IMPACT : International Journal of Research in Applied, Natural and Social Sciences

11-18

Authors: T. N. CHHOWALA & K. R. DESAI

A novel series of transition metal complexes of Cu, Ni, Mn, Cd, Hg and Co have synthesized from Schiff bases (SB1 and SB2) and derived from aryl aldehydes and 5-(3-Bromo-4-methoxyphenyl)-4-{[substitutedphenylmethylidene] amino}-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol by conventional and microwave promoted method. The molecular formulae of the synthesized compounds were assigned on the basis of elemental analysis while the structures were proposed on the basis of FT IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. These compounds were screened for in vitro antibacterial activity against three pathogenic strains. Preliminary results revealed that some of the synthesized metal complexes showed promising antibacterial activity.

27-35

Authors: KALAIYARASAN. M & M. DANIEL SOLOMON

Adolescence considered as a period of transition from childhood to adulthood and Adolescence period is a more important things in human life because many developmental changes occurring in this period such as physical growth, new peer relationship with both sex, emotional independent of parent, intellectual skills and civil competence, socially responsible behavior pattern, and so on. Whereas sound mental health play a vital role in the period of adolescence and also mental maturity is very important in this period because mental health linked with physical health, social health, emotional and functioning at school and common places. According to UNICEF (2011) report it is estimate that around 20 percentage of the world’s adolescence have a mental health or behavior problems. The Purpose of this study is to understand the mental health and related problem among adolescents using secondary data, in the light of the study findings the researcher had given the suggestions to the social workers, non-governmental and government settings.

43-52

Authors: AGARANA M. C, BISHOP S. A & ODETUNMIBI O. A

In this paper we present results of optimization of loan portfolio management of banks. An Operational Research technique, Goal programming, is applied to the management of loan portfolio in banks in order to optimize it. With the result obtained, using a multi objective package, provides an answer on how to handle cases of bad loans or doubtful loans. Bad loan is a major factor militating against optimization of bank goals, and it is one of the major causes of bank failure.

61-66

Authors: GULAB KANWAR, SUREKHA KIRAD, LOKESH CHAWALA & NEELAM JAIN

Dyslipidemia in menopause is a known feature in women, which may lead to significant increase in the development of coronary heart disease (CHD). The present study was aimed at comparing the level of total serum cholesterol and their subfractions, in premenopausal with that of their postmenopausal counterparts. Fifty (50) apparently healthy, nonpregnant females (25 premenopausal and 25 postmenopausal) were recruited for the study. Serum total cholesterol and their subfractions - high-density lipoproteins (HDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) and triglycerides (TG) were estimated using enzymatic and established mathematical methods. There was no significant difference in the total serum cholesterol and triglyceride between the two groups. There was however, a significant reduction of HDL and VLDL in the postmenopausal group (P<0.005) and a significant increase in the level of LDL in the postmenopausal group (P<0.005). The elevated LDL and the reduction of cardio protective HDL and VLDL is an indication that menopause is an independent risk factor for developing cardiovascular disease.

79-88

Authors: K. KUMAR & D. K. DWIVEDI

The study on mixed - ligand chelation of heavy metal ions Hg (II) and Cd (II) with amino acid taken as primary ligand (A) and nucleobase taken as secondary ligand (B) at silver-silver chloride electrode by the pH - metric technique at 37 ± 1oC in two different molar ratio 1:2:1 and 1:2:2 for mixed- ligand ternary chelates. The stability constants and stability order of MA, MB and MAB complexes have been discussed with the help of SCOGS at fixed temperature and ionic strength. The species distribution curves described the formation of chelate compound play important role in biological system.

97-108

Authors: ADEGBEHINGBE KEHINDE TOPE

This research investigated the production of fermented gruel from sorghum (ogi-baba) fortified with beniseeds (Sesamum indicum L) from four different preparations designated as samples A (100% sorghum), sample B (10% beniseeds), C (15% beniseeds) and D (20% beniseeds). Bacteria that were isolated from the samples were Lactobacillus plantarum L. casei, Bacillus subtilis, B. licheniformis Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Streptococcus lactis, Staphylococcus aureus and while fungal isolates include Rhizopus nigricans, Aspergillus niger, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Mucor mucedo. All the blends were dominated by L. plantarum and S. cerevisiae which persisted throughout the fermentation period while S. aureus and the moulds were only isolated on the first day of fermentation. Bacterial and fungal counts increased significantly in all the blends till the end of the fermentation period. The pH of the fermenting samples decreased in all the blends with lowest value in sample A (3.36) while the highest value was found in sample D (3.41). Total titratable acidity (TTA) increased with fermentation time with the highest in sample A (2.94%) while sample D had the least TTA of 2.42%. Crude protein and crude fat contents of the fermented blends increased with increase in percentage supplementation while the crude carbohydrate contents decreased with decrease in percentage supplementation. Moisture, crude ash, crude fibre contents also decreased as the fermentation progressed in all the blends. Porridges prepared from all the blends were rated above average in terms of overall acceptability but significantly rated higher in sample B. The use of beniseeds as a fortifying agent can improve nutritive value of locally fermented carbohydrate foods which are economical compared to formulated foods.

115-120

Authors: MUKTI GILL

Bioplastics are long chain of monomers joined with each other by ester bond; these plastics are thus considered as polyesters. Bioplastics are classified in to variety of types. Out of all the most common is PHA (Polyhydroxyalkanoate), which remains as a carbon and/or energy storage material in various microorganisms under the condition of deficient nutritional element. There are variety of bioplastic applications to the society and industries. This review paper is intended to provide information about alternative to conventional plastics for the betterment of earth environment.

127-134

Authors: OJEWOLE FOLUSO

Background: Critical thinking skills are essential in today’s vastly changing world. Preparing students to think critically is a goal of many higher education professionals. CT is a core competency in nursing and has been widely discussed in nursing education. Educators with strong critical thinking dispositions will encourage students to critically reflect on the quality of their thinking as they engage them in teaching and learning and will continually monitor their own thought processes for imperfections. Purpose: This study assessed the critical thinking dispositions of nursing faculty in Southwestern Nigeria. Materials and Methods: The study is a descriptive design. California Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory Scale (CCTDI) was administered to 37 nursing faculty from 4 accredited baccalaureate nursing programs. Findings: Majority of the faculty had more than 10 years of teaching experience with baccalaureate degree in nursing as the highest level of education earned in nursing. The results revealed that the means score for faculty’s CCTDI are within the positive disposition range with highest mean scores in inquisitiveness and confidence in reasoning. Conversely, the faculty group had a mean score below 40, for the truth-seeking and open-mindedness subscales. Nursing faculty had relatively high scores in inquisitiveness, confidence in reasoning, analyticity, systematicity, maturity of judgment, open mindedness and low score in truth seeking with an overall mean score of 312.08. 13.5% (n = 5) of the participants were categorized as having weak dispositional attitude toward critical thinking, 78.4% (n = 29) had positive inclination to think critically, and 8.1% (n = 3) had high dispositions toward critical thinking. Conclusions: Result findings indicated that nursing faculty have positive inclination toward critical thinking. These results suggest that faculty demonstrate hesitant desire for best knowledge and are cautious in their self-monitoring for possible bias. Therefore, they are inconsistent in seeking out adequate information. The results suggest that nursing educators have the critical thinking dispositional scores that would incline them to use critical thinking. Thus, they can effectively promote the development of CT skills in students. However, since the faculty are identified to be hesitant in using truth-seeking and open-mindedness based on their scores, they may be less likely to be open to innovative and evidence-based methods of teaching to facilitate learning because of personal teaching-learning preferences. The classroom environment of such faculty may be faculty centered and not student centered.

7-14

Authors: SAMI ULLAH QADIR & WEQAR AHMAD SIDDIQUI

One of the important causes of woodland destruction is the emission exhausts, Particulate pollutants from waste dumping sites and the consequent air pollution. Particulate pollution not only hampers plant growth instead disturbs the ecological balance. Tryouts on particulate pollution monitoring were directed in order to ascertain behavior of Fly ash dust on various plant Species at and around the Badarpur thermal power plant fly ash dumping site in Delhi. The plant species at these selected sites comprises of Neem (Azadirachtaindica), jungle jalebi (Pithecellobium dulce), Mast tree or Ashoka (Polyalthialongifolia), and Sheesham (Dalbergiasisoo). For this study leaf area, total chlorophyll, protein, Ascorbic acid was evaluated in order to study the effect of fly ash particulate contaminants resulting from dumping site. Substantial decline was found in total chlorophyll, protein content with condensed leaf area/size, however, a significant increase was observed in case of Ascorbic acid content across the study. From the study it was concluded that these plant species can be used as best indicators for assessing the fly ash contamination and the need arises to plant resistant species at this dumping site in order to remediate the same.

21-28

Authors: G. S DEORA & GUHIL N

Present study was carried out to evaluate the antifungal properties of Bryum cellular (moss) extracts on fungus Drechslera maydis, the causal organism of southern corn leaf blight using hanging drop method. Ethanol, methanol and aqueous extracts were used against selected test fungi for antimicrobial assay. Phyotochemical screening of the extracts was also carried out to determine the active antifungal substances. The results showed that all the extracts posses significant antifungal activity but to varying degrees. The highest inhibition in spore germination per cent was observed in ethanolic extract of Bryum cellulare. The percentage of spore germination was 66.9 to 21.63 from 10 to 100 per cent concentrations of the extract.

35-46

Authors: Y. P. DUBEY & K. K. NIGAM

In this paper, we have obtained existence, uniqueness and error bounds for deficient discrete quartic spline interpolation.

53-60

Authors: SREELAKSHMI V. V, SRUTHY E P M & SHEREENA J

The stomata are apertures in the epidermis, each bounded by two guard cells. Their main function is to allow gases such as carbon dioxide, water vapours and oxygen to move rapidly into and out of the leaf. In green leaves they occur either on both surfaces (amphistomatic leaf) or on one only, either the upper (epistomatic leaf) or more commonly the lower i.e., hypostomatic leaf. Four types of stomata are recognized such as anomocytic, paracytic, diacytic, and anisocytic from the materials under study such as Manihot esculenta Crantz, Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott, Maranta arundinacea L., Annona squamosa L., Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam., Passiflora edulis Sims., Curcuma longa L., Mangifera indica L. and Garcinia cambogia (Gaertn.) Desr. Among all of the stomatal types paracytic type is dominated. The guard cell of Colocasia esculenta is kidney or bean shaped. But in other monocotyledonous plants under the present study Curcuma longa and Maranta arundinacea are with dumbbell shaped guard cell. The aim of the present study is to correlate between foliar characters and stomata in leaf.

67-76

Authors: BEHZAD KARIMI

Women' rights and political participation of women, especially women of western Iran are partly new issues in the history of Iran; it was only about one century ago that the first debates about women's rights arose in Iran. About one century since beginning the first debates about women's rights in Iran, Iranian women still suffer from discrimination and inequality. Among Iranian women, women of western Iran are the most handicapped and unseen and suffer from duplex discrimination in comparison to women of other parts of Iran. There are two levels of limitations on women's rights in Iran; national level limitations and local level limitations. The national level limitations such as Sharia law and patriarchy apply to every Iranian woman and the local level limitations such as discriminating between Shiite and Sunnite and Persian and non-Persian women are mostly applied to women of western Iran and women who come from non-Persian and non-Shiite ethnics of Iran. It can be said, although Iranian women still suffer from discrimination and inequality between men and women, but since one century strive they have partly succeeded to fill the social and economic gaps that exist between Iranian women and men, although the political status of Iranian women has not enhanced considerably.

95-106

Authors: PRERNA MAHESHWARI SHARMA & SANGEETA GARG

In the present paper we study about the Stancu variants of modified Beta operators. We obtain some direct results in simultaneous approximation and asymptotic formula for these operators. We also modify these operators so as to preserve the linear moments, by applying the King’s approach.

113-120

Authors: SHASHIKALA R. S. PRAJAPATI, ANITA S. JADHAV & USHA ANILKUMAR

The present study is carried out during the period of February 2010 to January 2011 in order to investigate the seasonal diversity of phytoplankton in Panvel Lakes (Vishrale, Krishnale and Dewale Lake) by analyzing monthly variations. In all the three lakes 16 genera of phytoplankton were recorded. Out of which 7 generas belong to the Chlorophyceae, 04 generas belong to Bacillariophyceae and 05 generas belong to Myxophyceae. Among phytoplankton Chlorophyceae were dominant over others.

133-140

Authors: TARUNIKA JAIN AGRAWAL

India, one of the largest honey producer and exporter in the world, plays an important role in world honey production and trade. The change of world honey production and trade affects the development of Indian apiculture. This paper analysed distribution of honey producing regions in the world, the change of relative status of major honey producing countries and the trade structure of international honey market, compared the competitive ability of main honey export countries. The study analyses the future prospects of the beekeeping industry and the policy changes that are required for the same.

145-150

Authors: ANKITA GUPTA & VANDANA SINGH

Internet has become a part of our everyday life today and with the advent of smartphones its usage has increased many folds. 24-hour diet recall method is relatively simple but results greatly depend upon the respondent’s memory and the trained interviewer, the diet record method is regarded as providing most accurate dietary information but quite time consuming and burdensome to the participants. Both under and over reporting of foods are seen in dietary assessment methods. The collection of reliable food portion sizes estimates from subjects presents a major difficulty in dietary intake survey (Venter et al., 2000). Actual food containers are cumbersome and often impractical to use, food models are expensive and not always appropriate and existing pictures do not include local foods in appropriate portion sizes. Having a means of better estimating portion sizes from visual images that are linked to a nutrient database makes obtaining accurate dietary assessment more practical and useful. (Beverly, 2010). Many internet based systems are also available for menu planning, nutrition analysis, nutrition education and counselling. Nutrisonic, an internet based food, menu and meal management expert system for nutrition management and nutrition counselling with e-food exchange, nutrient analysis and data transformation was also developed by Hong & Cho et al.,(2008). Such kind of systems are not available for the Indian setting.

161-166

Authors: R. DIANE JOSEPH & A. AROCKIAMARY

Collective creativity is the outcome of a creative process done by more than one individual. Collective creativity brings about meaningful effective creative products than do the individual creativity and hence it could be used for a constructive process. Team idea mapping is a new tested integrative method used to foster Collective creativity among a group of students in classrooms. This method employs the steps in idea mapping technique along with the principle of collaborative learning. Since the prevailing classrooms are crowded in our country, there is less scope for individualized instruction, and hence this approach could be feasible for a large group of pupils.

5-12

Authors: NITA YADAV, RAJESH YADAV & MURLI DHAR KHARYA

Hair loss (technically known as alopecia) is a loss of hair from the head or body. Baldness can refer to general hair loss or male pattern baldness specifically. Some types of baldness can be caused by Alopecia areata, an autoimmune disorder. Eclipta alba (Asteraceae), Bacopa monnieri (Plantaginaceae), Trigonella foenugraecum (Fabaceae) are well known Ayurvedic herbs with purported claims of hair growth promotion. Hair formulation of Eclipta alba 10% w/v, Bacopa monnieri 10 % w/v, Trigonella foenugraecum 5 % w/v concentration in the form of herbal oil were studied and showed excellent hair growth activity with standard (2% minoxidil ethanolic solution) in wister albino rats. Hair growth initiation time was significantly reduced to half on treatment with the oil, as compared to control animals. The time required for complete hair growth was also significantly reduced. Quantitative analysis of hair growth after treatment with oil exhibited greater number of hair follicles in anagenic phase i.e. 82 which were higher as compared to control (52). The results of treatment with oil were better than the positive control minoxidil 2% treatment. It holds the promise of potent herbal alternative for minoxidil.

23-26

Authors: GHORADE I. B, LAMTURE S. V & PATIL S. S

Out of 105 elements discovered and confirmed so far, over 65 are metals. Owing to their high thermal and electrical conductivity, high density, high melting and boiling points, malleability, ductility and other distinctly useful properties, metals find extensive use in human civilization. The fresh water ecosystem occupies a very small area in comparison to marine ecosystem. Now a day’s degradation of these fresh water resources due to water pollution has become a serious problem for entire world. The effect of heavy metal on fresh water ecosystem has become global concern. These metals are persistent and once released the environment for a prolonged period. These heavy metals are well known pollutants, which are often encountered in many ponds, Lakes, rivers and dams of India and the most important aquatic fauna being subjected to stress caused by these heavy metals.

39-46

Authors: NABEEL A. KASSIM, ZULAYKHA A. A. NERWAY & KURDISTAN HASSAN YOUSIF

This study was conducted to estimate disease incidence of potato virus Y (PVY) and to investigate its effects on the growth and morphology of potato plant and its productivity. High rates of occurrence of viral symptoms in the surveyed field were recorded. The mainly included symptoms were mild to severe yellowing, mottling, necrosis, stunting and malformation of potato plants. The effect of the virus on potato crop was studied using Vegetative growth and yield characters of healthy, current season and seed born PVY infected plants. There is differentiation between the growth of the current season, seed born PVY-infected and the virus free potato plant. Results showed that infection by PVY leads to reduce many physiological fuctions of above and under ground parts of host plant like size of leaf area, total chlorophyll content, number of tubers, tuber weight and total yiela of a plant. Depending on the results, because of reducing physiological fuctions of above ground part of potato plant (leaf area and total chlorophyll content), the number and the weight of tuber decreased, so the productivity of the plant decreased.

53-58

Authors: PUSPITA ROY, DIPMOY SARKAR, NIVEDITA CHATTOPADHYAY & RUPSANATAN MANDAL

This study was conducted to investigate variability among five isolates of Phomopsis vexans in respect to the production of enzymes and toxins during pathogenesis. Results showed that five isolates Phomopsis vexans was varied among themselves to produce macerating enzyme (ME), pectin methylesterase [pectinesterase] (PME) and cellulase enzymes in the Richards' medium. The virulent isolates produce pectic and cellulose enzyme whereas some isolates are not capable of producing such enzyme. Such variability also observed in phytotoxin production by these isolates. The phytotoxin produces by those isolates inhibited the brinjal seedling. The symptoms produced on brinjal seedlings following dipping of seedlings in different concentration of toxin(s) preparation were shows variation from isolates to isolates.

65-72

Authors: SHARDA VIDYA & LAKSHMI GIRISH

Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms is a noxious aquatic weed that pollutes all fresh water bodies. To check its vigorous growth, control measures are required. One such method is its use as composting material. The wheat crop (Triticum vulgare) was treated by using compost derived from Eichhornia crassipes. The wheat plant was allowed to grow for fifteen days and the effect was studied by comparing with control. The physical parameters of crop were percentage germination, length of shoot, length of root, root: shoot ratio and biomass content. The chemical parameters studied were chlorophyll content, protein content and reducing sugar content. The soil analysis was also done to study the changes in the physical and chemical parameters of soil. The physical and chemical parameters of soil were pH, moisture content and organic matter content. The results revealed that all parameters had higher values as compared to control in case of wheat plants as well as soil. The results signify the use of Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms as the organic manure.

83-90

Authors: KARTHIKA KRISHNAN

Over the past few years, as a result of the rapid pace of economic development, environment is undergoing an irreversible change of degradation. River basins all over the world are under immense pressure due to various anthropogenic activities, as these activities threaten the very existence of river basin and its surrounding ecosystems. In this context, a study has been made on the impact assessment of environment on Kuzhithuraiar river sub-basin (Lower Thambraparani basin) using simple geospatial techniques. Indiscriminate mining of sand from the river bed and flood plain, encroachment of land on water bodies, stone quarrying and over dominance of monocrops such as that of plantations are causing severe damage to Kuzhithuraiar river sub basin region. This paper attempts to analyse the effectiveness of bringing GIS, GPS and ERDAS tools to find out the degree of damage undergone by the basin over the past 22 years. The result has been brought out through maps prepared from toposheet and google earth imageries. The results that have been generated through geospatial techniques show that the sub basin is highly under the degree of degradation. There is an increase of 339.6 percent in over all area under quarrying. While in case of sand mining, more than 11.4 sq.km of area is under vulnerable site in 2012 as against 1.16 sq. km in 1990. Rubber plantation has also extended it area of dominance by acquiring 66.95 sq. km within the area under total sub basin. Finally, it has been assessed that geospatial tools proves to be the best scientific assessment for monitoring EIA of a river basin thereby formulating effective management strategies to reduce the impact of environmental degradation and looking forward for a sustainable development.

103-108

Authors: LILJANA LUFO, KRISTAQ BERXHOLI & VALENTIN SHTJEFNI

Classical swine fever (CSF) is one of the diseases that have caused major economic damages during the last decades. Although considerable progress has been made in the eradication and prevention of the disease, the threat for an epidemic still exists. Eradication measures in Albania are based on stamping-out in case disease is suspected and confirmed on pig holdings. Vaccination with “conventional” live attenuated vaccine is used as an additional tool to eradicate the disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate sero-prevalence against CSF virus in domestic pigs. To realize it 1000 blood samples were collected, from 16 regions. These sapmles were tested by ELISA Ab (Prio - Check CSFV 2.0) for detection of antibodies against CSF virus E2 glycoprotein in serum. Control aimed rural areas, without excluding concentrated swine growth complexes. Testing showed presence of specific antibodies against CSFV in 176 (17,6%) of serum samples. To evaluate this positivity is necessary a thorough analysis, taking in consideration the vaccination used in different parts of our country, as a measure to control the disease. Detection of antibodies does not necessarily mean that the animal is infected. Virus Neutralization Test (VNT) for CSFV antibodies is considered Gold Standard, and is usually carried out in parallel with other pest viruses. To achieve this, 12 samples whith highest levels of antibodies against CSFV were sent for confirmation to EU Reference Laboratory for CSF, Hannover, Germany.

119-128

Authors: SAMER KHADER ALNAWAJHA, NEDAL LUTFI HAMDAN, YOUSEF IBRAHIM ALJEESH, & KHAMEES ALESSY

There is a lack of knowledge about how health care services should be organized to meet patient’s’ needs after stroke. This study aimed to assess the health needs of people with stroke residing in Gaza Strip. The design for this study was a descriptive, analytical, cross-sectional using a qualitative and quantitative approach for data analysis. The study population consisted of 221 health care providers (nurses physicians, and physiotherapists) who work at medical wards and dealing with patients with stroke . For quantitative data collection, the researchers used a self-administered questionnaire. In total, 192 respondents completed the questionnaire with a response rate of 86.8%. For qualitative data collection, a focus group consisted of 10 patients was used to explore their health needs. SPSS version 20 was used for data analysis. The results from quantitative data analysis revealed that the most important physical need for client with stroke is to demonstrate safe transfer techniques (83.2%), followed by understanding the importance of adhering to low fat diet (83.0%). Regarding social needs, the results showed that the most important social needs were managing changes in roles and relationships and dealing with behavioral changes (78.8%) followed by dealing with changes in body image (78.4%). Regarding the mental needs, the first priority wad understanding disease process of stroke (79.8%) followed by comprehending and use of assistive or adaptive devices (79.2%). Results from qualitative data analysis revealed that the main concerns related to physical needs were the need for learning how to prevent pressure ulcers, how to monitor blood pressure and preventing aspiration. While social needs focused on the loss of autonomy and control in managing their personal finances and the need to know how to deal with changes in body image. The need for assistive devices to cope with stroke ranked as the first priority among mental needs. The findings of this study expand our knowledge toward the willingness of the interdisciplinary health care team to coordinate the care and education of persons with stroke and their caregivers to provide a comprehensive teaching program in health care setting.

135-142

Authors: PRAKASH L. PATEL, ANITA GHAREKHAN, NIRMAL P. PATEL & PRAKASH H. PATEL

In this research paper, selected statistical methods like discriminate analysis, ANOVA and Correlation analysis were used to find out the difference in the soil property of the two investigated sites of agricultural land. Site 1 is located towards dessert and site 2 located towards coastal region of Kutch district of Gujarat state in western India. With the help of discriminate analysis and one way ANOVA, we discovered that two investigated sites are different in terms of micro nutrition (Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn). Descriptive statistic (Mean) indicated that site 1 possess low micro nutrition with comparison of sites 2. Correlation analysis discovered that all micronutrients are moderate to highly correlate with each other. This study concludes that statistical analysis provides scientific bases for difference in the soil property especially in micro nutrition.

149-156

Authors: SATENDRA KUMAR MISHRA

Bhagat Singh sacrificed his life for the downtrodden people and the country. After independence the Zamindari system was abolished but the SEZs ‘Special economic zones’ are not actually the ‘Special Exploitative Zones’? The Zamindari system still exists in a new form. Bhagat Singh never got appreciation by the historians of the ‘Congress’ brand who always tried to belittle his contribution and argued that few enthusiastic people could not bring the mighty British empire down. The Communist party of India often claims to have inherited the legacy of Bhagat Singh but the same party promoted capitalism by extending a helping hand in slaughtering the people fighting for their rights in Nandigram. Bhagat’s ideology has become more relevant today. State Governments are blind towards their responsibility to implement the policy of ‘Socialist India’ and the industrialists and corrupt politicians are promoted, ignoring the socialist demands of the workers and peasants. It is very important to understand the ideology of Bhagat Singh in this era of politicized communalism and regionalism where the political leaders and capitalist have formed a nexus use caste and religion for their nefarious purposes. If observed critically it can be easily located that Religion is the largest growing economy in India and south Asian countries. Religion has become more important than one’s love for nation. As a result being a Muslim in Kashmir, a Tamil in south, a Marathi in Maharashtra and a Bengali in W. Bengal comes with additional benefits of its own, but being a Hindu in Kashmir or a Non Marathi in Maharashtra or a North Indian in south invites wrath. Being a Dalit is the biggest crime everywhere despite of the constitutional safeguards for them. Bhagat’s vision was a radical change in the existing system and this cannot be brought with mere transfer of power.

169-176

Authors: ALAYANDE, S. AYINLA

Exchange rate is essential in today's economy because of the huge trading volume between countries. Exchange-rate movement is regularly monitored by central banks for macroeconomic-analysis and market-closewatch purposes. Despite its significance, forecasting exchange rate has been a challenge since the crumple of the Bretton Woods System. We fit the Argumented Dickey Fuller test by testing for Stationarity of the series (naira and dollar exchange rate). This study employs unit root test and granger causality test to estimate the relationship between exchange rate and its potential determinants after constructing the econometric model. Main contribution of this paper is it provides complete guide to foreign exchange market forecast. The research shows that it will be better for the policy researchers to look at other variables before making any future prediction on exchange rate and gives proper monitoring if there are any slight changes in other variables to help policy decision makers.

183-188

Authors: MANJUNATH, PRATIMA MATHAD, PAVITRA B, SUNDAR M & ZIAYODDIN M

Abundance of avifauna indicates the healthy status of lake. Observations were made on the occurrence, abundance, richness of avifauna in Shree Sharanabasaveshwara lake Gulbarga district in the Indian state Karnataka. Point transect technique method were used for the survey purpose. A total of 26 species of birds belonging to 08 orders and 13 families were recorded. The Species consisting 14 residents, 12 winter migrants were identified. Among the birds recorded in this study, 10 species were insectivorus, 3omnivorus, 12piscivorous, 1carnivorus, and 2grainivorus.

201-210

Authors: MANGA, U. S

Due to costs, most vaccine development is carried out Europe(subtype B) rather than Africa and Asian (subtype C) countries. However since the mechanisms of disease progression in HIV-1 subtype B may be different from those in HIV-1 subtype C, it is interesting to investigate if and how a dendritic cells based vaccine can be used on individuals in Africa and Asia. To investigate this, mathematical models and sensitivity analysis techniques are used to understand the mechanisms of disease progression in two HIV-1 subtypes. These models are then extended to explore the ways in which the vaccine could be used to treat these different HIV-1 subtypes. It is found that the level of immune activation plays a large role in determining the mechanism of disease progression and can itself be a means to the development of AIDS. It is also shown that the dendritic cells based vaccine could reduce the viral load but not eliminate the virus resulting in a viral rebound. To maintain a low viral load, vaccination would have to be repeated. Unfortunately, repeated vaccination may lead to the overproduction of proinflamatory cytokines resulting in severe side effects however this could be avoided by using a carefully planned treatment schedule. We conclude that the dendrite cells based vaccine can be used in individuals in either subtype B or subtype C region as long as the correct treatment schedule is followed.

219-232

Authors: ACHUGO EUSEBIUS & CLEMENT C. CHIGBO

Apprenticeship, as it is being regulated and supervised by the old medieval guilds is not so today. Government enacts apprenticeship programs for youth empowerment, while some centuries ago, social thinkers were unanimous in their thought that apprentices, grown into artisans and entrepreneurs were to be the mainstay of the economy. This thinking is showing relevance today, with the increase in unemployment in the nation due to inadequate apprenticeship skill learning, regulating, enforcement and control of this process to self reliance and development. With this study we went into this area of labour relation, apprenticeship and skill development and we noted that apprenticeship and skill development has not been new to society. It was a way of training in the informal sector for those who were unable to get formal education that would lead to a white collar job. Today the jobs are scarce, and there is need that people acquire skills and trades to be self reliant, employers of labour, if they do not get the official post in the government. Apprenticeship training and skills learning is the remedy to this situation. But it is not being regulated, and controlled as it is done by the old guilds. Government enacts apprenticeship programs for youths empowerment and Developments but does not enforce its functionality with internal controls and regulations. As a result programs are enacted as the “political thing” but not achieved. In the course of this study we saw that Nigeria has the manpower and places to train young school leavers in various skills like the Nnewi Industrial centre, the Ariara shoe makers manufacturers centre in Aba, the Lagos Computer Village, Electronic dealers, and the Agodi Gate motor spare parts and mechanics in Ibadan. These places could be pivot centers for training our school leavers and graduates in apprenticeship and skills acquisition, if well supervised, regulated, controlled and financed adequately. They could help the government in training youths to be self reliant and entrepreneurs themselves, thereby developing the nation. The paper discovered that lack of proper regulation, control, and enforcement of the existing objectives of the apprenticeship program and skills mars its fruitful achievement. The paper therefore recommended that for the realization of its objectives in this sector, government should partner with the private sector and financially fund both masters and apprentices adequately, with take of grants, setup up labour control councils for Apprenticeship trainings, who would go about to enforce, regulate and control the apprentices and their masters constantly to see that they oblige to the obligations of the contract to its fruitful end.

17-24

Authors: CHRISTOPHER IGBENEGHU & JAPHET MADU OLISEKODIAKA

This study examined 158 malaria and 182 control subjects in order to determine the associations between ABO blood group, secretor status and malaria infection. From each participant, 5 ml of venous blood was withdrawn for malaria parasite and ABO blood grouping tests and 2 ml of saliva was collected for determination of secretor status. The results showed that the distributions of ABO blood groups among malaria subjects (O 47.5%; A 24.7%; B 21.5% and AB 6.3%) and controls (O 50.6%; A 23.6%; B 20.3% and 5.5%) were not significantly different (ᵡ2 = 0.36, df = 3, p = 0.945). Malaria among secretors (43.5%) was significantly less than among non-secretors (56.4%) (ᵡ2 = 4.02, df = 1, p = 0.045). Secretors varied significantly among ABO blood groups (ᵡ2 = 16.10, df = 3, p = 0.001). Group O secretors (86.2%) were significantly more than non-group O secretors (68.2%) (ᵡ2=15.61, df = 3, p<0.0001) and group O secretors who had malaria (34.7%) were significantly less than non-group O secretors (54.2%) (ᵡ2 = 10.05, df = 1, p = 0.002). Malaria among this study population was associated with non-secretion of ABH substances but not ABO blood group and least associated with Group O secretors.

37-44

Authors: C. H. LEE, J. HASSAN, M. HASHIM, R. S. AZIZ & N. MOHD SAIDEN

The doping mechanism of neodymium ion on barium titanate could be promising a new material for applications in miniature microwave technology and mobile communication systems. Microstructural of Ba6-3xNd8+2xTi18O54, with x=0.15 ceramics at different sintering temperatures were investigated. The samples were prepared by the magnetic stirring method and sintered at a temperature range from 600C to 1300C. Sintering effects on the crystallite structure and surface morphology were studied and characterized by XRD and FESEM. The transformation of majority of the phase in the system from barium titanate to barium neodymium titanate was confirmed by XRD pattern due to change in sintering temperature. The change in sample densities was determined using Archimede’s method. Two activation energies of grain growth were observed by using estimated diffusion process. The activation energies were 0.0698 and 0.3348 eV for low sintering and high sintering temperatures respectively.

49-60

Authors: ISLEM SAADAOUI, HAYET ILAHI, CHRISTOPHER R. BRYANT & HICHEM REJEB

Belonging to the Tunisian dorsal mountains, Bouchebka has a typical landscape of the west-central region of Tunisia. It is distinguished by the importance of the forest area which covers 92 % of the area of the region and the importance of rugged relief. Bouchebka forests part of the great mass of Aleppo pines, located on the plateau between the DjebelChambi and Tébessa mountains cover an area of 19,700 ha. Its mountainous terrain, smoothness and exceptional abundance of sources are the cause of its physical and natural characteristics. The purpose of this research was to reveal the importance of the study area for ecological plans and to help realize its true potential as a multifunctional landscape area. To achieve our goals, analytical research tools based on several interdisciplinary analyses, in particular the cartographic interpretation and delineation of natural and landscape zoning were developed. The obtained results reflect the importance of this territory from the perspective of natural and landscape resources and the necessity of the state intervention and civil society to become engaged for the preservation of this natural heritage.

69-74

Authors: PATIL S. S, THAKUR V. R & GHORADE I. B

The fresh water ecosystem occupies a very small area in comparison to marine ecosystem. Now a day’s degradation of these fresh water resources due to water pollution has become a serious problem for entire world. The effect of heavy metal on fresh water ecosystem has become global concern. These metals are persistent and once released the environment for a prolonged period. These heavy metals are well known pollutants, which are often encountered in many ponds, Lakes, rivers and dams of India and the most important aquatic fauna being subjected to stress caused by these heavy metals. Hence the present study is aimed to investigate some of the important heavy metals contents such as Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Zinc (Zn) and Fluoride (F) of the Jaikwadi dam during the year 2012-2013.

87-96

Authors: ADEGBEHINGBE KEHINDE TOPE

This study investigated the microbial safety of sundried okra fruits from markets in some Akoko towns of Ondo State, Nigeria. The pH of the dried market samples fell between 5.22 and 6.16 while the water activity was between 0.513 and 0.572. Significant differences were also observed in their viscosity. Samples from Ipe-Akoko and the control had the highest and the lowest moisture contents respectively while the lowest and highest crude ash contents were from the same samples. Crude protein contents of the dried samples ranged from 16. 56% to 21.53% while the fresh sample contained 23.03%. Little significant differences were observed in the crude fibre contents of the market samples. The control sample contained 0.73% crude fat contents while the market samples ranged between 2.76% and 4.35%. The carbohydrate contents showed little significant differences among each other but significantly different from the fresh sample. Bacteria isolated from the samples were Bacillus subtilis. Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus cereus, Clostridium spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli. Klebsiella pneumuniae, Streptococcus faecalis, Enterobacter aerogenes and Lactobacillus plantarum while the fungi include Rhizopus stolonifer, Aspergillus niger, A. fumigatus, A. flavus, Penicillium, Mucor pusillus and Candida crusei. The total bacterial and the fungal loads of the dry samples ranged from 4.42 log sfu/g to 6.65 log cfu/g, and 3.22 log cfu/g and 4.83 log cfu/g while coliform counts and lactic acid bacterial counts fell between 0.91 log cfu/g and 3.74 log cfu/g, and between 2.72 log cfu/g and 3.6 log cfu/g. This study suggested that dried okra is nutritious but proper hygienic conditions moist be maintained during processing or using controlled drying methods and should be cooked to avoid the risk of ingesting pathogenic microorganisms.

107-110

Authors: JALILA MASARAT, K. BORANA & NAHILA SUJAAD

The freshwater cat fish Clarias gariepinus at different duration (0.08 mg/l HgCl2 for 15, 30, 45 and 60 days) of exposure of mercuric chloride observed. The exposure of mercuric chloride in fish Clarias gariepinus resulted in marked degenerative changes in the ovary.

119-130

Authors: HUSSAIN SOROUR & HANY EL-MESERY

Onion slices (Allium cepa L.) weighing 100 g with a moisture content of 7.3 g water/g dry matter were dried using microwave and infrared radiation methods to a moisture content of 7% (wet basis). Three different output power levels of 200, 300 and 400 W were used for microwave drying, whereas the infrared drying treatment involved three intensity levels that were 3000, 4000 and 5000 W/m2, a drying air temperature of 35 oC and air velocity of 0.5 m/s. A comparison of the drying kinetics, data revealed that microwave drying was more effective in shortening drying time when compared with infrared drying. Results also revealed that microwave dried onion slices were lighter in color and had higher rehydration ratios meanwhile, onion slices were darker in color and had lower rehydration ratios when infrared drying method was employed. To evaluate the drying kinetics of onion slices, experimental data obtained in this study were fitted with four models i.e. Newton, Henderson & Pabis, Page and modified Page models. The goodness of fit for each model was evaluated using coefficient of determination (R2) and chi-square (χ2) of these drying models, with the Page model yielding the best fit (R2 = 0.998, χ2 = 0.00016).

143-152

Authors: VELEDIN ÇAKO, ERIOLA ZHURI, FATBARDHA BABANI & THEODHOR KARAJA

Narta Lagoon, one of the largest and most important coastal ecosystems of Albania, is situated on the south-eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, northwestern part of Vlora district. Turbidity which expresses the degree to which light is scattered and absorbed by molecules and particles, is a measure of the degree of the water transparency losing by the presence of suspended particulates including sediments and phytoplankton. Water turbidity is measured in FTU (Formazin Turbidity Units) applying a turbidimeter, type HANNA HI 93703-11. Water transparency that indicates the level of biological activity can be measured easily using a Secchi disc (Horizontal black disc). Horizontal Secchi disk was applied to measure the Secchi distance in Narta lagoon as a shallow one. The distance at which the disc disappears is recorded as the measure of water visibility. Turbidity parameters are measured every two weeks over a sampling period from July to November 2011, at each of four selected sites differentiated by sea-lagoon water communication. Turbidity and transparency values of the sites varied noticeably exhibiting spatial differences by station as well as changes over the sampling period. The observed variations can be explain by the communication sea-lagoon, fresh water supply as well as by the pollution near the urban areas. Analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) detected significant sites effect at Narta ecosystem (P < 0.01). Water transparency recorded as Secchi distance and turbidity measured in FTU were strongly correlated taken in consideration all selected sites over the sampling period. The relationship between these parameters can be expressed by an inverse power trendline, R2 = 0.95. Classification of Hakanson and Carlson related to the Secchi distance measurements as bioindicator of algal abundance allowed to characterize the selected sites of Narta lagoon by different level of trophic state.

157-160

Authors: N. V. N. LAKSHMI

Anantapur district is having the second lowest rainfall in the country, but with rich wild green biodiversity and traditional knowledge A wide range of wild species are used as edible plants. This traditional knowledge passed through generations, helps the rural people to maintain food security in their households. Majority of inhabitants take wild greens as a potential sources of alternative food to meet their essential nutritional requirements. Wild leaf vegetables are non cultivated, inexpensive source of food to maintain good health in the drought conditions. Hence it is very important to document the wild edible biodiversity. This unexplored information is very significant to exploit new food resources for future use.

169-176

Authors: JENNIFER ADLINE & ANCHANA DEVI

Moringaoleifera is commonly known as “Drumstick”. It is the most popular tropical crop. All its parts were used especially for their pharmacological, nutritional and water purification properties. The seeds of Moringa tree is used as a natural flocculant which is considered to be a natural alternative in purification of water. The pure cultures of bacterial strains were isolated from various sources. The isolated organisms were characterized by biochemical tests. The organisms were sub cultured in nutrient broth for further use. Moringaoleifera leaves were collected fresh and air dried. The leaves were grounded into fine powder. The leaves were soaked in three different solvents such as water, ethanol and chloroform, kept overnight and filtered out using whatmann filter paper no.2. The phytochemical analysis were carried out. Antimicrobial assay were done with aqueous, ethanol, chloroform extract at different concentrations. The zone of inhibition were observed and tabulated.

189-194

Authors: MACHENG BOIPONO, TSOMELE GOITSEONE TSOMELE & RAMMOLAI MOGADIME

The study interrogated the implementation of a performance management system in Gaborone secondary schools in Botswana which the aim of suggesting factors that could contribute to its successful implementation. The study adopted a qualitative approach using one on one interviews and observations for data collection targeting members of the staff development committee in the thirteen (13) junior secondary schools in Gaborone. Snowball sampling was used to select participants and in all, thirty four (34) teachers were interviewed. Before coding, the data collected was subjected to interpretive validity by sharing interpretations with participants. To ensure intra researcher reliability, data was coded twice realizing a high consistency between the two codings. The coded data was then divided into meaningful units. Relationships between units were extracted to come up with meaningful conclusive themes that described success factor for implementation of PMS in Gaborone secondary schools. The study revealed that design and implementation, effective communication and feedback, motivation and clear assessment strategy are essential for the success of PMS.

211-216

Authors: ADIL O. BAHATHIQ & BAHAELDIN ELKHAIR ELAWAD

This was a cross-sectional anthropometric study carried out among female students at intermediate and secondary schools at Makkah Al-Mukarramah district. The main aim of this study was to determine the age of onset of menarche among these students and the relation of menarcheal age to anthropometric measurements represented by weight, height, and body mass index. The study revolving around 200 female students within the age range of 12 to 16 years. The study procedure consisted of collecting the data by way of anthropometric parameters and interview questionnaire. In this study the mean age at menarche was found to be 12.1 ± 1.1 year. The study revealed that menarche occurred at an earlier age in comparison to the last three decades worldwide. This is actually consistent with similar studies done recently. This earlier menarcheal age among the participants in our study may be justified by improvement in living conditions and prosperity of socio-economic status at Makkah AL-Mukarramah district.

223-230

Authors: SARMISHTA DEY, P. B. MAZUMDER & S. B. PAUL

Tea is the oldest, most popular, non alcoholic caffeine containing beverage, in the world. The presence of heavy metal even in trace amount causes adverse effect both in quality and quantitative production. The accumulation of heavy metal causes health issues also. In the present work we have studied the effect of chlorophyll content which is an important photosynthetic parameter with the high concentration of copper stress with respect to the days of the treatment in two different cultivars viz. TV-23, TV-17 in hydroponically system. Both shoot and root weight decreased progressively with increasing Cu concentration for Camellia sinensis. Negative linear relationships were observed between total Chlorophyll contents and Cu concentration. With the increase in the concentration of Cu even at trace level causes deleterious effect in the metabolism of plant especially photosynthetic activity which caused remarkable breakdown in the photosynthetic parameters. A significant decrease of chlorophyll started for both the cultivars was observed at concentrations above 300µM. From this study, we found the photosynthetic activity of TV-17 is more sensitive to Cu stress than that of TV-23.

241-246

Authors: HARIHAR SOLANKI, K. BORANA & T. ZAFAR

In the present ichthyofaunal study, a total of 29 fish species belonging to 10 families, 7 orders and 15 genera were recorded during Jan., 2013 to Dec., 2013 from the Wainganga River at Balaghat of Madhya Pradesh. On the basis of percentage composition and species richness, order Cypriniformes was dominant (18 species) followed by Ophiocephaliformes (4 species), Clupeiformes and Mastacembeliformes (2 species) and Beloniformes, Perciformes and Siluriformes (1 species each).

261-268

Authors: JUFRI JACOB & INDAH SUSILOWATI

This study is aimed to know about the application of good governance principles as an effort to empower micro small enterprise as stated in Republic of Indonesia Presidential Regulation number 54 year 2010. In addition, it also aims to understand the worthiness level and formulate empowerment strategy for small micro enterprise as supplier of public procurement. The result shows that average compliance level of Regional Working Unit (SKPD) in the research area is high, reaching 81.93 %. This compliance level consists of 82.25% efficiency, 84.25% effectiveness, 80.21% transparency, 83.44% openness, 81.91% competitiveness, 79.15% fairness/nondiscriminatory and 81.82% accountability. Analyzing 50 small micro enterprise respondent shows low result. By means of 24 worthiness variable values that must be fulfilled by small micro enterprise to qualify as supplier for government goods and services like stated in Republic of Indonesia Presidential Regulation number 54 year 2010, only 7 variables exhibit more than 50% worthiness score. While the other 17 variables show below 50% worthiness score. By means of Focus Group Discussion, micro small enterprise empowerment strategy can be done through 6 aspects. They are Business Aspect, Technology & Information Aspect, Human Resource Aspect, Lobbying Aspect, Stakeholder Role Aspect and Micro Small Enterprise Worthiness Aspect.

273-288

Authors: NWEKE, I. A & NNABUDE P. C

This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of cultivation and fallow on the Organic Carbon (OC), Total Nitrogen (TN), and available phosphorous (P) concentration in aggregate fractions of four soils. The four soils used for the study are; Entisol, Ultisol and two Inceptisols, all collected from four different locations in Nsukka area of Southeastern, Nigeria. The land use types considered were Fallow and Cultivated. The soils collected from 0-25 cm depth were separated into five aggregate fractions, 5-2 mm, 2-1mm, 1-0.5 mm, 0.5-0.25 mm and < 0.25 mm, and changes in their OC; TN and P concentrations due to cultivation were determined for both dry and wet sieved fractions. The result of the study showed that the OC concentration among the soils were in the order Entisol at Nsukka (ENsk) > Ultisol at Nsukka (UNsk) > Inceptisol at Eha-Amufu (IEh) > Inceptisol at Ikem (Iik). The total N concentration in dry sieved samples of ENsk was higher compared with those of similar fractions of UNsk, IEh and Iik, while wet sieved samples showed no consistence in the decrease of the TN concentration of the aggregate sizes. The total N concentration in both dry and wet sieved samples of UNsk increased progressively as the aggregate sizes decreased, while the highest TN in IEh was obtained in 0.5-0.25 mm aggregate size of dry sieved of fallow soil and wet sieved of cultivated soil. The lowest concentrations of TN in Iik was obtained in 1-0.5mm aggregate size for the dry sieved samples of fallow soil, and no particular change in the TN concentration of 1-0.5mm and 0.5-0.25mm size of cultivated soil. The wet sieved samples of the same soil showed that the highest concentration of TN was obtained in 0.5-0.25mm size in fallow soil and 17.3% decrease in < 0.25mm fraction relative to the 0.5-0.25mm fraction in cultivated soil. The TN concentration obtained in two Inceptisol in both dry and wet sieved samples of fallow and cultivated soil was low compared to the ones obtained from ENsk and UNsk. There was no uniform trend or pattern of available Phosphorous distribution in the aggregate fractions of dry and wet sieved samples. From the result of this study it can be deduced that the concentration of OC, TN and P of dry aggregate and wet aggregate fractions differ substantially even though their diameters are same. Hence their loss during fertility erosion will have differing impacts on the residual soil.

299-308

Authors: MURTAZA MUSTAFA, M. IFTIKHAR, M. IKRAM LATIF & RAJESH K. MUNAIDY

Brain abscess a potentially fatal disease, in the early days diagnosed only before autopsy. Brain abscesses in human are quite uncommon, certain underlying brain pathologies serve as a nidus for abscess. Classification of brain abscess on the basis of the likely entry point of infection. Most patients are presented with: Headache (70%), nausea and vomiting (50%), seizure (25-35%), nuchal rigidity and papilledema (25%), focal neurologic deficit (50%) and fever (45% to 50%). Mortality has ranged from 8% to 25%, poor diagnostic factors included, and underlying disease. Recent advances in the diagnosis and introduction of CT and, MRI scanning have reduced the mortality, Etiologic agents of brain abscess include: Streptococci, S.aureus, Bacteriodes, enteric gram bacilli, Pseudomonas spp., H.influenzae, S.pneumoniae, L.monocytogenes, fungi and protozoa. Diagnosis of brain abscess is a multidisciplinary include: Neuroradiologist, a neurosurgeon, and infectious disease specialist. CT and MRI scanning, image directed stereotactic aspiration and craniotomy are necessary in most cases. Empiric antimicrobial therapy should be initiated on diagnosis include: Vancomycin, third generation cephalosporin, clindamycin, trimethoprim-sulfamerthoxazolemeropenem, metronidazole, fluroquinolone, and fluconazole.