Enfoque UTE

Number Vol.14-N.4, 2023

1-8
Greenhouse gas emissions by the biogas from the Abandoned Solid Waste Final Disposal Site in City of Veracruz, Mexico

Authors: Manuel Alberto Susunaga-Miranda, Benigno Ortiz-Muñiz, Bertha María Estévez-Garrido, Rodrigo Manuel Susunaga-Estévez, Mario Díaz-González, Olaya Pirene Castellanos-Onorio

Abstract

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Number of views: 158

The Abandoned Sanitary Landfill of the City of Veracruz, located to the north of the municipality, was built in the year 2000 and operated according to the regulations in force at the time, for a useful life of 10 years. However, it continued its operation irregularly, collapsing and becoming a controlled final disposal site that was closed by the state environmental authorities in 2019. Through the use of Google Earth satellite images using multicriteria techniques, it was determined that it has an area of 167 228 m² and an accumulated volume of waste of 1 505 052 m³. The Mexican Biogas Model 2.0 was used to estimate the generation of biogas that until the year 2023 was a total of 2 898 064 tons of biogas, and with the help of the methodology for the greenhouse effect calculation for urban solid waste, it was determined that in this same period a total of 2 522 057.3 tons of carbon dioxide, 1 162 154.8 tons of methane, and 47 115.9 tons of nitrous oxide were emitted. This represents a total of 47.5 Mt CO2 eq., which underscores the importance of minimizing greenhouse gas emissions and their impact on the environment due to global warming of the atmosphere, especially in the coastal ecosystem where the municipality of Veracruz, Mexico is located.

9-18
GAST: A generic AST representation for language-independent source code analysis

Authors: Jason Leiton-Jimenez, Luis Barboza-Artavia, Antonio Gonzalez-Torres, Pablo Brenes-Jimenez, Steven Pacheco-Portuguez, Jose Navas-Su, Marco Hernández-Vasquez, Jennier Solano-Cordero, Franklin Hernandez-Castro, Ignacio Trejos-Zelaya, Armando Arce-Orozco

Abstract

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Number of views: 98

Organizations use various programming languages to develop their systems. These aim to take advantage of the most appropriate features of each language for a given domain and require programmers to command different languages and also to face the growing complexity of software development and maintenance. So, they need tools to help them analyze programs to identify relationships between their internal elements, uncover patterns, and calculate quality metrics. However, most tools have limited support for parsing multiple programming languages and high acquisition costs. Therefore, there is a need for new methods to analyze code written in multiple programming languages. This article describes the design of a method to automatically transform the syntax of various programming languages into a universal language with a generic syntax. The function of the generic language is to encapsulate the specificities of each specific language, so that the analysis of programs is facilitated in a single programming syntax and not in multiple syntaxes. The advantage of this approach is that only one analysis engine is required, not multiple code analyzers, to study the programs.

19-28
Social Dynamics of Face Masks as Single-Use Waste from the COVID-19 Pandemic

Authors: Luz María Campos-García, Gabycarmen Navarrete-Rodríguez, Isabel Araceli Amaro-Espejo, Angelica María Pulido-Martínez, David Reynier-Valdés, María del Refugio Castañeda-Chávez

Abstract

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Number of views: 155

The impact generated by Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is associated with the risk in the population due to the lack of knowledge of the proper final disposal of single-use waste, specifically with face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic. With the objective of carrying out a national diagnosis on the management and final disposal of waste, a national survey was prepared with the support of the digital tool google form, to obtain data to evaluate the environmental impact on the use and disposal of urban masks of mandatory use during the pandemic. It was identified that 35 % of the interviewees mix the face masks with household waste, which is a potential factor for public health and environmental problems. Of these, 61.5 % indicated that they were unaware of the existence of a COVID-19 waste management plan. This demonstrated the lack of knowledge about it, which causes inadequate management of these residues. The results of this research demonstrated the importance of implementing treatment alternatives to reduce the impact of the masks, highlighting that the most appropriate remediation treatment should be economically viable and with minimal environmental impact to properly manage MSW-COVID -19.

29-33
Pollen available during anthesis of Hylocereus undatus flowers

Authors: Del Ángel-Pérez Ana Lid, Jeremías Nataren-Velazquez, Juan Valente Megchun-Garcia, María de Jesús Martínez-Hernández, Mariel Estrada-López

Abstract

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Number of views: 109

Pitahaya (Hylocereus spp) is a fruit that, due to the characteristics of its demand, both for fresh fruit and for industrial consumption, has detonated its development in various countries. However, it presents various self-incompatibility mechanisms that impact productivity. Therefore, the viability of pollen was analyzed during the anthesis (or flowering period)of two white-fleshed H. undatus cultivars, taking pollen samples for 13 hours, from the beginning of the anthesis in the afternoon, until it ends the following day. The method used was staining with tetrazolium salt (2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride) or TZ. The results showed that there is no viable pollen at the beginning of the anthesis. At 09:00 pm the viability began to grow slowly and after 12:00 am it doubled and the viability accelerated, marking the highest from 02:00 to 04:00 am. It was possible to observe the consistency of the pollen that begins with a phase I with humid pollen without viability, up to another with lower humidity with low viability (phase II). Phase III observed very granular mealy pollen, easy to handle precisely when the staining readings marked the viability of 93 % to 95 %. Subsequently, the viability decreases until it disappears when the floral structure begins to dehydrate.

34-43
Estimation of Secondary Metabolites in Gliricidia Sepium from Primary Compounds and Regrowth Age

Authors: Tatiana Gavilánez-Buñay, Danis Verdecia-Acosta, Luis Hernández-Montiel, Edilberto Chacón-Marcheco, Jorge Ramírez-de la Ribera

Abstract

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Number of views: 60

The objective is to estimate the content of secondary metabolites in Gliricidia Sepium from the age and content of primary compounds (nitrogen, fructose, glucose, and sucrose). The present study was developed following a randomized block design, with three treatments (60, 120 and 180 days) and n repetitions. Nitrogen (N), glucose (Glu), fructose (Frut) and sucrose (Suc) content were evaluated for validation. In addition, mathematical models were validated for the estimation of secondary metabolites from the primary ones and regrowth age. To establish the functional relationship between age and primary metabolites, regression equations were analyzed. Reporting a decrease for N, Glu, Frut and Suc with the highest values at 60 days, and quadratic equations with R2 greater than 0.91 were adjusted. The regrowth age had a marked effect on the contents of primary metabolites (N, Glu, Frut and Suc), which explains the close relationship through the established regression equations. As well as it was evidenced that the validation of the models for the prediction of secondary metabolites in both periods of the year, can be applied due to the dependence of these compounds on their precursors (nitrogen and sugars).

44-52
Lean Manufacturing Tools Applied to Human Resource Management and its Impact on Social Sustainability

Authors: Luis Javier Márquez-Figueroa, Jorge Luis Garcia-Alcaraz, José Roberto Diaz-Reza, Alfonso Jesús Gil-López

Abstract

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Number of views: 73

This research reports a structural equation model relating Lean Manufacturing Tools associated with Human Resource Management to the benefits obtained in the maquiladora industry of Ciudad Juarez (México). A questionnaire is designed and applied to the regional industry to obtain information about the implementation levels regarding the A3 problem-solving: Decentralization and Multifunctional Working Groups and their relationship with Social Sustainability. The variables are related through six hypotheses validated with empirical information from 411 responses to the questionnaire, giving statistical validation. After quantifying the relationships, findings indicate that the relationship between Multifunctional Working Groups and A3 problem-solving is the strongest of the model. It is concluded that there is enough statistical evidence to state that these tools influence the Social Sustainability in Mexican maquiladora industries, so it is recommended that the Top Management focus its efforts on Human Resource Management to guarantee it, facilitating decision-making in the productive, reducing labor risks and increasing well-being.