Journal of World's Poultry Research

37-47

Authors: Tatsuya Shimizu

Chicken demand and supply has increased in many developing countries in the last few decades. Peru is one of those countries. When we analyze the increase in Peru since the 1990s, compared with the case of Japan between the 1960s and 1980s in which demand and supply also increased, we find common factors such as the development of intensive agriculture that depends on imported feed grains. However, because of several distinguishing ecological and socio-economic factors, the development of the value chain for chicken in Peru has been different from Japan, especially in the integration of further food processing and handling in chain activities.

52-55

Authors: Sobhan Firouzi

Many studies have been shown the effects of light wave length on broilers performance in experimental assay, but we decided to evaluate the effects of different color lights on broiler performance, immune response and hematological parameters in filed study. For this purpose, 40000 day-old broiler chickens were placed in four houses as follow: green, sunny yellow, blue and red light. All light sources were equalized at the intensity of 25 lux, with light period of 23 hours daily. In days 8, 18, 30 and 42 from each house, 25 samples of serum were obtained to evaluate the ND-antibody responses. At 42 days of age, 25 blood samples were taken from each house to evaluate HDL, LDL, VLDL, triglyceride, cholesterol, total protein, creatinine, BUN and glucose of serum. The live body weight and feed intake were recorded weekly and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) was calculated. The results indicated that the birds reared under yellow and blue light had the best and weakest performance, respectively. The decrease of maternal antibody in group which reared under green light was the slowest and at the end of experiment the birds which were exposed to green and blue light had the highest ND antibody titers among all groups but it was insignificant (P>0.05). The birds in yellow light house showed a significant increase in total serum protein (P<0.05) and the birds in blue light house showed an insignificant reduction in serum triglyceride, glucose and BUN concentrations (P>0.05).

05-09

Authors: Sesotya Raka Pambuka

he effects of Liquid Probiotic Mixed Culture (LPMC) on laying hens performance were studied. One hundred twenty eight 44-wk-old Isa Brown layers were randomly divided into 2 groups with 64 laying hens or layers in two groups. Layers in first group were fed with commercial feed as antibiotic contained diets; the other fed with self-mixed feed as antibiotic free diets. Both of groups had different LPMC level: control, 0.15 %, 0.30 % and 0.45 % of LPMC (v/v) added in water fount. The method used in this research was completely randomized design and followed by Duncan’s multiple tests. The results showed better improvements on antibiotic free diets in decreasing yolk cholesterol (P<0.01). LPMC supplementation did not improve performances either on antibiotic free and commercial diets. Increased level of LPMC supplementation did not give significant effect on feed and water consumption, hen day production, egg weight, feed conversion, whereas overall variables had improvement tendency numerically and commercial feed groups had better performances than antibiotic free diets. LPMC supplementation did not improve layers performance but could be substitute antibiotics.

20-29

Authors: Abdellah El Allaoui

The problem of contamination of poultry by salmonella in addition to the increase of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella is of a great importance both in the field of public health as well as in the socio-economic sector of the country because of the damage it can cause, but no studies have been conducted so far in Morocco to determine the risk factors of Salmonella contamination in broiler turkey farms. In order to determine the statute of the broiler turkey farms (n= 20) with respect to the contamination by Salmonella, three visits were paid to each livestock buildings. A batch of 10 pools of 5 droppings per breeding by visit were collected (n= 600) and analyzed. All Salmonella (n= 62) isolates were serotyped, confirmed by the presence of virulence gene (invasion) and tested for the resistance to 15 antimicrobial agents by the agar diffusion method. In parallel, an analytical study was carried out to investigate risks factors of Salmonella contamination in these farms. The rate of insulation of Salmonella is important (35 %) and the isolated serotypes are worrying: 36 S. Kentucky, 15 S. Saintpaul, 8 S. Parkroyal and 3 S. Ruzizi River. They have relatively high rates of resistance to tetracycline (79 %) and streptomycin (72.5 %), followed by resistance to nalidixic acid (37.1 %), ciprofloxacin (33.9 %), ampicillin (33.8 %), spectinomycin (32.3 %), trimethoprim (30.6 %) to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (24.2 %), gentamicin (21 %), kanamycin (17.7 %) and amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (16.1%). Three strains of S. Agona expanded spectrum betalactamase producing which have a high level of resistance to ceftriaxone with a minimum inhibitory concentration (CMI) of 16 µg/ml. The variables associated with this contamination are related to the duration of crawlspace (p = 0,037), treatment with antibiotics (p = 0.001) and the contamination of turkeys poults (p = 0.002) dice implementation, The storage of manure inside the livestock building (p = 0.003), The conservation of turkeys inside the rearing building (p = 0,009) in the breeding season (p = 0.001) and age of turkeys sample (p = 0.01). The high level of antibiotic resistance of Salmonella isolates in the present study, showed the possible Significance of turkey as a source of multiple antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella for human infections.

93-98

Authors: A. El Allaoui 1* , F. Rhazi Filali 2 , A. Derouich 3, B. Karraoua 4 , N. Ameur 5 and B. Bouchrif 6

The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence and the serotypes involved the virulence gene (InvA and SpvC) of Salmonella isolates recovered from the raw meat and giblets (liver and gizzard) of the turkey in various outlets in the Moroccan market. From November 2011 to November 2012 a total of 192 samples of turkey meat (included 48 breasts, 48 legs, 48 gizzards and 48 livers) were collected every ten days from retail outlets in Meknès. Of these, 48 were from popular market, 48 from artisanal slaughterhouses, 48 from poulterers’shops and 48 from a supermarket at Meknes, Morocco. Of the total of 192 samples examined, 24.5% (47/192) were contaminated with Salmonella. Out of the total 48 samples analysed from popular market, 19 (40.42%) proved to be Salmonella positive whereas from 48 samples obtained from traditional slaughterhouses and 48 from poulterers’shops 14 (29.87%) and 8 (17%) contained Salmonella, respectively. Compared to other outlets, a low level of Salmonella contamination was found in samples obtained from Supermarket 6 (12.7%). Among the 47 Salmonella isolates, 6 different serotypes were identified of which S. Saintpaul (46.8%) was the most frequent, followed by S. Agona (17%) and S. Kentucky (17%), S. Typhimurium (8.5%), S. Infantis (6.3%) and S. Bredeney (4.2%).The high level of contamination, especially in popular market and artisanal slaughterhouses of turkey meat and giblets with Salmonella observed in this paper indicates the need for an improvement in the microbiological quality of retail turkey. Examination of Salmonella for invA gene was detected in all the strains (n=47), only three isolates were positive for the gene SpvC: S. Agona, S. Kentucky and S. Infantis.

106-128

Authors: Gerard Corkery 1,2 , Shane Ward 1 , Colum Kenny 1 and Phil Hemmingway 1

Increases in production input costs are driving innovation in the poultry industry in Ireland and worldwide. Integration of so called ‘Precision Livestock Farming’ techniques into the poultry industry supply chain will help producers to optimize management systems. This manuscript provides an overview of monitoring and performance sensor technologies within poultry production. It outlines traditional sensing methods and looks at the potential of novel performance related systems that could be incorporated into production facilities. Critical environmental parameters which are relevant to poultry production include inter alia air temperature, relative humidity, light, air speed and air quality (in particular CO 2 and NH concentrations). Current industry practice with regard to the measurement of these parameters in addition of the effect of these parameters on bird welfare is reviewed, and improvements underpinned by novel technologies and processes are also investigated. Finally, the integration of such systems is also discussed.

73-79

Authors: Doaa, M. Mokhtar*, Enas, A. El-Hafez, Hassan, A. H.S. and Fatma, A, Mostafa

The present work was carried out on 50 chick embryo of Dandarawi chicken collected from Assiut University Farm at a 3, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17 and 19 day of prehatching life. At the 3 day of incubation, the hepatic diverticulum gave dorsal and ventral parts in relation to the ductus venosus. At the 7th day, the dorsal and ventral parts became the left and right lobes respectively where the gall bladder was located on visceral surface of the right lobe and a transverse fissure dividing the left lobe into dorsal and ventral parts. Also, the vitelline veins caudal to the liver anastomosed together forming the portal vein, which gave off left portal branch to the left lobe of liver and continued as right portal branch to the right lobe. At the 9th day, the right lobe was longer and higher than the left one where the right lobe was in contact dorsally with the mesonephros and the left one was separated from the mesonephros by the glandular stomach. At the 11th day, the interlobar fissure was occupied mainly by the umbilical vein. At the 13th day, the parietal surface of the two lobes was related to the heart and body wall and the gall bladder increased in size and extended laterally. At the 15th day, the cranial end of the right lobe had three processes dorsal, middle and ventral but the cranial end of the left lobe had two processes dorsal and ventral. The duct system of the right lobe was hepatocystic and cystoenteric, but that of the left was hepatoenteric duct.

83-88

Authors: Abdel Rhman S.S.,*1,3, Al Jassem A.H. 1, Hussein G. M 2,3 and M.H. Al-Blowi 1

Comparison between Haemagglutination Inhibition (HI) test and Enzyme Linked Immune Sorbent Assay (ELISA) in evaluation of humoral immune response to Newcastle disease (ND) in vaccinated quails was investigated. The obtained results showed higher NDV antibody titer (2, 5 and 8) log at zero, 14 and 28 day post vaccination in serum of La Sota vaccinated quails when the antigen used in HI test was homologous (La Sota), whereas lower antibody response (2, 4 and 6) log 2 2 were obtained when the antigen used was heterologous (Hitchner B1). However, antibody titers in serum sample from Hitchner B1 vaccinated quails were (2, 4 and 6) log at zero, 14 and 28 day post vaccination against both homologous (Hitchner B1) and heterologous (La Sota) antigens. Non treated sera from control non vaccinated quails gave false positive results (6 log ) in HI test. Treatment of serum by heat (56´ C /30 minutes) or by washing with 10% Chicken red blood overcome false positive results obtained by non treated serum in HI test. No difference between chicken and quail red blood cells were observed when used as red blood cells indicators in HI test to detect Newcastle disease virus antibodies of vaccinated quails. Two commercial ELISA kits used in this study failed to detect any positive sera (0.0 %) for ND antibodies in both vaccinated and non vaccinated quails at different time periods.

43-53

Authors: Kenaleone Gabanakgosi * , John Cassius Moreki, Christopher Mareledi Tsopito and Shalaulani James Nsoso

The impact of family chickens on the livelihoods of people living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA) was investigated in Khudumelapye, Mogobane, Mokubilo and Serowe villages of Botswana. The objectives of this study were to determine the consumption and marketing of family chickens and to evaluate the contribution of family chickens towards household income and nutrition of PLWHA in four villages of Botswana. Data were collected from 100 respondents (25 from each village) using a structured questionnaire and through direct observation. The results showed that 79% of the respondents slaughtered chickens for family consumption and 21% to honour guests. Sixty-one percent of respondents consumed eggs while the remainder used eggs for breeding purposes. Seventy-four percent of the respondents sold some chickens to meet immediate family needs. Eighty-two percent of chickens were sold for cash followed by barter (10%). A total of 874 chickens were sold from the surveyed villages earning the sum of P18, 030.00 (2253.75USD). The average price of a chicken was P57.50 (7.19USD). These results suggest that family chickens were mainly used for consumption and were also sold to meet family needs, thus contributing to improved household income and nutrition of PLWHA. In order to increase the benefits of rearing family chickens, the rearers should be trained in general poultry management. In addition, the rearers should be encouraged to form associations which will assist in marketing chickens.

57-62

Authors: M.S. Rudraswamy * , Arun, Suma Hiremath and M.S. Chaithanya

Actovet CRD (A.CRD) is a blend of ayurvedic herbs (Glycorrhyza glabra, Adhatoda vasika, Pipper longum, Abis Webbiana, Azadirachta indica, Curcuma longa etc) which have known therapeutic effect on respiratory system and other systemic diseases with positive effect to boost immunity. To find the efficacy of A.CRD and to optimize its level of supplementation against the chronic respiratory disease (CRD) three age groups of broilers viz., 0 day, 14 day and 28 day representing the age groups of 0-2 weeks (T1), 2-4 weeks (T2) and >4 weeks (T3) of age respectively were isolated for the experiment from a large size group of birds from each of five farmers. The results of the trial indicated that A.CRD improved the body weight gain, survivability, haemoglobin, PCV, total protein levels significantly (P≤0.05). The symptoms of the CRD in the infected birds subsided within a week period of treatment. The birds stopped gasping, rales and other symptoms of the CRD within 4-7 days of treatment at all therapeutic dosage levels. The results indicated that the birds of age group T1, T2 and T3 should be supplemented with A.CRD at the rate of 10, 20 and 40 ml/100 birds respectively. The birds did not show any symptoms of drowsiness, off feed which is usually observed in antibiotic treatment. The results showed that A.CRD can replace antibiotic therapy. Hence, this herbal formulation can be used for prevention and treatment of CRD and a suitable supplement for organic poultry farming.