using the relevant taxonomic keys. Twenty species of zooplankton belonging to four taxonomic groups namely Digononta, Crustacea, Sarcodina and Ciliata were recorded in the study. Digononta (50 %) was the dominant taxonomic group, while Ciliata (5 %) was the least taxonomic group recorded in the study.

3781 – 3789

Authors: USUNOBUN, Usunomena, OSAIGBOVO, Junior Ovbokhan and OKOLIE, Ngozi Paulinaus

This study was conducted to evaluate the hepatoprotective and antioxidative effects of ethanolic root extract of Rhaphiostylis beninensis on liver function, cell integrity and survival of male albino rats exposed to carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Administration of CCl4 at 1ml/kg body weight of rat for four (4) days induced hepatotoxicity, cellular attack and damage, while R. beninensis ethanolic root extract was administered (150 and 300 mg/kg) for 4 days. CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity significantly increased (p<0.05) alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), total bilirubin (TB) and malondialdehyde (MDA) and significantly decreased albumin (ALB), total protein (TP), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels. R. beninensis-treated groups had significantly decreased (p<0.05) ALT, AST, ALP, LDH, AST, TB and MDA levels, and significantly increased (p<0.05) ALB, TP, GPx, SOD and CAT levels. Histologically, CCl4 caused necrosis, inflammation, severe dilatation, congestion of blood vessels, vacuolation and hepatocellular degeneration, whereas R. beninensis administration on CCl4 exposed rats showed regions of recovery and significant hepatoprotection against CCl4-induced hepatic attack and damage as well as absence of vacuolation. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that R. beninensis root extract offered hepatoprotection against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity by improving/enhancing liver function and cellular integrity as well as the antioxidative status of the liver.

3536 – 3540

Authors: OLATUNJI-AKIOYE, Adenike Olusola, BOLAJI-ALABI, Foluso Bolawaye and ONI, Zainab

West African Dwarf (WAD) goats are native to Nigeria and are mostly kept under a semiintensive management and remain susceptible to pneumonia which is one of main causes of death. Normal anatomy of WAD goats using radiographic modality will serve as reference for clinical use. Six WAD male goats aged nine months to one year five months, weighing 6 – 11 kg and temperatures within normal limits of 38.5 – 39.7°C were used. Four view radiographs (DV, VD, RL and LL) taken with a Radiography Machine, AMX 700,using standard exposure factors after sedation with xylazine (0.02 mg/kg). The visibility,location, number, shape and size of thoracic organs and structures were recorded. The number of thoracic vertebrae was constantly 13 and aternabrae were 5. The VHS value ranged from 8.5 to 10 on the right lateral view and 7 to 9 on the left lateral view. The angle of divergence of the trachea from the thoracic vertebrae ranged from 14 to 25 degrees and there was no depression of the trachea at the thoracic inlet. The heart shape was consistently oval and visibility of caudal vena cava and aorta was inconsistent. The depth and width of the thorax did not differ significantly and visibility of all lung lobes was recorded in all the animals. The species-specific differences observed in other species of goats do not appear to occur in prepubertal WAD goats. Normal thoracic radiographic anatomy of WAD goats will serve an important role in interpretation and diagnosis of thoracic diseases.

3550 – 3558

Authors: GURUMYEN, George Yilzem, ANTIA, Richard Edem, GOSOMJI, Innocent Jonah, OMADEVUAYE, THEODORA O., UBACHUKWU, Chidiebere Chiemerie UCHENDU, Chidiebere and PATROBAS, Maryam Nyata

Magnesium (Mg) is the second most abundant trace element in the body of both humans and animals and is an essential element for health. Hypomagnaesemia and hypermagnaesemia have been reported to be common occurrences in critically ill patients and were postulated to determine the prognosis of disease. This study was designed to ascertain the relationship between haematological health indices and serum Mg levels. A total of 103 dogs from the ‘dog market ‘of Jos, Plateau State were sampled. Blood was collected for complete blood count (CBC) using standard manual procedures: Serum protein analysis was by the biuret colorimetric method, while serum Mg levels were determined with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Result showed that anaemic dogs (PCV < 35 %) had significantly (p<0.05) lower serum Mg (1.9 ± 0.15 mg/dL) than non-anaemic (PCV ≥ 35 %) dogs (2.6 ± 0.12 mg/dL). Dogs with regenerative anaemia (corrected reticulocyte count ≥ 1%) had significantly (p<0.05)lower serum Mg (2.3 ± 0.19 mg/dL) than dogs with non-regenerative anaemia (2.8 ± 0.12 mg/dL). Dogs with thrombocytopenia had significantly (p<0.05) lower serum Mg(2.00 ± 0.16 mg/dL) than those with normal platelet counts (2.94 ± 0.12 mg/dL).Animals with marked leukopenia, mild neutropenia and marked lymphopenia had significantly (p<0.05) lower serum Mg levels. In conclusion, dogs with poor haematological health indices; low PCV, low platelet counts, low lymphocyte counts and low serum protein were associated with significantly lower serum Mg levels.

3565 – 3571

Authors: NWEKE-OKOROCHA, Obiageri Genevieve, AGAVIEZOR, Brilliant Ogagaoghene and CHINEKE, Clifford Adinma

This study was conducted to assess carcass traits variation in Nigerian local and improved chickens as influenced by breed and sex. Forty local and improved chickens (5 males and 5 females each of Naked neck, Normal feathered, Frizzle feathered and Noiler)were randomly selected at 13 weeks old for this study. Data generated from the carcass parameters were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using SAS 9.2 version 2008. The results showed that breed and sex were significantly different (p<0.05) in all the carcass parameters measured except in some organ weights. Breed significantly affected (p<0.05) all carcass parameters except for wing weight, head weight and neck weight that were not significantly affected (p>0.05). The highest live weight was observed in Noiler (1451.10 ± 88.00 g). Males had higher least squares means on all the carcass parameter; live weight (1379.05 ± 94.20 g), dress weight (1245.05 ± 90.83 g), eviscerated weight (1027 ± 76.57 g), breast weight (206.70 ± 17.21 g), proventriculus weight (6.10 ± 0.28 g), gizzard weight (34.45 ± 2.17 g) and liver weight (22.05 ± 1.03 g). It therefore be concluded in this study by stating that breed significantly affected (p<0.05) all carcass parameters except for wing weight, head weight and neck weight that were not significantly affected (p>0.05) and that males had higher least squares means in all the carcass parameters. This information can be harnessed for improvement of the Nigeria local chicken breeds.

3578 – 3586

Authors: ASOLO, Chioma Helen, OKEKE, John Joseph, OKAFOR, Ukamaka Elizabeth, OKPOKO, Valentine Obinna and MAYIE, Francis Nnamdi

This study was a thirty six weeks feeding trial to determine the effect of inclusion of varying levels of Gmelina arborea leaf meal (GALM) on haematological indices of two weeks old Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Ninty six birds were allocated to four dietary treatment groups replicated thrice with 8 birds per replicate in a completely randomized experimental design. Treatments A – D were fed A 0 g/kg (control), B 50 g/kg, C 100 g/kg and D 150 g/kg of GALM. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. Haematological indices were assayed using standard protocols and data collected subjected to ANOVA. There were significant difference (p<0.05) in haemogblobin concentration (Hb) and white blood cell (WBC) count, while no significant difference (p>0.05) were observed in pack cell volume (PCV) and red blood cell (RBC) count. The haematological values observed in the study fell within values of Hb (12.30 g/dl), PCV (37 %), and ranges of RBC (2.30 – 3.86 x 106 μl), WBC (20 – 40 x 106 μl) recommended for normal healthy quails. The birds fed GALM remain clinically normal throughout the period of the experiment and thus the quantity of GALM used in this study can be recommended for inclusion in Japanese quail diets for shorter duration.

3596 – 3602

Authors: UGWUOKE, Wilfred Ikechukwu, IGWEBUIKE, Udensi Maduabuchi and IGBOKWE, Casmir Onwuaso

Effects of maternal dietary protein restriction during gestation on postnatal growth of the body and internal organs of the offspring were investigated using 32 pregnant rats randomly assigned to two groups (A and B). Pregnant rats in group A (control group) and group B (treatment group) received experimental diets containing 18 % and 8 % crude protein respectively, throughout the gestation period. Growth of the body and internal organs of the offspring of these rats was studied at various postnatal periods. The results showed that at the adult age of 84 days, the body weight and relative weights of the heart, liver, spleen, kidneys and testes were significantly (p<0.05) lower in rats in treatment B than the control. Histological findings revealed that the testes and kidneys were most adversely affected by prenatal protein restriction. Spermatids and spermatogenic cells were scanty in the seminiferous epithelium, while the renal cortex showed distorted and irregularly shaped renal corpuscles and shrunken glomeruli. These results suggest that maternal dietary protein restriction during pregnancy produced longterm adverse effects on postnatal growth and development of the body and internal organs of the offspring. This supports the idea that postnatal growth of adult structures may be ‘programmed’ during the foetal stages of development.

3611 – 3619

Authors: OPOKU-AGYEMANG, Tony, SIA, Daniel Dakolgo, MUKUNDANE, Springs Solomon, KANKAM, Daniel, FOLITSE, Raphael Deladem and EMIKPE, Benjamin Obukowho

Pulmonary consolidation assessment is relevant in the evaluation of caprine pneumonia especially in resource-poor setting. The study investigates body parameters and gross morphometric characteristics of lungs and trachea, of the Sahelian goat to aid in assessment of lower respiratory conditions. The study utilized 64 healthy (nonpneumonic) lungs collected from Sahelian goats slaughtered at the Kumasi Abattoir. General body characteristics of each animal before and after slaughter; including body length, height at rump and at withers, live weight, whole carcass weight and dressed carcass weight. Morphometric parameters of the lungs and trachea, including weight,length and width of the lungs and of separate lobes, length and width of the trachea, distance between the trachea bronchus and the tracheal bifurcation were measured. The females exhibited higher values of general body characteristics including body length,height, live weight, whole carcass weight and dressed carcass weight. The dimensions of the lungs and trachea were comparatively higher in females than in males. The weights of the whole lung, the right lung and the left lung were all higher in females than in males. The right lung of the Sahelian goat was generally larger and contributes 56.72 % of the whole lung; whilst the left lung contributes 43.22 %. With increasing age, the percentage contribution of the right lung to the whole organ increased whilst that of the left lung decreased. The current study established percentage contribution of lung parts and lobes with reference to the sex and age of Sahelian goat.

3418 – 3426

Authors: NWANKWO, Innocent Okwundu, ONUNKWO, Joseph Ikechukwu and ONYEMA, Chinedu Victor

Fasciolosis and Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBP) are characterized by gross pathognomonic lesions in organ/offal of slaughtered cattle which result in condemnation of unsafe meat. Both are the major causes of bovine organ/offal condemnation in Nigeria. Postmortem detection with focus on Fasciola and CBP infections were made in cattle slaughtered at Ikpa market abattoir, Nsukka between May – July 2018. In addition, the economic losses associated with the disease conditions were assessed. Out of 474 cattle examined, 114(24 %) and 200(42.2 %), had gross lesions of fasciolosis and CBP respectively, while 66(13.9 %) were positive for the both conditions. Both lesions were observed in the three breeds of slaughtered cattle (White Fulani, Sokoto gudali and Ndama) irrespective of sex and age. The disease lesions were not significantly associated (p<0.05) with sex, age and breed of cattle. However, there was a significant relationship (p>0.05) between the prevalence of CBP and fasciolosis lesions in the slaughtered cattle. The economic loss due to condemnation of affected organs was estimated at N 1, 716,900.00 (US$ 4,769) in 24 days, approximately equivalent to N 71, 537.50 (US$ 198.8) on daily basis. The findings have revealed the high level of organ damages and financial losses due to fasciolosis and CBP in the study area. This portends dangers not limited to livestock production and the economy, but zoonosis and other public health issues. Public awareness campaign, appropriate surveillance and disease control programmes should be implemented in addition to adequate meat inspection and compensation for farmers.

3434 – 3442

Authors: ABONYI, Festus Otaka, OFORAH, Chukwudumeje Ivan, DURUIKE, Onyekachi Henry and ODO, Rita Ifeoma

This study investigated the effects of dietary Allium sativum powder (ASP) on growth performance, haematology, carcass quality, serum biochemistry, and lipid profile of broilers. Before use, the ASP was phytochemically analyzed. 108 four-week old broilers were randomly assigned to four treatments (A, B, C and D) with three replicates of nine birds. They were fed for four weeks with broiler finisher diet supplemented with ASP at 0.00 (A, control), 20.00 (B), 30.00 (C) and (D) 40.00 g/kg. Weekly feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, haematology, serum biochemistry and lipid profile were determined. At week four, two birds from each replicate were randomly selected, humanely sacrificed and used to determine carcass quality. Ethanolic extract of ASP contained saponins, tannins, steroids and terpenoids. ASP supplemented groups consumed significantly more (p<0.05) feed on week three, had higher final body weight and recorded lower mortality. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) was significantly lower (p<0.05) in birds fed 20 g/kg/d than other ASP fed birds. The consumption of ASP had no significant effect (p>05) on cholesterol; high density lipoprotein (HDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and organ weights of broilers. White blood cell count was significantly higher (p<0.05) in birds fed 20.00 and 40.00 g/kg ASP. Red blood cell, haemoglobin, packed cell volume, total protein and albumin contents of the broilers were increased by the additive.

3450 – 3462

Authors: GHERISSI, Djallel Eddine, BOUZEBDA, Zoubir, BOUZEBDA AFRI, Farida, LAMRAOUI, Ramzi and CHACHA, Faycel

The present study was carried out to highlight the prevalence and the incidence of the genital tract abnormalities in Sahraoui female camels at south-east Algeria. One hundred and sixty five (165) animals were examined at El Oued abattoir before and after slaughter from February 2013 to August 2014. The prevalence of female camels with genital tract pathologies was 20.0 %. The total number of identified genital tract pathologies was 41, representing an incidence of 124.2 %. These pathological conditions were ranked in descending order of incidence: ovarian disorders (48.8 %), uterine pathologies (21.1 %), ovarian bursal pathologies (18.2 %) oviducts affections (18.2 %), adhesions (15.2 %) and pathology of the cervix (3.0 %). The prevalence of dominant pathologies was 7.9 % for ovarian cysts, 3.6 % for oviduct lesions, 2.4 % for infundibular cyst, 1.8 % for chronic endometritis and 1.8 % for tubo-ovarian adhesion. This study is the first report of uterine agenesis in camel from Algeria. The number of female camels with multiple pathologies (two or three pathologies) was 6, representing prevalence of 3.6 %. Higher prevalence of female camels with genital disorders was recorded in >10 years old, high BCS and during the dry season. However, a nonsignificant chi-square dependence test (p>0.05) was observed for the risk factors. In conclusion, the ovarian, uterine, and bursal pathologies were most commonly recorded in the genital tracts of the female camels from south east, Algeria. Their contribution in the reduction of fertility and fecundity of local herds needs further investigation.

3478 – 3483

Authors: OLATUNJI-AKIOYE, Adenike Olusola, OLAWOYIN, Christiana Mayokun and OYEYEMI, Matthew Olugbenga

Gastric Foreign Body (GFB) in West African Dwarf (WAD) goats increased in cases presented to Ruminant section of a tertiary Veterinary institution. This study evaluates incidence and effects of surgical removal of GFB in WAD goats. Ambulatory cases during the dry season, cases presented to the Ruminant section and WAD goats acquired for this study were evaluated. GFB in the study goats were removed surgically and blood collected for both haematology and biochemistry weekly for three weeks after. Prevalence in ambulatory cases (n=809) was 43%, in cases presented to the clinic (n=70), 73% and the nineteen goats purchased for the study had nylon GFB (100%). The study revealed a significant neutrophilia following removal of nylon GFB. The blood biochemistry also revealed significant difference (p<0.05) in AST between the second and pre-surgical treatment, one and third week values. Protein values were also significantly different (p<0.05) in the first week to other values. These suggest that removal of nylon GFB causes significant changes in blood and biochemistry postoperatively. Thus removal of GFB in WAD goats requires post-operative nursing care. Enforcement of legislation to discourage littering with nylon and feed supplementation during scarcity of forage may reduce incidence of GFB in WAD goats.

3494 – 3502

Authors: IJIOMA, Solomon, OSIM, Eme, NWANKWO, Azubike, KANU, Kingsley, ORIEKE, Daniel and EZIKE, Johnson

The antimotility effect of Ajumbise polyherbal extract (APE) and its composite plants were evaluated in-vitro and in-vivo. In the in-vitro study, about 2 – 3 cm of a rabbit jejunum mounted in a 30 ml organ bath containing tyrode solution and bubbled with air was set up before the applications of graded doses of acetylcholine and extracts. In the in-vivo study, 16 groups of 5 rats each were pretreated with the extracts and atropine followed by charcoal meal after 30 minutes before being sacrificed 30 minutes later and opened up to assess gastrointestinal transit of the administered charcoal meal. Application of acetylcholine caused a dose dependent increase in the amplitude of contraction when compared with basal value (p<0.05), while APE on the same isolated tissue was inhibitory with each dose significantly lowering basal amplitudes of contraction (p<0.05). Extracts of the various plants constituents of Ajumbise also produced varying degrees of inhibitory activities (p<0.05) with Ceiba pentandra, Napoleona vogelii, Spondias mombin and Euphorbia convolvuloides producing high but short lived inhibitory activities while Uvaria chamae and Barteria fistulosa produced low effects. Results of the in-vivo study agreed completely with that of the in-vitro evaluation, as APE and extracts from the different plants constituents in the polyherbal significantly inhibited gastrointestinal motility and transit time in all treated rats when compared with control (p<0.05) but lower than that of atropine. Ajumbise polyherbal and its components inhibit normal peristaltic movement of the gastrointestinal tract and as such may be potential anti- diarrheal agents.

3508 – 3518

Authors: IDOWU, Emmanuel Taiwo, FAGBOHUN, Ifeoluwa Kayode, SANYAOLU, Omotayo Lukmon, OGUNTUYI, Karen Ololade and OTUBANJO, Olubunmi Adetoro

An epidemiological investigation was carried out between February to July 2017 to investigate the prevalence of soil transmitted helminths (STHs) among primary school children aged 7 – 14 years in Lagos Island and Ajeromi-Ifelodun LGAs of Lagos State. The pupils were screened parasitologically for STHs, anthropometric data which includes the height (cm) and weight (kg) of each pupil were recorded using height scale and weighing balance respectively. Furthermore, questionnaires which probed into their knowledge of cause, symptoms, predisposing factors to infection, level of hygiene and sanitation of each respondent were administered. The parasitological examination of the 413 stool samples collected showed that 132(32%) were positive for STHs. The three STHs recorded were: Ascaris lumbricoides (50%), Trichuris trichiura (23%) and hookworm (3%). Co-infections prevalence of A. lumbricoides with T. trichiura and A. lumbricoides with hookworm were 23% and 1% respectively. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the prevalence of STHs among males and females, the prevalence between the two LGAs was significantly different (p<0.05). Prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting were 10, 24.2 and 19.4% respectively. Majority of sampled children indicated washing their hands before food (98.1%), washing of fruits before eating (70.8%), washing of hands after toilet (98.6%), but only 25% of them actually wash their hands properly with soap. The high prevalence and impact of STH infections among school children can be attributed to poor hygienic condition and low socio-economic status of residents in the study area. Education on proper hygiene habits and regular deworming exercise is recommended.

3529 – 3535

Authors: OPOKU-AGYEMANG, Tony, OPPONG, Charlotte, ASAMOAH SAKYI, Samuel, AMEMOR, Esther, SIA, Daniel Dakolgo and EMIKPE, Benjamin Obukowho

This study was conducted using sixty (60) clinically healthy dogs from different districts in the Ashanti Region of Ghana., Haematological parameters reference ranges was established and the influence of sex, breed and age on haematological indices of dogs in the Ashanti, Ghana was equally studied. Blood samples were collected from the dogs and analysed using a Mindray 5 parts automated haematologic analyser. Data obtained were compiled in Excel 2013 and analysed using Graphpad Prism 6. Results of the current study showed significant variations (p<0.05) in some indices from established haematological indices. A higher mean lymphocyte count was recorded. The mean MCV values obtained in this study were notably towards the upper limit of the accepted ranges; whilst the mean MCHC recorded was lower than documented norm. The study recorded significant (p<0.05) sex related differences in RDW, MCHC, MCV and RBC; as well as breed related variations in platelet counts. Results of the current study will provide baseline reference data for haematological tests of dogs and could be very useful in veterinary clinical practice, especially in precise diagnosis of canine problems requiring haematology, in the sub region.

3285 – 3294

Authors: EFFIONG, Okokon Okon and OCHAGU, Simeon Iyai

The study was designed to compare the chemical composition of Piper guineense leaf and seed meals, and their effect on the performance of broilers at starter phase. The P. guineense leaves and seeds were processed and their chemical composition determined. Seven (7) broiler starter diets were formulated, with the control without the test samples, while diets 2, 3 and 4 were formulated to include 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 % of P. guineense seed meal, respectively. P. guineense leaf meal was included at 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 % respectively in diets 4, 5 and 6. Two hundred and ten day-old broiler chicks were divided into seven groups and each group assigned to one of the experimental diets in a randomized complete block design and data generated were analyzed using SPSS 17.0. P. guineense leaf meal was superior (p<0.05) in crude protein (15.87 %) and ether extract (2.52 %), relative to the seed meal with higher crude fibre (6.30 %) and ash (3.60 %) contents. P. guineense seed meal contained lower phytochemical compounds compared to the leaf meal. Broiler chicks fed P. guineense seed and leaf meals supplemented diets were superior (p<0.05) to those fed on control diet in their mean daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio. Within the treatment groups, birds on 0.4 % P. guineense seed meal diet recorded the best performance. It was concluded that broiler diets could be supplemented with P. guineense seed meal at 0.4% during the starter phase.

3308 – 3318

Authors: ERIEGHA, Ochuko Joshua, OMITOYIN, Bamidele Oluwarotimi and AJANI, Emmanuel Kolawole

In this study, the water quality changes after the introduction of water soluble fractions of crude oil were monitored along-side the accompanying effects on histopathological changes in selected organs of juvenile Clarias gariepinus. After a preliminary short-term (96 hours) static toxicity tests, fish were exposed to four sub-lethal concentrations (30, 45, 60 and 75 % of the LC50 corresponding to 67, 101, 135 and 169 mg/l respectively) and a control group containing clean water using a semi-static renewal method for 90 days. Water quality parameters, heavy metals and total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) were determined using standard methods. After the exposure period, liver, brain and gill were harvested, labeled and prepared for photomicrography. Chloride, conductivity, salinity, magnesium, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total dissolve solids, turbidity and nitrate levels increased significantly (p<0.05) with increasing concentration of water soluble fractions (WSF) of the crude oil. Temperature readings and phosphate levels were however not affected (p>0.05). Values of TPH increased (p<0.05) with increasing concentrations of the crude oil. All analysed heavy metals followed a direct proportional trend as their values increased (p<0.05) alongside concentrations. Several histopathological alterations were found in the liver (sinusoidal congestion, atrophy of hepatocytes, hepatocellular degeneration and diffuse coagulation necrosis of hepatocytes), brain (vascular congestion and atrophy of neurons, neuronal necrosis, gliosis and loss of neurons) and gill (moderate loss of the secondary gill lamellae, moderate lamellae atrophy and moderate diffuse lamellae hyperplasia). The intensity of these lesions increased with increase in exposure dose.

3327 – 3333

Authors: NWANKWO, Ogonna Daniel, EWUIM, Sylvanus Chima and OKOYE, Ebele Linda

The use of different sampling protocols has been found to give a more reliable detail of the faunal composition of spider fauna of any given community. In the present study, pitfall trapping, sweep netting and jarring methods were used to sample spiders from three different sites within Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria. Sampling was done once every month for twelve months (April 2017 to March 2018). Out of the 680 individuals in 17 families caught, 63 % was by pitfall trap, 20 % and 17 % were respectively from sweep net and jarring method. At p<0.05, the sampling effort of pitfall trap was significantly better than the other two methods. Pitfall trap also recorded all taxonomic groups found in the study except Sparassidae and Uloboridae that were exclusively caught by sweep net and jarring methods respectively. Zodariidae, Ctenidae, Pisauridae, Pholcidae and Nesticidae were exclusively recorded by pitfall trap. There was a record of catch for all the three sampling techniques in all the twelve sampling attempts. Based on our finding, several sampling methods should be used in community survey for more reliable information on species richness, distribution and abundance.

3343 – 3348

Authors: OPOKU-AGYEMANG, Tony, ASARE, Forjour Anthony, FOLITSE, Raphael Deladem, OLA, Olawale Olawumi, JARIKRE, Theophilus Aghogho and EMIKPE, Benjamin Obukowho

Livestock are expectedly at one point or the other transported from one place to another for breeding, sale or slaughter. Conditions of handling, loading and transportation, stress encountered during the journey and when off-loading are a major factor of recumbency and/ bruising. A survey on recumbency in cattle was conducted at the animal market of the Kumasi Abattoir Company Limited (KACL) in Kaase, in the Kumasi Metropolitan Area of Ghana. The study involved 7960 cattle transported to the slaughterhouse from local towns in Ghana as well as from neighbouring countries. Recumbent and moribund cattle were identified and information was compiled based on the regions (sources) they were transported from, as well as the varying conditions of their handling and transportation. A total of 109 cases of recumbent and moribund cattle were recorded, with an average of 5 recumbent cases per day. Study results showed that cases of recumbency involved 1.4% of the total number of cattle (7960) counted in the animal market and 5.3% of the number of cattle (2069) transported from sources with registered cases of recumbency. The study also revealed higher frequency of recumbency where animals were transported over long distances of >500km (68%); or in relatively larger batch loads of >20 animals (76%). Calculating at an assumed loss of 50% value for each case of affliction, the financial implication of cattle recumbency at the animal market of the KACL is estimated at a loss of GH₵ 54500 per month or GH₵ 654000 (approx. USD 163500) per annum.

3361 – 3366

Authors: PANDIT, Dina Nath, SINGH, Saumya, SINHA, Uday Shnaker and SINGH, Raja Ram

It was aimed at to evaluate the activity of Carica papaya fruit juice on induced diabetic rats (Rattus norvegicus) with a view of proposing a management scheme. Animals were sacrificed after treatment with unripe and ripe papaya juice. The plasma glucose, cholesterol, protein and tissue glycogen concentrations were estimated. Feeding of papaya juice raised the levels of these parameters more than the controlled value throughout the work. The results showed that the concentrations of these parameters were significantly increased (p<0.05). The rise was more with unripe papaya when compared to ripe papaya. However, papaya intake must be with caution since its consumption increases blood glucose concentration.

3393 – 3400

Authors: JUBRIL, Afusat Jagun, KADRI, Zaharat Olamide and ADEKUNLE, Latifat Ajoke

Copper and zinc are two micro-minerals important for maintenance of health and optimal production. This research sought to establish the levels of copper and zinc in goats to provide data for further studies on micronutrients, their interaction and deficiency states. Health status of sampled goats were clinically evaluated. Blood samples were collected through jugular venu-puncture. One (1) ml of each blood sample was acid digested with concentrated nitric acid, assayed for zinc and copper using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Haematology was also done using whole blood as a health index. Most of the goats looked apparently healthy, while few goats showed emaciation, crusty skin lesions, varying degrees of achromotrichia (change in coat colour) and rough hair coats. 89.9 % had hypocupraemia, while none of the sampled goats showed zinc deficiency. However, zinc toxicity occurred in 84.4 % of the sampled goats when compared to reference values. Haematology showed varying result, ranging from monocytic hypochromic anaemia to polycytaemia. All anaemic animals were found to be deficient in copper. The study has highlighted the presence of copper deficiency and or zinc toxicity in goats and forms a preliminary data to the study of the fate of small ruminant health in the face of micronutrient imbalance.

3412 – 3417

Authors: UZONNAH, Nwamaka Mary-Immaculata, IHEAGWAM, Chijioke Nwabueze, IDIKA, Idika Kalu, NNAJI, Favour Nnenna and IYOKE, Abel Okoye

Clinostomid metacercariae are common parasites of fish in many natural and artificial aquatic systems. In aquaculture, infection by clinostomid metacercariae reduces fish quality and causes production losses resulting from the discard of infected fish. Also, clinostomid metacercariae are of zoonotic importance because man can become the final host following consumption of raw or undercooked infected fish. This study investigated the prevalence of Clinostomum tilapiae metacercariae in Oreochromis niloticus sampled from Dugudu Lake, Enugu State, Nigeria. 120 individuals were examined from February to May 2018. Sex, total length (TL) and weight of fish, as well as number of parasites were recorded. A prevalence of 64.17 % was observed with mean intensity and mean abundance values of 18.22 ± 21.92 parasites/fish and 11.69 ± 19.59 parasites/fish respectively. Abundance of parasites increased as total length of fish increased. Sites of infection include intestines, gills, skin, eyes, body cavity and heart. Findings of the present study contribute to existing knowledge on the distribution of clinostomid metacercariae in O. niloticus in Nigerian water systems. This is the first documentation of this parasite from O. niloticus in Dugudu Lake, Enugu State, Nigeria.