Ecological safety

4

Authors: L. Sheludchenko, S. Voznyuk, V. Nosko

Purpose. This paper examines the impact of transport-road complex on the environment, as od-tion of the most powerful sources of pollution. Analysed the risk of gas emissions that are released BHA due to combustion of fuel in internal combustion engines, which contain a number of harmful substances that zubrod-evaluate roadside landscapes. Metodology. Inserted a number of conditions, depends on their content in the roadside, including on the level of organization of the artificial protection of the landscape, namely the dust belts that take almost the rule, a decisive role in the processes of transport and deposition of pollutants. Originality. So, the main factors that affect to the processes of diffusion and distribution of pollutants in roadside landscape are: transfer the impurity by the wind flow; turbulent diffusion of impurities in the horizontal and vertical planes; physical-chemical processes of transformation the impurities (gravitational deposition, chemical conversion, precipitation leaching); the presence of dustproof forest barriers. Practical value. To research the character of the processes of gravitational settling pollutants, it is recommended to use models of rheological Maxwell’s and Voigt’s bodies. References 3, no tables, figures 4. Keywords: combustion products, migration and deposition of pollutants, geochemical barrier.

4

Authors: M. Kharytonov, О. Тitarenko, V. Khlopova

Purpose. Environmental assessment of soil technogenic pollution in the area of industrial enterprises in the Pavlograd city. The Pavlograd is located between Samara and Vovcha rivers. The most common soils are typical chernozem and saline soils. Soil samples were taken to determine the effect of airborn technogenic pollution in Pavlograd. Soil samples were collected in the vicinity of each enterprise to detail the impact of the main environmental pollutants in Pavlograd. Enterprises as emission sources of air pollution in Pavlograd are following: chemical plant (PCP), mechanical plant (PMP), the machine factory and foundry plant (PalMash). Methodology. The definition of the content of acid-soluble forms of heavy metals in the collected samples was performed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Assessment of soils ecological quality was given by the degree of soil contamination with HM regarding exceeding the MPC, as well as on the total index of pollution. According to the results of determination of the granulometric composition of the vast number of analyzed soil samples (63 %) is characterized as loam. The rest – sand (33%), and clay soils (4%). Results. The results of detection of the reaction of the aqueous extract of the vast number of analyzed soil samples (95 %) were weakly acidic at 6.3 and 6.8. As a result of consistent mapping of pollution in the city of Pavlograd six heavy metals was obtained corresponding GIS map.Follow to the analysis of the GIS map, it becomes possible to select multiple halos increased density of total soil contamination of Pavlograd city with heavy metals. Mostly they are con-centrated in the Southeast and West of the city. Sources of emission in the South-East has Pavlograd mechanical plant, the machine factory, and foundry plant. The high density of soil contamination with heavy metals in the West of the city may be associated both with the activities of the Pavlograd chemical plant and the weathering of coal mine tailings. The total pollution index of multipollution level of soil contamination was calculated for generalization of the obtained results. For most of the analyzed samples, according to the above gradation, the environmental situation of the contamination of soils by heavy metals is changed from "moderately threatening" to "threatening". Therefore the necessary arrangements to predict of the development of ecologically dangerous situation of environmental pollution in the area of industrial enterprises of the city. References 6, tables 1, figures 3. Key words. environment situation, technogenic pollution, air, soil, heavy metals.

4

Authors: M. Kustov, B. Pospelov

Purpose. To reduce the zone of pollution in case of accidents with chemical emissions and radioactive substances, artificial intensification of precipitation in the emission area is used. As ions are the most active drop formation centers, increasing of the free ions concentration in the atmosphere by the high-frequency electromagnetic radiation for artificial precipitation intensification is proposed. Methodology. The single source power reducing is accomplished by the using of multiple radiation source with focusing of the electromagnetic field in the area of impact. Results. The energy and geometrical characteristics of the electromagnetic radiation focus area in the area of atmospheric pollution at various geometry of the placement of the emitters and their performance are considered. Originality. The calculations showed that the greatest amount of the focusing area is achieved with a compact footprint sources. To increase the impact area atmosphere scanning method applying is proposed. Practical value. Thus, for the artificial initiation of precipitation over the area of emission of hazardous chemical substances you can apply existing sources of electromagnetic radiation, which when operating in the scan mode will provide the necessary intensity of precipitation. References 7, tables 1, figures 2. Key words: radiation source, radiation focusing, direction pattern, directive gain.

5

Authors: V. Vambol, V. Shmandij, S. VambolK, O. Kondratenko

Purpose. To create a methodological basis for constructing a management system of ecological safety of process of utilization of biowaste products. Methodology. Using the systematic approach and principle of multilevel decomposi¬ti¬on, was proposed formalization of solution of the problem of management of ecological safety during process of bio¬was¬te products utilization. Results. Presented and illus¬tra¬ted the General and Detailed structural and organizational sche¬mes of management of ecological safety of utilization process of biowaste products, which developed by authors. Functions of technolo¬gical system of biowaste products uti¬lization in general and for each of its structural parts was ana¬lyzed, described by formulas and verbally. Proposed hierarchic structure implies formalization of solution of the as¬signed task just in strictly adhering to the basic principles of multilevel decom¬posi¬ti¬on. This implies the following featu¬res: presents of vertical (between the levels) and hori¬zon¬tal (between the stages) com¬munications; priority of action of levels and stages from bottom to top; interrelation of levels; varieties of choosing and solving of the tasks for each of levels. Originality. For the first time, we have constructing the hierarchic structure of management system of ecological safety of process of utilization of biowaste products and also described by formulas the functions of for each of its stru¬c¬tural parts. Practical value. Application of that approach allows complex carrying out the problem of eco¬lo¬gical sa¬fety of production, accumulation and utilization of industrial and domestic wastes with considering ob¬ta¬i¬ning the useful pro¬ducts. References 4, no tables, figures 5. Key words: systematic approach, management of ecological safety, biowaste products utilization.

5

Authors: Ia. Korobeinykova, Iu. Murava

Purpose. To calculate the norms of recreational load on tourist destinations in administrative districts of Ukrainian Carpathian region and their theoretical justification by using regulatory mechanisms for ensuring ecological safety. Methodology. We have analyzed recent publications on sustainable tourism development and ecological aspects of tourism. We have justified the relevance of the development of new research direction in the field of ecological safety, namely ecological safety of tourist destinations. We have studied the regulatory mechanisms for ensuring ecological safety within tourist destinations such as the determination of ecological limits for tourism activities. Results. We have defined the expediency of implementation of traditional limiting indicators of tourism activities and implementation of norms of recreational load as the regulatory parameters for ensuring ecological safety. As a result we have calculated norms of recreational load on ecosystems of tourist destinations in administrative districts of the Carpathian region. According to the calculations the recreational load norm in Carpathian region in summer is 119 people per km2 and in winter 61 respectively. Norm of recreational load in Ivano-Frankivsk region in summer is 121 people per km2 and in winter 62 respectively. Norm of recreational load in Lviv region in summer is 113 people per km2 and in winter 53 respectively. Norm of recreational load in Chernivtsi region in summer is 119 people per km2 and in winter 53 respectively. Norm of recreational load in Zakarpattia region in summer is 136 people per km2 and in winter 84 respectively. Originality. We offer to implement the complex of ecological studies for determining the norms of recreational load on tourist destination ecosystems and therefore to regulate quantitative indicators of tourism development taking into account the calculated norms of recreational load. Practical value. The results of the study should be used in the process of developing plans for tourism infrastructure and tourist flows development in Carpathian region. References 12, table 1, figures 5. Кey words: ecological safety, regulatory mechanisms, recreational load, tourist destination.

4

Authors: V. Sergienko

The article deals with the main tendency of forming environmental consciousness in Ukraine. Analyzing the ideolo-gy of the leading parties the author arrives at the conclusion that ideological component of the environmental con-sciousness in Ukraine is not practically formed and has not become one of the substantial tendencies in the activities of the parties and the state. Mass consciousness is also characterized by the superficial understanding of the environmental problems, although the analysis of the opinions in the recent years testifies the growing disturb of the population by the issues of environment. All this stipulates the urgent need in the cardinal change of the society world-view, requires new approaches to the environmental education and upbringing.

4

Authors: L. Dotsenko, A. Demidenko

Investigations of air quality in the Dnepropetrovsk city was made on 6 stationary stations and 2 mobile stations, used methods that approved in the late 80-ies of XX century. After analyzing the data from 2006 to 2013, concluded that main contribution to the air pollution of the city make higher concentrations of formaldehyde, nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen sulfide. Considered methods and principles of calculating the index of air pollution in Ukraine and abroad (United States Of America, Canada, Australia). Identified advantages and disadvantages of existing approaches in determining the air quality in urban areas. Completed work proves the necessity to modernize methodology for calculating the index of air pollution, which should be carried out in accordance with international standards, and also the experience of other countries and meet the requirements of the World Health Organization. The main difference and the disadvantage of air quality assessment and monitoring in Ukraine is the lack of a permanent measure ground-level ozone.

4

Authors: V. Petrusenko

In this article it is considered the important problem of radiation risks estimation of internal human irradiation by entry into the human organism of cesium with drinking water, milk, meat and bakery goods. It is provided short characteristics of radionuclide, basic sources and ways of entry into environment and into the human organism. The correspondent collective and individual risks were calculated by consumption of these products in the populated place with 100 000 residents. By their calculation the meanings of dose coefficient of cesium for population were used. It is considered the cases of the correspondent food products and drinking water consumption with permissible content of radionuclide as well as activity exceeding the correspondent standards. This problem of exceeding the permissible content of this radionuclide in food and drinking water is actual nowadays. It was demonstrated the stochastic effects as amount of cases for life duration reduction among population.

5

Authors: Yu. Golik, O. Ilyash

The environmental management system formation stages as a part of the Poltava region with certain features of the region and environmental development problems and prospects are analyzed. It is determined that public environmental organizations, scientists, representatives of educational institutions, youth play an important role in the ecological and safe management formation. To ensure effective professional relationships between the executive authorities and the public, a special social structure Poltava Environmental Council is established. A significant part of the work involved in activities of the regional information and monitoring center, which analyzes the environment monitoring output components and takes into account possible changes in key parameters based on region development. Poltava region environmental management system taking into consideration the European and own regional experience is to develop in the forthcoming stages approach characteristics are given.

5

Authors: Ya. Adamenko, T. Kachala

The main results of one of the tasks of the international project HUSKROUA/1001/110, namely, expert assessment of possible contamination of soil petroleum territory of Ivano-Frankivsk region are describes. Above algorithm and cal-culations assessing the competence of experts. The presented results of the use of expert evaluations to establish ranks oil pollution of land territory of Ivano-Frankivsk region from various industries. A comparison of the results of expert assessments calculations by the method of the median ranks and the average rating. The proposed method of expert estimates will further resolve the issue for the development of an environmental monitoring system of soil and to develop methods for the recovery of oil-contaminated land.

5

Authors: A. Barsukova, S. Vakal, E. Karpovich

Raised the issue of the problem of the formation and removal of chemical waste in this article. Proposed a radical solution for disposal of accumulated tonnage of ferrous sulphate on a mixture of fine iron oxides-hydroxides(PDO) by PJSC "Sumykhimprom". Substantiated the expediency of using PDO as a water absorbing impurities in wet iron ore concentrate before granulation. Presented results of test studies in which researched granulation, drying, thermal preparation and calcination of iron ore Poltava Mining without plasticizing impurities, with the impurities of 0.8% Concreteyls and with the impurities of 1% PDO. It was found that Concretely as an additive reduces the concentration of iron of ore, and impurities with PDO - increases. Found iron content PDO, which is 55-62%, which meets the requirements of metallurgy. Determined that the baked pellets are with the addition of PDO have general iron content appropriate composition baked pellets Poltava Mining.

6

Authors: L. Arkhipova

Research of environmental and technogenic safety of aquatic ecosystems and how to provide based on the analysis of the existing legislative and regulatory framework and international safety standards. The paper analyzed the requirements of the European Union, the United States to the quality indicators of natural waters, the World Health Organization to safety of drinking water. Comparison of accepted standards of Ukrainian standards and proposed options are recommended to determine the qualitative component of natural and technogenic safety of aquatic ecosystems, taking into account the physiological usefulness mineral composition. Normative elected by the rule of the highest quality demands. Such an approach would standardize resource consumption based on establishing normative background of aquatic ecosystems, substantiate scientific methods on environmental-safety of aquatic ecosystems. Task for further research - development of scientific methods for assessing qualitative and quantitative component of environmental and technical safety of aquatic ecosystems.

6

Authors: D. Plyatsuk, V. Shmandiy

The modeling of pollutants behavior is important component of environmental monitoring along with the observations of the air pollution level and pollutants emissions. The simulation of air pollution should be included complex of factors. This paper has introduced the factors that affect the pollutant dispersion in the atmosphere. These factors should be considered in model of the pollutants spread and for assessment of the industrial plants impact on the environment and calculations of risk. The environmental air quality criterions were analyzed. The relationship between the categories of atmospheric stability and characteristics of pollutants turbulent transport in the atmosphere was defined. The mathematical expression for the concentration of a substance from a point source was formed. For the atmospheric dispersion of pollutants in speciation wind conditions, a mathematical model have been formulated which takes into account the level of atmospheric stability and wind speed. The Gaussian model of turbulent diffusion was used for forecast the distribution of pollutant concentrations around the source with constant power.

7

Authors: O. Kondratenko, S. Vambol, O. Strokov, V. Marakhovsky

Present paper describes a results of analysis of information from specialized scientific and technical literature and a results of selection of possible ways and implementing them equipment (devices and systems) of regeneration for diesel particulate mat¬ter filter (DPF) with natural bulk zeolite in stainless steel woven mash cassettes, which developed in Piston Plants Depart¬ment of A.N. Podgorny Institute for Mechanical Engineering Problems of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Regeneration – is a periodic process of restoring the functional properties of the DPF by cleaning their filter element (FE) from the oxidisable or non-oxidisable fractions of particulate matters (PM), which accumulated during operation of diesel. According to the analysis proposed possible variants of realization of regeneration processes 1st and 2nd kind for the developed DPF. Estima¬ted values of operational parameters of these processes. Identified aspects of man-caused environmental, fire and explosion safety of application of the DPF IPMash.

8

Authors: V. Kobrin, N. Nechiporuk, N. Kobrina

The possible uses of unmanned aircraft systems for airborne surveillance for solution of environmental problems in real time were condisired. The scope of use of these systems was proposed and defined for the solition of sivic problems and other tasks concerning the delivery of cargo to the hard-accessible places, spraying chemical or biologically active components. Unmanned systems Eco-1 was analysed by the basic characteristics and principles of operation. The flights were accomplished in stand-alone mode on a pre-programmed route by GPS as well as in remote control mode done by the ground control station. The methods of aerial surveillance and shooting with the help of unmanned aircraft systems were overviewed. The flying platform complex based on electrical multirotor was reviewed for video and photo shooting of terrestrial environment from the flying platform.

4

Authors: V. Petrusenko

The article considers an important issue of an ecological safety, i.e. the quantitative assessment of the influence of threshold toxicants on a person in the form of risks. Hexavalent chromium, mercury, and cadmium are chosen as the main pollutants. The corresponding risks are calculated on the basis of the risk index. For an integrated approach to environmental hazards we have applied an additive model for calculating risks, which is considered a convenient tool for determining the degree of danger. The phenomenon of synergy has been used in this work that can have a significant impact on the value of the corresponding risks. The article considers the different kinds of synergies influencing the magnitude of the risks of harmful effects of selected threshold pollutants. This effect was shown through the numerical values of synergism coefficients. It was considered the situation of insignificant synergies and quite real one. The value of risks in these cases differ from one another. This method of calculating the quantities of risks makes it possible to assess adequately the hazards of exposure on human health to certain carcinogens.

4

Authors: V. Udod, I. Wildman

This paper shows a possibility of method usage known as a determination of assimilation potential (natural re-source), which under the influence of specialized modified factors characterizes biosynthesis processes in the Inguletz river hydroecosystems, whose reflection is a level of self-renewal ability. A method of assimilation capacity determina-tion is also suggested in the work. Both these data allow to define a hydroecosystems stability level to anthropogetic load. Methods development became possible under the conditions of scientific regularities establishment of hydroeco-systems evolution for a long-run period. The proposed method of determining the assimilative capacity can be used in conjunction with the regulatory documents - maximum permissible discharge (MPD) for extension of possibilities of control of nonconservative substances in hydroecosystems.

5

Authors: I. Remeshevska

Methodological approaches to assess the economic costs of industrial enterprises arising from pollution justified. The main components of economic loss determined and stated as an essential part of damages from pollution of the working environment of the company. The practical use of the proposed approach reviewed on the example of JSC "Mykolayiv shipyard "Okean". Individual components and the total value of economic losses are estimated based on statistical analysis of enterprise data over a long period of time. Improving working conditions and taking the necessary measures and means to reduce the negative impact of production processes on the natural and working environment will help increase profits. Areas of reducing the negative anthropogenic impact and increase profits of industrial enterprises offered.

5

Authors: V. Dyachok, O. Levko

Here were shown the results of an experimental study of kinetic growth of microalgae biomass while absorbing carbon dioxide with type chlorine micro algae involved. This given plant has big advantages over the regular embryophyta since the microalgae has higher growth rate which allows faster carbon dioxide to biomass conversion. Thanks to these algae we can use more ecologically pure process of absorbing carbon dioxide with the use of photosynthesis. We've investigated the purification methods of gas emissions with the use of mass exchange. Four stages of microalgae biochemical carbon dioxide absorption processes were offered after sparging it through aqua solutions. The processes that led to absorption and transformation of carbon dioxide to methane with biochemical methods were investigated. Were shown promising methods of gas emission purifications of carbon dioxide. Was offered a technological scheme of biomethanization of microalgae mass.

5

Authors: E. Nazarenko, J. Nikozjat, E. Ivaschenko

Poltava region is referred as geochemical province with a high content of fluoride in the water. Their excessive inflow in the organism of a human being cause fluorosis, disorder of bone tissue mineralization. It is especially dangerous for growing up generation to have fluorides in water. It is proved that the increase is directly proportional to pathologies connected with excessive fluoride concentration in the soil and, as a consequence, water and plant material that may accumulate excess fluoride. The paper presents the results of the monitoring of fluorides in water and soil in some areas of the Poltava region. We developed the map of water guality at the territory of Poltava region referring to the indicator of fluorides consistence. We substantiated the necessity of the futher rescarches of fluorides consistence in vegetable substances.

5

Authors: S. Madzhd, T. Dmitrucha, M. Radomskaya, I. Trofimov

Water quality analysis have been accomplished drinking sources at different distances form the runway of airport Kyiv and aircraft repair plant № 410 in the housing estate. Assessment of subterranean waters pollution with heavy metals near to the enterprises operating and repairing aircraft equipment has been accomplished. The methodology of subterranean waters samples drawing has been established as well as calculations of the required number of drawings for each heavy metal in purpose to reach the confidence interval of 95%. Subterranean waters pollution with heavy metals was examined at the proximity of the aviation enterprises. An index of total pollution of drinking waters with heavy metals have been proposed. The sanitary and hygienic assessment of drinking water conditions was done. This assessment provided the data that helped to establish levels and categories of subterranean waters pollution near the enterprises of civil aviation. Established the need for further research to improve the status of the zone in the maintenance and repair of aircraft. Recommended monitoring groundwater quality after the spring flood, when there infiltruvannya contaminants from the surface of the aquifers.

5

Authors: M. Petrova

The article aims to develop the theoretical basis of adsorption treatment for radioactive wastewater, formed after decontamination procedures. The experiments on caesium-137 adsorption with application of composite adsorbents has been performed. The adsorbents were obtained from bentonite clay of Yaziv sulphur mine modified by inorganic substances that demonstrate selectivity for caesium, namely ferric, copper, and copper-potassium ferrocyanides. The modification-related caesium-137 sorption process in presence of sodium ions has been characterized. The distribution coefficients of caesium-137 in presence of 2 g/l sodium ions reach 106 sm3/g. It has been proved that high concentrations of sodium do not inhibit caesium-137 adsorption. Desorption studies allowed to determine the adsorption mechanism. Adsorption mechanism on modified clay is realized via formation of radionuclide – modifying agent complexes, and the radionuclide is irreversibly fixed on sorbent matrix. The research results prove high selectivity of the composite sorbents on the basis of bentonite modified with ferric and copper ferrocyanides for caesium-137. Кey words: caesium-137, ferrocyanides, bentonite, adsorption.

5

Authors: A. Barsukova, S. Vakal, E. Karpovich

Raised the issue of the problem of the formation and removal of chemical waste in this article. Proposed a radical solution for disposal of accumulated tonnage of ferrous sulphate, which is a waste product of titanium dioxide pigment by PJSC "Sumykhimprom". Substantiates the necessity in organizing the process of oxidation of ferrous sulfate solution. Presented results of test studies in which performed the oxidation of original iron sulphate solution with various oxidants. Found that for the effective conduct of the oxidation process is necessary to use air as the oxidant. It is proved that the simultaneous presence of Fe2+ and Fe3+ in the resulting suspension gives you the opportunity it to conduct light filtering and effective separation from the filtrate by using the technical capabilities of standard vacuum - filters. Determined the optimal process conditions the oxidation air feed solution and obtain a suspension, which is close by its composition to magnetite.

5

Authors: A. Bedzay, О. Scherbіna, B. Мykhalitchko

Identification techniques of fluacizine by color reactions and thin layer chromatography were elaborated. The results of chromatographic analysis of fluacizine for two systems of solvents (methanol – ammonia and benzene – methanol – acetic acid) reveal that necessary interval for the chromatogram developing is 35 min, the detection limit is 1 g, disappearance of spots on plates occurs in 30-40 min and the Rf value depends on purity and qualification of dissolvents. The fluacizine detection and determination has been fulfilled by UV-spectrophotometry in phosphate buffer solution at 256 nm. The kept up to date analysis methods of the spectrophotometric and gel-chromatographic analysis were used for techniques elaboration of the quantitative determination of fluacizine in solutions, biological material and air.

5

Authors: A. Svyatenko, N. Dyadenko, S. Boyar, M. Guchenko

Operational data on plants of urban waste water purification was given. Technological parameters of aeration tanks using on urban wastewater treatment plants with a different method of wastewater supplying were defined. Relationship between the efficiency of wastewater treatment and effluent BOD values during the period were analyzed. A parabolic relationship between load on mud and mud index in the aeration tanks was established. It is shown that having the value of the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the aeration tanks at least 4.7 dm 3 effective treatment of wastewater sludge regeneration without the initial Effluent BOD to 300 dm 3 is possible. The features of changes in the efficiency of wastewater treatment for BOD and suspended solids if the load on the activated sludge wastewater and the regime of supply in the aeration tank changes.

6

Authors: O. Kondratenko, S. Vambol, O. Strokov

Analyzed the unconventional designs of particulate matter filters (DPF) of diesel internal com¬bustion engine, which provide a level of ecological characteristics of vehicles, that meets the applicable in Ukraine requirements of mo¬dern standards of the European Union (UNECE Regulation № 49 and № 96), do not contain artificial monolith ceramic stru-c¬tural elements and are in production and in ope¬ration. Also considered liquid, electric and inertia DPF. Proposed and described a new modular design of DPF with relatively high efficiency of cleaning of diesel exhaust gasses from par¬ti-culate matters, high indicators of production cost, robust¬ness and universality as well as the acceptability of indicators of hydraulic resistance, weight and dimensions. The module of DPF is made of not expensive and are not scarce materi¬als of domestic origin.

6

Authors: V. Shmandiy, V. Klymets, V. Bakharev

It is defined a harmful effect caused by grain processing and storage. There have been carried investigations of processes in machines used for cleaning the air from grain dust. Also there has been proven suitability for design improvement using the application method of louver separator with a certain placing of louver to increase its effectiveness and reduce hydraulic friction; the use of reflecting element to decrease negative effect of secondary whirl and establishment of permeable dividing wall before the separator. Furthermore, new types of dust collector machines have been proposed and experimental data have been given in the process of their design. The applied results of work gave an opportunity to increase the effectiveness of cleaning the air process from grain dust and to lead aerosol concentration to the norm of permissible limit.