Asian Journal of Chemistry

2698-2706

Authors: Khushbu Gupta and Tejpal Singh Chundawat*

Green route of biogenic synthesis of heterocyclic compounds via microbes (bacteria, fungi, virus, yeast, algae, etc.) has the potential to deliver clean manufacturing technology. The application of biocatalysts for the synthesis of novel compounds has attracted increasing attention over the past few years and consequently, high demands have been placed on the identification of new biocatalysts for organic synthesis. Enzymes play an increasingly important role as biocatalysts in the synthesis of key intermediates for the pharmaceutical and chemical industry, and new enzymatic technologies. The characteristics of biocatalyst can be tailored with protein engineering and metabolic engineering methods to meet the desired process conditions. This review discusses the synthetic application of all the six classes of enzymes which are oxidoreductase, transferase, hydrolase, lyase, isomerase and ligase. Enzymes are highly selective catalysts and their contribution to regio-, chemo- and stereoselectivity of compounds were also discussed.

2719-2724

Authors: Sailaja Muchipali, Ranjan Kumar Pradhan, Priyaranjan Mohapatra* and Braja B. Nanda*

The intermolecular free-length of 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium chloride [bdmim]Cl in pure water as well as in tetra-n-butyl ammonium bromide (TBAB) + water at different concentrations of solute and at T = (298.15 to 313.15) K have been evaluated by making use of ultrasonic and thermoacoustical parameters followed by a comparative study. To accomplish this objective, thermoacoustical parameters for the above said solutions have been calculated. These parameters have been used to determine intermolecular free-length (Lf) for the solutions under study. The values of Lf obtained by thermoacoustical approach were tallied with the values obtained by well-known ultrasonic method (Schaaffs method). To the best of our understanding, this study is an innovative attempt in the determination of inter-molecular free-length present in the investigated solutions by making use of ultrasonic approach.

2729-2732

Authors: Manoj Kumar*, Shashi Sharma, Hardeep Singh Tuli, Rajshree Khare and Vinit Parkash

It has been discovered that ferrocenyl substituted heterocyclic compounds have wide scope of restorative methodology. The combination of ferrocenyl substituted pyrazole is the new class in these compounds with upgraded natural activity. This work center around blend of ferrocenyl substituted pyrazoles through novel course. The combination of 1-phenyl-3-ferrocenyl-pyrazole was examined including addition-cyclocondensation like response conditions. The response continued through three phases using of expansion cyclo-buildup of acetyl ferrocene with phenyl hydrazine pursued by cyclizing reagent iodine with NaHCO3. In both syntheses, each time single product isolated having good yields (87 and 79 %). Ferrocenyl substituted pyrazoles were examined by spectroscopic techniques (1 H NMR, IR, MS) and their biological properties have been screened.

2740-2744

Authors: Anil Verma, Vinod Kumar, Ramesh Kataria and Joginder Singh*

Eleven acetohydrazide linked pyrazole derivatives were designed and synthesized via condensation of acetohyadrazide with different substituted formyl pyrazole derivatives under mild reaction conditions. Synthesized compounds were characterized on the basis of IR, NMR (1 H & 13C) and mass spectrometry. The antimicrobial activities of all the compounds were screened against four bacterial and two fungal strains. Among the synthesized compounds, three compounds viz. 6b, 6c and 6d were found as efficient antimicrobial agents in reference to the standard drugs viz. ciprofloxacin and amphotericin-B. Further, structure-activity relationship (SAR) study revealed that electron-withdrawing group enhances the antimicrobial potential of synthesized derivatives as compared to other groups present in the ring. Hence, among compounds 6b-c, compound 6d could be explored further against other microbes to prove its vitality.

2753-2758

Authors: Uday Singh Patel* , Ranjeet Singh Chauhan, Sandeep Singh, Ramakant, Ashish Rajak and Shekhar Srivastava*

Forty eight complexes of type [RR′SeL] (where R = R′ = CH3; R = R′ = n-C4H9; R = R′ = n-C8H17; R = R′ = i-C3H7; R = R′ = C6H5; R = C6H5, R′ = C2H5; R = C6H5, R′ = CH3 and R = C6H5, R′ = CH2Cl; L = newly prepared macrocyclic ligands) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductivity, IR and XPS data. An octahedral geometry was established for all these prepared complexes.

2763-2769

Authors: M. Ajay Babu, G.V. Krishna Mohan , N. Naresh , Ch. Krishnam Raju, and Sharad D. Mankumare2

A simple, rapid and efficient method has been developed and validated using ultra UPLC combined with Q-ToF MS system for recognition and characterization of forced degradation products obtained from dofetilide degradation studies. The dofetilide drug is an antiarrhythmic and belongs to Class III and it was treated with various stress conditions like acidic, basic, oxidative, photolytic and thermal conditions as per ICH guidelines. The main drug shows extensive degradation towards oxidative degradation conditions and single degradation product was identified through chromatogram. The chromatographic separation among main and its impurities were attained through 2.1 × 150, 1.8 µm column from gradient elution using UPLC and its detection at wavelength 230 nm. The validation was performed for the developed method using various parameters like specificity, linearity and robustness studies. Waters Synapt G2 Q TOF system was used and performed MSn studies to establish mass spectral fragmentation pathway for drug and its degradation products and determined accurate masses study. The efficiency of this method was helpful to identify and characterize the drug and degradation products using LC/MSn techniques.

2777-2784

Authors: Sumana Sengupta and Avijit Banerji

Investigations of [3+2] cycloadditions of C,N-diaryl and C-aryl-N-methyl nitrones as three atom components (TAC) to substituted methyl E-cinnamates and diethyl arylidene malonates have been further investigated. [3+2] Cycloadditions of cinnamates yielded mixtures of cycloadducts, the major products being the 3,4-trans-4,5-trans-2,3,5-triaryl-4-carbomethoxy products originating from the endo-carbonyl-exo-aryl meta channel approach of the cinnamate component. [3+2] Cycloadditions to diethyl arylidene malonates furnished single cycloadducts-3,5-trans-2-methyl-3,5-diaryl-4,4- dicarbethoxy isoxazolidines by a endo-aryl meta channel approach of the 2π-component.

2793-2800

Authors: Awad Abdalla Momen , Mohamed Hesham Mahmoud , Dafaalla Mohammed Hag Ali , Saad Hmoud Alotaibi , Mohammed Awad Khalid, and Malik Abdalla Elsheikh

The analytical parameters of the microwave assisted oven and of the inductively coupled plasma (ICP) method were extensively studied and well validated in terms of spectral lines (nm), linearity (R2 ), accuracy (recovery %), precision (RSDs), detection and quantification limits (LODs and LOQs). The validated analytical method was used to determine the contents of selected toxic trace elements (TTEs) in fresh fruit samples from Turabah Valley of Saudi Arabia. Samples were digested by a microwave-assisted oven at the ratio of 1:2.5 (v/v) (H2O2:HNO3). The R2 > 0.9990 or better, the recovery (%) were within the acceptable range (100 ± 8), the RSDs were below 4 %, the LODs and the LOQs were ranged between 0.0005-0.0556 mg kg-1 and 0.003-0.174 mg L-1, respectively. It was found that Al, Mn, Pb, As and Cd were detected in most analyzed samples, while Co, Ni and Cr were below the detection limits of the method. A considerable variation were observed with regard to TTEs concentrations in different studied fruit samples. TTEs content of fruits were compared with those of soil and well water samples in the same area. Elevated levels of Al were obtained in some fruit samples, while other elements were within the critical safety levels specified by the FAO/WHO/SASO. Some physico-chemical properties such as moisture, ash and total solid contents (%) of fruits were also estimated and compared with the reference values. The results indicate that the developed ICP method was well suited for determination of toxic and/or nutrient trace elements in fruits and possibly similar matrices.

2804-2810

Authors: Anti Kolonial Prodjosantoso , Oktanio Sigit Prawoko, Maximus Pranjoto Utomo and Lis Permana Sari

In this article, the synthesis of silver nanoparticles through a reduction reaction process using Salacca zalacca extract is reported. The AgNPs were characterized using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared and UV-visible spectrophotometry methods. The AgNPs antibacterial activity was determined against of Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus epidermidis) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli). The main functional groups contained in Salacca zalacca extract are carbonyl, hydroxyl and nitrile groups, which are believed to reduce the silver ions to metal. The surface plasmon resonance values of brownish red AgNPs are in the range of 410 nm to 460 nm. The structure of AgNPs is face centered cubic (FCC). The diameter of silver nanoparticles crystallite is 14.2 ± 2.6 nm. The AgNPs growth inhibition zones of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis are 9.6 mm and 9.2 mm, respectively.

2816-2820

Authors: M.N.I. Siddique and M.F. Ahmad

Anaerobic bio-digestibility of blend municipal sewage sludge (MSS), condensed waste activated sludge (CWAS) and petrochemical wastewater (PWW) has been evaluated utilizing semi-continuous operation, anaerobic reactors worked during mesophilic (37 ºC) and thermophilic (55 ºC) states. Supplementation of a significant PWW portion (49 % of VS) in an MSS + CWAS combination brought about 2.94 times more methane production, 153 versus 450 mL/g volatile solids (VS) under 37 ºC furthermore 2.59 times more methane production, 198 versus 513 mL/g VS under 55 ºC. The supplemented PWW portion might have been not inhibitory for the system. Those effects of this work show the profit from municipal sewage sludge, condensed waste activated sludge and petrochemical wastewater co-digestion.

2827-2833

Authors: Tan Phat Dao, Thien Hien Tran, Thi Cam Quyen Ngo, Huynh Thi Kieu Linh , Le Nguyen Yen Trung , Vo Thanh Danh , Thuy Trang Le Ngoc , Nguyen Dong Yen Pham , Pham Minh Quan and Tran Quoc Toan

In this study, extraction of essential oil from orange peels was investigated by hydrodistillation method and combine technology software to optimize the process. By using the response surface methodology (RSM) based on Box-Behnken surface statistical design, the effect of parameters such as water-to-material ratio (2-4 mL/g), extraction time (45-75 min), and temperature (120-140 ºC) on the extraction of essential oil process from orange (Citrus sinensis) peels was examined . All factors were significantly affected to the extraction yield of essential orange peel oil. Optimum conditions for extraction oil yield including the ratio of water to material, temperature, extraction time achieved 3.19 mL/g, 130.08 ºC, 74.31 min, respectively. Below the optimal extraction condition, the maximum yield of orange oil of 3.21 % was obtained. Using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), the results revealed that the essential orange peels oil is extremely rich in limonene (98.343 %).In this study, extraction of essential oil from orange peels was investigated by hydrodistillation method and combine technology software to optimize the process. By using the response surface methodology (RSM) based on Box-Behnken surface statistical design, the effect of parameters such as water-to-material ratio (2-4 mL/g), extraction time (45-75 min), and temperature (120-140 ºC) on the extraction of essential oil process from orange (Citrus sinensis) peels was examined . All factors were significantly affected to the extraction yield of essential orange peel oil. Optimum conditions for extraction oil yield including the ratio of water to material, temperature, extraction time achieved 3.19 mL/g, 130.08 ºC, 74.31 min, respectively. Below the optimal extraction condition, the maximum yield of orange oil of 3.21 % was obtained. Using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), the results revealed that the essential orange peels oil is extremely rich in limonene (98.343 %).In this study, extraction of essential oil from orange peels was investigated by hydrodistillation method and combine technology software to optimize the process. By using the response surface methodology (RSM) based on Box-Behnken surface statistical design, the effect of parameters such as water-to-material ratio (2-4 mL/g), extraction time (45-75 min), and temperature (120-140 ºC) on the extraction of essential oil process from orange (Citrus sinensis) peels was examined . All factors were significantly affected to the extraction yield of essential orange peel oil. Optimum conditions for extraction oil yield including the ratio of water to material, temperature, extraction time achieved 3.19 mL/g, 130.08 ºC, 74.31 min, respectively. Below the optimal extraction condition, the maximum yield of orange oil of 3.21 % was obtained. Using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), the results revealed that the essential orange peels oil is extremely rich in limonene (98.343 %).In this study, extraction of essential oil from orange peels was investigated by hydrodistillation method and combine technology software to optimize the process. By using the response surface methodology (RSM) based on Box-Behnken surface statistical design, the effect of parameters such as water-to-material ratio (2-4 mL/g), extraction time (45-75 min), and temperature (120-140 ºC) on the extraction of essential oil process from orange (Citrus sinensis) peels was examined . All factors were significantly affected to the extraction yield of essential orange peel oil. Optimum conditions for extraction oil yield including the ratio of water to material, temperature, extraction time achieved 3.19 mL/g, 130.08 ºC, 74.31 min, respectively. Below the optimal extraction condition, the maximum yield of orange oil of 3.21 % was obtained. Using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), the results revealed that the essential orange peels oil is extremely rich in limonene (98.343 %).In this study, extraction of essential oil from orange peels was investigated by hydrodistillation method and combine technology software to optimize the process. By using the response surface methodology (RSM) based on Box-Behnken surface statistical design, the effect of parameters such as water-to-material ratio (2-4 mL/g), extraction time (45-75 min), and temperature (120-140 ºC) on the extraction of essential oil process from orange (Citrus sinensis) peels was examined . All factors were significantly affected to the extraction yield of essential orange peel oil. Optimum conditions for extraction oil yield including the ratio of water to material, temperature, extraction time achieved 3.19 mL/g, 130.08 ºC, 74.31 min, respectively. Below the optimal extraction condition, the maximum yield of orange oil of 3.21 % was obtained. Using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), the results revealed that the essential orange peels oil is extremely rich in limonene (98.343 %).

2841-2845

Authors: Santosh S. Devkate , Arvind S. Burungale and Ashok S. Pise

The epoxides were obtained from substituted phenols and epichlorohydrin by reported methods. The regioselective ring opening of epoxides were studied in different solvents by reaction with Grignard’s reagent in presence of dilithium tetrachloromanganate

2855-2858

Authors: Tran Thi Kim Ngan, Tran Thien Hien, Xuan Tien Le, Trieu Tuan Anh, Pham Minh Quan, Mai Huynh Cang, Thuy Trang Le Ngoc, Vo Thanh Danh, Le Nguyen Yen Trung and Tran Quoc Toan

In this study, kaffir lime peel was used for extraction of essential oil by hydrodistillation and evaluation of physico-chemical characteristics. The yield of essential oil was 1.8 %. The physico-chemical parameters averaged specific gravity (0.8587g/cm3), acid index (0.667 mg KOH/g), ester index (4.203 mg KOH/g), refractive index (1.469), rotator power +3. Twenty-three components were classified in kaffir lime peel oils. The result of GC-MS revealed that the oil is extremely rich in α-pinene (35.54 %), Eucalyptol (20.902 %), camphene (4.384 %), bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-one (7.794 %), caryophyllene (1.225 %), endo-borneol (4.147 %), bornyl acetate (4.065%). The aim of this study is to promote for further research on extraction enhancement and application of that constituents to cosmetics, medicine and food industries to enhance antioxidant and anti-bacterial capabilities create more useful formulations.

2865-2870

Authors: Loan T.T. Nguyen, Lan T.H. Nguyen, N.T.T. Hang, Nguyen Quang Hai, Vu Thi Hau, Duy Trinh Nguyen and To-Uyen T. Dao

The present study attempted the synthesis of nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) nanoparticles via solution combustion technique with urea as the fuel. The synthesized samples was structurally characterized by a series of different techniques including TGA/DSC, X-ray powder diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray, scanning electron microscope, transmission electronic microscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. A vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) was also employed to investigate the magnetic properties of nickel ferrite at room temperature. The results showed that the crystallite size of the NiFe2O4 nanoparticles declined from 45.8 to 33.7 nm in response to elevated amount of urea in the precursor. The photocatalytic activity of NiFe2O4 nanoparticles was investigated by using rhodamine B dye under visible light

2875-2884

Authors: V. Veena, K.H. Shivaprasad, K.S. Lokesh, H. Sharanagouda and D. Ramakrishna

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are an obvious choice for rapid advance in nanotechnology due to their amenability of synthesis, functionalization and less toxicity. Functionalization of AuNP surface with 4-amino-3,5-dimercapto-1,2,4-triazole (ADMT) ligand as ADMT-AuNPs was investigated with the aim to probe the suitability of innovative product to develop new antibacterial and anticancer strategies. Various characterization studies like UV-spectra, Zeta size, Zeta potential, XRD, SEM, TEM and FTIR results of AuNPs and ADMT-AuNPs have been performed to study the structural and electronic properties. The studies revealed that the functionalized nanoparticles are highly crystalline in nature with the sizes ranging between 20-22 and 50-55 nm for AuNPs and ADMT-AuNPs, respectively with FCC structures. The characterization data reveals that the synthesized nanoparticles are stable and presence of strong interactions between the metallic surface and the organic ligand. Further, ADMT-AuNPs showed good antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. MTT assay exhibited the cell viability with an IC50 value of 45.32 % v/v for ADMT-AuNPs against breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cell lines. Molecular characterization i.e., in silico docking analysis helped in identifying and organizing the structural similarity/diversity at the molecular level. The in silico study indicated that the structure S1a has good glide score and glide energy for H-bonding among the possible conformations against bacterial and breast cancer protein. Molecular docking studies confirmed the introduction of conformational changes that are essential to surpass the potential energy barriers of ADMT-AuNPs for biocompatibility and proved that they hold a promising future in the medical field.

2891-2896

Authors: A.K. Prodjosantoso , S. Kamilia, M.P. Utomo and K.S. Budiasih

Organic wastes are often harmful for organisms living in water. The compounds may toxic and or carcinogenic. Many methods have been applied to minimize the organic wastes in water, one of which is through fotodegradation process using catalysts. This report is about the use of (Cu-Ni)Ox@SiO2 catalyst for photodegration the methylene blue under the sunlight exposure. A serial method of XRD, SEM-EDX and UV-visible spectroscopy has been used in the study. The catalyst adsorption test was carried out in the dark environment, whilst the catalyst activity test in photodegradation of methylene blue was performed under the sunlight. The measurements on (Cu-Ni)Ox@SiO2 catalyst clearly indicate the presence of tridymite silica (SiO2) with the particle size around 9 nm. The silica band gap energy decreases with the adsorption of copper and nickel on the surface of silica. The adsorption follows the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The (Cu-Ni)Ox@SiO2 is significantly catalyzed the degradation of methylene blue in water.

2903-2908

Authors: G. Usha Rani , B. Kesava Rao, P. Asha Bhanu and G. Swapna

The facile green synthesis of silver nanoparticles is finding an imperative use in different fields due to their potential applications. The present study is focused on the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Coldenia procumbens Linn., in an eco-friendly way in order to reduce the toxicity from chemical methods. The zeta potential, size of the silver nanoparticles was measured and the characterization was done from UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The disc diffusion method has used to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of synthesized nanoparticles with different bacterial pathogens and the antioxidant capability of silver nanoparticles was tested and has shown significant DPPH radical scavenging activity

2915-2923

Authors: Qiang Chen , Xuebing Zhang, Shuxun Tian, Junying Long, Xiangkun Meng, Qi Sun and Yonglong Li

The intrinsic kinetic behaviour of catalytic hydrogenation of acetic acid in vapour phase was studied over a multi-metallic catalyst. The rate expression was derived from the sequence of elementary reaction steps based on a Langmuir-Hinshelwood-model involving two types of active sites. Experiments were carried out in a fixed bed reactor, which is similar to an isothermal integral reactor designed to excluding the negative effects of internal and external diffusion. The reaction conditions investigated were as follow:reaction temperature 275-325 ºC, reaction pressure1.5-3.0 MPa, liquid hourly space velocity (sv) 0.3-1.2 h-1, molar ratio of hydrogen to acetic acid (H/AC) 8:20. The results show that conversion of acetic acid increases with increasing the reaction temperature and pressure, but decreases with increasing the space velocity and H/AC. Furthermore, reducing the reaction pressure and increasing reaction temperature, space velocity and H/AC can improve the reaction selectivity of acetic acid to ethanol. The established kinetic model results agreed with experimental results. The relative difference between the calculated value and the experimental value is less than 6 %. The values of model parameters are consistent with the three thermodynamic constraints. The study provided evidence that the intrinsic kinetic model is suitable both mathematically and thermodynamically, and it could be useful in guiding reactor design and optimization of operating conditions

2931-2936

Authors: Mukem Bhattarai, Hema Basnett, Ateeb Das, Pravat Manna, Deepak Chaudhary, Debarupa Dutta and Bhupendra Shrestha

A simple, sensitive and reproducible second order derivative UV spectrophotometric method was developed for simultaneous estimation of mixture of paracetamol, phenylephrine hydrochloride and triprolidine hydrochloride in the tablet dosage form. The method utilizes second order derivative technique, which helps to isolate the individual peaks of the mixture drugs and overcome the problem of merging of mixture peaks with each other. For quantification of paracetamol, phenylephrine hydrochloride and triprolidine hydrochloride wavelength selected were 244, 276 and 297 nm, respectively. The method was linear over the concentration range of 5-40 μg/mL. Intra-day and inter-day precision were within acceptable range (percentage relative standard deviation 2.27 %). The percentage recovery was within the range between 97.22-99.43 %. The method was also found to be robust and rugged. The method stands validated as per ICH guidelines and hence, can be used for the routine quality control analysis of paracetamol, phenylephrine hydrochloride and triprolidine hydrochloride in the tablet dosage form.

2941-2954

Authors: Muthiah Chinnasamy and Andy Ramu

A new series of hydrazide based Schiff base metal Cu(II)/Zn(II) complexes of the type [Cu(L1-L4)2] and [Zn(L1-L4)2] has been synthesized and characterized by various analytical and spectral techniques. The proposed geometry of metal complexes, square planar for Cu2+ ion and tetrahedral for Zn2+ ion was confirmed by the spectral and analytical results. DNA interaction with metal complexes was explored by spectral and molecular docking analysis. The results obtained indicates that Cu(II)/Zn(II) complexes interaction with DNA via an intercalative binding mode and its respective intrinsic binding constant (Kb) was found in the order of 7 > 8 > 5 > 6 > 3 > 4 > 1 > 2. Further, similar interactions of these metal complexes with BSA were found in the same order of binding constant. Furthermore, the complexes showed moderate cleavage ability with pUC19 DNA. Cytotoxicity studies confirmed the biological importance of the Schiff base complexes

2959-2963

Authors: Maha Abdallah Alnuwaiser

The current paper describes the analysis of heavy metals contents in lipsticks and cosmetics being sold in Riyadh markets and compares heavy metals contents present in cosmetics of some other countries. An analytical technique called inductively-coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) determines content for metals like As, Hg, Pb, Cd and Al in some of the most famous and widely sold lipsticks in Riyadh markets. An analysis is conducted across some expensive and some cheap brands that claim to be "organic" and "medicinal", with emphasis on the Chinese brand of lipsticks. Various parameters such as colour intensity, matte texture and glossiness, viscosity and makeup persistence were compared. Results showed serious levels of contamination from lipsticks originating from China with specimens containing above safe detectable levels. It is found that heavy metals beyond permissible limit are used in lipsticks and other cosmetic products containing fragrances and also as preservatives

2969-2975

Authors: R. Halima, and Archna Narula

In the present study, the catalytic nature of silver nanoparticles was studied in the reaction mixture with amylase enzyme. Amylase is an industrially important enzyme that catalyzes the decomposition of starch into glucose. The silver nanoparticles in the study were synthesized using a green approach where the leaf extracts of Piper betel and Jatropha curcas act as reducing agent in reducing silver nitrate to silver nanoparticles. The reaction medium was optimized for better yield by altering the parameters like pH, temperature, silver ion concentration, reducing agent concentration and irradiation and hence the improvement in yield of silver nanoparticles was noticed. Moreover, the synthesized silver nanoaprticles were confirmed through UV-visible spectra, FTIR, SEM and EDX spectra. By optimizing, more stable particles were synthesized with a size of about 41 nm from both the leaf extracts. The synthesized nanoparticles were added in the reaction mixture with α-amylase and the reaction rate was enhanced to about three-folds in comparison with that without silver nanoparticles

2981-2985

Authors: Kalpesh V. Vilapara, Sagar P. Gami, Shobhna A. Gadara and Yogesh T. Naliapara

An efficient protocol to synthesize a series of N-aryl pyrazoles via C-N bond Chan-Lam coupling reaction using diverse boronic acid at room temperature using Cu(OAc)2/TEA as a catalytic system without utilization of any ligand or additive and exposed to air to afford moderate to excellent yield. The characterizations of newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by FTIR, MS, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and elemental analysis. All the synthesized compounds were assayed for their antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus MTCC-96, Escherichia coli MTCC-443, B. subtilis MTCC-441, S. typhi MTCC-98, and antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger MTCC-282 and Aspergillus clavatus MTCC-1323 at different concentration and compared with standards drugs. The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of the compounds was studied by micro broth dilution method

2995-3003

Authors: Krushitha Shetty, B.S. Prathibha, Dinesh Rangappa, K.S. Anatharaju, H.P. Nagaswarupa and S.C. Prashantha

MgFe2O4, ZnO and MgFe2O4-ZnO samples were successfully prepared through low temperature solution combustion route. The structural and morphological investigation were accomplished by PXRD, HRSEM, UV-visible and FTIR. The PXRD results point towards the reduced size of synthesized nanocomposites, which was further confirmed by HRSEM studies. Optical properties of the prepared samples were examined by UV-visible spectroscopy. The band gap seems to be widened for prepared nanocomposites compared to pure MgFe2O4. The photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under sunlight was superior in contrast to pure MgFe2O4 and ZnO. MgFe2O4-ZnO (1:1) acts as the most effective photocatalyst activity compared to pure MgFe2O4 and ZnO. EIS data was proven to be an efficient tool for understanding the electronic properties for photocatalytic studies. The enhanced sunlight-driven photocatalytic activities of MgFe2O4-ZnO nanocomposite is supported by the factors such as quantization effect, band gap widening and efficient charge separation. MgFe2O4-ZnO showed excellent reusability with high photocatalytic efficiencies suggesting its suitability for solar photocatalytic applications. Additionally, scavenging test was conducted to know the role of all active species during photoelectrocatalysis. This work presents a facile and effective route for the construction of MgFe2O4-ZnO nanocomposites with intriguing structures and multiple functions

3009-3011

Authors: Lele Zhang, Songbo Cheng, Hang Hu and Defeng Xu

3-(Chloromethyl)-2-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl is a key intermediate for the preparation of bifenthrin, an insecticide which belongs to pyrethroid. The traditional synthetic process of 3-(chloromethyl)-2-methyl- 1,1′-biphenyl is complicated and involves high-toxic and high-risk reagents such as thionyl chloride, lithium aluminum hydride and methyl iodide, which causes significant environmental problems and safety issues. Herein, a facile and efficient synthesis process of 3-(chloromethyl)-2- methyl-1,1′-biphenyl was developed. The synthetic process is shortened from 6 steps to only 4 steps and avoids the use of high-toxic and high-risk reagents. Moreover, 3-(chloromethyl)-2-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl can be obtained by simple purification process in high yield (73.9 %). Compared with the traditional synthetic process, the synthetic process of 3-(chloromethyl)-2-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl reported here is more environmental friendly and efficient

3017-3028

Authors: G. Dhanalakshmi, Velu Saravanan, Arasambattu K. Mohanakrishnan and S. Aravindhan

Carbazole derivatives are important compounds from medicinal point of view because of their widespread biological significance. In the present work two compounds 7-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-methyl- 12-(phenylsulfonyl)-12H-naphtho[1,2-b]carbazole (I) and 7-ethyl-5-methyl-12-(phenylsulfonyl)-12Hnaphtho[ 1,2-b]carbazole (II) have been synthesized and characterized by XRD, Hirshfeld surface, energy framework and docking analysis. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis shows that the compound I crystallizes in monoclinic system with space group P21/n whereas compound II crystallizes in triclinic with space group P-1. In both compounds there are two intramolecular C-H···O hydrogen bonds, which generates two S (6) ring motifs. The crystal packing is stabilized through weak C-H···O and C-H···Cl interactions. The molecules also features C-H···π interactions. The intermolecular interactions of both compounds were analyzed using Hirshfeld surface analysis and two dimensional fingerprint plots, which was confirmed by the XRD data. Energy frameworks were used to calculate the intermolecular interaction energies and their distribution over the crystal structure. Molecular docking studies show that the compounds exhibits antitumor activity.

3035-3040

Authors: Sazmal Effendi Arshad, Zarina Amin, Perng Yang Puah, Mohd Sani Sarjadi, Baba Musta and Md Lutfor Rahman

Organic-inorganic hybrid polymers have been demonstrated to be an efficient technique for the adsorption of pollutants present in water. Silica gel adsorbent has been applied in this field due to promising characters, such as thermally stable, reusability and high metal ion adsorption capacities. Here, silica gel supported acrylonitrile functional group (silica-APTS-DPN) was reacted with hydroxylamine to yield silica gel supported amidoxime ligand (SBA). All the functionalized silica gel adsorbents were characterized by FTIR. In terms of metal ions adsorption, SBA revealed good absorption capacities towards both copper (Cu2+) (172 mg g-1) and iron (Fe3+) (168 mg g-1) ions at pH 6 and followed the order of Cu2+ > Fe3+. Increased pH condition was beneficial for both metal ions adsorption. The adsorption kinetics of both ions followed the pseudo-first-order model within 0-60 min of adsorption time. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were both applied to study the adsorption behaviour, Freundlich isotherm model (R2 > 0.99) proved to be a better fit, which propose that multilayer adsorption occurred on the silica gel grafted with amidoxime ligand. Finally, this study proved that the silica gel supported amidoxime ligand was successfully applied as an absorbent for the removal of both copper and iron from aqueous media.