Asian Journal of Chemistry

2413-2424

Authors: B.K. Zaied , M.N.I. Siddique, A.W. Zularisam , M.F. Ahmad and Y.M. Salih

Biogas is conventionally utilized in a gas engine to convert the chemical energy into electricity and into thermal energy for heating purposes and is also pumped into the natural gas grid line after impurities are removed. Biogas production from palm oil mill effluent is one of the best options for economic expansion and this would reduce environmental impacts in developing countries like Malaysia. This study aims to perform an analysis of the economic and environmental prospects of biogas production from the anaerobic codigestion method from palm oil mill effluent mixed with cow manure. Anaerobic codigestion technology is considered a practical process by which to overcome the complications of substance properties and system optimization in particular substance digestion operations. Comparisons among various treatment technologies of palm oil mill effluent and their applications have been studied thoroughly. The factors that affect biogas production, along with strategies for their improvement, were studied in present report. The economic feasibility of biogas plant where palm oil mill effluent and cattle manure are main substrates and anaerobic codigestion is the method, has been successfully predicted. Results revealed this might be more feasible if this technology is used on a large scale. Construction of the proposed biomethanization plant is economically feasible because it is projected that about a four-year return-on-investment will be achieved. In conclusion, the present work demonstrates a comprehensive feasibility framework by which to integrate the different features needed to enhance biomethane generation

2430-2438

Authors: Vian Yamin Jirjees , Veyan Taher Suleman , Abbas Ali Salih Al-Hamdani and Suzan Duraid Ahmed

A new Schiff base [1-((2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethylimino)methyl)naphthalene-2-ol] (HL) has been synthesized by condensing (2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde) with (2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethylamine). In turn, its transition metal complexes were prepared having the general formula; [Pt(IV)Cl2(L)2], [Re(V)Cl2(L)2]Cl and [Pd(L)2], 2K[M(II)Cl2(L)2] where M(II) = Co, Ni, Cu] are reported. Ligand as well as metal complexes are characterized by spectroscopic techniques such as FT-IR, UV-visible, 13C & 1 H NMR, mass, elemental analysis. The results suggested that the ligand behaves like a bidentate ligand for all the synthesized complexes. On the other hand, theoretical studies of the ligand as well its metal complexes were conducted at gas phase using HyperChem 8.0. These metal complexes exhibited good antibacterial activity

2443-2447

Authors: Poonam Rani , Kashmiri Lal and Rahul Shrivastava

A series of novel tris-trizole based neutral chemosensors (4a-c) have been synthesized via click reaction and characterized by various spectral techniques. All the synthesized triazoles were evaluated for their ion binding properties towards various cations (Cu2+, Zn2+, Ca2+, Co2+, Cd2+, Hg2+, Pb2+ and Ni2+) by UV-visible titration experiments. It was observed that the addition of Pb2+ ions to compound 4a led to significant changes in UV-visible spectrum and a new UV band was observed at 262 nm. Further, the Job′s plot confirmed the formation of 1:1 complex between compound 4a and Pb2+. The synthesized chemosensor selectively sense Pb2+ ions in preference to other cations like Cu2+, Zn2+, Ca2+, Co2+, Cd2+, Hg2+, Pb2+ and Ni2+

2453-2456

Authors: J. Brindha and T.F. Abbs Fen Reji

A series of 2-alkylamino-4-(3-coumarinyl)thiazoles were synthesized, characterized and evaluated their anticancer activity through molecular docking studies. Cell division protein kinase 2 (PDB code: 1KE9) is selected as a target and the compounds which obeys Lipinski rule of five is selected as a ligand. Molecular docking study is carried out using AutoDock Vina in PyRx virtual screening tool. This study revealed that all the compounds are active against the molecular target and compounds 5a and 5c have the highest docking score

2461-2465

Authors: Waras Nurcholis , Nurul Khumaida, Muhamad Syukur, and Maria Bintang

Ten accessions of Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. were grown under the same environment in Bogor, West Java, Indonesia was investigated for curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin contents using HPLC. No significant variations were observed among C. aeruginosa accessions for all the studied compounds. According to the results, curcumin content (mg/100 g extract) varied between 1.08 in accession Kulonprogo to 3.19 in accession Gunung Kidul. The accessions Muara Bungo and Kulonprogo had the highest (1.66) and lowest (0.51) levels of demethoxycurcumin (mg/100 g extract). Also, bisdemethoxycurcumin content varied from 0.05 to 0.49 mg/100 g extract in accessions Ciampea Bogor and Purworejo, respectively. Finally, curcuminoid contents (mg/100 g extract), accumulation of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin contents, ranged from 1.64 to 5.05 in accessions Kulonprogo and Gunung Kidul, respectively. Hierarchical cluster analysis showed that 10 accessions could be divided into three groups. Group 1 composed of Gunung Kidul, Muara Bungo, Pakem and Beringharjo accessions. These accessions characterized by high of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin contents. Group 2 formed two accessions (Klewer and Purworejo) that showed the high only bisdemethoxycurcumin content. Accessions of Kulonprogo, Losari Cirebon, Madura and Ciampea Bogor, in group 3, characterized by low curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin contents. In this study, Gunung Kidul, Muara Bungo, Pakem and Beringharjo accessions have a high in curcuminoid content that showed a high potential for use in future plant breeding programs

2473-2478

Authors: Kadali Jagadeesh and Nowduri Annapurna

This study reports a new stability indicating HPLC method using Spursil C18 column as stationary phase, and mixture of 0.1 M Na2HPO4 and methanol (50:50 v/v) as mobile phase for the chromatographic determination of paracetamol and prochlorperazine in tablets and in bulk form. The linearity range is 250-750 µg/mL for paracetamol and 2.5-7.5 µg/mL for prochlorperazine. The limit of detection values are 2.650 µg/mL for paracetamol and 0.175 µg/mL for prochlorperazine. The minor values of the relative standard deviation (≤ 2.0 %) as well as good percent assay values (nearer to 100 %) confirm the high precision and accuracy of the present method. From the degradation study chromatograms found that there was no interference from degradants when paracetamol and prochlorperazine are quantified in tablets through the proposed method. A good agreement between results obtained and labeled claim for the determination of paracetamol and prochlorperazine in tablet samples demonstrates that the proposed method is appropriate to quantify paracetamol and prochlorperazine in tablet formulations.

2485-2491

Authors: Hanumandlu Racha, Balakishan Vadla, Kavitha Peddolla and Sailu Betala

A series of novel hetero ring fused pyridine amide derivatives were prepared starting from ethyl furo[2,3-b]pyridine-2-carboxylate (3) on reaction with ammonia to afford furo[2,3-b]pyridine-2- carboxamide (4), compound 4 on reaction with trifluoroacetic acid to give compound 5, which on reaction with bromoethyl acetate followed by hydrazine hydrate to give compound 7. Compound 7 when reacted with different substituted aromatic aldehydes to give Schiff base compounds (8a-l). Similarly, compound 6a when reacted with diverse substituted aliphatic amines to give amide derivatives (9a-h). All the synthesized compounds 8a-l and 9a-h were screened for anticancer activity against four cancer cell lines such as A549-lung cancer (CCL-185); DU145-prostate cancer (HTB-81); SiHa-squamous cell carcinoma (HTB-35); MCF-7-breast cancer (HTB-22); HEK-29-human embryonic kidney cells (CRL-1573). Compounds 9e and 9f are found to have promising anticancer activity at micro molar concentration and found to be non-toxic on normal cell line

2497-2502

Authors: M. Elumalai , M. Raja , A. Rajasekaran and B. Chinnaraja

A microfluidic fuel cell has been fabricated using formic acid in an alkaline media as the fuel and sodium percarbonate in acidic media as the oxidant. Various operating conditions and different cell dimensions were applied to evaluate the fuel cell performance. The laminar flow-based membraneless fuel cell was found to reach a maximum power density of 23.60 mW cm-2 using 1.50 M HCOOH in 3 M NaOH solution as the fuel and 0.15 M percarbonate in 1.50 M H2SO4 solution as the oxidant at room temperature. The fuel cell system has no proton exchange membrane. This simple membraneless fuel cell with a planar structure has a high design flexibility, which enables its easy integration into actual microfluidic systems and miniature power applications

2512-2516

Authors: Md. Zahidul Islam, , Jannat Al Foisal , Mahbubur Rahman, Mst. Afsana Mimi, Faridul Islam, Rasel Habib, Nowshin Farzana Khan , Md. Atiqur Rahman , Tanzima Parvin and Daxiang Cui

The aim of the study was to characterize the chemical constituents and determine antibacterial and antioxidant activities of essential oils and three different extracts of Dryopteris marginalis. The root had essential oil yield of 0.36 % (w/w) in which 12 organic compounds representing 97.22% of the root oils were identified. Tyranton was found as the most abundant component with 77.571 % of the total concentration in the essential oil. The zones of inhibition of different organic extracts against the tested bacteria were found in the range of 6.5-15 mm. Pseudomonas was the most vulnerable with MICs of 15.62 µg/mL by both ethyl acetate and petroleum ether extract producing 3.8 mm zone of inhibition. The essential oils extracted from roots of Dryopteris marginalis showed maximum 85.29 % inhibition of radical scavenging at 2 mg/mL concentration. Among all root extracts, methanol extract exhibited 41.11 % inhibition at 2 mg/mL concentration

2522-2526

Authors: S. Seesanong , C. Laosinwattana, K. Chaiseeda and B. Boonchom

This study was designed to manage golden apple snail shells, the wastes created in large amount daily from the consumption of the meat of golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) shells by transforming them to advanced compounds; calcium carbonate (CaCO3), monocalcium phosphate monohydrate [Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O], and tricalcium phosphate [Ca3(PO4)2]. They were successfully prepared by a rapid, simple, environmentally benign method using easily available and low-cost instrument. All synthesized samples were characterized by X-ray fluorescence, X-ray powder diffraction, FTIR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy to confirm the identities with the standard materials. The reproducibility and low-cost method suggest that it could be used in industry for a large-scale production of calcium carbonate, monocalcium phosphate monohydrate and tricalcium phosphate from golden apple snail shells as a replacement of natural mineral resources and be a good way to manage these shell wastes

2532-2536

Authors: Subrahmanya Ishwar Bhat

An expeditious and environmental friendly, general protocol has been developed for the synthesis of 2-amino-3-cyano-4H-chromenes via cascade Knoevenagel-Michael-intramolecular cyclization in water. Pure solid products were obtained by simple filtration technique. The aqueous catalyst-free reactions lead to high product yield at room temperature

2543-2547

Authors: Ritu Mamgain

A series of novel coumarin-1,2,3-triazole derivatives were synthesized in good yield via click chemistry using Cu(I) catalyzed intermolecular Huisgen [3+2] cycloaddition reaction. All the synthesized compounds were characterized spectroscopically. This piece of work could be helpful to develop biologically relevant coumarin analogs.

2557-2566

Authors: Shashi Kant Sharma , Poonam and Nisha Sharma

To investigate the behaviour of doxycycline hyclate in water, aqueous glycine and aqueous L-alanine solutions, the viscometric and conductometric studies have been conducted at different temperatures. Viscosity data has been used to derive the Jones-Dole viscosity B-coefficient, temperature derivative of B-coefficient (dB/dT), viscosity B-coefficient of transfer (∆trB), free energy of activation of viscous flow per mole of solvent (∆µ1 o*) and solute (∆µ2 o*) respectively, activation entropy (∆S2 o*) and activation enthalpy (∆H2 o*). Conductance data has been used to compute Walden product (Λm o ηo) and temperature coefficient of Walden product (dΛm o ηo/dT) for doxycycline hyclate in water, and in aqueous glycine and aqueous L-alanine solution. The positive values of B-coefficient, ∆trB indicate the prevailing of hydrophilic-ionic interactions in the systems under examination. The negative values of dB/dT and positive values of temperature coefficient of Walden product infer structure maker tendency of doxycycline hyclate in water, and in aqueous glycine and aqueous L-alanine solution. Transfer energy parameters indicate the breaking of intermolecular bonds in transition state which means that formation of activated complex is unfavourable

2575-2578

Authors: M.N.I. Siddique B.K. Zaied , M.N. Kabir and M.F. Ahmad

The valorization of agro-modern waste through anaerobic codigestion signifies a remarkable prospect for waste treatment and sustainable energy source generation. This study intended to improve the codigestion of food waste and petrochemical wastewater by an advanced two-phase process. In view of concentric acidogenic and methanogenic stages, intended for upgrading execution and diminishing pollution. The ideal food waste to petrochemical wastewater proportion was assessed under batch operations. From that point, codigestion was carried out by continuous feeding operations weighting single-and two-phase digestions. The outcomes exhibited that the supplemen-tation of petrochemical wastewater in codigestion with food waste incredibly improved the anaerobic system. The maximum methane generation was acquired codigesting the two wastes at equivalent proportion by utilizing the creative two-phase system. The proposed framework achieved the highest methane production of 259 mL/g volatile solid, which is more than double than the single-phase system and 11 % greater than that of conventional two-phase system.

2585-2588

Authors: Ngo Thi Cam Quyen, Tran Thi Kim Ngan, Tan Phat Dao, Phan Nguyen Quynh Anh , Ngo Quoc Anh, Ngoc-Tram Nguyen Thi , Thuy Trang Le Ngoc , Le Thi Hong Nhan, Tran Thanh Truc and Le Thi Bich Phuong

The essential oil of Citrus microcarpa peels was applied in many fields, and the methods to improve the efficiency of citrus exploitation were increasingly concerned. In this study, citrus essential oil was extracted from calamondin by hydrodistillation. This study was carried out to investigate the factors affecting the distillation of essential oils. The highest performance of the distillation process was 2.45 % with optimal conditions (material-water ratio of 1:3 g/mL, time of 2 h, the temperature of 120 ºC). Moreover, calamondin (Citrus microcarpa) peels oil extract was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The primary compound of calamondin essential oil include limonene 96.925 %, β-myrcene 1.424 %, 1R-α-pinene 0.561 %, cyclohexene 0.343 %, 1R-α-pinene 0.561 % and β-cubebene 0.598 %.

2596-2600

Authors: I.I. Levina and A.A. Gridnev

Several synthetic approaches for synthesizing 1,8-naphthyridines were tested. Reliable protocols for synthesis of some new 1,8-naphthyridine-2,7-dialdehydes were developed starting from 2-amino-6-methylpyridine and acetoacetate. The dialdehyde were found to react with pyrrole to form either a polymer or a macrocycle depending on conditions.

2607-2612

Authors: Ramesh Kumar Gautam , Chandra Prakash Singh , Shiv Govind Prasad , Rajul Saxena and Devendra Pratap Rao

A new MoO2(VI) complex of formulation [MoO2(L)](acac)2 prepared by a Schiff base, synthesized via reaction of di-2-furanylethanedione with 5-chloropyridine-2,3-diamine and four new MoO2(VI) complexes having formule [MoO2(ML)](acac)2, derived from cyclization of [MoO2(L)](acac)2 with β-diketones are reported in this work. The synthesized MoO2(VI) complexes were characterized on the basis of various analyses like thermal studies, UV-Vis, elemental analyses, NMR, IR and molar conductance. The coordination number of molybdenum metal is six. All the MoO2(VI) complexes have distorted octahedral structure in which Mo atom is coordinated with two O-atoms and four N-atoms. All the complexes show moderate activity against S. typhi and S. aureus. Advancement in the antibacterial task is thought to be of chelation speculation

2618-2622

Authors: S. Venkat Rao , Vamsi Krishna Potluri and Ramesh Babu Potluri

Raltegravir sodium synthesis was achieved from its one of the key starting materials with retro synthetic approach, in which without using its critical starting material chemically known as 5-methyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-carbonyl chloride and which is more unstable during the synthesis of raltegravir potassium. Almost all the existed literatures commonly using this starting material in its synthesis even it is having a stability issue and hence to achieve a stable and economically viable synthesis. The current research describes a new route of synthesis by constructing an oxadiazole ring in a retro synthetic manner.

2628-2634

Authors: G. Dayana Jeyaleela1,*, , J. Rosaline Vimala1, , R. Senthil2,3, , P. Anandagopu2,3, and K. Manjula4

Present work aimed to isolate bioactive principle and its inhibitory potential against struvite stone by single diffusion method as well as docking studies to determine the mode of interaction between the complex structure of urease and rutin. Flavonoid compound is isolated from Melia dubia leaf extract with the help of TLC and column chromatography, and then characterized by 1 H & 13C NMR, and LC-MS. Inhibitory potential of isolated flavonoid against kidney stone (struvite) is confirmed by molecular docking approach. Rutin acts as a urease inhibitor and the residues of urease namely 463Asp and 466 Ala were found to bind with rutin through hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions. In vitro study, the results revealed that with an increase in concentration of flavonoid rutin (1-5 mg/mL) the weight of the harvested crystals were gradually reduced from 2.8 cm to 0.5 cm and weight 0.662 g to 0.322 g at 5 mg/mL concentration. The XRD result of C+5 shows well inhibition on struvite crystal in all the planes and in SEM analysis, rutin inhibited crystal, surface of the crystal was damaged, whereas control shows pure and no defects on it

2642-2646

Authors: R. Gupta, T. Kumar and A. Mittal

Heavy metals pollution is emerging as a threat to ecological systems causing various problems to mankind, plants and animals. Aim of the present study was to isolate and identify cadmium tolerant bacteria from the soil of Wazirpur industrial area of New Delhi (India). The study involved physico-chemical characterization of the polluted soil which was found to contain high concentration of iron, manganese and cadmium at 352, 15.3 g/kg soil and 3.16 ppm, respectively. One bacterial strain was identified as Sporosarcina luteola on the basis of morphological, biochemical and phylogeny analysis. Strain Sporosarcina luteola was highly resistant to Cd up to 5mM (mM= millimolar) when cultured in solidified nutrient agar plates and 7.2 mM in nutrient broth. Sporosarcina luteola has also showed substantial growth in presence of Co, Pb, Fe and Mn upto 2.0, 2.0, 3.5 and 4.0 mM, respectively in liquid medium. Optimum growth of identified bacteria was shown at 37 ºC, 7.0 pH and it tolerated up to 3 % sodium chloride (w/v). This is reported for the first time that Sporosarcina luteola (metal-tolerant bacteria) has potential of removal of cadmium from industrially contaminated soil.

2653-2662

Authors: Dipesh Ghosh

Complexation of copper(II) with penta-coordinated N4S ligands in alcohols proceeded through unusual reaction paths involving C-N bond cleavage process. The products are square planar compound with a modified ligand structure that includes an alkoxy group provided by the solvent. The complexes are characterized by single crystal XRD, elemental analyses, IR, UV-visible and EPR spectroscopic techniques. Cyclic voltammetry shows Cu(II)/Cu(I) reduction becomes more difficult with the increase in donor strength of alkoxy group

2669-2671

Authors: Consolacion Y. Ragasa1,2,*, Renz D. Gumafelix1 , Vincent Antonio S. Ng1 and Drexel H. Camacho1

Terminalia foetidissima Griff. is a tree native of the Philippines. Chemical investigation of dichloromethane extract of the leaves of T. foetidissima has led to the isolation of cycloeucalenol (1), squalene (2), long-chain hydrocarbons (3) and a mixture of 24-methylene-pollinastanol (4), β-sitosterol (5) and stigmasterol (6) in about 4:3:1 ratio. The structure of compound 1 was elucidated by extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and confirmed by comparison of its NMR data with those reported in the literature. The structures of compounds 2-6 were identified by comparison of their NMR data with literature data.