The Pharmaceutical and Chemical Journal

1-5

Authors: Rodriguez L, Raffaelli S, Abreo E, Altier N, Vazquez A

In spite of the great advances in chemotherapeutics, infectious diseases are still one of the leading causes of death in the world. Thus, development of new antimicrobial compounds against different microorganisms and with new mechanisms of action is becoming critically important. In our continuous search for new antimicrobial molecules we screened the culture broth of several soil microorganisms. A Beauveria isolate showed promising activity and we isolated and determined the structure of a phenolic glycoside (6-Methyl-1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene-1-O-β-D-4´-methyl-glucopyranoside)never before reported in this species.

13-20

Authors: Harrizul Rivai, Susi Yulianti, Boy Chandra

Research on the qualitative and quantitative analysis of bay leaves (Syzygium polyanthum (WIGHT) Walp) has been carried out from hexane, acetone, ethanol and water extracts. This study aims to analyze the chemical compounds contained in each extract of hexane, acetone, ethanol, and water from bay leaves, and determine the secondary metabolic content contained in each extract of the bay leaf. The extraction method used was maceration for hexane, acetone and ethanol solvents, infusions for water solvents. The results obtained from phytochemical screening and assay showed that bay leaf acetone extract contained phenol 0.1202% and tannin 0.1452%. Ethanol extract of bay leaves contains 0.34% alkaloids, 0.59% flavonoids, 0.1258% phenols, and 0.1688% tannins. Bay leaf water extract contains 0.486% flavonoids, phenol 0.2248% and tannin 0.1622%. The hexane extract of bay leaves was not detected to contain secondary metabolites.

31-36

Authors: Barikpoa Uedeme-Naa, Awoteinm D.I. George

The effect of Moringa oleifera leaf powder on the organosomatic index (gill, kidney, liver, heart and spleen), condition factor and glucose profile was carefully examined in this study. It was observed that the responses of Clarias gariepinus juveniles (mean length, 29.8±1.40cm SD; mean weight, 203.3± 5.11g SD g) exposed to 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20g/l of Moringa Oleifera leaf powder for 15 days was concentration dependent. Fish gill recorded the highest index at 0.20g/l (24.55%) and least at 0.05g/l (17.42%) when compared with control (19.57%). Gill, kidney and spleen indices at 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20g/l and condition factor were not significantly impacted (P>0.05) while liver and heart were significantly impacted (P<0.05) with increase in M. oleifera leaf concentration when compared with control. Glucose level was significantly (P<0.05) impacted at all the treatment levels when compared with control. The study indicated that the phytochemicals in Moringa oleifera leaf could improve the health status or well being and influence positively on the utilization of energy derived from glucose for other necessary use in fish body.

53-62

Authors: Okafor, C. Sandra, Onukwuli, O. Dominic, Anadebe, V. Chikaodili

This work is on optimization and impedance study of inhibition efficiency of moringa leaf extract as corrosion inhibitor of aluminum in alkaline solution. Gravimetric method, polarization study and impedance measurement was employed in the corrosion inhibition study. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied in the optimization process. Central composite design tool of design expert software version 9 was used to evaluate the effects and interactions of four variables of acid concentration (AC), inhibitor concentration (IC), temperature (T) and time (t) on the inhibition efficiency of the extract. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to study the data generated. Moringa leaf extract exhibited optimum inhibition efficiency of 96.65 % at optimum inhibitor concentration of 1.5 g/L-1. The electrochemical impedance spectra revealed that moringa leaf extract acted as a mixed-type inhibitor. The extract is highly efficient in surface treatment of aluminum in alkaline environment.

69-76

Authors: M.K. Haruna, C.U. Aguoru, C.C. Iheukwumere, C.I.C. Ogbonna, Jose Addy

This work was carried out at Jigawa Research Institute Biotechnology Laboratory Kazaure to determine callus induction potentials of 30 wheat genotypes using matured embryo as ex-plant source under different 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D) levels. The experiment had six treatments (control, 1mgl1 2,4-D, 2mgl1 2,4-D, 3mgl1 2,4-D, 4mgl1 2,4-D, and 5mgl1 2,4-D,) including control with each replicated three times and the percentage taken with callus induction frequency which ranged from 32% to 80%. Meanwhile maximum callus among the genotypes were noticed in varieties 8 followed by varieties 27, 28 and 7 with respective callus induction percentages of 79.99%, 79.99% and 77.33%, with minimum callus frequency of 32% was recorded by varieties 19, while 13 had callus induction potential of 36%. The best callus production was recorded at the treatment levels of 5mgl-1 (78.878%), callus recorded at 5mgl-1 were more granular and morphogenic in nature. However higher mean values for days to callus were at varieties 5 (6.60), 4 (6.40), 21 (6.40) and 26 (6.40), with the least mean values for days to callus at varieties 8 (5.40) and 7 (5.60), while the least mean values for days to callus was recorded at 5mgl-1 (4.69) and levels of 2, 4-D, while the higher mean values for days to callus was scored at 2mgl-1 (7.06) levels of 2, 4-D. The weight ranged from 62.24mg mean value to 85.14mg mean values. Genotype 8 had the maximum mean weight across treatments (85.14mg) followed by genotypes 7 (82.5mg), 28 (81.56mg) and 2 (81.46mg) respectively while the minimum weight values were noticed in genotypes 3 (62.24mg), 26 (64.48mg) and (64.9mg). However the maximum weight of callus according to treatments was observed at the level of 5mgl-1 of 2, 4-D with mean value 105.7mg f. while the minimum mean weight values were recorded at 1mgl-1 (31.1mg) 2, 4-D.

83-92

Authors: Valantina Al Bitar, Shaza Al Laham, Rana Attieh

Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) is an organic sulfur-containing natural compound without any toxicity. MSM may have anti-inflammatory and free radical scavenging activity. The present work was done to investigate the possible protective effects of methylsulfonylmethane on acetic acid-induced colitis in rats. Colitis was induced by intracolonic injection of 5% acetic acid. Several parameters including macroscopic score, histopathological and biochemical parameters such as myeloperoxidase activity and glutathione levels were measured following standard assay procedures. Results showed that MSM decreased macroscopic and microscopic colonic damage scores caused by administration of acetic acid. MSM also significantly reduced colonic levels of MPO and increased the levels of GSH compared to acetic acid-induced colitis group. It seems that MSM as a natural product was able to give a nearly complete protection against acetic acid-induced colitis.

99-111

Authors: Komsok T. Joël, Chelea Matchawe, Kouamouo Jonas, Sipowo T. V. Raissa, Fekam Fabrice, Ngoupayo Joseph

For decades, plants have been a source of inspiration for new drugs. Almost all ancient civilisations and cultures depended entirely or partially on phytotherapy because of its effectiveness, accessibility, availability and dose-related low toxicity. Thus, the know-how of traditional healers is a starting point for phytochemical and pharmacological investigation of these natural medicines. Therefore, the present study was aimed at studying phytochemical, cytotoxic, anti-haemolytic and antioxidant activities of leaf and bark extracts of Azadirachta indica. The leaves and bark of A. indica were harvested, dried and reduced to powder. Then the powder was extracted in different solvents (distilled water, ethanol and ethanol/water 70% (v / v)). The resulting extracts were subjected to phytochemical analysis by colorimetric reactions followed by the cytotoxicity test on the Vero cell line using colorimetric method at MTT. The antihemolytic activity of the promising extracts was performed on the red blood cells and the antioxidant properties of the extracts were evaluated by the DPPH radical scavenging method and Ferric ion reduction. The results show that the extraction yields ranged from 5.02 to 20.7%. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, polyphenols, saponosides and steroids. All the extracts were non-cytotoxic with CC50 values ranging from 169.73 to greater than 1000 μg/ml and two of these exhibited antihemolytic activities with 62% and 57% protection percentages. The extracts had DPPH IC50 values ranging from 14.933 to 95.360 μg/mL. The ferric ions reducing power (OD) of the different extracts ranged from 0.15805 to 3.40545. The activities of Azadirachta indica extracts indicate that this plant is a potential source of active compounds.

116-124

Authors: Kelechi E. Onwuka, Kalu S. Eze, Christopher U. Aghalibe, Igwe J.C., Ezeaku I.I.

The effect of temperature on the equilibrium adsorption of Malachite green dye from aqueous solution using rectorite was studied. The equilibrium adsorption data were analyzed using three widely applied isotherms; Langmuir, Freundlich, and Redlich-Peterson isotherm. A nonlinear method was used for comparing the best fitting of the isotherms. Best fits were found to be Redlich-Peterson isotherm. Thermodynamic parameters, such as ΔG°, ΔH°, and ΔS°, were calculated using adsorption equilibrium constant obtained from the Langmuir isotherm. Results suggested that the Malachite green adsorption on rectorite was an endothermic and spontaneous process.

1-10

Authors: Abdel Karim, M., Mawahib, A., Salah, H.

Eucalyptus oil has been used traditionally for bronchitis and asthma. The oil which is plentiful in leaves has also been used against diabetes, cystitis, malaria, kidney disorders, leucorrhoea and laryngitis. The anticancer activity of this oil has been studied in vivo. The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 42 components. Major constituents are: eucalyptol (21.24%), decahydro-1,1,7-trimethyl-4-methylene - 1H-cycloprop[e]azulen-7-ol (12.59 %) , p-cymene (12.11 %), decahydro-1,1,4,7-tetramethyl-1H-cycloprop[e]azulen-4-ol (11.64 %) and β-phellandrene (8.59%). The oil was evaluated for antibacterial activity via the agar diffusion bioassay against: Gram positive: Staphylococcus aureus and Gram negative: Escherichia coli using ampicillin and gentamicin as positive controls. At a concentration of 100mg/ml the oil showed moderate activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.

17-19

Authors: L. Kh. Sharipova, M. S. Orzieva, R.A. Amonov, F. R. Juraeva

The article reveals the cardiovascular system in healthy and visually impaired children. The main types of adaptation are analyzed.

25-38

Authors: Omyma K. Radwan, Salwa K. El-Nabarawy,Rasha A. El-Sayed.,Suzan F. El-Sisi, Fatma F. Abd El-Salam

The liver is one of the most important organs in the body, performing a fundamental role in the regulation of diverse processes, among which the metabolism, secretion, storage, and detoxification of endogenous and exogenous substances are prominent. Due to these functions, hepatic diseases continue to be among the main threats to public health. Glucocorticoids are among the most utilized medications around the world, dexamethasone (DEX) is one of the most potent synthetic glucocorticoid that associated with several side effects especially on the liver. Many natural products and plant extracts become a new trend in the traditional and complementary medicines. Bee Venom (BV) and Echinacea Purpurea (EP) were used for their chemo-protective and immunomodulatory activities. Aims and Objectives: To study the protective effect of BV and EP and their combination on the liver status and liver cell energy against DEX treatment in adult female albino rats. Method: For performing the present work fifty-six adult female albino (150 ± 20 gm) were randomly divided into 7 groups (n=8). G1: control group; G2: treated with DEX (5mg i.p /kg BW/day) for three days; G3: orally treated with BV (150 µg/kg BW/day) for 28 days; G4: orally treated with EP (30 mg /kg B.W/day) for 28 days; G5: treated with both DEX+BV; G6: treated with both DEX+EP; G7: treated with DEX+BV+EP, all with the same aforementioned doses and durations. Liver injury was assessed biochemically and histologically. Results: Administration of DEX (5mg i.p /kg BW/day) for three days resulted in elevated liver enzymes, protein synthesis and reduction in liver cell energy. On the other hand oral administration of BVfor 28 days (150 µg/kg B.W/day) and EP (30 mg /kg B.W/day) for 28 days with DEX resulted in a great normalization in the levels of liver’s protein and significantly decreased ALT and AST serum levels as compared to DEX group. In addition, both BV and EP resulted in ameliorated effect on liver cell energy by increasing their levels in comparing with DEX group. Conclusion: The current findings suggested that both BV and EP or their combination, may exert beneficial protective effects against the negative deteriorative influences during DEX treatment through ameliorating liver status and liver cell energy prominence. In conclusion, treatment with DEX resulted in mild liver injuriousness, whose certain manifestations were alleviated on co-treatment with BV and EP biochemically and histologically. Based on these results, patients should be monitored periodically liver functions during DEX therapy.

44-46

Authors: L. Kh. Sharipova, G. G., Yuldasheva, M. S. Orzieva, F. R. Juraeva

The article reveals the influence of biological, social and hygienic factors on the formation of visual pathology in children.

53-55

Authors: Z. A. Akhmedova, Kh. P. Kenjaeva

The article reveals the importance of Ibn Sina's medical heritage. The main aspects of the revival of methods of Oriental medicine are analyzed

62-70

Authors: Loveth N. Emembolu, Dominic O. Onukwuli

Newbouldia leavis (NL) and Pepper fruit (PF) leaf extracts were investigated for their ability to impede corrosion of zinc in 0.5 M HCl by gravimetric and thermometric techniques. The results obtained showed that different concentrations of the (NL and PF) extracts hinder the corrosion of zinc in 0.5 M HCl. Inhibition efficiency of each extract varies with concentration, time of immersion and temperature. The values of activated energies were higher in the suppressed corrosion reaction of zinc than the values calculated for the blank. The thermodynamic study shows that the NL and PF leaf extracts adsorbed on the surface of zinc was spontaneous and follows Frumkin adsorption isotherm. Physical adsorption mechanism has been proposed for adsorption of these inhibitors on the surface of zinc metal.

81-83

Authors: O. I. Jabbarova

Cellular and humoral immunity on antigene Hyal is studied at mice-hybrids. Hyal possessed low immunogenic properties.Use DS,PO as immunoadjuvant towards Hyal raised it immunogenic the activity expressed in strengthening humoral of the immune response on Hyal at mice.DS also was capable to activate specific cellular reactions DTH on Hyal.

91-102

Authors: Hülya Akgün, Betül Kaya, Yusuf Mulazim, Banu Kesanli, Hande Sipahi, Beril Kadıoğlu, Barkın Berk, Sevde Nur Biltekin

In this study, ten substituted N - ([1,3-dioxoindolin-2-yl] phenyl] sulfonyl) structures (compound 1-10), which seven of them were original synthesized using conventional and microwave synthesis methods. In the first method the cis-1,2-cyclohexanecarboxylic anhydride and sulfa derivatives reacted under reflux for 2-3 hours in acetic acid. In the second method the cis-1,2-cyclohexanecarboxylic anhydride and sulfa derivatives were dissolved in DMF and radiated by microwave. Structure elucidation of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by UV, IR 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR with mass spectral methods and elemental analysis method. Anticancer activities of the compounds were studied by MTT assay. Synthesized compounds generally showed moderate or no cytotoxic activity against MCF7 (human breast cancer cell line). Among them, N-([1,3-Dioxoindolin-2-yl)phenyl]sulfonyl)6-amino-4,5-dimethoxypyrimidine (7), N-([1,3-Dioxoindolin-2-yl)phenyl]sulfonyl)-2-aminothiazole (3) and N-([1,3-Dioxoindolin-2-yl)phenyl]sulfonyl)aminopyrimidine (10) presented activity against MCF7 cancer cell lines with IC50 values of 71.5  3.01μM, 87.9  2.34and 89.3  2.05 μM, respectively. Anti-inflammatory activity of the compounds were tested against LPS-induced nitrite production in RAW 264.7cell line. The compounds4-(1,3-dioxohexahydro-2H-isoindol-2-yl)-N-(5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl) benzenesulfonamide(1), 4-(1,3-dioxohexahydro-2H-isoindol-2-yl)-N-(6-methoxypyridazin-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide (4) and 4-(1,3-Dioxohexahydro-2H-isoindol-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide (9) showed nitrite production inhibitory activity 24.43 ± 3.16, 9.73 ± 1.04, and 6.44 ± 2.48 µM, respectively. Compound 4 exhibited the highest anti-inflammatory activity by suppressing the NO production. These compounds might be candidate to inflammatory therapy for further development.

112-122

Authors: Mohammad T. Hossain, Md. Asadujjaman, Md. Imran N. Manik, Md A. Matin, Reefat Z. Chowdhury, Md H. Rashid

Bioactive alkaloids, glycosides and saponins are phytoconstituents and belong to the secondary metabolites of plants kingdom. These constituents possesses many pharmacological properties such as antioxidant activity, antimicrobial effect, modulation of detoxification of enzymes and hormone metabolism, stimulation of the immune system, decrease of platelet aggregation procedure, possess antidiabetic, antihypertensive, antidepressants, analgesics and anticancer etc. properties. Now a days these compounds have received great attention worldwide as the sources of novel agents, important pharmaceutical intermediates and significant starting materials for a lot of synthetics or semi synthetics drugs due to potent pharmacological activities, higher safety profile, low toxicity and cost effectiveness. So the current study is designed to focus on the accumulation of sufficient information’s about the above mentioned phytoconstituents regarding their pharmacological effects and mechanisms of action along with other significant properties.

128-130

Authors: N. N. Kazakova

The article reveals the presence of the features of the child's body according to the medical heritage of Ibn Sina. The features of women's milk in the “Canon of medical science” Abu Ali Ibn Sina”are analyzed.

1-10

Authors: Benson Muriuki Githaiga, Eliud Mugu Gathuru, Paul Njenga Waithaka, Mercy Maloba

Mangoes are an important source of vitamins all over the world. However, their production has been endangered by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides that causes anthracnose of mangoes. This study was aimed at isolating the fungus from infected mangoes followed by testing the sensitivity of the fungus to essential oils from eucalyptus, sage and rosemary plant. Infected mango fruits were acquired from Njokerio Market near Egerton University. Fungal pathogens were isolated from the infected fruits using potato dextrose agar. Essential oils were extracted from eucalyptus, sage and rosemary plant using distillation method. Sensitivity of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides to the extracted essential oils was carried out using agar well technique. The colonies of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides had dense whitish mycelium with black and orange color fruiting bodies. The spores were smooth, hyaline and sub cylindrical with round end spores. The conidia were cylindrical in shape, hyaline in colour and the size was 13.4 – 24 x 4.0 – 5.9µm. The appresoria were obovate to clavate in shape, brown in colour and 6.7 – 19.8 x 3.8 – 11.9µm in size.There was a relationship between heating time and yield of essential oils in rosemary (r=0.99) and leaves (r=0.99). Conversely, there was no significant difference in the percentage yield of essential oils from eucalyptus, sage and rosemary (P=0.057). There was no significant difference in the percentage composition of the different compounds in the essential oils extract from eucalyptus, sage and rosemary (F=0.48 P=0.62). The zone of inhibition of essential oils obtained from eucalyptus against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides varied from 19±3mm to 21±1mm, sage (18±1mm-19±2mm) and rosemary (17±1mm-19±1mm). The minimum inhibition of essential oils from eucalyptus leaves was120±0.01mg/ml, sage (241±0.00mg/ml) and rosemary (230±0.02mg/ml). The minimum fungicidal concentration of essential oils from eucalyptus was (120±0.01mg/ml), sage (241±0.00) and rosemary (230±0.02). The essential oils from eucalyptus, sage and rosemary have bioactive compounds that have antifungal properties againstColletotrichum gloeosporioides.

19-23

Authors: Khalid Salem Baayou, Mohammed Hussain Patel, Osama Al Okabi, Bashier Ali Alhanash

To evaluate the value of using trans- oral rigid endoscopic examination of nasopharynx after conventional curettage adenoidectomy for complete removal and prevention of recurrence. A Prospective study of 50 children with adenoid hypertrophy was done at Misurata Central Hospital. They presented clinically with symptoms of nasal obstruction, mouth breathing and snoring confirmed radiologically with plan x ray nasopharynx lateral view, of both sex ageing from 1.5 years to 15 years, with mean age of 6.9 years and S.D± 3.44, carried out in a period of 6months from January 2015 Patients were divided into two groups. Group A underwent conventional curettage adenoidectomy only, while group B underwent a conventional curettage adenoidectomy and at the end trans-oral endoscopic visualization of nasopharynx done, using 70 degree rigid endoscope to detect and subsequently to remove any residual adenoid tissue transorally by curettage. In group B, at the end of conventional curettage adenoidectomy, endoscopic examination of nasopharynx detected the remnant of adenoid tissue in 13 patients, 8 patients(61.54%) in roof, 2 patients(15.38%) at Eustachian tube opening, 2patients(15.38%) over posterior wall, and 1 patient(7.70%) posterior wall+ roof indicate that conventional curettage used alone failed to remove the adenoid tissue completely. There was a significant difference in rate of adenoid recurrence between both groups was statistically significant (P =0.04) (6months postoperatively).At the end of 6 months postoperatively 16 patients (64%) in group A and 23 patients (92%) in group B were symptoms free. Examination of nasopharynx of patients with persistence of symptoms of nasal obstruction, 9 patients (36%) in Group A showed the adenoid recurrence, 7patients (78%) in roof and 2 patients (22%) in posterior wall. While 2 patients (8%) in group B with persistence of symptoms of nasal obstruction did not revealed any recurrence of adenoid tissue but showed hypertrophied inferior turbinate. Conventional curettage adenoidectomy missed the residual adenoid tissue, Rigid endoscopic examination of nasopharynx is necessary after conventional adenoidectomy for detecting any residual adenoid tissue to remove subsequently thus reducing the recurrence.

27-36

Authors: Enenche, E. Daniel, Ogo, A. Ogo, Obochi, O. Godwin, Afolayan S. Sunday, Idoko O. Blessing

Natural and biosynthesized phytocompounds have gained significant attention in the food industry because of their non-controversial health and safety benefits as compared with chemically synthesized antioxidants. However, no natural biosynthesized phyto-compounds has been commercially available and used in routine food processing. This study evaluates the antioxidant property of Sidaacuta plant commonly used by many locals in storing cooking oils. The ethanolic leaf extract of this plant was evaluated for its antioxidant potential, total phenolic (TP) and total flavonoid (TF) contents using standard procedures. The extract was added to groundnut oil at four different concentrations of 100 mg/L, 200 mg/L, 400 mg/L and 800 mg/L and stored over a six-month period, while chemical properties of oil including peroxide value (PV), anisidine value (AnV), acid value (AV) and iodine value (IV) were checked on a monthly basis. The results showed that the extract had significant antioxidant effect for DPPH radical scavenging activity (27.4800±0.0173 IC50 % inhibition), β-carotene linoleic antioxidant activity (29.7267±0.0251 IC50 % inhibition), ORAC (6.1067±0.0115 µ Mol TE/g) and FRAP (291.0367±0.0305 µ Mol Fe2+/L). Total phenolic content expressed in tannic acid equivalents was 27102.365±10.189 µg/ml, while total flavanoid content expressed in quercetine equivalents was 1024.783±5.569 µg/ml. The addition of the leaf extract to oils showed significant retardation of oxidation compared to samples without the extract. The findings reveal that the use of Sidaacuta as a natural antioxidant to prevent vegetable oils oxidation if properly harnessed can be a good alternative to synthetic antioxidants.

46-48

Authors: A.N. Zulfikorov, N.I. Khudoykulova, Sh.R. Davronova, B.S. Shakirov, D.B. Sultanova

The article analyzes the process of restoration of reproductive function during breastfeeding.

53-56

Authors: Derouicha Matmour, Elhachemi Medjadji, Mohammed Bousselham, Toumi Houari

Chlorobutanol is an active pharmaceutical ingredient used in therapeutic for many years as an antiseptic, analgesic and local anesthetic. It has other properties: hypnotic, anti-inflammatory and anti-emetic. It’s used as conservative in some pharmaceutical preparations because it has antibacterial and antifungal properties. We synthesized this active pharmaceutical ingredient in Therapeutic laboratory of pharmacy department of Sidi Bel-Abbes by Referenced method based on the addition of chloroform with acetone under the influence of chemical catalyst (potassium hydroxide) using the distillation assembly. The second synthesis using the optimized method improves the yield of 20 %. The synthesized product was controlled according to the requirements of the European Pharmacopoeia 8th edition: the organoleptic characteristics, solubility, colorimetric reactions and the degree of coloring were positive; its melting point is 78 °C; its water content is estimated to 4.66% and its purity is equal to 98.27%.

60-68

Authors: Abdel Karim, M., Mawahib, A., Salah, H.

Eucalyptus oil has been used traditionally for bronchitis and asthma. The oil which is plentiful in leaves has also been used against diabetes, cystitis, malaria, kidney disorders, leucorrhoea and laryngitis. The anticancer activity of this oil has been studied in vivo. The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 42 components. Major constituents are : eucalyptol (21.24%), decahydro-1,1,7-trimethyl-4-methylene - 1H-cycloprop[e]azulen-7-ol (12.59 %), p-cymene (12.11 %), decahydro-1,1,4,7-tetramethyl- 1H-cycloprop[e]azulen-4-ol (11.64 %) and β-phellanderene (8.59%). The oil was evaluated for antibacterial activity via the agar diffusion bioassay against: Gram positive: Staphylococcus aureus and Gram negative: Esherichia coli using ampicilin and gentamycin as positive controls. At a concentration of 100mg/ml the oil showed moderate activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.

72-83

Authors: Yaprak Yıldız, HülyaAkgün, Hande Sipahi, İnci Deniz, Barkın Berk

A series of N1,N2-bis [(2-substitutedphenyl)ethyl]phthalamide (compounds 1-10) and 3-nitro-N1, N2-bis [(2-substitutedphenyl)ethyl]phthalamide (compounds 11-20) were synthesized. Their structures and purity were analyzed by IR, 1H-NMR spectra and elemental analysis. The compounds were evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxicity against the MCF7 and Hep3B cancer cell lines. Cytotoxicity screening revealed that N1,N2-bis[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]phthalamide (compound 5), 3-nitro-N1,N2-bis[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl) ethyl]phthalamide (compound 15) and 3-nitro-N1,N2-bis[2-(2-fluorophenyl)ethyl]phthalamide (compound 16) had the highest activity. The synthesized compounds were also screened for their antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Among the compounds, N, N’-bis[2-(4-chlorophenyl)ethyl]phthalamide (compound 4), 3-Nitro-N,N’-bis[2-(2-chlorophenyl) ethyl]phthalamide (compound 12), 3-Nitro-N,N’-bis[2-(4-chlorophenyl)ethyl] phthalamide (compound 14), and 3-Nitro-N,N’-bis[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]phthalamide (compound 15) exhibited good activity. The prediction of drug-likeness, molecular and ADME properties of the compounds were also examined during the study.

90-97

Authors: Emmanuel Enyi1, Peter M. Eze, Uchenna C. Ogwaluonye, Ezinne S. Iloh, Ogechukwu L. Nwankwo, Festus B. C. Okoye, Charles O. Esimone

This study was undertaken to investigate the biological properties of secondary metabolites of two endophytic fungi (code names: GA and GC) isolated from Psidium guajava leaves. Isolation of the endophytic fungi, fermentation and extraction of fungal secondary metabolites was carried out using standard procedures. The fungal extracts were screened for antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities using the agar well diffusion, DPPH and MTT assay methods respectively. Also, the extracts were subjected to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis for the identification of the constituents. Result of the antimicrobial assay revealed that at 1 mg/mL, the crude extract of GA displayed broad spectrum antibacterial activity against all the test bacteria - E. coli, S. aureus, B. subtilis and S. typhi with inhibition zone diameter (IZD) of 5, 6, 5 and 4 mm respectively. Extract of GC showed antibacterial activity only against S. aureus, with IZD of 7 mm. In the DPPH antioxidant assay, GA and GC extracts at 100 µg/mL displayed average antioxidant activity with inhibitions of 56.7 and 55.2% respectively, which is comparable to the 63.7% inhibition recorded for the positive control ascorbic acid. At 10 µg/mL, GA and GC extracts showed poor cytotoxic activities against mouse lymphoma cells L5178Y, with inhibitions of 38.5 and 12.4% respectively. HPLC analysis of GA extract revealed the presence of citreoisocoumarinol, while acropyrone and citreoisocoumarin were detected in the extract of GC. The results of this study indicate that endophytic fungi isolated from leaves of P. guajava produced secondary metabolites that can play vital role in the development of drugs for effective treatment of diseases.

103-110

Authors: Alice Piperea-Șianu, Dan Piperea-Șianu, Alexandru G. Croitoru, Adela-Maria Ceau

Tobacco smoke contains a complex mixture of over 5000 toxic substances, of which at least 69 are carcinogenic, being also involved in other pathologies such as cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases. The purpose of this review is to highlight the toxicological profile of some of the most harmful xenobiotics in tobacco smoke: NNK (tobacco-specific nitrosamine - Nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone), benzo[a]pyrene and carbon monoxide.

1-5

Authors: Şükrü Hayta

In this study, the essential oil composition of the fruit of Prangos uloptera DC. collected from Turkey was analyzed. The oils obtained by hydrodistillation using Clevenger Aparatus and chemical composition were determined by gas chromatography / mass spectrometry. The oil yield was determined as 0.4% (v/w) in the essential oils. Totally 30 components were contained the 83.7% of thevolatile oil obtained from the Prangos uloptera. The major components of the volatile oil were determined as Germacrene D (17.6%), Acorenone (16.9%), -Pinene (14.9%) and -Humulene (8.2%).

12-20

Authors: Akram Hassan Zahraei, Mehrdad Modaresi

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L) and extract in comparison with ampicillin on the histological parameters of the reproductive system in male mice treated with E. coli LPS. In this research, 65 adult male mice were divided into 6 groups. Control, LPS, LPS+ampicillin, LPS+chamomile extract 50 mg/kg, LPS+chamomile extract 100 mg/kg and LPS+chamomile extract 200 mg/kg. IP injection were performed for 20 days and the fertility of each group was evaluated. The results of histological and fertility tests of each group were compared with the control group. The results of histological studies showed a significant decrease in mean number of stem cells and primary spermatocyte cells of LPS group compared to that in the control group (p≤0.05). The diameter of the seminiferous tubules and the number of embryos in the five treatment groups show a significant change compared to control group (p>0.05). According to these results, LPS can reduce stem cells and primary spermatocyte in the testicles and thereby reduce the fertility potential, while the treatment of chamomile extract in all three doses of 50, 100 and 200 can reduce the effects of LPS and increase fertility potential.

29-44

Authors: S. Ouattara, M. A. Tigori, V. Kouakou, P. M. Niamien, A. Trokourey

Copper corrosion inhibition in 1M nitric acid solution using Doxycycline has been studied by mass loss method and DFT calculations. It was found that this compound acts as a good inhibitor for copper corrosion in the acid solution (the inhibition efficiency is 95.65% at T= 308K and C =10-3M). The inhibiting action of Doxycycline (DXC) was discussed in view of its adsorption on the metal surface. The adsorption was found to be spontaneous and follows the modified Langmuir adsorption isotherm known as Villamil’s isotherm. The results show that the inhibition efficiency IE (%) increases with increasing concentration in the studied molecule, but decreases slightly with increasing temperature. The thermodynamic adsorption and activation functions were also determined and discussed. Quantum chemical calculations at B3LYP/6-31G (d) level was further used to determine molecular parameters in order to ascertain any correlation between the inhibition efficiency and the molecular structure.

54-66

Authors: AGBANGNAN Dossa Cokou Pascal, BOTHON Fifa Théomaine Diane, BOSSOU Annick Flore Arlette Dohoué, KANFON Rose Estelle, WOTTO D. Valentin, SOHOUNHLOUE C. K. Dominique

An inverse correlation was noticed between the consumption of plant based food and incidence of cancer and chronic diseases. These virtues are partly attributed to secondary metabolites which are divided into four classes according to their chemical structures. Among them, polyphenols occupy a prominent place. Polyphenols are plant metabolites characterized by the presence of several phenol groups, which derive from L-phenylalanine. They are endowed with multiple biological and pharmacological properties explaining their benefits on human health. Some of them are active due to their antioxidant power; others are involved in the enzymatic detoxification carcinogens in the body. Owing to their diverse biological and pharmacological properties, polyphenols are interesting in cancer prevention and different diseases, including cardiovascular, ophthalmic and inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, phenolic compounds are generally regarded nowadays as desirable components of human food, because of their antioxidant activity. Therefore, they are considered to be of nutraceutical importance.

72-77

Authors: Happiness S. Buzugbe, Peter M. Eze, Chidimma R. Chukwunwejim, Charles U. Nwachukwu, Dominic O. Abonyi, Chika C. Abba, Festus B. C. Okoye, Charles O. Esimone

Nigeria’s rich plant biodiversity play host to endophytic fungal populations that possess enormous potentials as sources of novel bioactive molecules. This study was aimed at investigating the metabolites of an endophytic fungus isolated from Chromolaena odorata, a weedy plant commonly found in Nigeria, for antimicrobial and antioxidant activities and also identifying some of its constituents. An endophytic fungus was isolated from C. odorata and fermentation extract of the fungus was tested for antimicrobial and antioxidant activities using the agar diffusion and DPPH assay methods respectively. Some of the bioactive components of the endophytic fungal extract were identified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The fungal extract at 1 mg/mL showed only antibacterial activity with inhibition zone diameters of 2, 2, and 6 mm produced against S. aureus, B. subtilis, and S. typhi respectively. Also, at 100 ug/mL, the fungal extract showed average antioxidant activity with an inhibition of 46%. HPLC analysis of the extract suggested the presence of indole-3-acetic acid and acropyrone which may be responsible for the biological activities exhibited by the fungal extract. The results of this study showed that the endophytic fungus isolated from leaves of C. odorata produced secondary metabolites with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. This implies that endophytic fungi associated with leaves of C. odorata could be a promising source of biologically active compounds.

87-95

Authors: Ogunka-Nnoka C.U., Ekrika D.D.

This study was carried out to evaluate the nutritional properties of Solanum macrocarpum (garden egg) stalk using standard methods. Sulphates and chloride were the most abundant anions while calcium and magnesium were the predominant mineral cations. Results for the proximate composition showed high carbohydrates (27.70 %), fibre contents (22.94 %), and ash (18.83 %) while the phytochemical composition showed higher ribalinidine, catechin, and phenol contents. Vitamin B6, C, A, and B12 were found in higher concentrations, while lysine (9.48 g/100g), phenylalanine (6.86 g/100g), leucine (6.59 g/100g), and arginine (5.66 g/100g) were the predominant essential amino acids. Results for the free radical scavenging potentials showed higher DPPH, nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide, and ABTS radical scavenging potentials for the garden egg stalk, while their ferric reducing antioxidant power, superoxide and lipid peroxide scavenging were comparable to the standards used. This study has shown the high nutrient density of the garden egg stalk, thus encouraging its inclusion for dietary uses.

105-110

Authors: Davoud Balarak, Mohadeseh Dashtizadeh, Atefeh Namvar

Due to increased pharmaceutical sewage, the cost efficient adsorbent is extremely needed for medical wastewater treatment. Bentonite which is consists essentially of clay minerals of the smectite group; have a wide range of industrial uses. In this study, a simple approach to adsorb Tetracycline (TC) from aqueous solution by exchangeable cation by bentonite clay is presented. The effects of contact time, initial TC concentration, adsorbent dosage, and solution temperature on the adsorption of TC ions from solution were investigated. The theoretical capacity of bentonite clay adsorbent is about 31.4 mg/g. The optimum adsorption conditions were recommended.

117-125

Authors: Nantia Akono Edouard, Soh Desire, Choumessi T. Aphrodite, Ngum N. N. Miriam, Chi H. A. Nkwenti, Kenfack Augustave

Momordica foetida (Cucurbitaceae) is a plant mainly used in Cameroon’s folk medicine for management of many diseases including malaria, cancers and diabetes. This study aimed at evaluating the antioxidant content and activity of the methanol extracts of the whole plant and fruit of M. foetida. The results revealed the presence of antioxidants in whole plant (MEMfP) and fruit (MEMfF) extracts of M. foetida. Both extracts had comparable amount of flavonoids (19.160 ± 1.589 µg QE/ g of extract vs. 22.121 ± 4.044 µg QE/ g of extract) and vitamin C (1.586 ± 0.320 µg/ g of extract vs. 1.133 ± 0.320 µg/ g of extract), but MEMfP contained higher phenolic compounds than the fruit portion (27.648 ± 0.558 µg GAE/g of extract vs. 8.220 ± 0.472 µg GAE/g of extract). The MEMfP showed higher inhibition of lipid peroxidation (IC50 = 1.275 ± 0.007 µg/mL vs. 2.135 ± 0.106 µg/mL), reduction of ferric ions (EC50 = 1.160 ± 0.010 µg/mL vs. 1.610 ± 0.020 µg/mL) and stimulation of catalase activity than MEMfF. Conclusively, both whole plant and fruit methanol extracts of M. foetida displayed antioxidant content and activity with the whole plant extract having higher antioxidant properties. These results support the use of M. foetida in the management of antioxidant linked diseases such as infectious and metabolic diseases.

1-8

Authors: Abessi Mohamed, Yahyaoui Maroua, Bachrouch Olfa, Chihi Bilel, Abderrabba Manef

Mentha Pulegium L. and Thymus capitatus are acknowledged as an important aromatic and medicinal plants thanks to their richness in a variety of bioactive phytochemical components. The purpose of the study was to investigate the chemical composition of the essential oil and the antioxidant activity for Mentha Pulegium L. and Thymus capitatus species cultivated in Tunisia. The essential oil for both species was obtained by means of hydrodistillation method and analyzed by GC/FID and GC/MS. The essential oil yield varied considerably according to the harvest time and species processed (1.37 - 3.1 %). The Mentha Pulegium L. essential oil was characterized by the predominance of oxygenated monoterpenes. Pulegone (39.15 %), menthone (35.66%), piperitenone (3.98%) and piperitone (3.55%) were found to be the main constituents. Moreover, the oil of Thymus capitatus, gathered in two different months from Tunisia origin, was dominated by oxygenated monoterpenes. Major components were Thymol (76.50- 82.48%), with p-cymene (3.17- 4.01 %), with β- caryophyllene (1.39- 2.78%) and γ -terpinene (1.41-2.07%). Thus, Mentha Pulegium L. and Thymus capitatus species could be considered a good source of oxygenated monoterpenes. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity was assessed by two different methods such as DPPH. and FRAP. Results showed that T. capitatus species collected in March exhibit the uppermost activity, followed by EO of the same species gathered in August. Whereas, the M. pulegium oil possess the lowest activity. The antioxidant activity varied according to the phytochemical constituent of the investigated essential oil.

15-22

Authors: Garrido-Acosta Osvaldo, Oro-López Brisa, Molina-López Nathalie, Altamirano-Bautista Adriana, Reyes-Ramírez Adelfo

Obesity is defined as the accumulation of adipose tissue, overweight and obesity are defined on the basis of body mass index and this is accompanied by an increased prevalence of comorbidities as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular and metabolic disease in the population. The standard relationship between weight status and metabolic health is not applicable for some subtypes of individuals, the subtypes are known as “metabolically obese, but normal-weight”, and others are the “metabolically healthy, but obese” phenotypes. Regarding the problem of obesity there are areas of progress, greater social and political awareness, development of new treatments, and an extended base of evidence for its prevention and intervention. In contrast, the prevalence of this has increased rapidly in the last two decades, largely to the lifestyle of large cities. For the study of overweight, obesity and its physiopathology consequences, in addition to clinical studies in humans, are used animal models for understand the evolution of disease and support the development of therapies, the animal models, the current animal models generate rats with phenotype metabolically obese with overweight. In this research we proposed to evaluate the effect of intragastric administration of a hypercaloric emulsion composed of fructose syrup and edible vegetable oil on development of obesity in rats, we obtained rats with phenotype metabolically healthy but obesity only in eight weeks with adiposity index of 11.5 vs 5.9 of control group and 8.3 on sham group with fructose drinking solution.

35-45

Authors: Muthuselvi C, Sumathi B, Ravikumar B

The crystal of bis glycine hydro bromide was harvested from the slow evaporation method at room temperature and it was subjected to the single crystal XRD study for confirmation which ensures that the grown crystal has P212121space group with orthorhombic structure. The PXRD analysis shows crystalline nature of the title crystal. The various functional groups present in the crystal were analyzed by the FT-IR and FT-Raman spectroscopy techniques. The optical band gap was determined by the UV-Visible spectroscopy analyzes. The SEM with EDX analyzes shows that the grown crystal has smooth surface and well defined shape. The elemental composition study confirms the presence of elements in the title crystal. The antimicrobial activity of title crystal was tested against the four different micro-organisms by disc diffusion method. This result reveals that the parent and its complex crystals have no antibacterial effect.

56-64

Authors: C Dan Piperea-Șianu, Monica Gagiu, Alice Piperea-Șianu, Adela-Maria Ceau, Daniela Bălan

Smoking is a risk factor for many pathologies, including cardiovascular disease, pulmonary disease and cancer. New nicotine release products have a lower health risk compared to classical cigarettes. The purpose of this review is to present the most popular forms of tobacco consumption as well as the health risks they imply, based on chemical analyzes conducted by both producers and independent studies.

73-76

Authors: Abdel Karim, M., Rogia, A., Sufian, A.

Ammi visnaga is widely used in Sudanese herbal medicine where it is used against a wide range of diseases including asthma , urinary calculi and mild anginal symptoms. The plant is diuretic and is claimed to relieve menstruation pain. Ammi visnaga contains, among others, khellin, khellinol, amiol, khellol and khellinin. It also contains coumarins and a fixed oil. This study was undertaken to investigate the major flavonoid of Ammi visnaga. The flavonoids were extracted with ethanol and the crude extract was purified by thin layer chromatography where a pure flavones was isolated. The structure of the isolated flavone has been partially characterized by some spectral data (UV and 1HNMR).

82-87

Authors: Ezealisiji Kenneth M., Ukwueze Stanley E

A simple and sensitive spectrophotometric method is described for the assay of cimetidine. Modern analytical technique for cimetidine in various dosage forms are limited by cost and absence of high technological equipment especially in the third World countries including Nigeria. The research investigates the use of charge transfer complexation in the spectrophotometric assay of cimetidine as an alternative method to conventional methods. Spectrophotometer was employed to determine charge transfer complex formation between cimetidine (n- donor) and chloranilic acid (π-aceptor) in 1,4- dioxan. The developed method was employed in the assay of commercial cimetidine in solid dosage forms. The wavelength of maximum absorption (λmax) of the complex was at 254 nm compared to 315 nm for π-acceptor alone. Chloranilic acid was found to form a charge-transfer complex in a 1:1 stoichiometry. Conformity with Beer’s law was evident over the concentration range 1.260 x 10-3 to 12.60 mg %. A detailed investigation of the complex formed was made with respect to its composition, association constant and molar absorptivity. This method has been applied successfully to the analysis of commercially available cimetidine tablet with good recovery (99.90 ± 1.20 %) and reproducibility.

93-98

Authors: Garrido-Acosta Osvaldo, Molina-López Nathalie,Oro-López Brisa, Guzmán-Andrade Dolores E, Reyes-Ramírez Adelfo

Obesity is defined as the accumulation of adipose tissue, overweight and obesity are defined on the basis of body mass index and this is accompanied by an increased prevalence of comorbidities as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular and metabolic disease in the population. The research related to obesity, overweight and metabolic syndrome use animal models, rats and mice generally, these animal models use hypercaloric diets with fat content ranging from 12% to 49% in fat, in addition to the high-calorie diet with a high content of fats, solutions with a varied concentration of sweeteners up to 30% are used (fructose, glucose, galactose), with duration of treatment with diet and sweetened drinking water that goes from 3 to 5 months, also find genetically manipulated animals, but in most cases they are costly and inaccessible models for researchers. In 1959 William M. S. Russell and Rex L. Burch published the principle of the 3 R's for research (Replace, Reduce, and Refine), in this sense, we proposed to refine the model and to evaluate the intragastric administration of fructose syrup (80%), the results were rats with phenotype metabolically healthy but obesity in eight weeks with adiposity index of 11.4 for fructose syrup group vs 8.0 of water control group (fructose solution as drinking water) and 6.2 for control group, with elevated blood glucose at the fourth and seventh week of treatment.

105-110

Authors: Ahmed Seif-eddine Bennia, Asma Yangui, Manef Abderrabba

The main aim of this work is to determinate the adsorption of tyrosol on fullerene C60. By varying the amount of carbon fullerene C60 and maintaining tyrosol solution concentration constant, the adsorption percentage was evaluated. Detailed analysis on the adsorption isotherms were accomplished successfully. Four isotherms which are Freundlich, Langmuir, Sips and Redlich-Peterson were adopted to predict the experimental works and Sips model was the most appropriate to fit the experimental data. In fixed experimental conditions, the adsorption of tyrosol on C60 could reach 80%.

122-128

Authors: K. Tadzabia, Blessed J. Dimas, Joseph J. Deshi

The leaves and stem bark of Balanites aegyptiaca are popularly consumed as vegetables or herbs in Adamawa state of Nigeria. In view of its importance in Hong local government area, the leaves and stem bark were collected from 10 locations for elemental and phytochemical determination. Atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) was employed for the elemental determination. The results obtained contained some essential elements (Na, K, Mg and Ca) in the leaves and stem bark. For heavy metals, Cd was recorded in the entire samples analyzed, Cu was found in four locations (Gaya, Mugili, Pubba and Uba), and Zn was only recorded in the leaves and stem bark from two locations (Pubba and Mugili respectively). Pb was not observed in the entire samples by the instrument used. Quantitative methods were used for phytochemical screening. Tannin was recorded in the samples investigated while flavonoid and saponin were recorded in some areas. The essential elements and phytochemicals revealed could be good source of minerals and herbs.

135-142

Authors: Gulden DOGAN, Eyup BAGCI, Azize DEMIRPOLAT

In this study, the essential oil composition of Ferula communis L. subsp. communis and Smyrnium cordifolium collected from Turkey were studied. The qualitative and quantitative essential oil composition were determined and compared with each other. The chemical composition of the essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from Ferula communis subsp. communis and Smyrnium cordifolium were investigated by GC and GC-MS. The oil yield was determined as 0.2 and 0.3% (v/w) in the both essential oils respectively. Sixty three constituents were comprised the 99.4 % of the total essential oil extracted from the Ferula communis subsp. communis. The predominant compounds of the oil were determined as -eudesmol (35.5%), 2-naphtalonemethanol (18%), di-epi--cedrene (3.5%) and t-muurolol (2.7%). The furanodiene (28%), bicyclogermacrene (19.5%), β-phellandrene (13.5%), cyclohexadecane (10.0%) and 2-pentadecanone (5.0%) were the main compounds identified in the oil of Smyrnium cordifolium, representing 99.2% total oil. The result has been discussed in view of natural products and chemotaxonomical approach in the genera patterns.

150-154

Authors: Tahereh Khosravi, Mehrdad Modaresi, Ilnaz Sajjadian

Depression is one of the most common psychiatric disorders that is classified as mood disorder. Medicinal plants have long been used as a treatment for depression. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is widely used in traditional medicine as a nutritional supplements and also a drug. Sixty male mice in the weight range of 25-30g were divided into eight groups of control, depression, imipramine and 50,100, and 200mg/kg of ginger’s extract. Mice were kept under controlled conditions of temperature and humidity, natural light cycles with sufficient water and food. 24 hours before test, mice transferred to the test site. On the morning of the test, Drug injections were done and after 55 minutes, tail suspension and forced swimming tests were performed. After that, blood samples were taken and cortisol amount was measured. Obtained data were analyzed using SPSS program. Ginger’s extract in dose of 50mg/kg had different cortisol amount from imipramine and control groups (P<0.01). 100 and 200mg/kg doses had different cortisol amount from depressed group (P<0.01) but not from imipramine and control groups. According to results, hydroalcoholic extract of ginger in 100 and 200 mg/kg doses can increase cortisol amount and act similar to imipramine in depression.