Journal of World's Poultry Research

48-58

Authors: Hosnia Swafy Abdel-Mohsein *, Manal Abdalla Mohamed Mahmoud, AwadAbdel-Hafez Ibrahim

ntibiotics are used in poultry farms to enhance growth, feed efficiency and reduce diseases. Additionally, prophylactic treatment is common during periods of stress. Tetracyclines are the most commonly used antimicrobials in food-producing animals. In Egypt veterinary antibiotics are easily accessible with the increased intensive poultry production therefore, this study was conducted to estimate tetracyclines' residue in poultry tissues collected from broiler farms in Upper Egypt. Four members of tetracycline group; Oxytetracycline (OTC), Tetracycline (TC), Doxycycline (DOC) and Chlortetracycline (CTC) were evaluated in 282 samples (muscle, liver and kidney samples)using HPLC. OTC residue was detected in 50, 100 and 93 % of muscle, liver and kidney samples, respectively, while TC residue could be detected in 69, 72 and 86 %, respectively. For DOC and CTC, none of the analyzed samples showed value below their corresponding limit of detection. OTC, DOC and TC highest levels were recorded in liver; 7.23, 20.43 and 1.06µg/g, respectively followed by that of the kidney samples. The residues in all muscle and liver samples were higher than the maximum residue limits of both FAO and FDA reports for DOC. Furthermore, muscle and liver samples exceeded these guideline limits for CTC and OTC, respectively. Health risk of tetracyclines' residue for Egyptian population was estimated to ensure the hygienic fitness for secure consumption. In both adults and kids, the assessed risk for DOC in muscle, liver and kidney was distinctively. The assessed risk of OTC residue in liver and CTC in muscle in adults was also distinctively. Moreover, the assessed risk of TC in Kids for muscle and liver was considerable. So, the potential health hazard for Egyptian population was high from consumption of poultry edible especially liver containing high level of DOC and OTC.

63-71

Authors: Charity Masole 1 , Gare Keabetswe Mphothwe 1 , John Cassius Moreki 2*

he poultry industry in Botswana has experienced tremendous growth over time and remains the most celebrated example of import substitution, which has resulted in the achievement of national food self-sufficiency. This study evaluated and characterized the structure of poultry value chain in Botswana. Specifically, it identified the actors, linkages, challenges faced by the players; and also assessed the relative importance of specific flows of poultry products. A structured questionnaire was administered to 40 poultry farmers, 10 input dealers, 10 retail stores and 5 Ministry of Agriculture extension staff using a purposive sampling technique. The results showed market access for small-scale farmers was undermined by the increasing complexity of value chain and increased vertical coordination of resources. Therefore, the reality of economies of scale and the need to establish strong marketing links with existing supermarkets by smallholder farmers for a more competitive poultry industry is inevitable. The poultry market structure is dominated by a few large-scale farmers. On a Likert scale of 1 to 4, these farmers scored an average of 3.62 in comparison to 2.60 scored by small-scale farmers, when their working relationship levels with other players were explored. These results implied that large-scale farmers have stronger linkages. The study also found out that poultry industry still faces some challenges that impede its growth and one such challenge is high feed prices. Therefore, policies aimed at supporting the industry players must be developed with a view to ensuring sustainable development of the subsector and enhancing the benefit derived by the player.

29-31

Authors: Sobhan Firouzi

The objective of present study was to investigate the effects of spiking of young and/or old males on broiler breeders flock hatchability levels and testicular weight at 45 weeks of age. Two hundred and fifty two female broiler breeders (Ross 308) were assigned to three groups at 24 weeks of age. Adding of males to females groups was carried out at 24, 45 and 45 weeks of age in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Males of group 1 and 2 had 23 weeks of age and males of group 3 had 45 weeks of age. In group 3, adding young males, increased hatchability more than group 2 (P<0.05) but it wasn’t statistically different from group 1 (P>0.05). No signi ficant difference was observed in testicular weight between the treatment groups; however, testicular weight of group 3 was slightly more than the other groups (P>0.05).

10-18

Authors: Hudaa Neetoo

The present study was carried out to compare the microbiological status of raw chicken thighs purchased from two main markets and chilled retail outlets of Mauritius. In order to determine the microbiological acceptability of the lots sold in the different outlets, random representative samples were purchased and microbiologically analysed for Total Viable Counts (TVC), Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp. Two independent trials were conducted and the results were interpreted against published microbiological criteria for raw poultry. Microbiological results indicated that the lots of raw chicken at the two markets and one chilled outlet were deemed unacceptable for sale when compared with the microbiological criteria for acceptable lots. In addition, the results showed that the population of TVC (5.8 log cfu/g) and presumptive Staphylococcus aureus (4.7 log cfu/g) were significantly higher in chicken purchased from markets than chilled outlets (P<0.05). Findings of the present study highlight the need for public health officials to enforce stricter hygiene and food safety measures against market retailers of raw chicken.

82-85

Authors: Oladele Omolade

The Nigerian Indigenous breeds of Chicken (NIC) have thrived in harsh tropical environment with little veterinary care and poor nutrition compared with the introduced exotic breeds which performs sub-optimally in the tropics. However, they receive little attention for commercial production in spite of low input required. A comparative assessment of cellular immune response of the indigenous and exotic breeds was carried out to provide scientific explanation for their hardy nature and justify production for economic purposes. Fifteen chickens from each of three indigenous breeds i.e. Frizzled- feathered, Naked-neck and Smooth-feathered, and 8 Isa Brown pullets were 10 weeks old and reared in separate cages. The chickens were stabilized and administered Newcastle Disease Vaccine (NDV), LaSota strain. At 14 and 16 weeks old, all breeds were administered NDV Komarov strain in Freund’s adjuvant and in PBS intramuscularly as sensitizing and challenge inoculants, respectively. They were bled for serum 5 days later and concentrations of Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) were determined using competitive Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results showed that the Frizzled-feathered chickens had the highest concentration of IFNgamma (58±2.8 pg/ml) which was significantly higher than 49±3.2 pg/ml and 44±2.5 pg/ml recorded for Smooth-feathered and Isa brown breeds respectively. Also, concentration in Naked-neck breed was 54±2.9 pg/ml, which was significantly higher than Isa Brown. Isa Brown had the significantly lowest concentration. It was concluded that the three NIC studied, have inherent capacity to mount higher levels of cellular immune response compared with the exotic Isa brown, when challenged.

89-93

Authors: Omonona Abosede Olayemi , Afusat Jagun Jubril and Adewole Augustine Adekola

Village weavers (Ploceus cucullatus) are ubiquitous passerine birds found in Nigeria. Researches on avian haemoparasites in domestic and wild birds in Nigeria have been receiving considerable attention over the years. In recent studies, the commonly reported haemoparasites include Haemoproteus sp, Plasmodium sp., Leucocytozoon, Hepatozoon and nematode microfilariae. These haemoparasites have been associated with several pathologic changes and diseases in affected birds. However, there is dearth of information on the prevalence of haemoparasites associated with village weaver in Nigeria. This present study evaluated the prevalence of haemoparasites in village weavers birds found in Ibadan, Nigeria and the associated haematological changes. 30 weaver birds were captured from the suburb of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. The buffy coat smears of the birds were made to ascertain the prevalence of haemoparasites using light microscopy to determine the morphological characteristics of the haemoparasites observed. The morphological characteristics of the haemoparasites observed were consistent with Haemoproteus spp., Leucocytozoon spp., Plasmodium spp., and microfilariae. Out of the total number of the village weavers sampled, 22 (73.33%) had one or more haemoparasites. Haemoproteus spp was observed in 19 (63.33%) birds, microfilariae was seen in 10 (33.33%) while 7 (23.33%) had Leucocytozoon spp with Plasmodium spp. in 5 (16.67%), being the least prevalent in this study. The co-infection with different haemoparasites was significant (p <0.05) which indicated an increased relative risk of a superimposed haemoparasite infection in already infected birds. The erythrocyte parameters and indices (PCV, RBC, MCV, MCH and MCHC) were slightly higher in the uninfected weaver birds than in the haemoparasite infected population.

60-63

Authors: Dwi Wahyu Ayuning Tyas

This research was aimed to evaluate protein digestibility and metabolic energy of autoclaved komak beans on broilers. The material used consisted of basal feed, komak bean, local soybean, imported soybean, twenty thirty-seven-day broilers, and metabolic henhouse. The methods in the research implemented completely randomized design with five treatments and four replications (Lablab Purpureus or LP0: basal diet; LP1: 15% local soybean; LP2: 15% imported soybean; LP3: 15% komak beans; LP4: 15% autoclaved of komak beans). The variables observed in this research were the protein digestibility, Nitrogen retention, Apparent Metabolic Energy, and Apparent Metabolic Energy corrected Nitrogen. The results showed that protein digestibility, nitrogen retention, AME and AMEN of autoclaved komak beans were not significant (P>0.05) on 37 days old broilers. It concluded that the protein digestibility, nitrogen retention, AME and AMEn in autoclaved komak beans had the same effectiveness as soybean.