LARHYSS Journal

8

Authors: EL KADIRI A., BENCHEBAN A., AHMIAN N., OULDCHEAIB M., BAKKALI E. A., ISAAD J., CHERKAOUI DEKKAKI. H., HASSANI Z.M.

The objective of this study is to determine the physicochemical and bacteriological characteristics of an untreated leachate so as to analyse the environmental risks related to the direct disposal of this type of effluent in the natural medium without any prior treatment. The analytical results obtained from a series of leachate samples of a controlled discharge revealed high contents in nitrates (NO3– =1298,4 mg/L), phosphates (PO43- =143 mg/L) et Chlorides (Cl- =1221 mg/L). This mineral pollution is manifested in a high electrical conductivity that reaches 28752 µS/cm. Concerning organic pollution, the COD reached 11312 mgO2/L and the BOD is of 2623 mgO2/L. The BOD/ COD ratio being 0,23. The leachate studied is situated at an intermediate state of stabilisation.

13

Authors: HAOUCHINE A., HAOUCHINE F. Z., LABADI A.

The intrinsic vulnerability map of Sebaou groundwater system was drawn as part of a research work developed to characterize and evaluate the pollution risks for the coastal aquifers of northern Algeria. Established using "DRASTIC" model in a Geographical Information System (GIS) environment, this map (in 1/50,000th) shows that the study area is characterized by three vulnerability zones: low (5.4%), moderate (91.9%) and high (2.7%). The localization, with the same map, of existing and foreseeable potential pollution sources, allows water resource managers and land managers to develop the best choices on regard to the sustainable management of resources and environment.

14

Authors: BOUDOUKHA A., ATHAMNA M., BENAABIDAT L.

The chemical typology of the thermal spring of Sokhna Hammam was especially studied using geochemical tool by using inversed modeling. The application of various diagrams made it possible to determine the facies, the origin and the state of balance of the solid phase with the solid phase. This made it possible to realize that water is sulphated, chlorinated and sodic. This geochemical relationship is dependent on dissolution of evaporitic minerals, on the carbonated mineral precipitation and the alteration of silicates. The inversed modeling shows that the liquid phase contains 36 % of sulfate, 29 % of carbonates and 7 % of silica. The origin of the water is partially due to the infiltration of meteoric waters circulating in depth in sedimentary rocks.

15

Authors: HAOUCHINE A., HAOUCHINE F.Z., LABADI A.

The status of Algerian coastal aquifers and recent developments affecting them, show that the large deficits observed (on the basis of the confrontation-resource needs) will widen increasingly; in addition to the effects of climate changes which are significantly felt with a rainfall deficit estimated at around 30%. Moreover, to the risk of exhaustion is superimposed a qualitative resource degradation, mainly the risk of seawater intrusion and anthropogenic pollution related to agricultural and industrial activities. To overcome this, an ambitious strategy was developed. It materialized by a set of projects and actions, especially the mobilization of non-conventional resources such as desalination of sea water (950 hm3 / year by 2030) and reuse of wastewater (where 251stations will produce 1200 hm3 / year in 2030). It nevertheless remains that a rigorous policy of demand management is needed, this through: (i) scientific development (monitoring, modeling, information systems and decision support), (ii ) adequate management based on financial mechanisms in order to avoid waste, (iii) sensitization and communication policy.

16

Authors: MAOUDOMBAYE T., NDOUTAMIA G., SEID ALI M., NGAKOU A.

The major part of Logone Oriental region is not supplied by the adduction of potable waters. Consequently, community living around mostly those from the rural areas often fetches water from the well, fountains and rivers. This study was conducted to evaluate the quality of physico chemical resources in terms of waters consumed by those people. 30 sampled waters from the well, fountains and rivers were taken randomly according to the device sets. About 10 sources of water were selected each. To appreciate the quality of each sources selected, physico chemical parameters such as pH, temperature, electric conductivity, ions NO3-, NO2-, NH4+, F-, Cl- and Zn2+ were analyzed. The results from the physical point of view show that waters from the well and fountains have a pH which tend to be acid, from the chemical view point, fountains and rivers content ion nitrates above the WHO norms. Based on the parameters analyzed, the quality of each.

18

Authors: HEBABAZE S., NAHLI A., SEBBAR A., BADRI W., CHLAIDA M.

This study enters in the use recoverable rainwater approach as an alternative water resource of drinking water Indeed, the collection and reuse of rainwater can help to fill the water deficit and relieves pressure on water resources. In this context, we propose to conduct a study of rainfall in a public university institution with the aim of quantifying the volume of recoverable rainfall roof and characterize their physical quality in relation to their reuse in irrigation green spaces. The results show that the volume of recoverable rainwater roof can reach 2786 m3/year; pH varies between 7.7 and 8.5, and their contents of SS is 400 mg/l remaining substantially higher than water meteorites. In contrast, the levels of trace metals are low and only Zn can save an average grade of 273µg/l. This physicochemical profile appears comply with the limits Moroccan standards of irrigation water values.

18

Authors: BENGOUMI D., CHAHLAOUI A., BELGHITI L., TAHA I., SAMIH M., EL MOUSTAINE R.

In the units of the avicolous breeding, potable drinking water constitutes a fundamental importance in any breeding activity as it promotes healthy animal nutrition, and represents an ideal support to receive and convey the drugs and the complements essential to the good development of the intensive breeding. The goal of this study is to analyze the bacteriological quality of water in the avicolous breeding on the level of certain wells in the region of Meknes and Gharb in Morocco. The extraction of various water samples was carried out during four periods of year 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015. Overall, 92 water samples were collected and conveyed to the laboratory for a bacteriological analysis. The bacteriological results show that the quantities of the germs found exceed the allowed standards in poultry water and therefore do not respect the minimum water potability requirements recommended for watering poultry. Using water from these wells, without preliminary treatment, could not only affect poultry productivity, but also put at great risk the population relying on these same wells for their daily water supply.

19

Authors: AIT SAADI H., REMINI B., FARHI A.

In this study we treat one of the ksour that lies on the mountains of ksours of the Saharan Atlas. This is the Ksar of Tiout. These ancestral homes were constructed with exemplary architecture and with remarkable know that shows the genius of farmers. To understand the architectural art and techniques of construction of the Ksar of Tiout, we conducted several working missions in the oasis of Tiout in the years 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015. Of observations and investigations were conducted at the ksar and palm grove. The first results showed originality especially in the water supplies of ksar from an ancestral dam. Of the originalities have appeared in the construction and architecture of the Ksar. Anomalies are visible on the Ksar following the rehabilitation operation conducted in the early 2000s.

20

Authors: DIARRA M., KOUADIO L. D., MEITE L., SORO D.B., KOUAKOU K.P. ABOUA K.N., DEMBELE A., MAMADOU K., TRAORE K. S.

The study of the monitoring and of the dissipation relate 4 herbicides (simazine, prometryn, terbutryn and Terbuthylazyne) of the family of s-triazine compounds. The study of the monitoring has shown that the four molecules are presented, all year round in the waters studied. This study also showed that simazine was the most commonly detected pesticide. Indeed, it was found in 80% of the samples, the highest concentration was 1.84 mg/L. As for the study of the dissipation of the herbicides selected in phytosanitary effluents, it was made by direct photolysis under polychromatic irradiation (sunlight) and put in the darkness. The results of the study show that in the absence of light, the rate of degradation of these four compounds has been weaker. The light thus has a slight effect on the dissipation of molecules. The terbutryn and terbuthylazine were the compounds the more persistent in the aquatic environment.

22

Authors: BELLAHBIB N, REZQI H, OUJIDI M, BENGAMRA S,

The study area which is part of the Saïdia littoral consists of two parts: a fluvial portion between the bypass bridge and the mouth of the Moulouya river over a length of 5 km and littoral part between the Saïdia Marina port and the port of marine fisheries of Cap de l’Eau. Sea (L1 to L25) withdrawals have been made according to the radial oriented perpendicularly to the shore line. The average distance between two radial is of approximately 1,2 Km and between two successive samples is about 800 m. sampling in the river ( F1 to F5) were made in the minor bed of Oued Moulouya with 550 metres spacing. Following this oceanographic campaign, the sedimentological characterization of samples is based on granulometric, mineralogical, morphoscopic and calcimetric tests. The granulometric study showed that these sediments consist essentially of moderately graded sands. As to the morphoscopy of quartz, revealed the prevailence of the NU type to the west of the estuary of Moulouya river resulting from erosion of the cliffs calcarenitic and the predominance of the EL type, to the east of the estuary indicating an important marine reworking and the effect of the hydrodynamics of the littoral drift to the East of the beach. The mineralogical analysis of sands reveals the abundance of quartz on the rest of minerals such as feldspar, chlorite, mica and fragments of rocks. While the calcimetric analysis shows that all of the studied sediments contain levels which are around 40% in carbonate CaCO3 it is of essentially to the predominance of debris from shells in sediments specially at the level of the marine estrain.

9

Authors: AFROUZ A., HEIDARNEJAD M., AGHAMAJIDI M., JALILIAN H.R.

For 3 dimensional analysis of flow regime, numerical solution of nervier-stocks at T shape intake structure and study effect of diverting angle is necessary. For achieving this purpose, and in order to study effect of angle on flow characteristics at side intakes, numerical simulation had been utilized (with using fluent numerical model). In this software, turbulent model of k-e has been utilized. As a result it has been concluded that, this model has acceptable potential power to predict flow behavior through straight channel.

12

Authors: BENREJDAL F., GHOUALEM H.

Water is vital to all living things. It is important to have in long-term in sufficient quantity and quality to ensure a healthy and safe life. In this work, a particular attention is given to rain waters and their re-use. During precipitations, rainwater by scrubbing and streaming mobilize the pollution accumulated in dry weather. The aim of this study was, in a first time, to investigate the characteristic of rainwaters. In a second time, a treatment by an aerobic biological process by planted filters of reeds is studied. The physical and chemical parameters analyzed were: pH, conductivity, TSS and the ions NH4+, NO3-, NO2-, PO43-. The results obtained of the physical and chemical analysis of the parameters showed that the content of certain parameters exceeds the standards of potability. The results of physical and chemical analysis of the parameters after treatment showed an elimination of: 64.82, 62.77, 62.28 and 51.63% respectively for PO43-, NH4+, turbidity and TSS. This technique of treatment can be considered for improvement of the quality of rainwater recovered after streaming on roofs and used as source of drinking water in areas where this resource can be of great importance.

12

Authors: DJELLOULI F., BOUANANI A., BABA-HAMED K.

The global hydrological models simulate the transformation of rainfall - runoff on natural basins, for many practical applications in the domain of water resource management (including the forecast flows, management of retaining structures the dimensioning of hydraulic structures, etc.). Many researches have therefore attached, for over a century, trying to understand the generation process of flow and functioning of watershed hydrology production entity and concentration of flows. This work is based on modeling the transformation of rain to flow and its representation on monthly and daily scale on watershed of Oued Louza whose area is of 746km² by using the model Rural Engineering GR (GR2M and GR4J) whose input parameters the rainfall and ETP calculated by the method of Oudin and output parameters is formed dept of runoff. The results indicate that the model takes into account of the different exchanges (atmosphere and underground) and tank capacity. It appeared that the transition from monthly to daily scale has added important gains especially in performance.

15

Authors: HAMZAOUI S., GUERGAZI S.

The main objective of our study is to test the performance of activated carbon powder and grains in the elimination of tyrosine and histidine in the presence of humic substances separately. The tests made in synthetic solutions of distilled water. Different reaction parameters were tested. The results showed that in the presence of humic substances activated carbon whatsoever powder or grain presented a good removal efficiency of tyrosine and histidine, but it is always lower than the yields obtained in the removal of these two amino acids alone. The kinetic model of the second order applies well in the case of systems adsorbent/ adsorbate studied. By varying the mass of tyrosine and histidine from 2 to 12 mg / L, in the presence of individual 10 mg / L of humic substances, activated carbon powder marked a better elimination of tyrosine and histidine. The presence of humic substances, the variation of the mass of activated carbon has recorded that there is an increase in the removal efficiencies of tyrosine and histidine to an equal mass of adsorbent to 4g and an appreciable reduction in yield appeared.

16

Authors: ABDI I., MEDDI M.

The ATHYS software meets in a friendly environment and homogeneous set of spatialized hydrological models involving treatments hydro-climatic and geographic data, it allows us to apply a variety of distributed models and generate a time series of flows on Basic rainy observed after an automatic calibration parameters taken by default over known rains and flows, this in terms of hourly data, the results were compared with results from a HEC-HMS Global model. The study highlighted the performance of distributed models to generate flows calculated from observed rainfall. Two rural watersheds in eastern Algeria were the subject of this study, the watershed of Bouhamdene (wilaya of Guelma) and the watershed Kissir (wilaya of Jijel). Several models have been applied, the model combining CBS production function and the transfer function Lag&route, the model combining SCS production function and the transfer function Lag & geomorphological road model combining SCS production function and function Simple kinematic wave transfer and global model SCS (HEC-HMS). The model combines the SCS production function and the simple kinematic wave transfer function gave the best results for all events and for the two watersheds studied giving a Nash coefficient of 0.92 for Bouhamdene’s watershed and 0.96 for Kissir’s watershed.

17

Authors: BAHIR M., EL MOUKHAYAR R., CARREIRA P. SOUHEL A.

Climate aridity and intensive exploitation due to uncontrolled pumping for irrigation have caused a drastic decrease in the piezometric level aquifers of ouazzi basin plain, and have seriously degraded groundwater quality. Overexploitation of coastal aquifers and pollution vulnerability are among the main problems related to groundwater resources assessment and management in arid and semi-arid regions threatened by desertification being the only source for agricultural and public water supply. The overall objective of this study is to identify the possible human impact on groundwater quality, and the elaboration of a conceptual circulation model of Essaouira coastal aquifer (W Morocco). A study was conducted, having as main goal the characterization of the groundwater evolution from the chemical and isotopic point of view from the recharge areas towards the coast line. Groundwater samples from Plio-Quaternary and Turonian aquifers were collected and analysed: i) variable electric conductivity from 900 µs/cm to 3880 µs/cm with similar Cl-Na facies; ii) carbon-14 varies from30 to 60 pMC, with3H levels (Ouazzi Basin) below the detection limit, SW of Essaouira city, tritium content range between 1.5 and 3 TU.

17

Authors: CHIBANE B., BENTCHAKAL M., MEDJERAB A., BENFARES B.

The social and economic role of precipitation is crucial in a region such as the watershed Macta, subjects to influences in turn Mediterranean and Sahara. The rainfall varies from one point to another, and its distribution over the twelve months of the year fluctuates considerably, this excessive concern irregularity anyone interested in the study of precipitation in order to development and enhancement of agricultural land. In this study, we use Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to regionalize the annual rainfall by analyzing on the first principal factor. The regions obtained are validated by a more appropriate method, which is the Factor Analysis (CVA). The study of the structure of the rain is done by using the aver variogram. The isotropy of the rainfall field is analyzed by directional variograms. An optimal map of the rainfall is derived by Kriging neighborhood in rolling; a map to estimate interpolation errors will accompany it.

18

Authors: KHELILI H., ACHOUR S.

The objective of this study is to demonstrate the reactivity of simple organic compounds such as pyromellitic acid and salicylic acid towards chlorine on the one hand and the other hand of aluminium sulphate. It is also to test the impact of a combined treatment flocculation / chlorination on the removal of these organic compounds. The results of the coagulation-flocculation trials of salicylic acid and pyromellitic acid with aluminum sulfate in distilled water showed that their removal to a pH = 7 is performed with variable yields according to the organic compound structure. It also showed the complexity of the mechanisms involved and their close dependence on the nature and number of acid groups substituting the aromatic ring. Formation in significant amounts of aluminum hydroxide may be made and then promote a physical adsorption phenomenon or a ligand exchange with the OH- ions to the surface of this hydroxide. Experimental chlorination tests highlighted that chlorine consumption potentials are significant. When the solutions of the organic acids may have undergone a coagulation-flocculation followed by a post-chlorination, the products formed are, according to the dosage of chlorine, largely, complex aromatic structures and still absorb in the UV.

22

Authors: M’SADAK Y., BEN M’BAREK A.

A direct assessment was devoted to a set of culture substrates based in mixing of peat and methacompost poultry refined (MCA) with or without the addition of forestry raw compost (CSB). After the implementation of the tests of maturity, growing substrates considered have underwent chemical analysis (pH, electrical conductivity, salinity, organic matter, total organic carbon, total nitrogen, C/N, mineral contents). The Substrates tested have unveiled a relatively immaturity, an acid pH and salinity generally low. The MCA has been very rich in nitrogen and rich in other minerals (K...). Such characteristics indicate that incorporation with peat in a proportion of 10-20% could be conceivable by taking the necessary precautions.

7

Authors: BOUDJELAL S., FOURAR A., HADAD D., MERROUCHI F..

Dans les aménagements des ressources en eau, la modélisation numérique reste toujours un moyen très fiable. En effet, par définition le modèle est un outil qui permet d’écrire un phénomène physique. Si celui-ci s’est réalisé, on peut, par simulation, le reconstruire et apporter des informations sur les conditions qui sont nécessaires à son déroulement. Il faut souligner cependant que la simulation et la prédiction ne sont valables que dans la mesure où le modèle est validé. On peut citer de nombreuses applications de la modélisation numérique des écoulements à surface libre à l’aménagement des ressources en eau, à la protection de l’environnement, des écosystèmes et la simulation des écoulements dus aux ruptures de barrages, la présence des déversoirs dans des canaux, etc. Dans cette présente contribution l'objectif que nous nous sommes assigné est la modélisation numérique bidimensionnelle des écoulements brusquement instationnaires, en l’occurrence le ressaut de façon particulière et l'évolution des hauteurs et des vitesses dans le cas de la présence de un ou plusieurs obstacles, dans un canal prismatique ouvert.

9

Authors: NAITALI F., GHOUALEM H.

La dépollution des eaux usées avant rejet dans les milieux aquatiques est devenue un impératif réglementaire à l'échelle mondial, justifié par la protection de l'environnement et de la santé publique. Cette dépollution est le plus souvent réalisée dans des usines de traitement centralisées, vers lesquelles sont acheminés les effluents produits dans une zone couvrant souvent toute une agglomération. À l’heure actuelle, la présence de résidus de médicaments dans les matrices environnementales aqueuses est devenue un sujet de préoccupation mondial dans les domaines de l'environnement et de la Santé Publique. En Algérie le traitement des eaux usées urbaines et industrielles, est réalisé par boues activées. La majeure partie des rejets pharmaceutiques arrivant aux stations d’épuration ne sont pas complètement éliminés ils sont rejetés sous forme de contaminants dans les eaux réceptrices. On se propose dans cette étude de faire le point sur une méthode basée sur l’intelligence artificielle (les réseaux de neurones multicouche) permettant une utilisation améliorée et fiabilisée des caractéristiques des boues activées. On vise donc à quantifier l’effet de rejets d’un mélange de médicaments sur les paramètres physicochimiques des boues activées lors d’un traitement biologique et de voir aussi quels sont les paramètres à prendre en considération pour décrire la composition de la biomasse épuratrice assurant la dégradation.

10

Authors: BOUKLIA-HASSANE R., YEBDRI D.

Ce travail est une contribution à la gestion des ressources en eau dans la Wilaya d’Oran à l’aide d’une analyse prospective sur l’horizon 2012-2030. Quatre secteurs dans la modélisation sont distingués : les ménages, les services publics, l’industrie et le secteur agricole. Concernant la demande d’eau potable et industrielle, le travail simule à travers des variantes alternatives les effets de l’évolution des paramètres de base du modèle (croissance démographique, taux de raccordement des habitations, taux d’occupation par logement, niveau des revenus, choix technologiques industriels,…). Le secteur agricole est ensuite intégré dans le système hydraulique. Après avoir évalué l’évolution des besoins en eau d’irrigation par la méthode de la FAO, les simulations d’un modèle rainfall-runoff montrent que c’est surtout le traitement du retour des eaux provenant des ménages et des collectivités et son utilisation par le secteur agricole qui permettront de résoudre la question de l’eau dans la Wilaya. Globalement, les simulations montrent que le traitement de 60% des eaux rejetées par le secteur des ménages, des services collectifs et de l’industrie permet, à côté de la mise en place d’un GPI, une croissance de 5,5% des superficies agricoles irriguées de la Wilaya sur l’horizon 2012-2030.

11

Authors: MENANI M.R.

Le SASS couvre une superficie d’environ 1 000 000 km², il est partagé par l’Algérie, la Libye et la Tunisie. Il est situé dans une zone hyper aride avec une recharge actuelle minime mais un grand volume stocké, évalué entre 20 000 et 31 000 km3. Depuis 1970 à nos jours, l’exploitation du SASS est passée de 0,6 à plus de 2,5 milliards m3/an., d’où des risques majeurs de salinisation des eaux, de réduction de l’artésianisme, de tarissement des exutoires naturels, de baisse de la piézométrie, d’augmentation des rabattements ou d’interférences des périmètres de captage entre pays…Ce qui menace à terme la durabilité du développement socio-économique engagé dans l’ensemble de la zone. Pour parer au mieux à ces risques et surtout pour mieux s’en prémunir, un processus de coopération a été initié depuis 1998 sous l’égide de l’observatoire du Sahara septentrional (OSS) en partenariat avec les institutions en charge des ressources en eau dans les 3 pays. L’importance de cet immense réservoir pour le développement de la zone SASS et la nécessité de sa gestion durable et concertée a amené à une entente pour son étude en plusieurs phases : la caractérisation hydrogéologique du système aquifère et sa modélisation, l’identification des risques environnementaux et l’inclusion de l’aspect socio-économique dans des scénarios de développement. Les ressources en eau du SASS sont très faiblement renouvelables, environ 1 milliard de m3/an, vis-à-vis des prélèvements actuels estimés à 2,5 milliards de m3/an. La prise en compte de cette donnée a été déterminante pour pousser les scientifiques à établir la meilleure modélisation conceptuelle possible du système qui soit à même de permettre d’envisager différents scénarios d’exploitation de la ressource tout en tenant compte des perspectives de développement socio-économique de chacun des 3 pays. Les données actuelles, quoique rassurantes, ne signifient pas l’inexistence, à court ou moyen terme, d’un risque de conflit autour de ces eaux transfrontalières. En effet, le problème mérite d’être analysé à travers plusieurs indicateurs qui ont un impact sur ce risque. L’objectif de cette note est d’évaluer le risque de conflit autour des eaux du SASS à travers un indice global exprimé numériquement sur la base de la combinaison de poids et de cotes de plusieurs indicateurs qui ont, directement ou indirectement, un impact sur le risque de conflit. L’indice global de risque de conflit obtenu pour le cas du SASS semble refléter correctement la situation qui y prévaut actuellement. La comparaison de ce résultat avec ceux obtenus pour les eaux transfrontalières du bassin du Jourdain (risque élevé) et ceux du système aquifère du Guarani (risque faible), conforte l’échelle des valeurs adoptée dans cette méthode d’indexation numérique.

14

Authors: DRIAS T., TOUBAL A.C.

Une nouvelle méthodologie est proposée pour la caractérisation de la vulnérabilité à la pollution des nappes d’eau souterraine libres. Cette méthodologie constitue une amélioration de la méthode DRASTIC, universellement utilisée. La vulnérabilité à la pollution est basée uniquement sur les paramètres relatifs à la recharge, au sol (pente et nature) et à la zone non saturée (faciès et épaisseur) de l'aquifère, tandis que la méthodologie proposé est basée uniquement sur les paramètres propres à la zone saturée. Cette méthodologie a été appliquée au bassin de l’oued Ksob situé à l’extrême Est Algérien renfermant une nappe fortement sollicité, qui s’étend sur environ 320 km² d’extension. Les résultats ont montré que cette nappe est caractérisée par une vulnérabilité globalement moyenne à faible. Les champs captant d’eau potable (produisant environ 400 l/s) sont par contre situés dans des secteurs de moyenne à forte vulnérabilité à la pollution, leur protection par des périmètres de protection rapprochée et éloignée est recommandée dans les plus brefs délais.

14

Authors: SBAI G., LOUKLI M.

Olive waste waters is identified as a by-product of the industry of the olive oil. Its rejection without any preliminary treatment damages the environment and raises of severe problem. This olive waste waters is rich in organic matter, especially polyphenols which makes these effluents very toxic. In this work we made a treatment of olive waste waters by electrochemical way. The purpose of this study consists in making physico-chemical analyses of raw and treated samples and the identification of compounds present in olive waste waters before and after treatment by gas-phase chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy. These analyzes showed that these effluents were characterized by a highly acidic pH (5.02) and are loaded with organic materials, chemical oxygen demand (COD) (32.71 g O2 / l), a dissolved oxygen commandment of 0.5 mg / l and polyphenols (1.22 g / l).

15

Authors: BRINIS N., BOUDOUKHA A., AHMED HAMEL A.

This paper is about groundwater’s quality in Ghassira which is located in El-Abiod valley in eastern Algeria. The water is used for human consumption and irrigation. The different layers belong to several types of rocks (limestone and evaporate ...). To study the behaviour of dissolved salts in this water, we have used geology of the aquifers and statistics. This combination gives us information about minerals those are responsible of water’s quality. 80% of analyzed samples are influenced by evaporate rocks (gypsum, halite…) and 20% by limestone. Many processes have generated these two classes and are relating, especially, with the rocks of aquifers.

16

Authors: BOUCHEMAL F., ACHOUR S.

This study's main objective is the diagnosis of the quality of groundwater in the Biskra area. The analysis of the physico-chemical quality included 12 samples from boreholes in different aquifers exploited in the area, used for human consumption. The results showed that the water of the limestone aquifer (Maestrichian) is better than other aquifers (phreatic, Miopliocene, Eocene). This affects more particularly the pH, conductivity (mineralization), total hardness and the concentration of the major elements. The study of the pollution parameters showed that there was an excess in the concentration of nitrate and manganese and the ammonia. This may possibly be due to the proximity of agricultural land as well as industrial areas in the case of some boreholes. To this end, continuous assessment of the water quality is imperative and treatment to reduce the deterioration of water quality and eliminate health problems may be necessary.

6

Authors: PULIDO BOSCH A., SOLA F.

La construction de tunnels présente des caractéristiques bien singulières qui dépendent souvent de la présence ou de l’absence d’eau dans les formations traversées, au point de conditionner leur tracé définitif et, parfois, de produire un impact difficile à atténuer. En raison de l’exécution du train à grande vitesse en Andalousie, le tunnel d’Archidona, d’à peine un kilomètre de longueur, traverse des marno-calcaires, des calcaires et des dolomies, des argiles, de grands blocs et des matériaux sableux, avec quelques tronçons au-dessous du niveau piézométrique. Dans cette communication nous décrivons le tunnel dans la phase de projet, les modifications quant au projet original, afin d’éviter la présence d’eau, et la répercussion sur les usages de celle-ci sur l’environnement. Nous analysons également les forages de recherche réalisés, les suivis, et les réponses des systèmes aux événements pluvieux à grande intensité, qui ont modifié considérablement les conditions hydrogéologiques initiales. L’existence de formes karstiques et de fractures transmissives conditionne les débits drainés par le tunnel suite aux événements pluvieux. Les observations réalisées permettent de quantifier le temps de réponse à ces événements. Ce tunnel est déjà terminé.

8

Authors: BACHA N., ACHOUR S.

L’objectif de cette étude est d’apprécier l’influence de divers paramètres réactionnels sur le dosage stœchiométrique coagulant/matière organique naturelle au cours de l’élimination de substances humiques par coagulation-floculation au sulfate d’aluminium. Les essais de Jar-test sont réalisés sur des solutions d’acide humique dissous dans l’eau distillée. Les résultats obtenus indiquent que l’efficacité du procédé ainsi que le dosage du coagulant dépendent du pH du milieu de dilution et de la concentration initiale du composé organique. Les mécanismes prédominants dans le processus d’élimination de l’acide organique testé seraient des phénomènes de compléxation ou d’échanges de ligands avec les espèces aluminiques insolubles ou solubles. La mise en évidence d’une stœchiométrie des réactions a montré que les lois reliant le dosage du coagulant à la concentration initiale de l’acide humique dépendaient essentiellement du pH de l’eau.

9

Authors: BENHAMZA M., LARABA A., PICARD-BONNAUD F.

Les gisements de mercure de la zone d’étude sont situés sur le flanc Nord de la chaîne calcaire, au Sud de la ville d’Azzaba, Nord-est Algérie. Les différents indices minéralisés affleurant dans la dorsale kabyle sont classés en polymétalliques (Pb, Zn, Cu) et mercuro polymétalliques (Hg, Pb, Zn, Cu). Les argiles et les grès de l’Oligocène présentent des teneurs en fond géochimique en Hg faible (0.6 ppm), Pb (30 ppm), Zn (60 ppm), par contre celles du cuivre sont relativement élevée (80 ppm). Pour les roches calcaires et les grès carbonatés de la dorsale, les teneurs en fond du mercure sont variables de 0.2 à 1.5 ppm ; les teneurs en Cu, Pb et Zn sont élevées. La zone d’étude est caractérisée par deux nappes aquifères : La nappe phréatique Oligocène et la nappe profonde du Paléocène-éocène, elles sont séparées par les roches imperméables du Paléozoïque et du lutétien-Priabonien, qui représentent la minéralisation mercurielle de Cinabre (HgS) caractérisée par des micros brèches calcaires, des argiles et des calcaires. Les résultats d’analyses sur neuf forages et deux sources dans les deux différents aquifères montrent trois principaux faciès le bicarbonaté calcique, le sulfaté calcique et le bicarbonaté magnésien. Les eaux souterraines de la nappe Oligocène présentent des teneurs élevées en mercure et en plomb. L’analyse en composante principale (A.C.P) a permis de regrouper les individus étudiés présentant le même faciès chimique. Les individus ont été regroupés selon leurs teneurs élevées en mercure et en plomb. L’enrichissement des eaux en Hg dans la nappe Oligocène n’est donc pas du au lessivage des formations géologiques encaissantes mais plutôt aux rejets hydriques de l’usine de mercure.

10

Authors: AZIZI Y., BOUMEZBEURA A., MENANI M.R., BOUCENNA F.

This research work deals with the problem of karst sinkhole collapse occurring in the last few years in Cheria area. This newly revealed phenomenon is of a major constrain in land use planning and urbanization, it has become necessary to assess the stability of these underground features before any planning operation. Laboratory testing and field work were undertaken in order to determine both intact rock and rock mass properties. All the rock mechanics testing and measurement were undertaken according to the ISRM recommendations. It has been found that under imposed loading, the stability of the karst cavities depends on the geo-mechanical parameters (Rock Masse Rating; RMR, Geological Strength Index; GSI, and Young Modulus; E) of the host rock as well as the depth and dimensions of the gallery. It increases with RMR, GSI, E and depth and decreases as the cavity becomes wider. Furthermore, the calculation results show that a ratio (roof thickness to gallery width) of 0.3 and more indicate, a stable conditions. The results obtained in this work allow identifying and assessing the stability of underground karst cavities. The methodology followed in this paper can be taken as a road map in the establishment of a hazard map related to the studied phenomenon. This map will be a useful tool for the future urban extension planning in Cherea area.

10

Authors: KHELIEL O., OUAKOUAK A.E.K., YOUCEF L., ACHOUR S.

En Algérie, les pratiques de fertilisation intense des sols dans certaines plaines agricoles et les rejets d’effluents industriels et domestiques ont augmenté la teneur en nitrates des eaux des nappes dans plusieurs régions durant ces dernières années. Diverses méthodes de dénitrification des eaux sont applicables pour satisfaire aux normes de potabilité. L’objectif de cette étude est d’observer l’efficacité de deux procédés physico-chimiques pour la dénitrification des eaux souterraines destinées à l’alimentation en eau potable. Le premier étant l’adsorption sur charbon actif en grains (CAG) et en poudre (CAP). Le deuxième procédé est la coagulation-floculation au sulfate d’aluminium. Les essais d’adsorption des nitrates ont montré que la rétention des nitrates sur le CAG et sur le CAP est plus efficace à pH 4. Quelque soit l’adsorbant testé, en solutions synthétiques, ou en eau de forage, on a constaté une désorption des nitrates au-delà du temps d’équilibre. Ce temps varie selon l’adsorbant. L’efficacité de dénitrification avec le CAG ou avec le CAP est améliorée avec l’augmentation de la teneur initiale en nitrates et atteint des rendements satisfaisants. Ce qui mène à confirmer que ce procédé semble être efficace pour les eaux chargées en ce polluant. La coagulation-floculation au sulfate d’aluminium présente un intérêt pratique si l’eau brute est fortement chargée en nitrates. Ce procédé nécessite de fortes doses en sulfate d’aluminium. Les rendements de dénitrification peuvent être améliorés par ajout du charbon actif en poudre comme adjuvant de coagulation.

11

Authors: CHEBIL AJJABI L., CHOUBA L.

Aquaculture releases large amount of nutrients, generated by cultured organisms into aquatic ecosystems. For their growth, seaweeds are efficient in reducing nutrients and at the same time provide extra income when species of economic importance are used. This study aims to compare the efficiency of the red algae Gracilaria bursa-pastoris and the green algae Ulva sp. in the removal of nutrients from fish culture effluents and the production of useful algal biomass. The study on growth and biofiltration capacity of the alga was conducted under laboratory and lasted two weeks. The results showed that in the first height hours, the two algae reduced significantly the concentrations of the analyzed nutrients (NH4+, NO3- et PO43+). However, Ulva sp. was faster to absorb the maximum of nutrients. At the same time, both algae increased their biomass and the specific growth rate of G. bursa-pastoris and Ulva sp. were 1.97 and 2.74%d-1 respectively. The results obtained in this study indicated that both algae can be used in aquaculture as a biofilter and the produced algal biomass offers alternatives for biotechnology aspects.

12

Authors: ELAHCENE O., REMINI B., TERFOUS A., GHENAIM A.

The sediment transport is its importance, a major problem (agricultural land, siltation of selected …). In Algeria, it is measured in the watershed gauging stations for almost all episodes of flow. Generally, it is limited to the suspension flow. Our study is based on the watershed of wadi Bellah, Algeria. It is located in semi-arid. The data acquired by the station Pont RN 11 (sediment concentrations C (g/l) and liquid flow rates Ql (m3/s)) and used for quantification of daily transport in suspension were analyzed to determine their reliability and validity based on the evolution of Qs = C.Ql and Ql. This data is performed by the National Water Resources Agency (ANRH, Algeria) between 1974 and 1999. Generally, best results are obtained by an equation of type: Qs = a.Qlb with, Qs sediment discharge (Kg/s), Ql, average daily flow (m3/s) and a, b are empirical coefficients. And the results show that the value of the average specific degradation is comparable to that found for other regions in similar hydrological regime.

16

Authors: TANOUAYI G., GNANDI K., AHOUDI H., OURO-SAMA K.

This study aims to characterize the trace metal pollution (Cd, Pb, Ni and Cu) surface water and groundwater in the mining area of operation phosphates Hahotoè-Kpogamé to assess the health risk for people. Samples were analyzed by the method of atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results show that the surface water and groundwater are contaminated by these trace metals in particular lead and cadmium. It has been observed average maximum levels of cadmium of 24.74 g / l and lead of 258.9 mg / l in groundwater who are higher than the WHO standard for drinking water. These levels reflect the evidence of the bad quality of these waters with higher hazard quotients measured at 1 in the groundwater. The consumption of these waters without treatment could have negative impacts on human health in general and children in particular.

16

Authors: BOUHELAL A., BRIMA A., DERFOUF C.E., MOUMMI N.

The works allows to studying theoretically (numerical method + solver Fluent) the flow around the profile. Our attention will be principally takes on the description of the parallel and homogeneous flow. In the same context and in the case of the potential flow, we will take the perturbed function φ caused by the presence of the profile. The mathematical formulation of the problem gives for different Mach number several forms of differential equations as (linear or non linear). The solution found for each Mach number interval allows a good understanding of the flow behaviors inside the studies field.

24

Authors: FOSSOU R.M.N, LASM T., SORO N., SORO T., SORO G., DE LASME O.Z., BAKA D., ONETIE O.Z., OROU R.,

This study focuses on the departments of Bocanda and Dimbokro at the east-central Côte d'Ivoire. It aims to study climate variability in these areas and show its impact on groundwater resources. Hydroclimatic data were used. Several statistical methods (reduced centered indexes, Hubert-test, Pettit-test, Mann-Kendall and Sen's tests) and balance (Thornwaithe method) were used. The application of reduced centered indexes showed a climate variability characterized by alternating periods wet, normal and dry. Statistical methods have detected some breaks happen in 1968 for Dimbokro and 1975 for M'Bahiakro and Bocanda. These breaks are accompanied with a downward trend of rainfall from 10 to 18% and the infiltrated water from 19 to 33%. These results showed existence of climate variability and its real impact on the groundwater resources of departments Bocanda and Dimbokro. They can be used to better manage their resources.